use of carbon footprint monitoring application to …

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USE OF CARBON FOOTPRINT MONITORING APPLICATION

TO MODIFY HUMAN BEHAVIOR By

Sara Kitchens Timothy Swavely

Dr. Elizabeth A. Albright

8/22/2017

Masters project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management degree in

the Nicholas School of the Environment of Duke University

I certify the following:

1. Does this proposed MP involve human subjects research? X Yes No a. If yes, has an approved IRB protocol been obtained? X Yes No

2. Does this proposed MP involve the use of animals in research? Yes X No a. If yes, has an approved IACUC protocol been obtained? Yes X No

3. Does this proposed MP involve signing a non-disclosure agreement? Yes X No 4. If yes, does the advisor have a signed Copy? Yes X No

Student Signature:________________________________ Date: 04/20/2018

Student Signature: Date: 04/20/2018

Advisor Signature:_ Date: 04/20/2018

Sara Rae Kitchens

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This Master’s Project is a 4-credit project and will serve to meet the Master’s Project

requirements of the Duke Environmental Leadership Masters of Environmental Management

Program.

Faculty Advisors

Duke University faculty who has agreed to serve as the advisor on this Master’s Project is Dr.

Elizabeth Albright.

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ABSTRACT

Greenhouse gas buildup within the earth’s atmosphere has an adverse impact on the

Earth. By trapping warmth through the reflection of heat, back towards the earth's surface, global

temperatures increase. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in their

“Climate Change 2013 Report,” the worldwide averaged combined land, and ocean surface

temperature information indicated a temperature of 0.85 (0.65 to 1.06) degrees Celsius, over the

period from 1880 to 2012. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency

(2016), the residential sector of carbon dioxide generation is 5.4% of the total carbon dioxide

generated in the United States. The residential area relies heavily on electricity for lighting,

heating, air conditioning, and operating other home appliances. The remaining emissions are

primarily due to the direct use of natural gas and petroleum products, mainly for heating and

cooking needs. The goal of the Carbon Footprint Monitoring Application is to calculate total

individual carbon generation based upon transportation, residential energy usage, and waste

disposal. Equally important, educating individuals on their total carbon generation activities and

providing options for modification will motivate the individual to modify their behavior to

reduce their carbon generation activities.

The introduction and background section of this report provides a summary of the

condition of carbon dioxide generation and its impacts on the environment. It also explores the

connection between education and behavior change as related to environmental issues.

Discussions include the current use of smartphone applications to enhance behavioral change and

the role of behavioral change research in smartphone application development.

This section ends with a survey of the current market availability of smartphone applications that

provide users with carbon generation totals based on individual activity.

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The mobile application design and scope section provide an overview of methods used to

solicit feedback from potential users to generate a carbon generation tracking application. Based

on the pre-development survey as well as the market analysis, significant features of the

proposed personal carbon generation tracking application will include tracking carbon generation

totals for transportation, residential energy use, and household waste disposal. Essential elements

of the software will also include social media interaction and offset options to lower the overall

carbon generation total.

The section, application development process describes the procedure for developing the

pre-application development survey, the analysis and the utilization of the survey results to

extend the application wireframe mock-up. The mock-up of the application was designed to

initiate the usability study, which consisted of 3-5 individuals and focused on providing feedback

on the user interface and the overall usability of mock-up application. The focus of the usability

survey was to define the users, objectives of the software, and procedures to make the app easy

to use.

The final results and conclusions section describes the next step of the application

development process including further pilot testing of the application and the overall conclusions

and recommendations made due to this research.

This report makes several key points and recommendations. Smartphone applications can

influence individual behavior change when designed to address the user’s attitude or beliefs and

have a social interaction element, which solicits peer response and provides adequate

information and feedback to the user to justify the change. The smartphone application must

calculate carbon emissions produced by a user’s transportation, residential energy usage, and

waste disposal. The software must also offer offset options for the user to reduce their overall

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carbon emissions total and provide positive feedback on actions that trigger emission reductions.

The application must be simple to use and appealing to the user. The application must include

interaction with social media platforms to be successful. The social media platform allows users

to post results of reduction activities, encourage each other to adopt carbon reduction lifestyles,

and engage in the carbon reduction challenge with other application users.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... iii

TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... viii

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ viii

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ......................................................................................... 1

1.0 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Project Structure ................................................................................................................................ 2

LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................................. 3

2.0 Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions ...................................................................................................... 3

2.1 Behavior change and Environmental Outcome .................................................................................. 4

2.2 Prior Studies into Behavioral Change ................................................................................................ 6

REVIEW OF CURRENT MOBILE PHONE APPLICATIONS ........................................................ 8

3.0 Review of Existing Smartphone Applications ..................................................................................... 8

3.1 Smartphone Applications for Behavioral Change ............................................................................. 11

3.2 Market Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 14

MOBILE APPLICATION DESIGN AND SCOPE .......................................................................... 17

4.0 Emissions Generation and Tracking .................................................................................................. 17

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4.1 Social Media Interaction ................................................................................................................... 18

4.2 Carbon Offset Options ...................................................................................................................... 18

4.3 Pre-application Development Process ................................................................................................ 18

4.3.1 Pre-application Development Survey .............................................................................................. 19

4.3.2 Pre-application Development Survey Results ................................................................................. 21

4.4 Application Development Process...................................................................................................... 23

4.5 Mock-up Development ...................................................................................................................... 23

4.6 Development Usability Study ............................................................................................................ 24

5.0 Next Steps.......................................................................................................................................... 26

5.1 Pilot Testing ...................................................................................................................................... 26

5.2 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 27

Recommendations ................................................................................................................................... 29

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 31

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................... 34

Appendix 1: Proposed Subject Recruitment Email ................................................................................. 34

Appendix 2: Informed Consent Form ..................................................................................................... 35

Appendix 3: Pre-Development Survey Questions .................................................................................... 38

Appendix 4: Post-Production Survey ...................................................................................................... 39

Appendix 5: Mock-up Survey ................................................................................................................. 40

Appendix 6: Market Survey .................................................................................................................... 43

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Appendix 7 Pre-Application Development Survey Results ...................................................................... 52

Appendix 8 Wireframe ........................................................................................................................... 62

Appendix 9 Mock-Ups Screens ............................................................................................................... 63

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.0 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Allocated to Economic Sectors (MMT CO2 Eq.) ..................................... 4

Figure 2.0 Screen Grab of Current Carbon Emissions ......................................................................................... 14

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.0 Complete Market Survey Results ............................................................................................................ 17

Table 2.0 Pre-Application Development Survey ..................................................................................................... 20

Table 3.0 Pre-Application Development Survey Written Comments ..................................................................... 22

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INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

Nelson Mandela once said, "Education is the only weapon an individual can utilize to

transform the globe." It is critical that communities and their populations be educated on the

long-term effects of carbon emissions on the planet to enact positive change to both human and

the environment. Individuals generate carbon emissions through daily activities such as

transportation, residential heating, and waste disposal. Educating individuals on their personal

carbon footprint generation and providing alternatives for reducing the totals will help minimize

the impact of the emissions on the planet. For a global effect to be realized, it must start with the

individuals.

An individual’s carbon footprint is described as the total greenhouse gas emissions

generated by an individual’s everyday activities such as transportation, residential energy usage,

and household waste generation. The article, “Does awareness to climate change lead to

behavioral change?" by Halady and Purba (2010), the authors found out that awareness to the

climate change phenomenon leads to significant behavioral change amongst managers in the

industry; thus, eliminating threat incidences of climate change. The awareness of the public

regarding the health effects of climate change has prompted individuals to engage in climate

campaigns to mitigate its impact.

Greenhouse gas buildup within the earth’s atmosphere has an adverse impact on the

Earth. By trapping warmth through the reflection of heat, back towards the earth's surface, global

temperatures increase. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in their

“Climate Change 2013 Report,” the worldwide average of combined land and ocean surface

temperature information indicated a temperature of 0.85 (0.65 to 1.06) degrees Celsius, over the

period from 1880 to 2012 (Stocker et al., 2016).

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1.0 Objectives

The objective of this Master’s Project is to design and develop a smartphone application

mock-up for use by students, environmental professionals, and citizens concerned with the

impacts of greenhouse gas emissions. The Carbon Footprint Monitoring software allows

individuals to become familiar with the application and track their overall carbon dioxide

emissions generated through everyday activities as well as suggest actions that can be taken to

reduce their produced totals. The mock-up application was developed based on feedback from

the pre-development survey, while the usability study was conducted because of the response

obtained from the pre-development survey respondents. The usability study consisted of a small

sample of potential end-users and will be utilized as “testers” of the mock-up application. The

usability study will be used to determine improvements and end-user willingness to use the

software.

1.1 Project Structure

The project is structured into various sections including literature review, review of

current mobile phone applications, development of mobile phone application, and conclusions

and recommendations to meet the objectives mentioned above. The literature review section will

investigate published research and literature on the use of mobile phone applications and their

verifiable effects on changing human behavior. A review and comparison of current mobile

phone applications tracking individual carbon generation will be conducted in the next section.

