use of bamboo as housing material and in making various products

8/9/2019 Use of Bamboo as Housing Material and in Making Various Products

1/69

RAHUL CHOUDHURY A/2247/2010

USE OF BAMBOO AS HOUSING MATERIAL AND IN MAKING VARIOUS PRODUCTS

DISSERTATION

GUIDE: Mr. DEEPENDRA PRASADCO-ORDINATOR: PROF. JAYA KUMAR


2/69

Ill take this opportunity to thank all those who helped encouraged and taught me from time to time and without whom this project

would not have been simple to deal with.

I must thank my guide Ar. Deependra Prasad for his excellent and patient guidance.Thanks are due to Mr. S.P. Singh ,economist , FRI -Dehradun and Ar. Priyam B. Goswami ,for providing me with deep knowledge

of the study area and relevant matter collected from them .

Ill also acknowledge Chinmay Vijay Agashe for his timely help and valuabe inputs. Finally ,thanks to my mom and dad for always

being there for me.

Use of Bamboo as housing material and in making various products

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


3/69


4/69

3.1 Aspects of bamboo connections....15.

3.2 Details for seismic resistance....16

3.3 Modern bamboo connections.19

Chapter 3:Construction with Bamboo - Bamboo Connections

4.1 Main markets by Region.....20

4.2 Main Markets by products...21

4.3 Future market potential21

Chapter 4:Markets for Bamboo

5.1 Wind and water bar by VO TRONG NGHIA23

5.2 Venkateshpuram, kadugondanahalli, Bangalore, India Manasaram architects 24

5.3 A forest for a moon dazzler . .26 5.4 Childrens activity & learning centre Six senses Soneva Kiri resortKoh Kood, Thailand.28

Chapter 5:Modern bamboo architecture

In this topic case studies of various bamboo structures are done . The following case studies will become the base ofthe research.


iii


5/69

Chapter 6: Famous bamboo architects and their work

6.1 Simon Velez.. .32

6.2 Timothy Ivory......33

6.3 Michael McDonough..34

6.4 Oscar Hidalgo.35

6.5 Jules Janssen.35

6.6 Renzo piano35

7.1.1 Bamboo flooring.37

7.1.2 Bamboo mat corrugated roofing sheet....39

7.1.3 Bamboo mat board 41

7.1.4 Crushed bamboo board 43

Chapter 7:Bamboo product statistics In this modern day bamboo products which are used in building construction are discussed.

7.2 Present status of bamboo based composites and their utilization in India

7.2.1 National Mission on Bamboo Applications 46

7.2.2 Cost effective bamboo-based building system IPIRTI Bangalore.. 47

7.2.3 Initiatives in north eastern region. 54

7.2.4 Bamboo markets in NCR region 55


iv

7.1 Bamboo Products


6/69

CHAPTER 9:Conclusions

Bibliography :..59

9.1 Answer to the research question .... .58


v

CHAPTER 8:Interview

8.1 Dr.D.N.Tiwari ,Member, Planning Commission ,Government of India ...56

8.2 S.P. SINGH , Economist, Fri-Dehradun . ...56

8.3 Priyam B Goswami Architect ... 578.4 Ms.Manju Arya,National Mission On Bamboo Applications (NMBA).... 57


7/69


vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.1:Guadua Angustifolia..4

fig.2,3:CellSection.4

Fig.4: Geographical Distribution OfBamboos6

Fig.5: Comparison of Energy Requirement Of ConstructionMaterials.10 Fig.6: Teak Plantation11

Fig.7: Guadua Bamboo Plantation..11

Fig.8,9: non chemical treatment..13

Fig.10,11: Chemical treatment.14

Fig.12: bending and impact fractures....15

Fig.13: Traditional least-techconnection16

Fig.14: A modern steel connection by Shoei Yoh.16

Fig.15,16,17,18,19:: Details For SeismicResistance.16,17,18

Fig.20,21: modern Connections ....19

Fig.22,23,24,25: view of Wind And Water Bar By Vo Trong Nghia..23

Fig.26,27,28,29,30,31,32 view ofVenkateshpuram, Kadugondanahalli, Bangalore, India ..2

Fig.33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42:view of A Forest For A Moon Dazzler.26,27

Fig. 43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55 view of Childrens activity & learning centreSix senses Soneva Kiri resort Koh Kood,Thailand.28,29,30

Fig.56: Tower in the Parque de la Cafetera in Montenegro/Colombia. Vlez/Villegas (1993)..32Fig.57: sketch for a tower.32


8/69


vii

Fig.58: 2000-square-meter bamboo pavilion for ZERI Foundation..32

Fig.59: This interior view of the bridge..33

Fig.60: bamboo structures made by Timothy Ivory..33

Fig.61: Laminated bamboo furniture...34

Fig.62: Isometric view of bamboobridge34

Fig.63: Bamboo bridgedetail..34

Fig.64: model house by Jules Janssen in Costa Rica.35

Fig.65: joint by RenzoPiano35

Fig.66: Tjibaou Cultural Center..35

Fig.67: Bamboo flooring...37

Fig.68: Bamboo mat corrugated roofingsheet.38 Fig.69: BMCS at TERRACE CAF DFID ,NEW DELHI October,2000..38

Fig.70:Corrugated Roofing Sheet of differentMaterials.39

Fig.71:Bamboo mat board..40

Fig.72,73,74,75 :bamboo mat board applications41

Fig. 76,77,78,79,80,81 :application of crushed bamboo board42,43

Fig.82: Bamboo Warehouse at Delhi..45 Fig.83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98 Bamboo BuildingSystem...47,48,49,50,51

Fig.99,100,101,102 :Bamboo Houses constructed at IPIRTI campus.52

:Fig.103: Bamboo Mat Production Centre's in North-easternregion53


9/69


viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table1: Bamboo Resources in Asia..7

Table2: Bamboo Resources in Latin America....7

Table3: Bamboo Resources in Africa....7

Table4: The table shows a breakdown of the top exporters in 2005.20

Table5:comparision of bendingstrength.40


10/69

Bamboo is a material of large potential which can be used to a great extent. It is an easily renewable, inexpensive, sustainable

resource as well as it is found in most of the parts of the world. And also due to its high flexibility, earthquake proof structures can be

made.

Bamboo is a unique building material. It is strong in both rigidity and density. While tensile strength remains the same throughout the

age of the bamboo plant, the plant fiber strength increases as it gets older.so it is a good building material and it can be used to make

large span structures.

Once thought of as the building material of the poor, bamboo is now being used more prominently in all types of architecture. From

dwelling houses to business buildings, there are many places where houses are being built with bamboo as a main material or at least

as an accenting material. Bamboo is being used to manufacture various products such as bamboo boards, furniture, and musical

instruments etc.

Bamboos rapid growth, easy harvesting, local availability, low costs, and good mechanical qualities make it a material with huge

potential for poverty alleviation and livelihood development in developing countries, as well as a promising substitute for wood

(products).


Introduction 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Can bamboo be used as a building material in contemporary urban context keeping in mind its current availability, productdevelopment, technology, advantage, disadvantage and sustainability reference?


11/69

SCOPE

The study will comprises of modern day bamboo products which are used in building construction. What are they? Present availability

of the products in the market and their costing per unit?

Market survey will be limited to NCR region only.

The study will be on various contemporary structures/buildings which are made from bamboo.

Study will cover mainly the bamboo growing areas.

The study will not be looking at traditional bamboo houses and traditional bamboo products.

LIMITATIONS

If there is something related to bamboo in NCR region , author will be doing primary case study and if it is outside NCR region, autho

will be doing secondary case study.

Information on international bamboo trade is limited due to a lack of customs codes and information on national markets is often

incomplete (van der Lugt & Lobovikov, 2008).

Most of the economic activities related to bamboo are not recorded officially as it is often traded within a country and within the

informal economy (FAO, 2005).


Introduction 2

1.2 SCOPE AND LIMITATION


12/69

1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IntroductionBamboo and bamboo

architecture

DATA COLLECTIONCharacteristics of bamboo

Geographical distribution

CASE STUDIES

INFERENCESFROM THE CASE

STUDIES

Structural

MEETING WITHBAMBOO

SPECIALISTS IN NCR REGION

Advantages andDisadvantages

FUTURETRENDS AND

POSSIBILITIESIN BAMBOO

CONCLUSIONS

History of bamboo architecture

Environmental

Contemporary

bamboo architecture

Famous bamboo architects andtheir work

Bamboo structures

Different products and theirrelative quality

Countries extensively usingbamboo products, why and

how??Bamboo products

Contemporary bambooconstruction technologies

present status ofbamboo basedcomposites and theirutilization in India

Initiatives in north easternregion

Bamboo markets in NCRregion


Introduction 3


13/69

2.1 BAMBOO

Giant grass: Bamboo is a non timberevergreen plant. Bamboo grows fast and

has a high regenerating rate. Onceplanted, bamboo has new shoots every

year. Usually bamboo can be harvested

for culms purpose in the third and

following years. Bamboo is widest at

ground level, but is quite consistent in

diameter throughout its length.

