PRECISION AG/NEMATODE MANAGEMENT IN S. C.

South CarolinaAhmad KhalilianWill HendersonJohn Mueller

Current Coop.Terry KirkpatrickScott Monfort

OthersAl Wrather

A typical production field in theA typical production field in theSoutheastern Coastal Plain Southeastern Coastal Plain

Sandy Clay LoamSandy Clay LoamSandy Clay Loam

SandSandSand

Sandy LoamSandy LoamSandy Loam

COTTON THRESHOLDSNematodes/100cm3

Species Low High

Root-knot 100 250

Reniform 250 625

Lance 75 190

Low Threshold 5 to 6 lbs/acre Temik 15G at planting

or Avicta

High Threshold 3.0 gals/acre Telone II preplant + 3 - 5 lbs Temik 15G at planting

or 5 lbs Temik 15G at planting + 5 lbs Temik 15G side dressed

or Vydate CLV

or Rotation

COTTON THRESHOLDS

4 Farms – 214 Fields

< Threshold 31%

At low threshold 32%

> High Threshold 37%

Primarily Columbia lance and Root-knot Nematodes

NEMATODE DISTRIBUTION NEMATODE DISTRIBUTION

Nematodes are not uniformly Nematodes are not uniformly distributed within fields.distributed within fields.

Distribution is determined by:

Soil textureSoil chemical propertiesHost distribution

“NEW TOOLS”

AVAILABLEG.I.S./G.P.S.S.E.C.M.

NEEDEDVariable rate

applicator for Temik 15G

Variable rate applicator for Telone II

OBJECTIVE

Determine (predict) for each grid:Nematode densityYield potential

Soil textureParticle sizepH

Columbia Lance Columbia Lance NematodeNematode

Soil texture, especially % sand Soil texture, especially % sand may be the most important factor may be the most important factor in determining the distribution of in determining the distribution of individual nematode species.individual nematode species.

Soil electrical conductivity Soil electrical conductivity correlates strongly to soil particle correlates strongly to soil particle size and texturesize and texture. .

Determine the potential for predicting Determine the potential for predicting nematode distribution and density using nematode distribution and density using soil electrical conductivity.soil electrical conductivity.

Soil Electrical Conductivity MapSoil Electrical Conductivity Map(top 12 in.)(top 12 in.) Youngblood FarmYoungblood Farm

% S

and

0 1 2 3 4

74

78

82

86

90

70

EC (mS/m)

R2 = 0.9121

Effects of Soil Texture (% Sand) Effects of Soil Texture (% Sand) on Soil Electrical Conductivityon Soil Electrical Conductivity

R2= 0.9160

10

20

0 2 4 6 8

Effects of Soil Texture (% Clay) Effects of Soil Texture (% Clay) on Soil Electrical Conductivityon Soil Electrical Conductivity

(Bamberg Farm)

% C

lay

EC (mS/m)

Effects of moisture & temperatureEffects of moisture & temperatureon soil ECon soil EC

% Sand

EC (m

S/m

)

RR22 = 0.93= 0.93

RR22 = 0.92= 0.92

RR22 = 0.95= 0.95

00

22

44

66

88

7070 8080 9090 100100

11.9%11.9% 80.280.29.0%9.0% 73.873.88.2%8.2% 68.568.5

MoistureMoisture Temperature FTemperature Fºº

Effects of Soil Texture on Columbia Effects of Soil Texture on Columbia Lance Lance NematodeNematode

Youngblood FarmYoungblood Farm

Soil Electric Conductivity (mS/m)Soil Electric Conductivity (mS/m)

Nem

atod

es/1

00 c

m s

oil

Nem

atod

es/1

00 c

m s

oil

33

0

10

20

30

40

1 2 3 4

At PlantingAt PlantingAt HarvestAt Harvest

0

40

80

120

160

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Effects of Soil Texture on Columbia Effects of Soil Texture on Columbia Lance Lance Nematode at HarvestNematode at Harvest

Bamberg FarmBamberg Farm

Soil Electric Conductivity (mS/m)Soil Electric Conductivity (mS/m)

Nem

atod

es/1

00 c

c so

il

To develop a variableTo develop a variable--rate rate applicator for Telone II & applicator for Telone II & Temik 15GTemik 15G..

Objective 2Objective 2

Objective 3Objective 3

To determine the accuracy of To determine the accuracy of the variablethe variable--rate application rate application systems.systems.

Targeted Telone II RateTargeted Telone II Rate

1.01.0

1.51.5

2.02.0

2.52.5

3.03.0

3.53.5

4.04.0

Telone IITelone IIRate (gal./A) Rate (gal./A)

Variable-Rate Telone II Application Equipment Uniformity Test

Variable-Rate Telone II Application Equipment Uniformity Test

Mea

sure

d ra

te (l

iter/h

a)M

easu

red

rate

(lite

r/ha)

Targeted rate (liter/ha)Targeted rate (liter/ha)

0

10

20

30

40

0 10 20 30 40

Measured1:1 Line

Average OverallAverage OverallError = Error = -- 2.1 %2.1 %

% ErrorRow Max. Ave.

1 - 6.7 - 3.3

2 5.5 0.5

3 - 6.7 - 3.5

4 5.3 - 1.9

Variable-Rate Temik 15G Application Equipment Uniformity Test

Variable-Rate Temik 15G Application Equipment Uniformity Test

Mea

sure

d ra

te (k

g/ha

)M

easu

red

rate

(kg/

ha)

Targeted rate (kg/ha)Targeted rate (kg/ha)

3

5

7

9

3 5 7 9

Measured1:1 Line % Error

Row Max. Ave.