The section about the development of mobile phone application will focus on the development

and design of a mobile phone application that totalizes individual carbon generation. The

development phase will consist of pre-application development, which will include the pre-

application survey; mock-up development; usability testing, comprising of usability study; and,

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pilot testing. The conclusion and recommendations section will summarize the results of the pre-

application survey and the usability testing to gauge the overall success of the final project. A

discussion based on the research completed and recommendations for the prospects of the project

will also be included in this section.

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Greenhouse gases are made up of separate components such as fluorinated gases and

other chemicals such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Carbon dioxide is one of the

chemicals available in greenhouse emissions and makes up about 82 percent of all greenhouse

gases (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2015).

In 2014, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that

China is the top contributing nation to carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. The United States

was reported as the second leading producer of global carbon emissions. To quantify this, in

2015, the United States emitted 5,411 metric tons or 11,930,000 pounds of carbon dioxide. In

Ohio, 2017, a significant amount of carbon emission was equal to one pound of carbon dioxide

produced by each individual in the entire population. (United States Population, 2018), and will

require approximately 917,631 trees to absorb (Evans, 2017).

On February 8, 2018, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (2017)

published the Draft Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks dated 1999 until

2016. According to this report, in 2016, the United States emitted 6,546 million metric tons of

carbon dioxide, which is an equivalent of greenhouse gases. The total is broken down according

to the various economic sectors, and they include transportation 28.5%, electricity power 28.2%,

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industry 21.6%, agriculture 9.3%, commercial 6.3%, residential 5.4%, and U.S. territories at

0.7%.

Figure 1.0 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Allocated to Economic Sectors (MMT CO2 Eq.)

( United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2017).

The Carbon Footprint Monitoring Application, which is the focus of this master’s project

will concentrate on the residential sector of carbon dioxide generation, which is 5.4% of the total

carbon dioxide generated in the United States. The residential sector relies heavily on electricity

to meet their energy needs such as lighting, heating, air conditioning, and operation of

appliances. Natural gas and petroleum products form the remaining parts of carbon emissions.

2.1 Behavior change and Environmental Outcome

Educating individuals on the alternatives to reduce emissions can modify the behavior of

the individuals to reduce their carbon generation. Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior (TPB)

(1991), tries to elaborate the relationship of three different classes of beliefs, which combine to

drive behavioral intention. The three variables that determine an individual’s disposition toward

behavior are attitude, subjective normative beliefs, and control beliefs. Attitude is the outcomes

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of previous behavior and the evaluation of these results (Schwenk, & Möser, 2009). Normative

ideas focus on the standard expectations set out by others and the motivation required by an

individual to meet these expectations. Additionally, control beliefs stress the presence of actors

that may hinder an individual to perform efficiently. It also focuses on the perceived power of

these components. Applying these concepts, TPB has been successfully used to link attitudes

and behavior in studies related to recycling, green consumerism, and ethical behavior.

The relationships between the beliefs from Ajzen’s theory are vital factors that influence

behavior change and must be incorporated in the development phase of a smartphone application

for carbon tracking. The application must distinctly support the three classes of beliefs to trigger

behavioral change necessary for carbon footprint reduction. By showing the outcome of tracking

carbon emissions generation and the reduction of such totals, modifications in attitudes and

behavior will reflect a positive result upon the planet. In a study of Mass communication and

pro-environmental behavior toward waste recycling in Hong Kong, the help of attitudes,

subjective norm, and perceived control explained an average of 44 percent of the variance of

behavioral intention. In the establishment of subjective norms mass communication stood out as

one of the primary sources of influence (Chan, 1998).

The inclusion of a social interaction element within the application will encourage and

influence group participation and support. The software must be simple for individuals to

perform particular tasks such as input of data, be able to have an immediate output of carbon

totals and be able to view an uncomplicated path to calculate and possibly purchase carbon

offsets (Cordano, & Frieze, 2000). This is based on Ajzen’s idea that an individual would display

a particular behavior if they perceived sufficient control over internal and external forces.

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2.2 Prior Studies into Behavioral Change

In 2008, Portland State University in collaboration with Mountain Measurement Inc. of

Portland, Oregon, published a study describing the connection between public perception and

behavioral change. The study was conducted among 1202 respondents in Portland, Oregon, and

Houston, Texas. Nine separate surveys were conducted on different dates utilizing a random

digit dialing telephone survey with four studies being conducted in Portland and five in Houston.

The study focused upon identifying predictors that trigger behavior modification related to

mitigating global climate change. Results of the survey indicated critical predictors linked to

increasing voluntary mitigation for more sustainable actions.

The predictors in the research study were increased concern about climate change, higher

levels of education starting from college and beyond, and age from young individuals who were

more receptive (Sememza, Hall, Wilson, Botempo, Sailor, & George, 2008). The results

indicated that vast overall awareness of climate change and global warming of 92%. However,

deep within the research, the survey results suggested differences based on demographic

characteristics. Results from the survey results indicated that personal income played a crucial

role in the knowledge of climate change. 54.6% of the participants were making $30,000 or less

being very concerned about global climate change, while only 46.9% of participants making

more than $30,000 expressed the same concern (Sememza et al., 2008). According to the

authors, the difference in income levels may be driven by the belief that those with higher

income have more options to deal with global climate change effects than those with limited

income options.

The results indicated that 54.6 % of participants making $30,000 or less indicated a

heightened concern around global climate change as compared to those making more than

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$30,000. It was noted that 36 out of the 48 respondents who reported the lack of knowledge

regarding global climate change were identified as low-income individuals (Sememza et al.,

2008).

Gender also played a significant role in concerns related to global environmental issues.

Female respondents showed more interest for climate issues than their male counterparts did.

52.2 % of the female respondents stated that they were very concerned about global climate

change while only 40.7% of men expressed the same concern. 40.5 percent of males against 36.9

percent of females were concerned about climate change while 18.8 percent of males and 10.9

percent of females expressed minimal concerns regarding the impacts of climate change

(Sememza et al., 2008).

The results of the study helped identify significant predictors of behavior change in

response to climate change. These predictors include a heightened level of environmental

concern, a greater than high school education level, and age below a mean age of 52.1.

The survey results indicated that Portland OR residents showed a higher level of concern

for global climate change and more willingness to modify behavior to lower their climate impact.

Of the specific behavioral changes, 43% of Portland, OR residents as compared to 37% of

Houston, TX residents decreased home energy usage. Besides, 48% of Portland OR residents as

compared to 29% of Houston, TX were willing to lower their gasoline consumption. Hence, the

provision of information on carbon generation through home energy usage and transportation

based on gasoline consumption per mile are vital elements to be included in the Carbon Footprint

Generation Application.

Self-affirmation, or how an individual adapts to information that they feel is threatening

to their self-concept or beliefs. In 2012, Prooijen completed a research study at the University of

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Sussex, which looked at self-affirmation influences on individual behavioral change. The study

results indicated that “self-affirmation led to more constructive pro-environmental motives

among participants with positive ecological worldviews while the opposite was witnessed with

participants not experiencing self-affirmation (Prooijen, 2012).” It can be inferred, therefore, that

a significant challenge of this project will be to trigger behavior change with individuals that

have a cynical ecological worldview or express less concern upon the consequences of their

actions upon the environment.

REVIEW OF CURRENT MOBILE PHONE APPLICATIONS

3.0 Review of Existing Smartphone Applications

In 2013, the University of Alberta Canada developed an interdisciplinary team (Smart-

Condo) commissioned to create a framework to be used for the development of smartphone

applications that are designed to trigger long-lasting behavioral change for users. Ajzen (1991)

developed the structure based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and the Intention-

Behavior Gap Theory (IBGT) originated from the ideas of Orbell and Sheeran (1998). The team

designed three guiding principles that they believed might influence long-term adoption and use.

The principles include aesthetically pleasing appearance, grounding of the application’s features

in behavioral theories, and a shared multiplatform set of components (Orbell & Sheeran, 1998).

They designed and developed two mobile phone applications entitled EASI and Physitivity to

test the Smart-Condo team’s guide to long-term application adoption and use. These applications

were designed using the principles of planned behavior and highlighted the type of smartphone

application that would generate individual behavioral change.

EASI is a data-monitoring program that helps users to calculate the advisable insulin dose

based on current level of blood glucose and recent meals. The EASI program was designed to

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assist people with diabetes manage their insulin dose, physical activities, food intake, and their

blood glucose. The Physitivity application employs active monitoring that detects physical

exercise (walk, bike, or climbing stairs). The program functions to encourage the user to

participate in the continuous physical training. It also allows users to include routine household

activities such as laundry or snow shoveling within their physical activity records; thus,

educating users on the benefits of daily activities.

The critical element of the EASI program is data management, which provides a vital

link between the user and their clinician. The data can be customized to fit the customers need.

This program offers a variety of ways to browse data including linear data history, high-level

monthly calendar overview in a color-coded scheme, and an option to view graphs and data on a

weekly basis using color-coded days. The EASI, data management program, provides real-time

information, which offers feedback to encourage behavior change.

The Physitivity and EASI program utilizes the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and

the Intention-Behavior Gap Theory (IBGT) by using elements within the applications to

construct attitudes by engaging user interface, construct subjective norms by using social

interface, and finally, perceive behavioral control by allowing the personalization of the target

behavior. Utilizing TPB and IBGT within a carbon reduction tracking application will need to be

used to encourage long-term behavioral change.