Cell Section

divided in nodes and segments

strengthened by diaphragms at

the nodes all fibers orientated lengthwise:

softer at the insideharder at the

outside light

Tensile strength nearly as highas steel!

The outside portion of the culm wall is

dense, containing about 5% silica. It

has an exterior waterproof film which

occurs on the softer interior portion as

well. Bamboo is particularly strong at

the node, where there is an inner disc

called the septum which connects the

outside walls, strengthening the stalk

and separating in into compartments.

Fig.1:GuaduaAngustifolia

Institute for Structural Design RWTH Aachen University

Bamboo is useful for different things at different ages:

6 years bamboo gradually loses strength up to 12 years old

Using Bamboo

Bamboo for construction is best cut right after new shoots have

started to grow, as the plant will have given all its starch to the new

culm.


Introduction to Bamboo 4

fig.2:Cell Section

fig.3:Cell Section


14/69

2.2 HISTORY OF BAMBOO CONSTRUCTION

Bamboo and culture

Bamboo is an important resource, which was discovered, adopted and developed by humans in ancient times. The first scripts were

written in China on strips of bamboo more than 6 000 years ago, during the Neolithic period. Bamboo pens, brushes and musical

instruments were invented 3 000 years ago. The first paper was produced from bamboo in China in the ninth century. Bamboo culture

is an essential part of human history and civilization, especially in Asia.

Bamboo also has a long history of use in buildings, being common to the vernacular architecture of china, southeast Asia and central

and south America. The Chinese could span up to ten meters with their corbelling technology, and bamboo has been used

extensively all over Indonesia, especially in the Celebes islands. in Hong Kong, all scaffolding for highways construction is built ofbamboo, and tied with bamboo strips only 1 mm thick. Although they have a great history of building with bamboo, today the

Japanese use it only for their traditional tea houses.

In the past, bamboo was not known as a premium building material. In most cultures that used it, from China to India, the poorest

people were the ones who used bamboo as building material for their homes.




15/69

WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF BAMBOO From a global perspective, based on the geographical distribution of bamboo, three regions are divided - Asia-pacific bamboo area,American bamboo area and the African bamboo area.(A) ASIA-PACIFIC BAMBOO

This area is the world's largest bamboo area, south to south latitude 42 s, north to latitude 51 n, east to the pacific islands, west ofthe southwest Indian ocean, the distribution of bamboo about 50 genera and 900 species, both bamboo species and bamboo forest

area accounts is about 80% of the world's. The south-east of this area is the world's bamboo center of origin, but also one of its

modern distribution center.

(B) AMERICAN BAMBOO South to south latitude 47 s in southern Argentina, north to latitude 40 n the eastern united states, there are about 18 genera and

270 kinds.

(C) AFRICAN BAMBOO This area has small bamboo range, south to south latitude 22 s in southern Mozambique, north to latitude 16 n in eastern Sudan,

a total of about 13 genera and more than 40 kinds . The east coast of Madagascar, which is the center of Africa bamboo distribution

from northwest to southeast across the tropical rainforests of Africa and the plagioclase zone of evergreen and deciduous forest.



Bamboos occur as more or less prominent elements in the natural vegetation of many

parts of the tropical, subtropical, and mild temperate and few are even in sub-arctic

regions of the world from sea level to altitudes of more than 13,000 feet, wherever asuitable combination of ecological factors prevails.(F.a. mc clure, 1953)

Fig.4: Geographical Distribution OfBamboos

2.3 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BAMBOOS:

f b h l d k d


16/69

Bamboo Resources WorldwideMost bamboo harvested for commercial use is from naturally growing, wild stands, although more attention has been given in recent

years to the establishment of planted bamboo (FAO, 2005). Although bamboo species differ in wood characteristics, they do not differas much as different species of trees in this regard (Hunter, 2003).

Africa Table3: Source: FAO (2005 )

The total area of bambooreported by the five Africancountries makes up over 2.7million hectares. This equals 4.1percent of their total forest area.Bamboo has not beencommercialized in Africa,

although INBAR and otherorganizations have done researchon the bamboo production in East Africa and implementedcommunity based initiatives tostart building a market.

Latin America Table2: Source: FAO (2005 ).

Bamboo resources in Latin America mainly consist of nativeG. angustifolia species. Onesource identifies Mexico andColombia as the main exportersof bamboo products in Latin America (Parker, 2005). Colombia

certainly appears to be one of themost developed producers ofbamboo, in particular G.angustifolia, in Latin America.(FAO, 2005).

Country Area of Bamboo(1,000ha)

Nigeria 1,590

Ethiopia 849

Tanzania 128

Kenya 124

Uganda 67

Total Africa 2,758


Brazil 9,300

Chile 900

Peru 190

Ecuador 9

Total Latin America 10,399


India 11,361

China 5,444

Indonesia 2,081

Laos 1,612

Myanmar 859

Vietnam 813

Malaysia 677

Other 340

Thailand 261

Philippines 172

Total Asia 23,620

India accounts for roughly half the total area ofbamboo reported for Asia and, together withChina, approximately 70 percent. Over the last15 years, the bamboo area in Asia hasincreased by 10 percent, primarily due tolarge-scale planting of bamboo in China and,to a lesser extent, in India. (FAO, 2005).

AsiaTable 1: Source: FAO (2005)



U f B b h i t i l d i ki i d t


17/69

2.4 ADVANTAGES

Bamboo grows fast and has a high regenerating rate. Once planted, bamboo has new shoots every year. Usually bamboo can be

harvested for culms purpose in the third and following years.

Moreover, bamboo as a plant, is because of its rapid growth and extensive root network, a very good carbon fixator, erosion

controller and water table preserver. Therefore bamboo is an ideal reforesting crop.

Helps mitigate water pollution due to its high nitrogen consumption

It also makes for excellent support because of its inherent stiffness owing to the natural subdivisions.

Bamboo has a slick waterproof coating, it cannot be painted. However, this coating allows bamboo to be used as water pipes.

Bamboo a potential environmental friendly material for housing and construction High tensile strength compared to that of mild steel

High strength to weight ratio and high specific load bearing capacity

Requires less energy for production

Service life of bamboo can be enhanced by suitable preservative treatment.

Can be converted into panel and composite material possessing enhanced strength properties suitable for structural applications.

Bamboo also possesses high residual strength to absorb shocks and impacts -highly suitable material for construction of houses toresist seismic and high wind forces.

Bamboo is very efficient in sequestering carbon and contributes to the reduction of green house effect.





18/69

2.6 DISADVANTAGES Though it is a natural product, the presence of large amount of hemi cellulose, starch and abundance of moisture makes it highly

susceptible to biodegrading agent like white-rot, soft-rot, brown rot, group of decay fungi and stain fungi and insects like borers

and termites.

One factor is that bamboo grown on slopes is stronger than bamboo grown in valleys, and that bamboos that grow in poor dry soilsare usually more solid than those grown in rich soils. Bamboo also shrinks diametrically, and that should be taken into

consideration.

In addition, because bamboo has a slick waterproof coating, it cannot be painted very easily.

Bamboo is unique in that it is strong in both tension and compression. While tensile strength remains the same throughout the age

of the bamboo plant, compressive strength increases as it gets older .

The tensile strength of bamboo fibers can be up to 12 kg/cm. almost twice that of steel. The weight to strength ratio of bamboo isfar better that most modern material. It also makes for excellent support because o its inherent stiffness owing to the natural

subdivisions. The engineering qualities of bamboo and its intrinsic structure anticipate the principles of many high-tech materials-

making it an excellent value for money, with its attractive appearance an added bonus.

As bamboo is extremely flexible from 6-12 months of age, it can be used to create a number of curving forms. In India, curving

roofs called chocals were developed, and bamboo domes have been built in new guinea.

Bamboo is a unique building material in that it is strong in both rigidity and density.

