usain 2006 cornell october 12, 2006 copyright © 2006 michael i. shamos how big a problem is...
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![Page 1: USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006 COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS How Big a Problem is Copyright? Michael I. Shamos, Ph.D., J.D. Director, Universal](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d7d5503460f94a604ad/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
How Big a Problemis Copyright?
Michael I. Shamos, Ph.D., J.D.Director, Universal Library
Institute for Software ResearchCarnegie Mellon University
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
The Universal Library
• All published works online• Instantly available• In any language• Anywhere in the world• Searchable, browsable, navigable• By humans and machines• Sponsoring the Million Book Project
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
The Million Book Project
• Major partners: CMU, India, China• Over 700,000 books scanned• China >400,000 books
– 18 scanning centers
• India >300,000 books– 22 scanning centers
• Egypt 20,000 books• Capacity: 1 million pages per day
– About 2000 books per day
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Google Copyright Lawsuits
• Google News scans newspaper websites, posts digests of news, links to original stories
• Suits against Google News– Agence France Presse– Copiepresse (Belgium). Google LOST.
• Google Books has arrangements with libraries to scan and index copyrighted material
• Query responses include a page or “snippet” of surrounding text
• Fair use?• Suits against Google Books:
– Author’s Guild, McGraw-Hill, Pearson: pending
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Outline
• Copyright principles
• International copyright treaties
• Copyright problems
• A radical solution
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Classes of Works
PUBLICDOMAIN
INCOPYRIGHT
OUT OFPRINT
FREEPERMISSION
PAIDPERMISSION
ORPHANS(OWNER UNKNOWN,
MISSING)
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Classes of Works
PUBLICDOMAIN
INCOPYRIGHT
OUT OFPRINT
FREEPERMISSION
PAIDPERMISSION
POTENTIALDIGITIZABLE
CONTENT
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Public Domain
• Free of copyright restriction, available for unrestricted use by anyone– Expired copyright– Dedication to the public– Works “born public,” e.g. U.S. Government works
• Public Domain Enhancement Act (proposed)– abandoned works
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
WIPO COPYRIGHTTREATY
56 NATIONS
TRIPS (TRADE-RELATEDASPECTS OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY)148 NATIONS
UCC (UNIVERSALCOPYRIGHT CONVENTION)
64 NATIONS
Copyright Treaties
• CHINA• INDIA
• USA
BERNE CONVENTION160 NATIONS
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Fair Use
• Berne Convention, Art. 10: “It shall be permissible to make quotations from a work … provided that their making is compatible with fair practice, and their extent does not exceed that justified by the purpose”
• In the U.S., commercial use is rarely fair unless for criticism or news reporting
• Is Google print fair?
• Not a defense that the use increases sales of the original – that is the copyright owner’s right
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Compulsory Licensing
• Owner may not refuse to license. User must pay.
• Fees may be statutory, or set by an independent commission, sometimes case-by-case
• Example: U.S. compulsory license for sound recordings of non-dramatic musical works
– Per-copy rate (2006): 9.1 cents or 1.75 cents per minute of playing time, whichever is greater
• Japan has an extensive compulsory licensing scheme
• Problem: for public uses, where does the money come from?
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Public Lending Right (PLR)
• Book borrowed from library: author receives nothing. Reduces from initial sale only
• In the UK, Government provides a fixed annual pool of funds (since 1979)
• Number of times a book is checked out is counted. Pool divided pro rata to authors: 5.57 pence per loan, up to a maximum of £6,600 per work
• 2006 pool: £6.54M to about 18,500 authors• Fewer books being checked out!• No payment for in-library use• Who benefits? J.K. Rowling (Harry Potter)
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Access to Knowledge Treaty (A2K)
• WIPO effort, draft of May 2005• Purposes
– overcome differences in wealth, development and access to knowledge
– reduce technological barriers to accessing information– open access to scientific research and data
• Access by Internet search engines is fair use• Limits digital rights management measures• No fee for lending• Extensive compulsory licensing• Treaty is being blocked by the U.S. and Japan
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
What Is the Answer?
• Copyright is a major barrier to scanning• But: copyrights must be respected• Solution: circumvent copyright legally
• What is really important for agriculture?– The information contained in the works– Not the works themselves
• But information is not protected by copyright
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Key Provisions of TRIPS
• Art. 9, Sec. 2: “Copyright protection shall extend to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such.”
• Art. 10, Sec. 2: Protection for “compilations of data or other material … shall not extend to the data or material itself.”
• China, India and the US are all TRIPS members
• In general, it is not a copyright infringement to extract information from works
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Solution to the Copyright Problem
• Use language technologies such as– Test summarization– Synthetic document generation– Automated translation
• Real-time speech translation announced last week by Alexander Waibel of CMU (Mandarin – English)
• Scan copyrighted works for their information content• Build a corpus of information from copyrighted works• Deliver it through automated translation in a wide
variety of languages
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
QA&
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Compulsory License
• Berne Convention nations may provide for compulsory licensing of certain types of works (e.g. musical works)
• May NOT provide for compulsory licensing of other types (e.g. cinema)
• Silent on other classes of works (e.g. books)
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Berne Convention
• 1886 Treaty (amended many times) subscribed by 160 countries, including China, India & China
• U.S. joined in 1988• Requires copyright term of at least life + 50 years• Concept of “national treatment”: every treaty country
must give non-nationals the same rights is accords its own nationals
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Public Domain Enhancement Act
• H.R. 2601, 108th Congress, introduced June 25, 2003
• Creates concept of “abandoned work”• Imposes “maintenance fee” of $1 for each
copyrighted work, payable 50 years after first publication (or Dec. 31, 2004, whichever is later) and every 10 years thereafter
• Failure to pay causes copyright to expire• Similar to patent maintenance fees• Has chance of passage
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Digital Era Copyright Enhancement Act
• H.R. 3048, 105th Congress, introduced November 13, 1997
• Distance learning– Allows free distribution of works in digital form
to students enrolled in a course• OK to copy if copying “does not conflict with the
normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author.”
• No chance of passage
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Outline
• Objective of UDL– universal access to information
• Where does information reside?– Books, WWW, databases, images, other works, people’s brains
• Barriers to obtaining information?– Digitization (technical). We can solve technical problems– Copyright (legal, social, economic) We can’t solve these
• Show what a big problem copyright is• Reduce it to a technical problem so we can solve it• Lawsuits
– Google, Internet Archive
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Outline
• Review classes of works• International treaties• Fair use
– Profit-making uses are likely to be unfair• Paying for use
– How to measure?– Plans: PLR– Where does the money come from?
• Proposal: use the money
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Methods of Payment
• Government-paid (e.g. public lending right)• Subscription model (e.g. HBO)• Metered use (e.g. page views)• Free-to-read, pay-to-print• Compulsory license
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Classes of Works
PUBLICDOMAIN
INCOPYRIGHT
OUT OFPRINT
FREEPERMISSION
PAIDPERMISSION
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USAIN 2006 CORNELL OCTOBER 12, 2006
COPYRIGHT © 2006 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Classes of Works
PUBLICDOMAIN
INCOPYRIGHT
OUT OFPRINT
FREEPERMISSION
PAIDPERMISSION
POTENTIAL UDLGENERATED CONTENT:
EVERYTHING!