In 2015, Shih-Ming-Lin conducted a study examining the use of a personal Carbon

Footprint Management System and robust technology for eighth-grade students to reduce

students’ carbon footprint (Stroulia et al., 2013). The management system was used to teach

students about low-carbon behavior and reduced water usage to induce environmentally

friendlier practices. In the study, participants were arranged into two groups. One team was

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asked to use the Personal Carbon Footprint Management System (PECAFOMS) six times during

the assigned period, while the second team was tasked with utilizing a Carbon Footprint

Calculator (CFC) four times during an allotted period. PECAFOMS and CFC programs are

different. The PECAFOMS program was built using positive feedback technology that provides

comments and advice based on the users’ input to encourage carbon reduction activities. The

PECAFOMS program integrated data storage, carbon footprint calculation, data analysis, and a

presentation module for providing personalized advice about carbon and water reduction

activities.

The theories of reasoned action (TRA) and planned behavior (TPB) played a significant

role in creating the foundation for the PECAFOMS program. The Theory of Reasoned Action

(TRA) was utilized to predict the individual’s behavior based on their attitudes and expected

outcomes. The Theory of Planned Behavior attempted to improve the TRA by including an

individual’s attitude towards the conduct and the influence of subjective norms such as social

pressure to engage in behavior change. On the other hand, the CFC program was void of positive

feedback technology and directly computed carbon emissions based on user activities with no

feedback or advice provided by the application.

The overall results of the Shih-Ming-Lin (year) study indicated positive short-term and

relatively long-term effects on the reduction of emissions from self-reported personal carbon

footprint and a significant improvement in carbon footprint awareness. The results indicated a

total reduction amount of 2.52 units or 29% for group A utilizing the PECAFOMS program as

compared to 0.32 or 4% for the CFC, group B Shyh-Ming Lin (2016). The results reveal a

significant 25% increase in overall reduction of carbon emissions, for the PECAFOMS utilized

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respondents indicating carbon reduction programs, which used elements of behavioral theory,

and powerful technology, which played a significant role in carbon reduction.

3.1 Smartphone Applications for Behavioral Change

According to a study published by the Nutritional Epidemiology Group on the

effectiveness of smartphone applications for food intake tracking for self-monitoring weight

management, smartphone applications can aid individuals in modifying behavior. This pilot

study aimed to collect and evaluate data on the acceptability and feasibility results of a self-

monitoring weight management tool powered by a smartphone application, compared to a

website and paper diary (Shyh-ming Lin.2016). It proposed that smartphone tracking of food

intake increased awareness of calories consumed.

Dieters often use food diaries to track intake and manage calories. Replacing paper

journals with smartphone applications is a natural progression for monitoring and analyzing this

information. This study highlights the favorability of users when provided options to utilize a

smartphone application as compared to paper diaries or online data tracking opportunities. This

highlights the opportunity to utilize a smartphone application for carbon tracking which allows

users an easy convent means of tracking carbon data.

The Nutritional Epidemiology Group’s study involved three groups. Group one

individuals utilized a smartphone application to track calories, and they lost an average of 10

pounds, group two individuals who employed an online food diary lost an average of 6.4 pounds,

and group three individuals who utilized a paper food diary lost 2.9 pounds (Carter, Burley, &

Cade, 2013). The study found that the team that employed the smartphone application interacted

with the software once a day. The second and the third team used the online or paper diary only,

and they entered data once per week.

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The smartphone interaction increased user interaction six times more than the online or

paper diary entries. The study indicated that smartphone applications could modify behavior

based on the user’s interests, priorities, and desires. With the extensive use of smartphones today,

a mobile application that calculates and tracks carbon generation would meet the need of

interested users in monitoring this information. According to Cartel et al (2013),The Pearson

Student Mobile Device Survey conducted in 2015 showed that 86% of college students regularly

use a smartphone, 85% of them own one, 52% utilize one mobile gadget during school days, and

54% use learning applications on their smartphones (Poll, 2016). With so many students owning

smartphones, there is a distinct opportunity to take advantage of a behavior change application

that allows individuals to educate themselves about personal carbon emissions. By including a

tracking tool, an individual is provided with a way to monitor their behavior thus potentially

reducing individual carbon emissions.

Even with the advent of multiple carbon footprint calculators that enable individuals to

measure personal or household carbon dioxide emissions, most programs require users to input

data manually. Manual input of information can produce delayed results, generate a poor user

experience, and decrease calculation accuracy. Students and staff from the Marquette University,

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and the School of Software of Tsinghua University, in Beijing, China set

out to develop a framework to serve as a platform for various Carbon Footprint Calculator

applications, the Open Carbon Footprint Framework to address the shortcomings of manual data

input.

The Open Carbon Footprint Framework (OCFF) was developed to give access to a

dynamic interface for software developers to use when incorporating climate change into

applications (Poll, 2016). The OCFF tries to solve two significant issues evident within most

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carbon footprint calculations. The concerns include inconsistent results and the outcomes failing

to consider real-time user behavior. The incidence of inconsistent results happens when identical

data is entered into different carbon tracking applications and yield different results with

identical data. The differences in carbon generation computations originate from the presence of

inconsistent results. Current carbon applications only perform calculations after the activity has

been undertaken. Such a design reduces the ability of the users to be proactive in their

operations. The OCFF attempts to address this issue by employing real-time data that provides

users with immediate options of behavior change.

The Ubiquitous Carbon Footprint Calculator Application (UCFC) was developed to show

the effectiveness of the OCFF (Rahman et al., 2016), which allows individuals to measure their

carbon footprint based on real-time data and user activity. The OCFF was designed with three

processing layers which help increase user information accuracy. The three include Model,

Middleware, and Sensor. The sensor layer collects raw data from the sensors and smart meters

and transmits the information to the middleware. The middleware evaluates the fresh data and

removes unrelated background noise such as accidental movements of the phone, which can be

interpreted as activity by the user. The model layer retrieves the data from the middleware and

completes the final footprint calculations.

If the OCFF were fully developed, the user would not only be able to track the carbon

generation for daily activities but could also see the real-time effects of adjusting those everyday

events to reduce the environmental impact. The OCFF is still being developed; however, input

errors can be eliminated by utilizing sensors that collect and analyze real-time information

regardless of user input and provide higher levels of accuracy. The efficient collection of data

allows users to be proactive in their approach to behavioral modification. The users also know

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which options reduce carbon generation before they occur and provide them with opportunities

for active behavioral modification. This research indicates that functionality is essential to the

end-user. This has prompted a significant scope change that needs to be addressed in this

project’s mobile application. The current design only tracks actual carbon generation.

Figure 2.0 Screen Grab of Current Carbon Emissions

The ability to model potential carbon emissions will be added to the application technical

design requirements for development before release in the Google Play Store and Apple App

Store.

3.2 Market Analysis

The literature review indicates that well-developed smartphone applications can initiate

behavioral change by educating and engaging users. However, for the software to work

efficiently, it must be developed using behavioral change elements. The application must support

the three classes of beliefs mentioned by Ajzen, which include attitudes, subjective normative

beliefs, and control beliefs. The application must support the user’s attitudes or beliefs, have a

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social interaction element, which solicits peer response, and provides feedback to the user

highlighting the results of the user’s performance in carbon generation for a change to be noted.

A market analysis was conducted by performing a thorough internet search for carbon

footprint tracking programs for purchase and applications available for smartphone download.

The search obtained eighteen smartphone applications that provide carbon footprint tracking

options available for individual purchase (Rahman et al., 2016). Each of the applications

surveyed was reviewed for six essential program elements including price, units of measurement,

social media interactions, application platform, types of carbon activities tracked, and the

availability of offset option. All the identified elements support Ajzen’s three beliefs and provide

the best opportunity to trigger behavior change. Appendix 6 offers complete market results.

Sixteen or 88 percent of the applications run on the iPhone platform. One (6 percent ) of

the application runs on Android while one software operated on both iPhone and Android

platforms. The Android platform was selected as the basis of the carbon tracking application

because of the project’s knowledge of application development and the lack of carbon tracking

applications available on this platform. The software will also be developed on iOS to ensure a

broad selection of users can access the software.

The results from the market analysis showed that a majority of the carbon tracking

applications on the market were offered for free or for a fee. Out of the applications surveyed, 78

percent were offered to the user free while 22 percent of the applications charged a median

payment of $2.99 to download. Future users consider the platform offered per applications and

the price per download as critical elements before downloading the app.

Another essential element of Ajzen’s three beliefs is the need of carbon tracking

applications to address the subjective normative views of the user. This can best be addressed by

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providing a social networking interaction within the program, which allows users to share

results, set goals and provide user-to-user support. Thirty-nine percent of the surveyed

applications contained links to a particular social media platform while the majority, 61 percent

did not. The links to Facebook, Twitter, and Google+ have been designed into this mobile

application to address the need for a social media platform.