2.5 STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO





19/69

2.7 SUSTAINABILITY AND CARBON FIXATIONGenerally speaking, bamboo produces 35% more oxygen than conventional tree species.Bamboo has several advantages over tree species in terms of sustainability and carbon fixing capacity. Available studies concludethat bamboo biomass and carbon production may be 7-30% higher compared to the fast growing wood species. For instance

Guadua bamboo has been measured at a total above ground biomass 287 t/ha with a mean annual production of around 47.8t/ha/year, almost twice that of the Eucalyptus clones. Interestingly, the total biomass of mature Guadua at 6 years is in fact higherthan that of teak at 40 years : 149 t C/ha versus only 126 t C/ha for teak. In other word Guadua produces 7 times more biomass andcarbon fixation over a period of 40 years, compared to teak under the same conditions.

Besides higher biomass, bamboo has other advantages over wood as a carbon stock . Unlike woody crops bamboo offers thepossibility of annual selective harvesting and removal of about 15-20% of the total stock without damaging the environment and stock

productivity. Over 90% of bamboo carbon can be sequestered in durable products such as boards, panels, floors, furniture, buildings,cloth, paper and activated charcoal. These products have a very long life span and may retain carbon for several decades.

ENERGY REQUIREMENT OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Source: Prof.J.A.Janssen, Eindhoven University, The Netherlands

Energy Consumption in Different

materials during Fabrication in

MJ/M3 per N/MM2



Fig.5: Comparison of Energy Requirement OfConstruction Materials



20/69

Bamboo products are particularly hard and durable, which is why bamboo represents a good substitute for

hardwood products (Hunter, 2003 ). Traditional sources of timber are a significant contributor to globalgreenhouse gas emissions, while sustainable plantations of bamboo can be managed to reducesignificant quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and therefore contribute to the fight against

global climate change.

Due to new developments in the industrial bamboo sector, virtually any wood product can be produced

from bamboo. Given the stable global demand for wood combined with increasing interest in sustainably

produced timber, the market for industrial bamboo products is expected to grow. .Industrial bamboo can

target high-volume markets, such as the construction industry, where bamboo might be able to substitute

hardwoods. (van der Lugt & Lobovikov, 2008).Studies have shown that giant or timber bamboo species, such as G. angustifolia, are able to produce

more cubic metres of semi-finished material per hectare than any plantation grown hardwoods and most

softwoods. Only the fastest growing softwood species such as Eucalyptus and Pine achieve similar

productivity, but these species have less aesthetic qualities (van der Lugt, 2008).

Fig.6: Teak Plantation

Fig.7: Guadua BambooPlantation



COMPETITION WITH TIMBER



21/69

Institute for Structural Design RWTH Aachen UniversityWebsite: www.habitat.org/aphttp://www.guaduabamboo.com/bamboo-preservation.html

SOURCE

In rural areas people are using bamboo without treatment. So it doesn't long last and this has created a myth in the minds of thepeople that bamboo is not a durable construction material. But with a simple treatment on bamboo the strength and duration of

bamboo could be as long as 25 -30 years. For longer lasting structures it is important to treat bamboo against rot and insects.

Bamboo preservation methods can be divided into non-chemical (traditional ) and chemical methods . The selection of theappropriate treatment method depends on various factors:

State of bamboo; green or dry.

Form of the bamboo: round bamboo or splits.

End applications; in ground contact, exposed to atmosphere, undercover, structural/non-structural.

Scale; quantity to be treated and available time.

Potential causes of decay; biotic (fungus/insects) and abiotic (cracks/weathering).



2.8 BAMBOO PRESERVATION AND TREATMENT METHODS



22/69

1) Non-Chemical, Traditional Bamboo Treatment Methods: These are ancient methods which have been practiced inareas where bamboo commonly grows. They are simple and cost-effective without the use of chemicals or supporting

equipment. However, these methods are in general not appropriate for long-term protection of bamboo.Traditionally the following treatment methods are adopted : a) LEACHING ( Water immersion treatment )

b) Smoking

c) Using diesel (Source: National Building Code-1994)

A) WATER IMMERSIONTREATMENT:Normal practice followed in

many bamboo producing areas

is to immerse freshly cut

bamboos in running water for

about three to six weeks and

keep it them for at least one

week. By this treatment starchfrom bamboo is leached out

making the culms immune to

insect attack.

B) SMOKING:This method is simple and

effective .In this, bamboo are kept

in a temporary smoking chamber

to destroy starch by allowing

smoking until they have a slightly

dark color on its surface.

C) USING DIESEL:Dry bamboos, both whole and split

could be treated with light diesel oil

by dipping in to.

g g p


Fig.9: Naturaltreatment by smokeFig.8: For round

bamboo , nodes shouldbe punctured ifpossible beforeleaching



23/69

2. CHEMICAL TREATMENT:Several permanent treatment method are available to protect bamboos and from insect attack and fungal attack. These methods are

both preventive and remedial. For such kind of treatment many kind of chemicals are in use likecreosote oil, Borax and Boric Acid.

a) INTERNODES INJECTION :Internodes injection for whole bamboo (poles

and columns) 20-25ml Creosote oil poured

through 6mm hole in each inter node, the hole is

closed with wax or putty. It is rolled once in two

days for a week before it is put to use. The oil

gets absorbed through the inner walls throughthe cross structural area, this treatment is used

for dry bamboo.

b) DIFFUSION PROCESS:In diffusion process freshly felled culms or bamboos having moisture contentof above 50% are kept submerged in preservative solutions for 1-2 days

followed by stacking under shade for 10 15 days. Split bamboos are also

could be treated in this way and this way this treatment is more effective in

split bamboos and slivers. By puncturing or drilling holes near the internodes

before submerging them in preservative solution, treatments could be carried

out for whole bamboos.

Fig.10: Chemical treatment- Injecting

Fig.11: preparing preservativesolutions to treat dry bamboo culms

The hole thus made can plugged with

putty after taking the bamboos from

the treating solution before they are

stacked. Preservatives which could

be included Boron, compounds,

Copper chrome Arsenic (CCA),

Copper chrome Boric (CCB), Acid

copper chrome (ACC).

g g p




24/69

3 Construction with Bamboo - Bamboo Connections

3.1 Aspects of bamboo connections The connections are the difficult structures in bamboo

constructions. Here are a few reasons: Bamboo has got a round profile. Creating connections with round profiles are leading to difficult

geometric structures at the knot.

Bamboo fibres only grow in the longitudinal direction.

Bamboo is hollow. There is no material to tighten the bamboo in the middle of the cane.

The face of the cane is very slippery and hard.

Bamboo is not suitable for loads in cross direction, because there are no cross fibers.

Bamboo is a natural material, that varies in diameters, length and quality according to the climate.

Fig.12: bending andimpact fractures

Do not use bamboo when it is less then 3 years of age. Only use mature bamboo of 4-6 years.

Do not use bamboo infected by insects (powder beetle for example). Bamboo has to be properly cured with a boron mix immediately

after harvesting.

Do not use bamboo that has flourished. Rest assured bamboo only flourishes once in a lifetime (80-100 years).

Do not use bamboo poles with profound vertical cracks.

Use appropriate cuts and joints when building with bamboo.

Use bamboo with the right diameter and wall thickness for your project.

Different criteria's for selecting a bamboo pole :

Construction with Bamboo - Bamboo Connections 15



25/69

There seem to be two parties in modern bamboo

architecture:

those who use bamboo as an alternative materialconnected with industrial standard elements like

steel plates, nuts and bolts .

and those who try to find a modern least-tech

connection which can be produced very cheap

and assembled by unskilled workers.

Fig.13: Traditional least-techconnection

Fig.14: A modern steel connection byShoei Yoh

Note: This paper is especially about connecting full bamboo canes. If you usesplitted bamboo, there are of course far more possibilities.

3.2 DETAILS FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE

1) In bamboo house the columns are constructed fromwhole bamboo poles. The poles are fixed at the level of

foundations/plinth. For this purpose the end 500 mm of

the pole is injected with cement based mortar andreinforced with a steel bar. The bamboo should be

reinforced in this way before mounting them in the

foundations.

(SOURCE: Habitat for Humanity International)


Fig.15: Detail 1 For Seismic Resistance

LEAST-TECH VERSUS HIGH-TECH



26/69

2) All bamboo columns are connected at the top toa timber or bamboo with some steel plate. This

beam has a rectangular cross section for timber and

hooking arrangement of reinforcement from

bamboo. The bamboo pole column is connected tothis beam through an anchor bolt. The anchor bolt is

embedded in the pole where cement based mortar

is injected.