1 - 3.0 0.5

2 4.2 1.6

3 - 3.0 0.9

4 4.0 1.5

Average OverallAverage OverallError = 1.1 %Error = 1.1 %

To compare efficacy of To compare efficacy of variablevariable--rate vs. uniformrate vs. uniform--rate rate nematicide application.nematicide application.

Objective 4Objective 4

Rates Compared

0.00.0Control

0.0 to 3.03.0 Var. Telone

3.0 3.0STD Telone

0.03.0 to 7.0VAR Temik

0.06.0STD Temik

Telone (gal./A)Temik (lbs/A)Treatment

Soil Electrical Conductivity MapSoil Electrical Conductivity Map(top 30 cm) Youngblood Farm(top 30 cm) Youngblood Farm

EC< 1

1 to 22 to 3

>3

Temik 15 GTemik 15 G Columbia lance Columbia lance (lbs/A) (lbs/A) per 100 ml soilper 100 ml soil

Variable Rate Nematicide Application Guidelines

Variable Rate Nematicide Application Guidelines

3.0 3.0 Less than 51Less than 51

5.0 5.0 51 to 12551 to 125

7.0 7.0 More than 125More than 125

Telone IITelone II Columbia lanceColumbia lance(gal/A)(gal/A) per 100 ml soilper 100 ml soil

Variable Rate Nematicide Application Guidelines

Variable Rate Nematicide Application Guidelines

0.00.0 Less than 51Less than 51

18.718.7 51 to 12551 to 125

28.028.0 125 to 200125 to 200

37.437.4 More than 200More than 200

Sta. Telone

ControlVar. Telone

200

400

600

1000

1400

0 1 2 3 4

Soil Electrical Conductivity (mS/m) Soil Electrical Conductivity (mS/m)

Cot

ton

Lint

(lbs

/acr

e)C

otto

n Li

nt (l

bs/a

cre)

Effects of Soil EC and Effects of Soil EC and TeloneTeloneApplication Method on Lint YieldApplication Method on Lint Yield

Youngblood Farm, 2003Youngblood Farm, 2003

800

1200

Sta. Temik

Control

Var. Temik

200

400

600

1000

1400

0 1 2 3 4

Soil Electrical Conductivity (mS/m) Soil Electrical Conductivity (mS/m)

Cot

ton

Lint

(lbs

/acr

e)C

otto

n Li

nt (l

bs/a

cre)

Effects of Soil EC and Effects of Soil EC and TemikTemikApplication Method on Lint YieldApplication Method on Lint Yield

Youngblood Farm, 2003Youngblood Farm, 2003

800

1200

TreatmentTreatment TemikTemik TeloneTelone Lint yieldLint yield(lbs/A)(lbs/A) (gal/A) (lbs/A)(gal/A) (lbs/A)

Sta. TemikSta. Temik 6.06.0 0.00.0 650650Var. TemikVar. Temik 4.04.0 0.00.0 687687

Sta. TeloneSta. Telone 3.03.0 3.03.0 663 663 Var. TeloneVar. Telone 3.03.0 0.60.6 696696

ControlControl 0.00.0 0.00.0 566566

Effects of variableEffects of variable--rate nematicide rate nematicide application on lint yield and chemical useapplication on lint yield and chemical use

•• Var.Var.--rate Temik system resulted rate Temik system resulted in 5% higher yield and 34% lower in 5% higher yield and 34% lower nematicide usage compared to nematicide usage compared to single rate.single rate.

•• Var.Var.--rate Telone increased lint rate Telone increased lint yield by 5% with 78% reduction in yield by 5% with 78% reduction in nematicide usage compared tonematicide usage compared tosingle rate.single rate.

ConclusionsConclusions

WHERE TO GO??

CLN was easy, direct relation of % sand to nematode density (size matters).

Distribution = damage.Immense variation in a field. Easy to i.d.

where to put Telone II.Columbia lance is a “strong pathogen”Columbia lance particle size is possibly not an

issue. Problems will come in “mixture” fields.

Root-knot & reniform

Much weaker pathogens on a unit basisDistribution does not = damage

Rely more on stressParticle size more important??Will need data on interaction of

Yield potential * nematode density How to predict density or stress??

NEW GRANT FOR SC & AR

Demonstration of Site-Specific Nematicide Placement in Cotton for Water Quality Enhancement, Higher Lint Yields, and Increased

Farm Profits.

3 year grant to work with growers to promote the use of site specific application technology.

Investigators:Investigators: Terry Kirkpatrick, Terry Kirkpatrick, Scott Scott MonfortMonfort, and, andAndy Andy MauromoustakosMauromoustakos

Interrelationship of soil texture Interrelationship of soil texture and rootand root--knot nematode on yield. knot nematode on yield.

ArkansasArkansas

Field divided into 4 soil-texture classes:

1.) 0-30 % Sand2.) 31-45 % Sand3.) 46-60 % Sand4.) > 60 % Sand

Within Soil classes - plot data averaged based on Telone application:

1.) 0 2.) 1.5 gal.3.) 3.0 gal.4.) 4.5 gal.

Spatial Data EvaluationSpatial Data Evaluation