The calculation of carbon elements such as transportation, energy use, and waste disposal

are vital in addressing Ajzen’s control beliefs by providing users with instant feedback based on

their carbon generation activities. Twenty-eight percent of the smartphone applications available

for purchase tracked and summed carbon generation for transportation, energy usage, and waste

disposal. The remaining apps (78 percent) performed calculations for only one form of the cohort

with 44% transportation and the remaining 28% for energy usage. The common units of

measurements employed are the United States pounds (67 percent) and 33 percent metric system.

The mobile application developed for this master’s project is limited to the United States.

Further replications will offer metric applications. The availability of offset options provided to

the user is another critical aspect of supporting Ajzen’s three beliefs as related to carbon

generation applications. Users are presented with the options to purchase offsets to reduce their

carbon emissions further and support their behavioral, normative, and control beliefs. The

provision of opportunities to buy carbon offsets minimizes the user’s overall carbon emission

totals and provides instant feedback to users for reduction options. Fifty percent of the

application surveyed provided offset options to reduce carbon generation totals. The usability

study that was conducted with the small focus groups of users indicated that offsetting carbon

generation was not a high priority for the users. They were more interested in receiving

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notifications for methods to reduce their carbon footprint or alternative means of travel, energy

use, and waste generation that result in lower carbon emissions.

Table 1.0 Complete Market Survey Results

MOBILE APPLICATION DESIGN AND SCOPE

The first step in developing a smartphone application to track individual carbon

generation is to survey potential users and gain perspective on the potential mobile application

end-user needs. The mobile app was designed based on the information retrieved in the pre-

development survey and from the background research and market analysis.

4.0 Emissions Generation and Tracking

The design of this application includes the calculation and tracking of carbon totals

generated during vehicle use, residential energy use and household waste disposal. The estimates

will be based on the Environmental Protection Agencies carbon footprint calculator.

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4.1 Social Media Interaction

The application will include social media elements that allow information sharing to

encourage individuals to reduce carbon generation. These interactions will consist of friends,

teams, and classrooms. The app will be presented to businesses and corporations as a

competition to reduce individual employee carbon emissions.

4.2 Carbon Offset Options

The smartphone application will also include the option to calculate the number of trees

required to offset the carbon generation (1 tree stores up to 13 pounds of carbon per year)

(Prooijen et al., 2012). This allows individuals to understand the number of trees needed to offset

their carbon generation.

4.3 Pre-application Development Process

A pre-application survey was used to develop wireframes and mock-ups of the user

program interaction known as the user interface (UI) (See appendix 8 and 9). The survey

provided significant information such as initial understanding of our user base, the client’s

expectations, and the overall application design. Students, environmental professionals, and

citizens interested in the impact of climate change volunteered to participate in the survey. A

sample population was created with varying degrees of personal greenhouse gas emission

awareness. Based on the Pre-Application development survey, the sample population profile was

53% female and 47% males aged between 25 to 45 years, with an educational background in

Bachelor’s and Master’s degree. 94.3% of the sample had access to a mobile phone application

multiple times during the day. This response indicated the possible market population being

males/females, between the ages of 25 to 45 with an educational background of at least a

bachelor’s degree.

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When asked about familiarity with the term, “Carbon Footprint,” the respondents

overwhelmingly indicated yes, at 85.5%, with 4.4% indicating no knowledge of the term and the

remaining 10.1% indicated they were somewhat familiar but needed more information. These

results indicated a large portion of the population already familiar with the term “carbon

footprint,” while 10.1% could gain additional knowledge about carbon generation by using the

application. The remaining 4.4% may change their mind based on understanding and social

pressure.

When the survey participants were asked, “if provided with a mobile application that

calculates your carbon footprint and recommends lifestyle changes to reduce your footprint,

would you use it?” 47.8% of the respondents said they would utilize it, while 11.9% said they

would not use it. The remaining 40.30% indicated that they might use the application. These

results indicated that the app must be simple to use and provide feedback to the users.

When the survey participants were asked, “Do you feel a personal carbon calculation

application would encourage you to make “green” lifestyle choices? i.e., walk or ride a bike vs.

driving a car; video conferencing vs. traveling for a work meeting?” 50.3% of the respondents

said the application would encourage them to make “green” lifestyle choices, 11.3% said they

would not make lifestyle changes, and 38.40% indicated they might make changes to their

lifestyle.

4.3.1 Pre-application Development Survey

The pre-application development survey is considered a best practice and is utilized to

gather candid user expectations for a new software application. This information has been used

to create wireframes and the initial mock-ups of the app. The mock-ups are used as the basis for

the development usability study. Google Forms was used to generate and send a ten-question

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survey to approximately 200 survey recipients. One hundred and fifty-nine respondents provided

feedback on commercial carbon generation tracking applications and suggestions for favorable

features.

The survey was anonymous and did not require tracking of personally identifiable

information (PII). Application mock-up development has incorporated feedback from the study.

The pre-application development survey was used to address three critical points. Is

carbon generation a concern to the respondents? Do the respondents view a carbon generation

tracking tool favorably? Would knowledge of carbon generation trigger a behavior change in the

respondents? The feedback from the pre-application development survey was employed to

develop the first wireframe mock-up of the carbon generating tracking application.

The pre-application development survey also included questions seeking input from

respondents on favorable features of a carbon generation tracking application:

Table 2.0 Pre-Application Development Survey

Desirable Features of a Carbon Generation Tracking Application

1

Is competition between individuals and/or businesses to reduce carbon emission totals a favorable incentive to trigger emission reduction?

2 Do respondents view a reduction in individual and/or business-related carbon emissions as a favorable result?

3 Do respondents view offsetting total carbon emissions from individuals and/or businesses with purchase of trees as a favorable option?

4 When tracking carbon emission totals, would respondents prefer to see emission totals tracked on a weekly, monthly or yearly basis?

5

Carbon emission totals are generated for activities related to individual transportation usage, household waste generation, and residential energy usage. Which of the following elements is a priority for the respondent?

Transportation, miles traveled.

Waste Generation per individual.

Energy usage at residents.

Table 2.0 Pre-Application Development Survey

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4.3.2 Pre-application Development Survey Results

The results of the pre-application development survey revealed that 85.5% of respondents

were familiar with the term “carbon footprint” before taking the survey. Nearly 50% of

respondents would be interested in using a carbon tracking application to monitor their carbon

generation. The respondents provided inaccurate responses when asked if using a carbon

monitoring mobile application would influence a change in behavior and lifestyle choices to

reduce their emissions, 51% of respondents replied “yes,” and 38% responded “maybe” while

11% responded “no.”

Over 20 percent of the respondents indicated that tracking emission from transportation

was essential to them. Recommendations for alternative lifestyle choices were also a top

concern among the respondents. Suggestions ranged from other types of transportation, changes

to personal diets, alternate energy use, and options for reduced water use. The respondents were

also interested in tracking the data real-time to obtain monthly, quarterly, and annual totals. They

expressed the desire to insert social media elements within the application to enable sharing of

carbon generation figures with other users (Appendix 7 contains detailed responses).

The respondents in the pre-application survey provided written comments about the

suggested elements of the carbon tracking application. The comments were categorized into

calculations and offsets, user interface, lifestyle change, and social interaction. Several

comments were placed in multiple categories due to their broad scope.

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Table 3.0 Pre-Application Development Survey Written Comments

The calculations and offsets category had the highest percentage. Many of the comments

focused on user options to track their carbon generation on a daily, weekly, monthly, and annual

basis to reduce the totals. The type of carbon generation was another significant element that the

respondents wanted to see in the application. The users expressed the desire to track vehicle,

energy, and food use. The comments support the current application development, which

includes carbon generation tracking of vehicle use, home energy use and garbage disposal in

weekly, monthly, and yearly totals.

The user interface received 46 comments (35 %). In this section, the most requested

feature by the respondents was a user interface that makes recommendations based on generation

totals such as such as using public transportation, purchasing energy star products, or where to

purchase energy efficient light bulbs. They recommended the application to be easy to use.

Minimalism and focus were the essential elements to making the application user interface easy

to use. Minimalizing the contents of the application would limit distractions and prepare for a

simple and easy to follow the program, which focuses the user on specific data input. The

recorded comments would be used to design the application to be easy to follow with minor

information from the users. Necessary recommendations will be included such as utilization of

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public transport, purchase of energy star appliance, and reduction of home energy usage by

lowering the thermostat.

The lifestyle change category received 25 comments. A majority of the respondents

wanted the application to include lifestyle change suggestions such as vegetarian diets, physical

fitness, and recycling locations. The users also wanted the app to connect with other programs

such as a Fitbit or vehicle Bluetooth devices. The lifestyle change recommendations were hard to

incorporate into the application at this time due to cost and time limits.

The social interaction category included 6 (4.5%) comments that focused on the use of

social media to share information between users. The utilization of social media to post results,

encourages users, and generate totals to share in the carbon challenge was a vital motivational

tool incorporated in the application to influence behavioral change among users.

4.4 Application Development Process

This process was initiated by creating a pre-development survey used to sample students,

environmental professionals, and concerned citizens to gain perspective on the intended user

base. Once the results of the study were analyzed, the application modeling software Mock-ups

were used to create design mock-ups of the user-interface (UI). The mock-ups were presented to

a focus group of 3-5 individuals from the pre-development survey population using a prepared

script to gain insight into user perception of the UI. This is known as the usability study. The

mock-ups were and will continue to be updated and presented through multiple iterations of

usability studies to ensure seamless UI and ease of use.