3) The main roof support structure consists ofbamboo trusses. The load from the bamboo truss is

transmitted to the bamboo columns through the topring beam. The roof trusses are connected to the

top ring beam by steel clamps




1)Bamboo pole column diameter min 100 mm

2)Anchor bolt concreted inside the bamboo pole column min

12 mm

3)Top ring timber beam 140x170 mm4)Truss rafter made from bamboo poles diameter 100 mm

5)Bamboo mat board gusset plates thickness 14 mm with

openings

6)L-clamps of size 150x150 mm of width 40 mm andthickness of 6 mm7)Mild steel through bolts 8 mm of length min 160 mm8)Mild steel bolts 8 mm of length min 160 mm for fixing to ringbeam



27/69

4) The connection detail between the top ring beam andbamboo columns

5) Bamboo mat corrugated sheets (BMCS) are used for roofcladding. The sheets are anchored to purlins by means of J bolts






28/69

For his bamboo roofs in Fukuoka, Shoei Yoh used a steel tubeput into the bamboo and which is connected to the cane with

bolts. The steel tube is strong enough to withstand the pressure

of the tightened bolts. In addition there are two bolts in vertical

direction. For the connection to the knot a steel bar is welded into

the tube and again it is screwed to the knot. Because of the

numerous bolts the connection is also suitable for greater loads.The result is a very technical but strangely over styled looking

connection.

Fig.20:Connectionwith steel

tube and bolts

The canes are connected to a special designed steel

element via binding wire. Instead of a bolt driven

through bar and cane, a wire is tied through the holes

and tied around the bamboo. A fine artwork but because

of the fine wire seemingly only for

small forces.

Fig.21:Connectionwith steelwire


MODERN CONNECTIONBY SHOEI YOH IN 1989.

MODERN CONNECTION BYRENZO PIANO ,BUILDING

WORKSHOP IN 1997.

3.3 MODERN BAMBOO CONNECTION



29/69

4 MARKETS FOR BAMBOO

Most sources agree that the US and Europe are the main markets for bamboo products, taking around 80% of world trade(Hunter, 2003; van der Lugt & Lobovikov, 2008).

The US is the largest Western consumer of bamboo products with annual imports of USD 300 million, almost entirely fromChina. Between 2000 and 2003, imports to the US grew by 98% in volume and 127% in value (van der Lugt & Lobovikov,2008). Most of the bamboo comes in the form of flooring (4.2 million sqm) and baskets. The market for bamboo poles in theUS is estimated at USD 15 million (with 90% coming from China).In the EU, consumption of bamboo flooring has increased from 0.67 million sqm in 2003 to 0.9 million sqm in 2005 and isexpected to continue growing.

Since the early 1990s new industrially manufactured bamboo products entered world markets, mainly supplied from India and China,and have seen moderated but steady growth. Given the attractive prices obtained, more countries are planning to develop bambooindustries to produce bamboo for panels, paper, fabrics, charcoal and shoots. Most of the bamboo traded internationally is exported byChina (Hunter, 2003; Parker, 2005; van der Lugt, 2005). Figures quoted range from 75% to 95% of total bamboo world trade.

Table4: The table shows a breakdown of the top exportersin 2005: Source: Parker (2005

The main importers of Chinese bamboo products are the USA (32%), Japan(22.5%), Hong Kong (15.1%) and European countries(Xuhe, 2003). Latin America currently represents an insignificant part of world bambootrade, although represents excellent opportunities for growth due to itsproximity to the United States.

Region of Origin Value (USD 000) % of World Asia 53,707 95.27

China 42,477 83.16

Europe 2,485 4.41

Latin America 182 0.32

Markets for bamboo 20

4.1 MAIN MARKETS BY REGION



30/69

With the growth of demand for environmentally friendly green products, the world bamboo market is expected to double by 2015

(from USD 10 billion to USD 20 billion) (Xuhe, 2003).

Bamboo is generally perceived as a green commodity, but the fact that China is the main producer is damaging its reputation from a

sustainability perspective. The opportunity for forest managers and producers growing certified bamboo (e.g. under the Forest

Stewardship Council, (FSC) for sustainable forest management) is significant. An advantage for Latin American producers is that G.angustifolia is well known as one of the strongest bamboos in the world and that they may be able to use their role as an alternative

supplier to China as a point of differentiation(van der Lugt, 2006).

Bamboo flooring is considered to have the highest potential, with major retail chains like IKEA and Home Depot increasinglyinterested in this product. The demand for bamboo veneer is also expected to grow (van der Lugt & Lobovikov, 2008).The demand for bamboo poles and culm based products is expected to be higher in the US than in the EU (van der Lugt &Lobovikov, 2008).

Markets for bamboo 21

4.2 MAIN MARKETS BY PRODUCT

4.3 FUTURE MARKET POTENTIAL



31/69

5 MODERN BAMBOO ARCHITECTURE

http://www.dezeen.com/architecture/public-and-leisure/

Because of the global demand for non-polluting , sustainable , and earthquake resistant building materials ,the interest in bamboo construction among western innovative architects is now growing rapidly. Bamboo not only

offers optimal solutions for communities with smaller resources, it is also a popular resource and study subject for

professionals and institutions of a high economic level which translated itself in high scale residential houses,

schools, offices, hotels, etc.

This collection of buildings showcases the natural aesthetic beauty of bamboo architecture. But bamboo, to

architects and designers, is much more than just a material with which to decorate and embellish. This eco-

friendly material has the same technical performance as most timber, concrete, and steel constructions -- but with

a much smaller carbon footprint.

Modern Bamboo Architecture 22



32/69

5.1 WIND AND WATER BAR BY VO TRONG NGHIA

Vietnamese architects Vo Trong Nghia have constructed a thatched bamboodome at the centre of a lake in Binh Duong ProvinceStepping stones lead across the water and inside the Wind and Water Bar,which is used as a venue for music performances, local meetings and otherevents.

A structural bamboo arch systemwas designed for this dome; 10mhigh and spanning 15m across. Themain frame is made by 48prefabricated units, each of them is

made of several bamboo elementsbound together. The building usesnatural wind energy and the coolwater from the lake to create naturalair-ventilation.

Above: photograph is by Phan Quang

On the top of the roof there is a holewith a diameter of 1.5m for theevacuation of hot air from theinside.

Fig.22: construction photograph is by Phan Quang

As a new architectural element, the styleof the two buildings of wNw becomes thefocus of the landscape and work inharmony with the surrounding residentialarea. Although the function of thebuildings is a bar, it has its ownuniqueness and has become a landmark ofurban landscape. It represents not onlymodernism but also traditions. Thebuilding gives a luxurious feeling but at thesame time remains gentle in its

atmosphere. The bar is now also used fortown meetings and other social activities.The two buildings originated from nature.They now merge in harmony with nature.With time they will return to nature.


Fig.25: Structural detail

Fig.23: interior view Fig.24: exterior view



33/69

5.2 VENKATESHPURAM,KADUGONDANAHALLI, BANGALORE, INDIA,MANASARAM ARCHITECTS

A Zero Energy Development with a closed loop for the Building Materials, Processes and

Technologies. The STRUCTURE of the building is its most unique feature. It is based on thestructure of the fishermans net, a structure in Synergy, where total load is distributed to the

system ,i.e. To all the Bamboo elements. THESE STRUCTURES ARE HIGHLY EFFICIENT

WITH MINIMAL ENERGY & MATERIAL USAGE.

The reason for their efficiency is homogeneous load distribution , which efficiently leads toglobal synchronization. Interestingly, the tensile strength of spider silk is greater than the

same weight of steel and has much greater elasticity, just like bamboo. model of

SYNERGETIC AND TENSIGRITY structures It has been designed as a hybrid of the two

systems and was physically tested before concreting the roof. These types of structures are

being made across the world with modern materials with high energy balance. Bamboo is

the only Natural building material with lowest energy balance that can be used for these

structures.

The columns in bamboo symphony though look haphazardly placed have definite position,size and inclinations, i.e. are structurally relevant, just like the highly evolved technological

logic we find in nature!!! the roof was allowed to define its own shape as per the flow of the

forces -- naturally, like a fabric assuming it's shape. these structures are highly efficient with

minimal energy & material usage. Photo Courtesy of Manasaram Architects


Fig.26 exterior view

Fig.27 exterior view

Fig.28 interior view

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FPdHafKJCVg/Tp2GJ3dXh5I/AAAAAAABGm4/z5znHhoSX8U/s1600/Bamboo+Symphony+By+Manasaram+Architects-Photographs%C2%A9Manasaram+Architects-21.JPGhttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hX0hWGq-yDU/Tp2GEMRaRgI/AAAAAAABGmk/EYwYYmA93_4/s1600/Bamboo+Symphony+By+Manasaram+Architects-Photographs%C2%A9Manasaram+Architects-7.JPGhttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-db_kN6BrHzw/Tp2GHs54NtI/AAAAAAABGmw/siybMWGG5rM/s1600/Bamboo+Symphony+By+Manasaram+Architects-Photographs%C2%A9Manasaram+Architects-19.jpg


34/69

structure design--drawing Courtesyof Manasaram Architects

Fig.29: Roof pattern showing

bamboo beams

crafted interiors-drawing Courtesyof ManasaramArchitects

Fig.31: Earth excavated from theRWH pond is used for mud

plastering of the bamboo Cretewalls in reception.