4.5 Mock-up Development

Wireframes of the carbon generation tracking mobile application were created based on

the pre-development survey responses. Mock-up development utilized the basic wireframe as a

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rough flow diagram that defined the layout of the app. Initial mock-ups were created from the

wireframes and demonstrated for the 3-5 person focus group during usability testing.

4.6 Development Usability Study

The development usability study prevents the developer from inferring how the targeted

users operate the application. The development usability study consists of 3-5 volunteers and is

known as a focus group. The focus group provided initial feedback on the UI and its usability.

As we iterate through mock-ups to reach our final design before development, we will return to

the focus group to ensure we are meeting the needs of the end-user.

Draft mock-ups have been completed, and a development usability study was conducted

to refine the user interface (UI) experience (Appendix 9.0). Standard usability study methods

have been employed. The usability study template is attached at the end of this document in

Appendix 5. The development usability study used a standard software application practice to

gain insight into how our potential users interact with the UI. Software application development

requires addressing three crucial questions: who are the users, what should the user be able to do

within this application, and how can the use of this application be as simple as possible for the

users?

Who are our users? A pre-application survey was conducted with 159 responses to whom

in the user base were interested in utilizing the application. The results of the pre-development

study were used to develop a mock-up of the app, which was used to conduct the usability

survey. The survey was anonymous and did not require tracking of personally identifiable

information (PII).

What should the users be able to do within this application? Based on the pre-

development survey and wireframes, a fundamental user interface (UI) was created for the focus

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group members to test. This is also known as the mock-up. In the 3-5-member focus group, each

member was interviewed using the standard test script to summarize the user’s experience. The

standard test script asks but does not lead the individuals of the focus group (Appendix 5), “What

are your first impressions of the application? How would you naturally work through the

application?”

How can the use of this application be made as simple as possible for the users? The

information from the usability study has been used to identify pain points and to develop features

that the user expected to find in the application. The development usability study has provided

action items for application development and has defined the critical user journey that should be

experienced by the end user.

After the wireframe was completed, a usability study was conducted involving

participants from the pre-development application survey. Each usability interview was

conducted by phone and consisted of walking the participants through the wireframe outline and

soliciting feedback from each application decision.

The results of the usability survey provided 100% favorable responses from all

participants as they walked through the application wireframe. Participants provided favorable

feedback on the blue and white graphics of the application, social media interactions, and the

offset options provided to the user. Participants revealed that they would be willing to pay for

such an application and felt the design as presented would provide enough information to change

their behavioral.

The usability study participants provided suggestion to enhance the application’s user

experience. These suggestions included adding a water usage and conservation options as well

as awarding credit to users for lifestyle changes such as vegetarian diets. These suggestions

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were utilized to update the wireframe to include some of the users feedback including water

usage tracking feedback to inform the user of possible water conservation options.

FINAL RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

5.0 Next Steps

Based on the positive responses from the pre-development survey results and feedback

from the focus group used in usability testing the carbon monitoring application will be sent to a

pilot testing phase. Note: This pilot test will proceed post-masters project and is not in scope for

this master’s project.

5.1 Pilot Testing

An application pilot test is used to examine the potential adoption rate of the app. This is

performed with a small, broad base of end-users over a specified period. After completion of the

pilot, user feedback is gathered from the group to determine if the application should be launched

to the public.

The application will be further developed in March and trialed again among volunteers

from the students, environmental professionals and concerned citizens used in the pre-

development survey. This audience has been chosen for two reasons. DEL-MEM students and

environmental professionals are familiar with carbon tracking methodology. They will serve as

the expert sample group. Concerned citizens have different knowledge of their carbon emissions.

Some citizens will have a thorough understanding of their impact while others will have very

little.

Standard software development practices suggest using a small pilot size for testing of

initial software delivery. This allows for controlled and actionable feedback for software bug

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discovery. Typically, after the pilot is completed, a decision is made to iterate development or to

stop the project due to lack of success.

Sessions were conducted via Google Hangouts and in-person meetings with our pilot user

group to gain feedback and insight into the successes, failures, next steps, etc., for the mobile

application.

5.2 Conclusions

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2014), the United States is the

second largest contributor of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. A portion of the total U.S.

carbon dioxide emissions as of 2016 is 5.4% from the residential sector. The project aimed to

design and develop a smartphone application mock-up for use by individuals to monitor, track,

and reduce their carbon dioxide emissions to reduce the 5.4% residential total.

Ajzen’s theory of Planned Behavioral (1991) and studies conducted by Schwent and

Moser (2009) further defined the variables which determine an individual’s disposition toward

behavioral change, which include attitude, subjective normative beliefs, and control beliefs. The

application was designed to support the user’s attitude or opinions, have a social interaction

element, which solicits peer response, and provides adequate information and feedback to the

user to justify the change to initiate change.

The study conducted in Portland University concluded that self-affirmation led to more

constructive pro-environmental motives among participants with positive ecological worldviews.

Halady and Purba (2010) found that awareness to climate change was not significant enough to

lead to behavior change; however, the recognition of the health impacts of climate change was a

significant driver in individuals taking up the climate change cause. The research by Prooijen,

Sparks, and Jessup (2012) concluded that self-affirmation led to more constructive pro-

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environmental motives among participants with positive ecological worldviews while the

opposite was witnessed with the participant’s not experiencing self-affirmation.

Smartphone applications were used to influence behavioral change. The study by Shih-

Ming-Lin (2015) indicated a 25% increase in emission reductions for students using a carbon

tracking application embedded with positive feedback to encourage users to reduce emissions, as

compared to students using a carbon tracking application that provided no positive feedback. A

study published by the Nutritional Epidemiology Group (2013), indicated that use of smartphone

applications to track calorie intake accounted for three times more weight loss as compared to

test subjects monitoring their calorie intake in paper logs only. The use of the smartphone

application in this study also increased user interaction by six times as compared to the usage of

online or paper diary entries.

Market analysis of available smartphone applications was conducted to analyze current

carbon generation tracking applications. Analysis of the 18 available programs revealed that only

28% of the programs calculated indicated carbon emissions for transportation, residential energy

use, and waste disposal. Only 39% provided links to a particular social media platform while the

majority, 61% did not. Offset options were presented with 50% programs survey. The

application mock-up was developed based on four primary factors. Market analysis of current

carbon generation smartphone applications was conducted to verify the current market available

for carbon generation applications. The results of this survey were utilized to examine the

present commonalities of commercial smartphone applications and what each program offers

potential users.

The second factor was developing a smartphone application that triggers behavior

change. This aspect must utilize Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior, which serves to explain the

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relationship between three beliefs, which drive behavior change, attitude, normative, and control

beliefs. These three beliefs were incorporated into the application to increase the success of

influencing user’s behavior change. Equally important, a pre-application development survey

was conducted to develop a user profile. These results were utilized to address critical points

concerning the mock-up application development such as users concern about carbon generation;

user’s view of the favorability of a carbon generation tracking tool, and the ability of the user’s

knowledge of carbon generation to trigger a change in behavior. The development usability

survey reviewed the mock-up application. It was developed to refine the user interface and

design the application to address issues such as who are the users, what should users do within

the app, and how can the software be made easy for the user to use.

The mock-up application was developed based on the pre-application development

survey and the usability feedback. The mock-up composed of carbon emission calculations for

transportation, residential energy usage, and waste disposal. Positive input based on emission

reductions, simple user interface, social media interaction, and offset options.

Recommendations

The master’s project suggests that smartphone applications can influence individual

behavior. It was also suggested that apps that trigger behavior change must be designed to

address the user’s attitude or beliefs have a social interaction element, which solicits peer

response, and provides adequate information and feedback to the user to justify the change. The

study recommends that it is mandatory for the smartphone application to calculate and track

practical carbon emission that users generate. Transportation, residential energy usage, and waste

disposal are the most common carbon generations to trace.

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Moreover, the user interface of the application must be user-friendly to enable functions

such as input of data, generation of totals, and tracking of weekly, monthly, and annually

accumulated totals. The software must include offsetting options to enable users to reduce their

generated totals. Users will reduce their carbon totals beyond the reductions provided by

modification to personal activities. The application must also include interaction with social

media platforms. Users will be able to post results of reduction activities, encourage each other

to adopt carbon reduction lifestyles, and engage in the carbon reduction challenge with other

application users.

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REFERENCES

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision

processes, 50(2), 179-211.

Carter M. C., Burley V.J., Nykjaer C. &Cade J. E. (2013). Adherence to a smartphone

application for weight loss compared to website and paper diary: pilot randomized

controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2013: 15(4):e32,2.

Chan, K. (1998). Mass communication and pro-environmental behaviour: waste recycling in

Hong Kong. Journal of Environmental Management, 52(4), 317-325.

Cordano, M., & Frieze, I. H. (2000). Pollution reduction preferences of US environmental

managers: Applying Ajzen's theory of planned behavior. Academy of Management

journal, 43(4), 627-641.

Evans, E. (2017). Americans are planting… trees of strength.” North Carolina University. NC

Cooperative Extension.