Fig.30: Partitions withcut bamboo rings and

strips

sectional

elevations--drawing Courtesyof Manasaram Architects


Fig.32:sectionalelevation

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qp6aGBqXXO4/Tp2AaHZPkLI/AAAAAAABGlE/RZvIovYGmLw/s1600/Bamboo+Symphony+By+Manasaram+Architects-elevations+&+sections.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qp6aGBqXXO4/Tp2AaHZPkLI/AAAAAAABGlE/RZvIovYGmLw/s1600/Bamboo+Symphony+By+Manasaram+Architects-elevations+&+sections.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-l_qopbf-mBI/Tp2AZUAhd-I/AAAAAAABGlA/BvWp73O0JkU/s1600/Bamboo+Symphony+By+Manasaram+Architects-crafted+interiors.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-l_qopbf-mBI/Tp2AZUAhd-I/AAAAAAABGlA/BvWp73O0JkU/s1600/Bamboo+Symphony+By+Manasaram+Architects-crafted+interiors.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qp6aGBqXXO4/Tp2AaHZPkLI/AAAAAAABGlE/RZvIovYGmLw/s1600/Bamboo+Symphony+By+Manasaram+Architects-elevations+&+sections.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-l_qopbf-mBI/Tp2AZUAhd-I/AAAAAAABGlA/BvWp73O0JkU/s1600/Bamboo+Symphony+By+Manasaram+Architects-crafted+interiors.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_2raTLekCH0/Tp2AYIzHXKI/AAAAAAABGk8/fBJCRIAeAyI/s1600/Bamboo+Symphony+By+Manasaram+Architects-structure+design.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qp6aGBqXXO4/Tp2AaHZPkLI/AAAAAAABGlE/RZvIovYGmLw/s1600/Bamboo+Symphony+By+Manasaram+Architects-elevations+&+sections.jpg


35/69

'A FOREST FOR A MOON DAZZLER' by UK-based architect benjamin garcia saxe has won first prizein the private house category at this year's world architecture festival held in Barcelona.The small bamboo structure in costa Rica was designed for the architect's mother to providea simple dwelling with a view of the moon. At night, the cone-like surface of the bamboohouse opens up to allow the inhabitant to look up to the sky.

5.3 A FOREST FOR A MOON DAZZLER(Source: DESIGNBOOM.com)

Fig.37: roof structure

Fig.33: view from the bedroom

Fig.36: 3d -view

Fig.35: Detail of bamboo pieces

Fig.34: l(inside terrace)r(detail of bamboo and burlap)

With a poured-concrete base, steel structure, and morethan four thousand pieces of burlap-covered bamboo,Saxe constructed the two-room home for forty thousanddollars. The living and bedroom spaces are on either endof the house, connected by an internal courtyard/patio.

The latter space can be completely opened to theoutdoors with shutter doors. There, hammocks hangingfrom the side walls structural beams complete a feeling ofserenity and relaxation. The structures openness bringsthe forest inside, according to the architect.

Fig.38: main entrance


http://blog.kmpfurniture.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/ben2.jpg


36/69

The simple layout features a bedroom on one end, a kitchen on theother and an internal courtyard/garden in between with a borderingwooden deck. constructed out of over 4000 pieces of bamboo, thehouse is largely open to the air with the option of complete exposurewith shutter doors.

The architect addressed the practical and emotional needs of hismother's security by creating a home for her to occupy alone, whilealso satisfying his inventive curiosity with a new formof bamboo moucharabieh screen that responds to movement and light.

Fig.39:exploded axo

Fig.42: ventilation

and movementdiagram (planview)

Fig.41: ventilationand movementdiagram (sectionview)

Fig.40: sightlines andcirculations diagram


5.4 Childrens activity & learningUse of Bamboo as housing material and in making various products


37/69

5.4 Children s activity & learningcentreSix senses Soneva Kiri resort Koh Kood,Thailand

Project dataArchitect: 24H-architectureProgram: Auditorium/Cinema, Library, Art room,Music room, Fashion room, Chill balcony and slideBamboo consultant: Jorg Stamm , ColombiaLocal architect: Habita architects, Thailand

Inspired by Nature

Working with ingredients from nature, the theme of Artdeco has been developed as one of the main design

philosophies of the office.

With this the ambition is to support the environment as

well as to

create beauty: this makes the art of ecology. Others themes developed over the years within the

office that form a base for inspiration are:

Evolution: adaptable structures in time providing multiprogram use in a single space.

Natrufled : Abstract interpretation of nature petrifledinto building materials.

Organism: Growing additions transform existing

buildings into new compositions.Sensibility: to arouse the senses, a building shouldage beautifully by using materials with a natural ability

to transform during its lifetime.

Fig.43: Concept

Fig.45: interior is an open planunder an umbrella-like canopy

Fig.44music room with sheet musicwrapping the outer structure over thebamboo reed frame




38/69

ConstructionFor making the curved beams, the individual bamboos have been heated 1 hour in a speciallydeveloped steam oven, after which they were assembled in an adjustable formwork with acoordinate system, forming each of the more than 70 individually curved beams. The structureuses a mix of modern and traditional joining techniques. Due to the heavy loads in the 12 mhigh and 28 m wide.

structure, bolted joints were used for the main structure. At these joints, the bamboo has been

filled with a cement injection to prevent the bamboo from splitting. For the secondary roof- andbelly-structure, bamboo dowels were mainly used in combination with rattan which was windedaround the bamboo bundles. The roof consists of a ceiling of split bamboo with a waterproofmembrane on top, covered with bamboo shingles.

Fig.48: grouped members createflexible composite beams

Fig.49: pinned together withnut, bolt and washerFig.46: bamboo connection detail Fig.47: concrete footing and column detail

BambooThe aim of the project is to chance the bad reputation of bamboo and inspire people and architects by showing that it is an amazinglybeautiful material which is also suited for making modern architecture.The main structure has been made using Pai Tong bamboo (Dendracolamus asper) in lengths up to 9m and a diametre of 10-13 cm.the secondary roof and belly structure is made from pai Liang bamboo (Bambusa multiplex) in 4m lengths and a diametre around 5cm. Both types of bamboo come from plantations in the neighboring Thai province of Prachinburi.




39/69

Fig.50: Long section

Fig.55:ventilationdiagram

Fig.53: roof and internalstructure construction details

Fig.51: two bamboo columns anchor thestructure

The construction uses all sizes of bamboo reeds,taking full advantage its versatile characteristics.larger poles are used for the two anchoringcolumns that end directly into a large concretepylon. As the column base transitions into the roofstructure the size of the members diminishes,instead creating beams out of grouped memberson perpendicular grids. The canopy tiles are madefrom split and flattened pole sections.

Fig.54: roof tiles

Fig.52:bamboostructuraldiagram




40/69

6 FAMOUS BAMBOO ARCHITECTS ANDTHEIR WORK

These are but a few examples of famous architects that were, and are, inspired by the simplicity and

extraordinary strength of bamboo as a building component. Today, rising concern about rapidly depleting

resources is fueling a bamboo revolution of sorts as this simple species of grass is being used in all sorts of

products from bamboo floors to bamboo houses to bamboo timber and many more innovative products. One

can only hope that mankind takes a closer look at the designs and principles that these architects espousedand pursues a more sustainable path for the future. Bamboo may not be the answer to all our concerns but it

certainly looks like a viable alternative to some of them.

file://D:\www.bambus\new\eng\reports\modern_architecture\referat.html

Famous Bamboo Architects and their work 31



41/69

6.1 SIMN VLEZ

Fig.56: Tower in the Parque de la Cafetera inMontenegro/Colombia. Vlez/Villegas (1993)height= 19m

Simn Vlez is a prize-winning architect, and the most eminent proponent of bamboo as anessential building component.

Simon Velez, an architect who mostly practices in Colombia, has built a number ofextraordinary bamboo structures. These projects have ranged from a horse stable,residences, a observation tower and a country club. His structures feature massivecantilevers and he was the first to use multi-culm beams.

Vlez has created joinery systems that utilize bamboo as a permanent structural element inboth residential and commercial structures. For four consecutive years, he has been invitedby the Vitra Design Museum and the George Pompidou Center to conduct workshops inFrance in which structures of bamboo- guadua were built as an instructive exercise .

With Marcelo Villegas, he developed a mortar-filled joinery system that allows long-span andcantilevered structures to be built out of bamboo. Very often bamboo only was tested oncompression, but the real quality exists in its capability to compense shear tension. Vlezused this in his framework constructions, which were able to cantilever more than 9 metersand to strain about 27 meters.

For Expo Hanover 2000 , he designed and constructed a 2000-square-meter bamboo pavilion for ZERI Foundation (ZeroEmissions Research and Initiative). The structure utilized bamboo,recycled cement, copper, and a mixture of terracotta, cement andbamboo fiber panels. His partner and financier, Gunter Pauli in thisproject committed to convert bamboo as the symbol of poverty into thesymbol of sustainability. With 6.4 million visitors it did become the mostpopular pavilion of the World Expo.

Fig.58: 2000-square-meter bamboo pavilion for ZERIFoundation

Fig.57: sketch for a tower


C l d



42/69

Crosswaters EcolodgeIt the largest project in the world to the use bamboo in a commercial project, and the

first project of this scale in Asia to use bamboo as a structural element in a dwelling.

The centerpiece of the resort is this commanding bamboo bridge that leads its

visitors over the Gangken River to the lobby and main building of the ecolodge, hencethe name Crosswaters . Fig.59: This interior view of the bridge shows well

its sturdy structure with the 12 cm diameterconcrete-filled bamboo poles.

Timothy Ivory is the Director of Design for BambooFurniture.com and trained originally as a theatrical designer at the University of

Michigan and New York University, receiving his MA in Design from University of Michigan. He is now designing and building origina

pieces by commission and developing a line of Bamboo furniture. His past work has included creating theatrical environments

mixing six foot masks on bamboo poles with fabric as wings, staging performance pieces mixing circus, theatre and bamboo

sculpture and creating temporary or transitional structures to educate as to the benefits of building with bamboo as a

green/sustainable material. In 1995 he created a Bamboo Pool Bar and also a Massage Spa Shade Structure using Tonkin Cane

Bamboo at the Delano Hotel. He also designed and built a pool house using Guaduas Angustifolia from Colombia.


Fig.60: bamboostructures madeby Timothy Ivory

6.2 TIMOTHY IVORY



43/69

6.3 MICHAEL MCDONOUGH

Michael McDonough designed the worlds first commercial collection of engineered bamboo

furniture in 1997, and the worlds first tensegrity principle bamboo bridge in 2000. He

continues to work with the material in furniture, object, and architecture applications. Incooperation with the Environmental Bamboo Foundation (Bali, Indonesia), he co-founded the

Bamboo Research Initiative at Rhode Island School of Design, and teaches bamboo design

seminars at architecture and design schools internationally.

Bamboo Bridge the first of its kind anywhere on earth comprises a one-

hundred-feet long (33 meters) polyten truss capable of supporting up to sixtytimes its own weight, and constructed of a unique high-strength Asian solid

bamboo, steel cables, and connectors. Designed by Michael McDonough

Architect using the principles of tensegrity , it is a essentially a tensegrity

hack of experimental models developed in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller

and Robert Le Ricolais . Located in a temperate redwood rainforest near

Mendocino, California, it is being built to demonstrate the structural and

aesthetic capabilities of bamboo as an engineered, high-tech material.

Michael McDonough keeps finding new ways to use the grass that is stronger than steel.

Fig.62: Isometricview of bamboobridge

Fig.63: Bamboobridge detail

Fig.61: Laminated bamboofurniture


6 6 RENZO PIANO6 4 OSCAR HIDALGO



44/69

The qualities of bamboo are also appreciated

by Renzo Piano. He was interested incombining light metal elements [tubes /slabs]

with bamboo.

Probably the best example of bamboo in his

architecture is the Tjibaou CulturalCenter on the island of New Caledonia inthe south Pacific islands of Melanesia.

Operable roof skylights and use of laminatedbamboo wood allows penetration of abundantnatural sunlight. Bamboo also helps inventilating the pavilion by pushing hot air upto the top.

The most exciting technology hidalgo has

developed is to deform the bamboo plant as it

grows to create incredibly strong pre-stressed

arches. A form of wood and plywood with a

predetermined arc is placed over a bamboo

shoot. as the bamboo grows, it assumes the

shape of the arc, permanently.

A bamboo plant is fully formed as it starts up

from the ground, its future chambers

compressed against one another like anaccordion. As the plant matures, the shoot

expands and these chambers spread out,

beginning from the lowest internode. and if the

shoot is deformed on the way up, it assumes

its new shape permanently.

"the most expensive thing is the form," hidalgosays. "but once you have a form you can grow

many of the same arches for a very low price.FROM DESIGNER/builder, SEPTEMBER 1997

Fig.65: jointby RenzoPiano

Dr. Jules J.A. Janssen is a well-

known expert in the field of bamboo

as a building and engineering

material. Further he has acted as

member of committees for Ph.D.

studies at several Universities and

has been the supervisor of the

National Bamboo Project in Costa

Rica from 1987 till 1995.

6.5 JULES JANSSEN

Fig.64: model house by JulesJanssen in Costa Rica

6.6 RENZO PIANO6.4 OSCAR HIDALGO


Fig.66: TjibaouCulturalCenter


7 BAMBOO PRODUCT STATISTICS
http://morfis.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center1.jpg


45/69

OVERVIEWDuring the last 15 20 years, bamboo has developed as an exceptionally valuable and often superior substitute for wood. Bamboo-

based panels and boards are hard and durable and may successfully substitute for hardwood products. Bamboo may replace woodin many industrial applications and there by contribute to the saving and restoration of theworlds forests.

Bamboo raw materialsIts use in exposed conditions requires prior treatment (Liese and Kumar, 2003), while its use can be further enhanced through theapplication of modern engineering techniques. Bamboo can be processed into modern products (engineered bamboo) that may

successfully compete with wood products in price and performance. Use of bamboo in composite panels and boards overcomes

differences in quality related to the culms and allows the production of homogeneous products. Engineered bamboo may well replacewood, steel and concrete in many uses.

Bamboo panelsChina started producing bamboo panels in the early 19th century. At present more than 20 different types of panels are produced in

Asia. Bamboo fibre is longer than wood fibre, which gives bamboo some technological advantages. The panels are widely used in

modern construction as structural elements or as forms for concrete moldings. They are also used for flooring, roofing, partitions,

doors and window frames. Bamboo panels have some advantages over wooden boards due to their rigidity and durability. Various

types of bamboo veneers, panels and boards can be broadly classified as follows: veneers, stripboards, matboards, fibreboards,

particle boards, medium density boards, combinations of these, and combinations of these with wood and other ligno-cellulose

materials and inorganic substances.

Bamboo Product Statistics 36

7 BAMBOO PRODUCT STATISTICS

MODERN BAMBOO THEIR RELATIVE BENEFITS THE DRAWBACKS OF



46/69

CONSTRUCTION PRODUCT

7.1.1 FLOOR:

Bamboo flooring and bamboo board arenewly developed interior designingmaterial made using modern scientificmethods from superior quality bamboo.Bamboo flooring is an attractivealternative to wood or laminate flooring.The majority of today's bamboo flooringproducts originate in Chinaand other portions of Asia.Moso bamboo is the species mostcommonly used for flooring.

Plank Size: 130mm1830mm

THEIR RELATIVE BENEFITS

Why choose Bamboo flooring.....

Aesthetic Beauty: Bamboo is a trendyflooring material that can elevate theelegance of a space almost instantly.

Durability: There are certain types ofbamboo that can be extremely strong,hard, and durable. Natural, un-carbonized bamboo that was properlyharvested and manufactured can be asdurable as red oak.

Moisture resistance: This material is

slightly more resistant to water damage,stains, and warping than hardwoodmaterials, although it is still a concern.

Eco- Friendly

Easy to install and maintain

Natural Material: The use of naturalmaterials is an important trend in theconstruction industry right now.

THEIR RELATIVE COST

This material is priced at about the same level as most hardwood floors. You will often findbamboo ranging from about two dollars to eight dollars per square foot.

BAMBOO FLOORING

Environmentally Ambiguous: There area number of environmental concernsregarding bamboo. The adhesive used inits construction can contribute to thetoxicity of an interior space.

Water Damage: As bamboo is moreresistant to water damage than theaverage hardwood. However it is still anatural material made of organicelements, and as such excessivemoisture will cause it to warp or willallow mold to grow.