Halady, I. R., & Rao, P. H. (2010). Does awareness to climate change lead to behavioral

change?. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 2(1), 6-

22.

Orbell, S., & Sheeran, P. (1998). ‘Inclined abstainers’: A problem for predicting health‐related

behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37(2), 151-165.

Poll, H. (2015). Pearson student mobile device survey. Retrieved from

http://www.pearsoned.com/wp-content/uploads/2015-Pearson-Student-Mobile-Device-

Survey-College.pdf

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Prooijen, A. M., Sparks, P., & Jessop, D. C. (2013). Promoting or jeopardizing lighter carbon

footprints? Self-affirmation can polarize environmental orientations. Social

Psychological and Personality Science, 4(2), 238-243.

Rahman, F., O’Brien, C., Ahamed, S. I., Zhang, H., & Liu, L. (2011). Design and

implementation of an open framework for ubiquitous carbon footprint calculator

applications. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems, 1(4), 257-274.

Schwenk, G., & Möser, G. (2009). Intention and behavior: A bayesian meta-analysis with focus

on the ajzen-fishbein model in the field of environmental behavior. Quality and Quantity,

43(5), 743-755. doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy.lib.duke.edu/10.1007/s11135-007-9162-7.

Semenza, J. C., Hall, D. E., Wilson, D. J., Bontempo, B. D., Sailor, D. J., & George, L. A.

(2008). Public perception of climate change: voluntary mitigation and barriers to

behavior change. American journal of preventive medicine, 35(5), 479-487.

Shyh-ming Lin (2016). Reducing students’ carbon footprints using personal carbon footprint

management system based on environmental behavioral theory and persuasive

technology. Environmental Education Research, 22 (5): 658-682,

DOI:10.1080/13504622.2015.1018142.

Stroulia, E., Fairbairn, S., Bazelli, B., Gibbs, D., Lederer, R., Faulkner, R., ... & Mullen, B.

(2013, June). Smart-phone application design for lasting behavioral changes.

In Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS), 2013 IEEE 26th International Symposium

on (pp. 291-296). IEEE.

Stocker, T.F., Qin, G.-K., Plattner, M., Tignor, S.K., Allen, J., Boschung, A., Nauels, Y., Xia, V.,

Bex, P.M., & Midgley (2016). IPCC, 2013: Summary for policymakers. Climate Change

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2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth

Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 5.

Swavely, T. (2017). Electronic searches on the world wide web were performed on March 18,

2017. The main search strategy included combinations of keyword carbon tracking apps

for smartphones OR smartphone applications for carbon tracking OR carbon footprint

tracking.

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Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-

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http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/united states-population/.

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U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990-2015: 5-8. Retrieved from

https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Proposed Subject Recruitment Email

Subject line: Research Participation Invitation - Duke University: Mobile application related to

personal carbon footprint generation

Dear [INSERT NAME],

I am an environmental management graduate student at Duke University. I'd like to invite you to

participate in my Master's Project titled "Use of Carbon Footprint Monitoring Application to

Modify Human Behavior."

This Master’s Project’s objective is to design and develop a smartphone application mock-up for

use by the general public including students, environmental professionals and concerned citizens

that allows individuals to become familiar with and track the overall carbon dioxide emissions

generated through everyday activities and what actions can be taken to reduce the generated

totals.

As a friend, colleague, or DEL-MEM student, you have been selected to participate in this

survey.

If you participate, you will be asked to complete a 10-question anonymous survey about your

interest in this type of application. No personally identifiable information will be collected.

Participation is voluntary. If you’d like to participate, my contact information is below.

Thank you,

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Appendix 2: Informed Consent Form

For Prospective Mock-up/Focus Group Participants

Please read this consent form carefully and ask as many questions as you like before you decide

whether you want to participate in this research study. You are free to ask questions at any time

before, during, or after your participation in this research.

PROJECT INFORMATION

Project Title: Use of Carbon Footprint

Monitoring Application to Modify Human

Behavior.

Organization: Duke University, Nicholas

School of Environment

Principal Investigator: Timothy Swavely,

DEL-MEM Student, Sara Kitchens, DEL-MEM

Student.

Phone: Tim Swavely +1-920-851-6507

Sara Kitchen +1-843-324-2825

Location: Durham, NC Other Investigators: None

Purpose of this Research Study

You are being asked to participate in a focus group to review mock-ups of a carbon generation

mobile phone application.

Procedures

You will be asked to participate in an in-person interview of approximately 60-75 minutes in

length. Interview questions will address your feedback from utilizing the mock-up carbon

generation mobile phone application. You will also be asked about your user interface look and

feel of the application. With your consent, generic feedback will be documented for future

coding and analysis.

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No identifying information will be collected during the interviews.

Use of the Research Material

Your responses to the interview questions will be used in a research paper that is a requirement

to complete a master’s degree in environmental management at Duke University.

Financial Considerations

There is no financial compensation for your participation in this research.

Confidentiality

I will describe my findings without referring to individuals by name, but there may be instances

where I would like to attribute a unique or distinctive quote or idea to the person who said it, if

the person has agreed to be identified. If you (or any other participant) make remarks about

other persons, I will not include that individual’s name or position in the company in either my

notes or my final deliverables.

Participation is Voluntary

You are free to choose whether to participate in this study. There will be no negative

consequences if you choose not to participate. You are free to answer questions as briefly or in

detail as you wish and to skip questions. You can decide to stop participating at any time, and

you can decide if you want me to keep or destroy the information you have given me

immediately upon cessation of the interview.

For more Information

Please contact me, the Principal Investigator (contact information at the top of this form), and I

will be happy to answer your questions about the research or your rights as a participant. You

may also contact my advisor with any questions or concerns: Dr. Deborah Gallagher,

[email protected] and +1 919-613-8138.

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If you would like to participate, please fill in the lines below. Please keep the second copy of

this sheet so that you have this information.

Participant Name: __________________________ Date: ___________________

Participant Signature: ___________________________

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Appendix 3: Pre-Development Survey Questions

Do you prefer to use a web browser or applications on your mobile device?

What kind of applications do you use the most?

What kind of mobile smartphone applications would you like to see more?

Do you understand what daily activities produce greenhouse gas emissions often referred to as

your carbon footprint?

Would you be interested in a smartphone application that would allow you to calculate the

amount of greenhouse gas emissions you generate from your daily activities?

Do you think a smartphone application that allows you to calculate your greenhouse gas

emissions daily would motivate you to change your behavior in order to reduce your greenhouse

gas generation?

What types of activities do you think should be tracked by this type of application?

What type of features do you think should be included in this type of application that would

encourage you to track your greenhouse gas emissions?

If this type of smartphone application was developed to help you track your greenhouse gas

emissions, how often do you see yourself opening this application to check your progress toward

reducing your personal carbon footprint?

What is your occupation?

Optional Questions: Gender, Age, Education level.

Please provide any other feedback.

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Appendix 4: Post-Production Survey

Did you use the mobile carbon tracking application?

Do you feel that you would use this type of tool in the future?

Are you more aware of your personal carbon footprint since using the tool?

Do you feel this application encouraged you to modify your behavior related to your own

personal carbon generation?

Do you feel this application would allow you to change your future behaviors to reduce your

personal carbon footprint?

Please provide any further comments.

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Appendix 5: Mock-up Survey

Mock-up Survey Script

Hi _____,

Thank you for taking the time to participate in this brief user study. I'm _____, and I'm going to

be walking you through this session today.

Before we begin, I have some information for you. I'm going to read it to make sure I cover

everything.

You probably have a good idea of why you're here, but let me go over it again briefly. We're

developing a smart phone application that allows individuals to monitor their carbon footprint,

and asking people to try it to see if it's working as intended. This session should take about 60-70

minutes.

I want to make it clear that we are testing our product, not you. You can’t do anything wrong

here. You can also stop this test at any time if you don't feel comfortable doing any of these tasks.

As you use the product, I’d like you to “think aloud” as much as possible: to say what you're

looking at, what you're trying to do, and what you're thinking. This will be a big help to us. Don't

worry about hurting our feelings. We need to hear your honest reactions to improve our product.

If at any point you have questions, please don’t hesitate to ask. I may not be able to answer right

away, since we're interested in how people do when they don't have someone to help them. But if

you still have questions at the end, I'll do my best to answer them.

Do you have any questions so far?

Interview

We are going to walk through the test model and discuss each screen and possible actions.

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Tour

Great! Now, please navigate to screen (1). Take a look at the screen in front of you. What do you

think this is? What do you make of it?

Screen & Task & Comments

Screen

Task

Comments

Screen

Task

Comments

Screen

Task

Comments

Screen

Task

Comments

Screen

Task

Comments

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Screen

Task

Comments

Screen

Task

Comments

Screen

Task

Comments

Thanks! That was very helpful. Do you have any questions for me or any other feedback, now

that we're done?

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Appendix 6: Market Survey

Zero Carbon.

Summary: Zero Carbon calculates and tracks total carbon emissions as the result of

transportation type and energy use.

Price: Free

Measurement Type: Pounds.

Social Media Interactions: Yes

Application Platform: iPhone

Carbon Activities Tracked: Transportation & Energy Usage

Offset Options: Yes

Link: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/zero-carbon/id336848607?mt=8.

Carbon Footprint.

Summary: Carbon Footprint is designed for business organizations and enables users to track

vehicle fuel usage and the carbon dioxide generations through transportation only.

Price: $0.99

Measurement Type: Metric

Social Media Interactions: No


Carbon Activities Tracked: Transportation

Offset Options: No

Link: https://greenerideal.com/guides/0821-5-apps-to-measure-and-reduce-your-carbon-

footprint/.

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Carbon Track

Summary: Carbon track is designed to allow businesses to track total carbon dioxide generation

through everyday business activities such as travel, energy usage, and waste generation.

Price: Free

Measurement Type: Pounds



Carbon Activities Tracked: Transportation, Energy, Waste

Offset Options: No

Link: https://greenerideal.com/guides/0821-5-apps-to-measure-and-reduce-your-carbon-

footprint/.

Ecorio

Summary: Ecorio (pronounced EEEEECoh-REEEEE-oh), offers users the opportunity to

calculate and track transportation carbon dioxide generation.

Price: Free



Application Platform: Android


Offset Options: Yes

Link: https://androidandme.com/2009/05/reviews/ecorio-track-your-carbon-footprint/.

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UNEP Carbon Calculator

Summary: UNEP Carbon Calculator offers users the opportunity to calculate and track travel

only carbon dioxide emissions.

Price: Free





Offset Options: Yes

Link: https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/unep-carbon-calculator/id479908091?mt=8.

Changers - CO2 fit.

Summary: Changers-CO2 fit offers users the opportunity to calculate and track travel only

carbon dioxide emissions and earn ReCoins for reduction.

Price: Free





Offset Options: Yes

Link: https://itunes.apple.com/app/id938264264

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My Earth-Track Your Carbon

Summary: My Earth-Track Your Carbon offers users, the opportunity to calculate and track

carbon dioxide emissions generated by energy usage.

Price: Free




Carbon Activities Tracked: Energy

Offset Options: Yes

Link: http://appcrawlr.com/ios/myearth-track-your-carbon-savin.

Math Tappers: Carbon Choice

Summary: Carbon Choice offers users, the opportunity to calculate and track carbon dioxide

emissions generated by their consumption over a week (showers, entertainment, travel, and

food).

Price: Free




Carbon Activities Tracked: Energy, Travel, Food

Offset Options: Yes

Link: https://www.appannie.com/en/apps/ios/app/mathtappers-carbon-choices/#.

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Oroeco

Summary: Oroeco offers users the opportunity to track your carbon dioxide generation through

everyday activities such as; transportation, energy usage, eating, shopping and home energy

usage.

Price: Free



Application Platform: iPhone & Android


Offset Options: No

Link: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.oroeco.oroeco&hl=en.

GoGreen Carbon Tractor

Summary: GoGreen Carbon Tractor offers users the opportunity to track your carbon dioxide

generation through everyday activities such as transportation, energy usage, and water usage.

Price: Free





Offset Options: No

Link: https://www.mobileaction.co/app/ios/us/gogreen-carbon-tracker/1267386771.

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Emit-Track your Carbon Emissions

Summary: Emit-Track your Carbon Emissions offers users the opportunity to track your carbon

dioxide generation through everyday activities such as; transportation, energy usage, and food

usage.

Price: Free





Offset Options: No

Link: https://www.mobileaction.co/app/ios/us/gogreen-carbon-tracker/1267386771.

Lyra. Automatic Carbon Tracking

Summary: Lyra. Automatic Carbon Tracking offers users the opportunity to track your carbon

dioxide generation in kilograms through everyday activities such as transportation, energy usage,

and purchases. This application is unique because it utilizes artificial intelligence to track and

totalize carbon generation.

Price: Free





Offset Options: No

Link: https://lyr.ai/technology/.

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Today

Summary: Today offers users the opportunity to live a more sustainable life by reducing; waste

generation, carbon dioxide, purchases, food consumption, and responsible buying techniques.

Price: Free





Offset Options: No

Link http://www.the-today-app.com/.

Vapourz

Summary: Vapourz offers users the opportunity to track carbon dioxide generation from airline

flights, in pounds.

Price: Free





Offset Options: Yes

Link: https://ios.lisisoft.com/a/vapourz.html.

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Carbon Carma

Summary: Carbon Carma offers users the opportunity to track carbon dioxide generation for

vehicle use only.

Price: Free





Offset Options: Yes

Link: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/carbon-carma/id1302301640?mt=8.

Leafully

Summary: Leafully offers users the opportunity to manage carbon dioxide emissions for energy

usage and transportation.

Price: Free




Carbon Activities Tracked: Transportation, Energy

Offset Options: Yes

Link: https://appsforenergy.devpost.com/submissions/7987-leafully.

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GreenMeter

Summary: GreenMeter computes ones vehicle’s power and fuel usage characteristics and based

on ones driving, it evaluates driving options to increase efficiency, reduce fuel usage and cost,

and tracks your carbon dioxide emissions totals.

Price: $5.99





Offset Options: No

Link: http://hunter.pairsite.com/greenmeter/.

Green Travel Choice

Summary: Green Travel Choice gives users information on different travel options to reduce

carbon dioxide generation for traveling.

Price: $1.99





Offset Options: No

Link: http://greentravelchoice.com/.

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Appendix 7 Pre-Application Development Survey Results

Pre-Application Development Survey Question 5

Source: Pre-Application Development Survey



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Pre-Application Development Survey Written Comments

User Interface

1 Tips on reducing and improving and also helping others

2 Analyze my calendar and suggest the most efficient mode of transportation based on time of day, weather etc.

3

Provide recommendations when scheduling appointments. I.e. should I go to the doctor in the morning, then sit in traffic to get to work or should I leave work early, work from home and go to the doctor in the afternoon based on historical data. It should also know if I have flexibility in my schedule i.e. do I have the ability to work from home / work from another office etc.

4 Analyzing commute time and route chosen to suggest a more efficient route based on emissions.

5 Syncing data with my car (Chevy Volt), home (via utility provider or NEST), google calendar, gmail etc...

6 specific examples of what i can do, tailored to me and my location and activities

7

Standard breakdown of footprint into categories like housing, transport, food, etc.; options to learn more about specific calculations; strong privacy features if you're asking me to put in personal info like connecting to my bank account to track my spending; convenient ways to act to reduce my footprint

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User Interface

8 Practical and reasonable approaches to reducing carbon footprint based on location, demographics, income, and availability through state and federal opportunities

9 A simple UI with easy number adjustments (I.e. how temperature adjustments within my house will affect my carbon footprint)

10 Being able to scan in products used rather than having to type in items.

11 Calculation is local-specific and account for geographical differences.

12 Car/transportation choices, food choices, housing choices, misc energy consumption metrics.

13 carbon generation through travel, energy use, food consumption, and material consumption

14 Cost / benefit calculations for trip planning - things where I can see the benefits of better decisions

15 daily sums from activities (transportation, eating habits, etc.)

16 Degree of impact for each action item presented.

17 Easy and quick way to track footprint.

18 Driving routes. Shopping choices.

19 Detailed prompts for specific info, ability to enter specific data but also provide defaults, suggest ways to reduce carbon footprint based on my data

20 Demographics; tracking of major sources of personal carbon footprint; recommendations; links to alternatives

21 Easy to use. One click interface.

22 Easy tracking, I don’t want to have to do much to generate this information

23 Easy way to input data regarding transportation methods, diet, etc.

24 Easy of use and information generated

25

Easy conversions/units. Driving in miles, eating meat by pound/item, minutes/hours of light use/computer use/phone charging, etc. Also make it VERY easy to just click boxes of use - don't make me enter in too many characters.

26 easy, day-to-day lifestyle changes that i can make.

27 for transportation for example, differences between motorcycle and car

28 Effective localized efforts for e waste disposal. Right now I have 4 old phones just sitting around and I don't know what to do with them.

29

embedded carbon and emissions related to diet, transport, daily activities and chores (showers, washing dishes, watching tv, etc.). Would also like to see tips to reduce footprint throughout.

30

For it to appeal to me it would need to have the ability to give cost savings data. For example, "We see you are a backwards hick and still have incandescent lights! Installing LED lights cost X but last 10x longer so they would could save you Y." But that may be hard to do.

31 For it to have the disclaimer that at the end, no matter what is done climate change is inevitable.

32 GPS tracking, options for commuting, delivery service vs driving to a store

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User Interface

33

Provide a recommendations based on input for travel planning. Is there a preferred date / time of day / airline / rental / hotel etc. that should be considered when traveling.

34

perhaps an option to connect to my CC statement to track gas purchased and associate some formula with the cost of delivering online purchases. Generally, i'd also expect to see input for car use, utilities, energy consumption via devices ... something about local purhcases (like CSAs) vs others.

35

Option to track trips with various options such as retroactively add trips or track w/ gps, ability to select mode of transport (e.g. car, what type of car, bus, train, plane, etc.); add utility bills; tracking over time on how my C footprint has reduced/increased

36

Not sure, I'd imagine standard specifics like "do less of this activity, do more of this" etc would be more than enough.