Scratches: While a bamboo floor isrelatively easy to maintain it is nearlyimpossible to keep it perfect if it is usedregularly. There are a wide variety ofthings that can cause nasty scratches inthe surface of a bamboo floor.

Lack of a Grading System: There is noindependent system that is used to ratethe quality of bamboo materials.The estimated annual production of

bamboo flooring in China was 17.5 millionm2 in 2004. Exports account for some 65percent of total production (CustomsGeneral Administration of China, 2004).

Bamboo Product Statistics Bamboo Products 37

Fig.67:Bambooflooring


47/69

MODERN BAMBOO THEIR RELATIVE BENEFITS



48/69

MODERN BAMBOOCONSTRUCTION PRODUCT

7.1.2 BAMBOO MATCORRUGATED ROOFINGSHEETS:

Corrugated bamboo roofing sheets(CBRS) are an excellent alternative tocorrugated metal, plastic or asbestosroofing sheets. They are produced froma natural and sustainable resource andcan be used to cover homes, storagefacilities, animal pens and many othertemporary or permanent structures.

The BMTPC in collaboration withIPIRTI,BANGLORE ,have developed atechnology for manufacturing ofbamboo mat corrugated roofingsheet(BMCS)

THEIR RELATIVE BENEFITS

Why choose Bamboo mat corrugated roofingsheet.....

environmentally friendly and a safe

alternative to plastic, zinc or corrugatedasbestos roofing panels.

They have the same standardmeasurements as conventional corrugatedroofing sheets.

Bamboo roofs are quieter in the rain andcooler in the sun than conventional metalor plastic sheets. A study has shown thatcows in sheds roofed with bamboo yieldmore milk than those under corrugatedzinc sheets because of the coolerenvironment

Bamboo sheets are durable and strong with excellent internal bond strengths anda high resistance to weathering, fire orinsect attacks .

They have an attractive and naturalappearance and are easy to work with(cutting, drilling,..)

Fig.69: BMCS at TERRACE CAFDFID ,NEW DELHIOctober, 2000


Fig.68:Bamboo matcorrugatedroofingsheet


Comparing Corrugated Roofing Sheet Materialsh f ll d h h l d f d ff b h f d ff l l b d b b


49/69

1. Thermal Transmission PerformanceBamboo has the highest thermal resistance and the lowest thermal transmission coefficient, therefore, bamboo has the best thermal isolationproperties compared to the other three materials .

2. Noise Transmission Performance

Corrugated bamboo sheets have good noise insulating properties. Its sound obstructing data is 9 dB higher than that of the plastic sheet and therefore better thanthe zinc sheet (which is only 4 dB better than the plastic sheet). The asbestos corrugated sheets have the best sound insulating performance.

3.Bending StrengthBecause zinc and plastic sheets are too thin to determine its strength properties, thedetermination was done with bamboo and asbestos sheets only.

Material Flexural strength (MPa)

Bamboo 39.72

Asbestos 31.914. Combustion Proof PerformanceOnly bamboo and plastic corrugated sheets were tested as zinc and asbestos are non-burning materials.The total heat release of bamboo is higher than that of plastic because it is much thicker(the thickness of corrugated bamboo sheets is 3 mm and that of the plastic sheet is 0.5mm).The corrugated bamboo roofing sheets have better combustion-proofproperties . They show a slower burning speed, smaller combustion heat and lowerheat release rate compared to the plastic corrugated sheet.

5. Density and Water Absorption Properties Bamboo has the lowest density and the highest water absorption ratio compared to plastic and asbestos which may influence its durability in exterior use.However, this characteristic is easy to overcome by using better resins or by applying a coated outer layer.

6. Impact strengthCorrugated bamboo roofing sheets have an excellent impact strength . They bare a much higher instant striking force compared to asbestos sheets .

http://www.guaduabamboo.com/corrugated-bamboo-roofing-sheets.html


Table5:comparision of bending strength

Fig.70:Corrugated Roofing Sheet of different Materials

The following study compares the mechanical properties and performance differences between the four different materials: zinc, plastic , asbestos and bamboocorrugated roofing sheets.

THEIR RELATIVE BENEFITS THEIR RELATIVE COST


MODERN BAMBOOCONSTRUCTION PRODUCT


50/69

7.1.3 BAMBOO MAT BOARD:

Application of Bamboo Mat board(BMB)In house construction & house-hold: BMB

has been found especially useful assheathing material in structural and semistructural uses such as: Walls Doors Paneling Partitions Flush doors Furniture cupboards

Why choose Bamboo mat board.....

Bamboo mat board is better thancommon wood board for its goodstrength, longer durability and

better dimensional stability . The board has perfect waterprooffunction for its shrinking rate andexpanding rate.

Water absorbing rate is better thanwood texture and the board is neverrusted.

It is humidity resistant and smoothin texture.

Resistant to decay, insects andtermite attack.

Thinner panel to replace thinplywood.

It has high in-plane rigidity andhence high racking strength and ismore flexible than equivalentplywood.

Modulus of rupture of BMB farexceeds that of both structural

plywood and wood.However their mechanical properties dependupon the material used for making matsi.e. bamboo slivers, the weaving patternand the adhesive used for bonding

Economical compared to highergrade thin plywood.

The species of bamboo which have beenfound appropriate for use in bambooboard are:a) Bambusa Vulgarisb) Bambusa Arundiacearc) Dendrocalamus Strictus


Fig.71:Bamboo matboard


TYPICAL STRENGTH PROPERTIESOF BMB

Size & Thickness : Thickness and size

depends on customers choice

Moisture content : 8%

Specific Gravity : 790 kg/m3

Internal bond strength N/mm2i) Dry state :1.97

ii) Wet State : 1.73Surface strength N/mm2

i) Dry State : 9.47ii) Wet State : 9.10

Tensile strength N/mm2 : 29.54

Compressive strength N/mm2 : 35.30

Modulus of Rupture N/mm2 : 59.35

Modulus of Elasticity N/mm2 : 3174

Modulus of rigidity N/mm2 : 6066

BMB APPLICATIONS



51/69

BMB APPLICATIONS

Fig.74PartitionWall/Ceiling

Fig.73: Door And Window Shutters Fig.75: Furniture

Bamboo Product Statistics Bamboo Products

Fig.72: Housing

42

Fig.77: Crushed Bamboo Ceiling Panels


MODERN BAMBOO


52/69

7.1.4 CRUSHED BAMBOO BOARD

Crushed bamboo can be used for numerous

applications. Although it could be used in itsnormal form, more often than not, certainmanipulations such as sanding, shredding,pressing are performed to make it moresuitable for its specific end use.

Flattened bamboo is also cheaper to transportthan round poles, which makes it a veryattractive resource for manufacturers of valueadded bamboo products (flooring, furniture,particle boards, composite beams, etc.)

Fig.78:Crushed Bamboo Wall Panels

The combination of bamboo and natural plasters make these walls earthquake resistant,extremely durable yet non-toxic and biodegradable, very effective for sound and temperatureinsulation, fire retardant and water resistant.

It is frequently used asbamboo ceiling panels intropical architecture.

Staining or painting thebamboo can also add extracolor and character to theinterior as shown in theexample above.

It can also be used as bamboowall covering or cladding, or asan integrated wallsupport system. Becauseof Guadua bamboo's strengthand flexibility, integratedcrushed bamboo wall panelsplastered with adobe providean affordable alternative todrywall or brick.

Bamboo ProductsBamboo Product Statistics 43

Fig.76: Crushed Bamboo Board

http://www.guaduabamboo.com/images/bamboo-adobe-wall.jpghttp://www.guaduabamboo.com/images/esterilla-adbobe-wall.jpg


53/69

BMTPCBuilding Materials and Technology Promotion Council

BAMBOO



54/69

Building Materials and Technology Promotion CouncilMinistry of Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation

Government of India

7.2 PRESENT STATUS OF BAMBOO BASED COMPOSITES AND THEIR UTILISATION IN INDIA In India, although several products have been developed, bamboo mat board (BMB), Bamboo Mat Veneer Composites (BMVC)

and Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets (BMCS) developed at IPIRTI have already attracted entrepreneurs and gained useracceptance as alternate to wood, plywood and corrugated ACC and GI Sheets.

R&D efforts atIPIRTI in collaboration withBMTPC for the development of bamboo mat corrugated sheets (BMCS) have establishedthe technical feasibility and these are being commercially produced and marketed .Several manufacturing units are already engaged in production and marketing of bamboo based building materials (boards, panels,

composites, laminates, roofing sheets) Variety of industrially produced products and elements are being used in building

construction besides hundreds of traditional systems and types where bamboo is predominantly used for house/buildingconstruction.The BMTPC in collaboration withIndian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute (IPIRTI), Bangalore , have jointlydeveloped a technology for manufacturing of Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheet (BMCS). The commercial production has been started atByrnihat, Meghalaya . The product has been accepted by the consumers and is becoming increasing popular as a roofing option inthe north east part of the country .

IN HOUSING & BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

List of Indian Standards related to Bamboo as Construction MaterialIS 13958:1994 Specification for Bamboo Mat Board for general purposes.IS 14588:1999 Specification for Bamboo Mat Veneer Composite for general purposes.Indian Standards on Specification for Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheet has been finalized under CED 20 - yet to be printed.

Bamboo Product Statistics Present status of Bamboo based Composites and their Utilization in India 45

7.2.1 National Mission on Bamboo Applications (NMBA)



55/69

The Mission supports application oriented research and developmental activity, utilizing bamboo for constructionalapplications . It promotes the use of bamboo and bamboo based composite material and innovation with different constructiontechniques. It sets benchmarks of quality of construction, functionality, strength and safety and aesthetics.

The principal objectives of the National Bamboo Mission are to :(i) use bamboo development as an instrument of poverty alleviation and employment generation , particularly in the rural sector;(ii)diversify, modernize and expand bamboo based industries through the application of modern technology and financial

support

(iii) use bamboo as a means to achieve ecological security through plantation of quality species needed by the industry and thehandicrafts sector.

Bamboo Warehouse at Delhi For promoting sales of products of supported units at Delhi and nearby area, NMBA is stocking products at warehouse located at Alipur,Delhi. The warehouse of area 1000 sq. ft. was operational from August, 2010. Currently the warehouse is stocking bamboo Venetianblinds, bamboo mat boards (4mm, 9mm, 12mm and 16mm), bamboo flooring tiles and bamboo charcoal briquettes. Warehouse is managed by National Collateral Management Services Limited (NCMSL). NCMSL is providing services like securityarrangements, daily reporting, treatments etc.


Fig.82: Bamboo

Warehouse at Delhi

7.2.2 Cost Effective Bamboo-Based Building SystemIPIRTI Bangalore



56/69

IPIRTI Bangalore

In collaboration withTRADA Technology of UK and funding by DFID, IPIRTI has developed a building system using round and splitbamboo, BMB for walling, door and window shutters and BMCS roofing. The system is based on 1.2m module with bamboo posts and

bamboo sliver reinforced cement mortar wall panels of 5 cms thick only.The experience on the development of housing system has shown that the systems developed are cost effective, attractive and are

expected to withstand normal weather and wind conditions.

Being light it can be suitably utilised by adopting appropriate design for earthquake prone regions. The system developed andstudy of prototypes already constructed have shown high potential for wider propagation particularly in North-Eastern andother bamboo growing regions where traditional building practices already exist but need to be improved for longevity ofbuildings.

The IPIRTI -TRADA Bamboo Housing system differs significantly from other established bamboo construction practices

(a)Use of round bamboo columns and trussed rafters as main load bearing element,

(b) Use of split bamboo grids/chicken mesh and plastered with cement mortar to act as shear walls for transmitting wind loads and to

provide overall stability to the structure,

(c) Application of appropriate preservative treatment of bamboo de-pending on the degree of hazard and service conditions,(d) Use of BMB gussets in combination with mild steel bolts for load bearing joints in roofing structure, and

(e) Use of BMCS as roof claddings.


BAMBOO BUILDING SYSTEM



57/69

Fig.83: Wall in fill:

non-load-bearing,comprising a grid ofsplitbamboo covered inwire meshand cement mortar

Fig.85: Roof structure : bamboorafters or trussessupporting bamboo purlins

Fig.87: Foundations: individualcolumn footingsColumns : bamboo culms set in(or on) concretefootingsFloor : raised by two or threebrick courses, filled with rubbleand secreeded

Fig.86: Roof covering:corrugatedbamboo mat board

Fig.84: Doors and windows: frames of sawnplantation timber with bamboo mat board infillpanels.


Recommended sizes for differentstructural members and their



58/69

Treatment

1.Rafters & purlinsDip diffusion

2.GridDip diffusion

3.ColumnsInternodal injectionor Boucherie

1

2 3

standard length.


Fig.88:framework of abamboohouse

BAMBOO HOUSE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES



59/69

Fig.89: Treated Bamboo Columns 75-100 mm Diameter spaced at 1.2 M interval and set in Cement Concrete Footing

Fig.90: Foundation of Stone Masonry and Basement of CementConcrete Blocks

Fig.91: Grid Preparation




60/69

Fig.92: Plastering

fig.93: Flooring

Bamboo Product Statistics Present status of Bamboo based Composites and their Utilization in India

Fig.94:Fixing of Truss Fig.95: Fixing of Purlins

51



61/69

Fig.96: Fixing of BMCS

Fig.97: Inner View of House


Fig.98: Finished House

52

Bamboo Houses constructed at IPIRTI campus



62/69

Fig.100: Security Shed


Fig.99: Prefabricated BMB Wood Shelter Fig.101:Two Bedroom Guest House

Fig.102: Two Bedroom GuestHouse

53


7.2.3 Initiatives in North Eastern region


63/69

BMTPC is actively involved in developing bamboo based technologies and to promote these technologies inthe North-Eastern Region and other bamboo growing areas, by setting up of Bamboo Mat Production Centresfor processing of bamboo, encouraging commercial production of bamboo based products, construction ofdemonstration houses etc. The Council is also engaged in providing training to the local artisans inprocessing of bamboo.

Bamboo Mat Production Centre'sBMTPC, in cooperation with Cane & Bamboo Technology Centre (CBTC), Guwahati and StateGovernments, is establishing two Bamboo Mat Production Centres each in the States of Assam, Tripura,Mizoram and Meghalaya. The main objectives of Bamboo Mat Production Centres are to provideuninterrupted supply of bamboo mats to the manufacturing units of bamboo based building componentsfor increasing the productivity, quality, to provide training in mat production process and to createemployment opportunities in the North Eastern region.In the first phase, the Council is setting up Bamboo Mat Product Centres at Kowaifung, Tripura;Sairang and Bualpui, Mizoram and Sokhar Nongtluh Village, Meghalaya. The Council has alreadycompleted establishment of Bamboo Mat Production Centres at Kowaifung, Tripura and Sairang,Mizoram.

The production capacity of each production Centre will be 300 mats per day. It is estimated that theeach Centre will be able to produce the mat at the rate of Rs.35 per mat and would be able to sell

at the rate of Rs.45 per mat.The mats produced by Bamboo Mat Production Centres are likely to utilized by various manufacturerswho are producing Bamboo Mat Corrugated Roofing Sheets, Bamboo Mat Boards etc.


Fig.103: Bamboo Mat

Production Centre's in

North-eastern region

7.2.4 Bamboo markets in NCR region



64/69

1. Mr. Kailash Sharma,9-A Timber Market Azadpur2. Ashu ,9-A Timber Market Azadpur3. Vicky Gupta,9-A Timber Market Azadpur4. Suresh Kumar,9-A Timber Market Azadpur5. Mohar Singh,9-A Timber Market Azadpur6. Dinesh Kumar, Samaypur Badli7. Rakesh kumar, Samaypur Badli8. Durgesh Singh, Samaypur Badli9. Prem Kumar,Sahabad10. Durgesh Sabbarwal, Sahabad

11. Sajjan Kumar Sharma , Sahabad12. Durgesh Prakash Brijmohan , Sahabad13. Pawan and company, 70,Church Road , Bhogal14. Sunil,668-5,Temple Road,Bhogal15. Prem Singh,B-111 ,W.H.S. New Timber Market , kirti Nagar16. Surjit Singh Sachdeva ,B-111 ,W.H.S. New Timber Market

,kirti Nagar17. Gurdeep Singh,B-111 ,W.H.S. New Timber Market , kirti Nagar18. Arun Kumar,Qutab Road

19. Amit Trivedi,H-11, Green Park Extension20. Arun Kumar , Sadar Timber Market21. Rakesh Pal ,21/731 , Bakshi house , Faiz Road ,Karol Bagh22. Noor Ali ,BE-137, DDA Flats , Janakpuri23. Gurubaksh Singh ,Amrit Kaur Market,Pahar Ganj24. Basudev Chowdhary,D.B. Gupta Road ,pahar Ganj25. Bidhyaram,19/8 1st Floor , Kalkaji26. Md. Ramzan ,1st Floor B-65,Arya

use of bamboo as housing material and in making various products

Documents