37

Multiple data points to track daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly footprint. And in time be able to provide with comparative data. Also user friendly. If it’s something that saves your personal settings for easier data tracking. Something like a checklist you could do throughout the day. Eg. 2 loads of laundry, 15 minute car drive, specific packaged food data available.

38 Integration with smart home devices... thermostats, etc

39

instant monitoring, suggestion for less carbon alternatives, daily /weekly reports and some best practices

40 information based on your starting point in reducing your footprint

41

I would not want to interact with it much, a daily report and suggestions where I can reduce my footprint

42

I would be interested in knowing what all activities would contribute towards carbon footprint and how I am adding to it. Will be good to see recommendations.

43 how my activities daily contribute to my carbon footprint

44 how much certain activities specifically increase my carbon footprint

45

Highest impact categories recommendations on how to reduce impact. Low hanging fruit, and medium-term recommendations. Easy to share features and potentially social network (same as sharing fitness data with friends)

46

Help identifying the major drivers of the carbon footprint and a way to benchmark and reduce them in a data-driven way. E.g. Duke Energy provides me with a monthly comparison of my electricity usage against two different benchmarks, as well as my historic usage

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Social Media Interactions

1 The percentage of people who have the same footprint and how reducing that percentage would positively affect our daily lives.

2 Maybe a progress bar on my footprint reduction, specific tips, a comparison to others for motivation.

3 Clear breakdown of what the footprint is, why, and compared to other individuals what type of specific impact I have.

4 Competition with others, tracking my carbon footprint, incentives when I bring it down, tracking what it was last year compared to now (on a month by month basis)

5 Free, benchmark vs average and where I compare

6 For it to have the disclaimer that at the end, no matter what is done climate change is inevitable.

Calculations & Offsets

1 Vehicle type and commute info

2 Very flexible to accommodate for life style changes such as flights and unplanned car trips

3 Ways to limit the footprint

4 Ways to reduce my footprint.

5 Ways to track daily, monthly & annual footprint and how it compares with other users.

6 Put in readable format. Categorize responses.

7 tracking distance in car

8 Tracking footprint changes over time, probably in a graph

9 Transportation, food, energy consumption, water consumption

10 Transportation, home heating & cooling, food prep, cleaning, entertainment choices, clothing

11 transportation, utility use, garbage control, etc...

12 Transportation-related impacts.

13 Trending tools and goal/benchmarking

14 Usage, best ways to limit usage

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15

Variety in choices. Current calculators involve a lot of generic factors. For example if mode of travel is car, plane, bus, or train, this offers little by way of the variations within each of those categories.

16 Total tracking and perhaps tree offset numbers

17 accurate calculations to base change off of and not over generalization

18 Amount generated per day

19

appliance, electricity, fuel, and water use analysis, energy saving techniques, option to connect to utility service, deals on alternative energy, benefits of life style changes, etc

20 Attainable action steps

21 Auto calculate carbon from miles driven (input gas type) or flight miles

22 Total tracking and perhaps tree offset numbers

23 Something that shows footprint per person and allow me to track changes.

24

Standard breakdown of footprint into categories like housing, transport, food, etc.; options to learn more about specific calculations; strong privacy features if you're asking me to put in personal info like connecting to my bank account to track my spending; convenient ways to act to reduce my footprint

25 Real time tracker, showing how your current situation is impacting “your” carbon footprint

26

Projected costs/benefits to certain reduction measures (e.g. switching lightbulbs or smart meters), also a comparison to other users in my area

27 Maybe a progress bar on my footprint reduction, specific tips, a comparison to others for motivation.

28 Areas of largest impact

29

Broken into categories (eg travel, consumption, utilities). Also the ability to test scenarios (‘what if I always went by public transport?” Or shopped locally ...)

30 Calculation is local-specific and account for geographical differences.

31 Car/transportation choices, food choices, housing choices, misc energy consumption metrics.

32 carbon generation through travel, energy use, food consumption, and material consumption

33 Commute, personal energy consumption, personal travel, impact of work on carbon footprint

34

Competition with others, tracking my carbon footprint, incentives when I bring it down, tracking what it was last year compared to now (on a month by month basis)

35 Cost / benefit calculations for trip planning - things where I can see the benefits of better decisions

36 daily sums from activities (transportation, eating habits, etc.)

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37 Degree of impact for each action item presented.

38 Easy and quick way to track footprint.

39

Detailed prompts for specific info, ability to enter specific data but also provide defaults, suggest ways to reduce carbon footprint based on my data

40 Easy tracking, I don’t want to have to do much to generate this information

41 Easy way to input data regarding transportation methods, diet, etc.

42 Easy of use and information generated

43

Easy conversions/units. Driving in miles, eating meat by pound/item, minutes/hours of light use/computer use/phone charging, etc. Also make it VERY easy to just click boxes of use - don't make me enter in too many characters.

44 for transportation for example, differences between motorcycle and car

45 GPS tracking, options for commuting, delivery service vs driving to a store

46

Option to track trips with various options such as retroactively add trips or track w/ gps, ability to select mode of transport (e.g. car, what type of car, bus, train, plane, etc.); add utility bills; tracking over time on how my C footprint has reduced/increased

47

Multiple data points to track daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly footprint. And in time be able to provide with comparative data. Also user friendly. If it’s something that saves your personal settings for easier data tracking. Something like a checklist you could do throughout the day. Eg. 2 loads of laundry, 15 minute car drive, specific packaged food data available.

48 instant monitoring, suggestion for less carbon alternatives, daily /weekly reports and some best practices

49 information based on your starting point in reducing your footprint

50

I would be interested in knowing what all activities would contribute towards carbon footprint and how I am adding to it. Will be good to see recommendations.

51 how my activities daily contribute to my carbon footprint

52 how much certain activities specifically increase my carbon footprint

53

Highest impact categories recommendations on how to reduce impact. Low hanging fruit, and medium-term recommendations. Easy to share features and potentially social network (same as sharing fitness data with friends)

54

Help identifying the major drivers of the carbon footprint and a way to benchmark and reduce them in a data-driven way. E.g. Duke Energy provides me with a monthly comparison of my electricity usage against two different benchmarks, as well as my historic usage

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Life Style Change

1 A mix of easy and hard changes tailored to my lifestyle

2 Advices but not lessons. Keep everyone free to live his/her life

3 Physical fitness

4 Healthy choices

5

Switching to a plant-based diet cuts your carbon footprint by half. I would expect the app to emphasize these lifestyle choices in order of impact. It makes me sad that most news articles and tools of this sort downplay or outright neglect the food aspect altogether.

6 Suggestions on how to improve

7 Suggestions for alternative items or activities

8 Some ability to link with other programs such as Fitbit. I bicycle a lot and would like that to easily translate.

9 Practical ways to change or reduce

10 Practical advice. Not advice that costs thousands of dollars.

11 Likely lots of personal behavior tracking, which would cause me hesitation

12 laid out plans maybe at various levels or stages to reduce

13 It’d have to have viable alternatives such as buy x product vs y, or take an alternative form of transportation, etc...

14 A variety of carbon footprint reducing measures tailored to individual habits, not just generic "drive less" statements.

15

A way to calculate your current footprint and usable suggestions for how to improve it. Suggestions should be location/lifestyle based, e.g. not a broad "use public transport" if a person lives in the middle of nowhere.

17 Activity tracking

18 Broken into categories (eg travel, consumption, utilities). Also the ability to test scenarios (‘what if I always went by public transport?” Or shopped locally ...)

19 Clear breakdown of what the footprint is, why, and compared to other individuals what type of specific impact I have.

20 Driving routes. Shopping choices.

21 Demographics; tracking of major sources of personal carbon footprint; recommendations; links to alternatives

22 easy, day-to-day lifestyle changes that i can make.

23 Effective localized efforts for e waste disposal. Right now I have 4 old phones just sitting around and I don't know what to do with them.

24

embedded carbon and emissions related to diet, transport, daily activities and chores (showers, washing dishes, watching tv, etc.). Would also like to see tips to reduce footprint throughout.

25

For it to appeal to me it would need to have the ability to give cost savings data. For example, "We see you are a backwards hick and still have incandescent lights! Installing LED lights cost X but last 10x longer so they would could save you Y." But that may be hard to do.

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No Response

1 I don't know, I need to be more informed.






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Appendix 8 Wireframe

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Appendix 9 Mock-Ups Screens

Opening Screens for the Carbon Challenge Smartphone application.

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Calculating Transportation Carbon Emissions

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Final calculated transportation carbon emissions total with offset options and.

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Options for calculating different types of transportation carbon emissions

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Carbon emission calculations for plane travel with offset options.

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Timeline

● Fall 2017

○ Masters project proposal approved

○ IRB form submitted

○ Pre-Development Application Survey deployed

○ Survey results analyzed

○ Wireframes and initial mock-ups created

○ 3-5 person focus group interviewed

○ Final mock-ups

● December placed based session

○ Mock-ups presented

● January-February

○ Pilot test

○ First draft of complete masters project report

● March

○ Post development survey deployed

○ Analysis of post development survey

● April

○ Final draft of complete masters project report

use of carbon footprint monitoring application to …

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