use of ict for effective teaching and learning
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T. J. AJIT. MA, PGDPIConsultant Institute For Pedagogic Informatics Thiruvananthapuram
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Technological innovation is essential for
human development.
From the printing press to the computer,
people have devised tools for facilitating
learning and communication.
Technology is not inherently good or bad,
the outcome depends on how it is used.
2Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Information and communications technology (ICT) involves innovations in micro electronics,computing (hardware and software), telecommunications and opto-electronics micro-processors, semiconductors, fiber optics.
These innovations enable the processing and storage of enormous amounts of information, along with rapid distribution of information through communication networks.
3Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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It is accepted that telecommunication is a basic infrastructure necessary for economic and social development of a country.
This is even becoming more strong than ever as information related economic activities are growing.
Information and communications technology may be described as the support of the central nervous system of complex societies, transmitting and processing information and commands among the various parts of such societies.
Internet plays a fundamental function in ICT role
4Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Information and communications technology carries on high
promise both in human and economic terms.
Benefits could be obtained in:
▪ EducationEducation
▪ Job training Job training
▪ Health careHealth care
▪ Food securityFood security
▪ Environment managementEnvironment management
▪ Government efficiencyGovernment efficiency
And specifically in Science and Technology:
▪ Speed up dissemination of scientific results world-wide through Speed up dissemination of scientific results world-wide through
scientific knowledge sharing and exchangescientific knowledge sharing and exchange
▪ Allows to set up of Virtual Labs for communications and remote Allows to set up of Virtual Labs for communications and remote
instrument controlinstrument control 5Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Predictions indicate the doubling of doubling of computing power every 18 –24 monthscomputing power every 18 –24 months and the doubling of communications power doubling of communications power every 6 monthsevery 6 months. Both are accompanied by huge reductions in costs and massive increases in speed and quantity.
In 2010 more information can be sent overa single cable in a second than in 2000 was sentover the entire Internet in a month.
6Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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The distribution of Internet users show uneven distribution in India
Connecting a major portion of the population is a challenge in so many regions .
Limitations are the outdated public telephone network and the arbitrary high cost of the services.
To beat this problem, solutions based on the most advanced techniques but with accessible costs have to be devised. Radio Radio technologytechnology represents in many cases the solution.
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8Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Evidence has confirmed:
ICT can make a significant contribution to teaching and learning across all subjects
ICT can be a tool for school improvement ICT is a core skill which is essential for participation in
today’s society and economy
Direction of travel for ICT – The effective and systemic use of ICT is integral to the wider education strategy to bring about further improvements in teaching, learning and school managementboth in the classroom and beyond
10Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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ICT – motivating, engaging the learner
ICT – offering personal approaches to learning
ICT – unleashing creativity in learning
ICT – allowing independence in learning
ICT – developing collaborative and team working skills
11Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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ICT – offers new ways of teaching the same things
ICT – enables a focus on each and every child – learner styles/preferences
ICT – a tool in the armoury for tackling barriers to engagement
ICT – reduces bureaucratic burdens on teachers
ICT – saves time in lesson planning and administration
ICT – offers a more comprehensive approach to assessment
12Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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ICT and e-Learning
ICT and CPD
ICT systems
ICT networks
13Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Use ICT to support and enhance
learning
teaching
in all subject areas
(where appropriate)
14Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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There is now clear evidence that
ICT, when used well,
improves attainment in all subjects.
15Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Delivering content Tool for thinking and making
16Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Reorientation
Integration
Utilisation
Familiarisation
Evolution
5 Stages of Embedding ICT
17Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Familiarisation
A teacher is becoming increasingly
aware of ICT, and may have attended
some INSET, but rarely (and often
reluctantly) tries to use it in their
classroom teaching.
18Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Utilisation
A teacher becomes increasingly aware of the
benefits of technology, and begins to incorporate it
into teaching, often “replacing” former activities
with ICT alternatives. This begins to have beneficial
effect on T&L, although use remains fragile and the
teacher is often set back, for example by technical
hitches.
19Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Integration
A teacher is becoming increasingly familiar
with appropriate use of ICT, and can
integrate it into many aspects of their
ongoing teaching.
T&L begins to be very significantly enhanced.
20Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Reorientation
The potential of the ICT is now exploited to
move into new areas and approaches that
could not easily be replicated by more
“traditional” means. T&L begins to be
significantly transformed.
21Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Evolution
The developmental and CREATIVE
possibilities of the ICT are being fully
explored. ICT use can grow and develop in
response to the needs of the learner and
the consequent teaching implications. T&L
is very significantly transformed.
22Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Reorientation
Integration
Utilisation
Familiarisation
Evolution
5 Stages of Embedding ICT
23Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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IntegrationReorientation
Familiarisation
Utilisation
Evolution
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Familiarisation
Utilisation IntegrationReorientation
Evolution
Replace Transform
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+ =!Use a search engine
Cut and paste in a document
Crop an image
Insert a formula in a spreadsheet
Create a slideshow
Classification, structure and sequence
Refining
Plausibility and bias
Accuracy and efficiency
Audience and forms and convention
To research purposefully making critically evaluation about the value of information.
To develop ideas iteratively and explore options
To Interpret and analyse
Hypothesis, ask what if? questions.
To repurpose information and create new knowledge.
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Teachers’ pedagogies and knowledge of learning styles
How to select resources/rethink pedagogy (The answer could be Hands On Support?)
Access to and reliability of ICT resources
Teachers’ knowledge of the potential of ICT If you don’t know what ICT can do, you can’t be
transformed(The answer could be Hands On Support?)
27Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Ideas rather than the ‘how to’
For tutorials on some of these tools try:http://educationalsoftware.wikispaces.com
28Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Publishing Writing and Giving Feedback(written and oral)
http://room23writing.blogspot.com/2008/04/oter.html
http://tamakips.blogspot.com/Blogging Advice Wiki
Be a Safe and Responsible Blogger 29Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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http://area4randwickschool.blogspot.com/2008/04/student-of-week-emma.html
Student of the Week Teach a Language
http://tamakitoday.blogspot.com/2008/04/samoan-lesson-2.html
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Japanese Visitor
http://room1maungaraki.blogspot.com/2008/04/learning-japanese.html
http://kingsroad.learningspaces.net/node/399#comments
Note the way comments allowed forteacher/child interaction
Gardening Recount
31Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Use of Digital Camera
http://classblogmeister.com/blog.php?blog_id=582215&mode=comment&blogger_id=162000
http://woodlandrm3.blogspot.com/2006/04/learning-log-for-april.html
Mrs Wagner’s Class
A teacher reflects on the power of blogging in his classroom
32Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Learning Logs
http://rm23learninglog.blogspot.com/2008/05/great-start-to-term-two.html
http://mreamesblog.blogspot.com/2006/11/ideas-and-opinion_03.html
Feeding in ideas on a Topic
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http://areallydifferentplace.org/node/922#comment
http://room9reflects.blogspot.com/
Writing with CommentReflection
Posts that Reflecton Learning
Great blog post on encouraging reflection
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http://thefischbowl.blogspot.com/
Teacher and StudentReflection
http://annesmith9h.blogspot.com/2006/09/act-2-questions-continued.html
Analyse a Text
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Principal Updates
http://birdseyeblog.blogspot.com/2008/04/care.htmlhttp://tamakitoday.blogspot.com/2008/04/girls-rugby-at-tamaki-intermediate-in.html
Sports Team Notices
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Advice to Student
http://itc.blogs.com/patrick/2005/02/5th_grade.html#comments http://kingsroad.learningspaces.net/home
work/year4/maths/fractions
Maths Homework
37Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Blog4Educators
http://blog4educators.blogspot.com/2007/12/week-one-personal-reflections.html
EdTech Mag
http://www.edtechmag.com/k12/issues/november-december-2006/blog-rules.html
An online blogging course you can work through38Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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New wonders of the World
http://new7wonders.wikispaces.com/
Guidelines for working on a wiki
Voices of the World
http://votw.wikispaces.com/
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Horizon Project
http://horizonproject2008.wikispaces.com/Teams
http://monsonclassroom.wikispaces.com/
Thousands Project
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Wolf River Unit
http://techiewikis.wikispaces.com/ http://priestsicprimaryschool.wikispaces.com/
Developing School Policies
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http://collaborativetales.wikispaces.com/
The Hypnotiser
http://terrythetennisball.wikispaces.com/
Choose Your Own Adventure
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Hauora - Health and Well-being
http://hauora.pbwiki.com/ http://wilfordmidsyn.wikispaces.com/
Forces
Find ready made webquests at Quest Garden
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http://miss-fagaloa.wikispaces.com/Maths
http://mrpollitt.pbwiki.com/
Take a look at the online journals
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http://educationalsoftware.wikispaces.com/
Educational Software and Web 2.0
Teacher Portal
http://teacherportal.wikispaces.com/
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Publishing Writing in Oral Form
http://zerototwo.wikispaces.com/ICT+Ideas+for+Juniors
http://voicethread4education.wikispaces.com/
Poetry Anthologies/ Book Reviews
http://seventoeight.wikispaces.com/Yr+7and8+The+Arts+Ideas
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Choose your own Adventure Story
How to Run a Reading Group
http://voicethread.com/#q+minilegends.b4973.i38883
http://voicethread.com/#q+reading.b29665.i160448
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Commentary on Social Issues
http://educationalsoftware.wikispaces.com/VoiceThread
http://voicethread.com/#q.b90817.i462095
Summarising Class Discussion/ Research
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Maths Casts
http://educationalsoftware.wikispaces.com/VoiceThread
http://voicethread.com/#q+doodler.b711.i61849
Tutorial for Doodler
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Learning Languages
http://voicethread.com/#q+how+to.b37780.i197680
http://voicethread.com/#q+collaboration.b88636.i546921
How do you celebrate?
50Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Art Gallery
http://seventoeight.wikispaces.com/Yr+7and8+The+Arts+Ideas
Solar System Models
http://voicethread.com/#q+video.b105675.i593393
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Digital Portfolios and Goal Setting
This is my mock-up of how I might do it
http://voicethread.com/#q+goals.b125539
Note: You can now download VoiceThreads as videos to keep a permanent record on disk. 52Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Mihi (Maori word for telling others about your heritage)
http://flickr.com/photos/24760305@N05/sets/72157604433275330/
Created in Comic Life and then notes added in Flickr
http://flickr.com/photos/ha112/234233755/
Art History and Response
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Publishing Stories - Point England School
http://www.flickr.com/photos/16798445@N00/2404627825/
Created in Comic Life and then notes added in Flickr
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Labeling
http://flickr.com/photos/14679250@N08/sets/72157602294134350/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/16798445@N00/222465999/
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Story in 5 Frames
http://flickr.com/groups/tellyourstorykids/
http://www.flickr.com/groups/visualstory/ 56Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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http://bighugelabs.com/flickr/
Motivational PostersMagazine Covers
Both were created from my own Flickr images taken in Vietnam
57Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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http://www.classblogmeister.com/blog.php?blogger_id=162000&new_display_count=1000
Phonetic Knowledge
58Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Comic LifeVisual Literacy
Instructional Writing
59Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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http://barrowblog.ethink.org.uk/2007/03/60Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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http://flickr.com/photos/18396722@N00/542222144/
Cat Class
http://flickr.com/photos/anieteke/29903648/
Tiring Learning
Tip - Search for comiclife in Flickr for more examples
61Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Bear Email Exchange Character Email Exchange
http://nz.youtube.com/watch?v=h0R4xeIFaCg
Persuasive Writing
62Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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GamesTo capture imaginations
Problem solving and creative writing - Samorost
http://amanita-design.net/samorost-2/http://jayisgames.com/archives/2005/12/samorost_2.php#walkthroughFor Help
http://blogs.ibo.org/opls/2007/11/16/web-based-games-and-creative-writing-in-the-primary-years/Ideas
http://bluewyverntea.blogspot.com/2005/07/six-cool-samorost-style-games.htmlSimilar Games63Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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GamesTo capture imaginations
Creative Writing with Myst (game can be purchased)
http://nz.youtube.com/watch?v=X5xFMmK5Ujs64Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Games
Games & Walkthroughs:THE BAR: http://www.gotmail.jp/apps/bar_e.htmlTHE BAR walkthrough: http://www.kahsoon.com/2006/02/16/the-bar-walkthrough/GROW CUBE: http://www.eyezmaze.com/grow/cube/MOTAS (Mystery of Time and Space): http://www.albartus.com/motas/MOTAS walkthrough: http://finalgrunt.free.fr/MOTAS/index.htmlNESQUIK: http://www.nesquik.com/games/nesquikQuest.aspxSAMAROST 1: http://www.samorost.net/samorost1/SAMAROST 2: http://www.samorost.net/samorost2/SAMAROST 2 walkthrough: http://www.kahsoon.com/2005/12/09/samorost-2-walkthrough/QUEST FOR THE REST: http://www.questfortherest.com/
Yet More Games
Taken from:http://evogaming.wikispaces.com/AdaptingOnlineComputerGamesfortheClassroom
65Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Exploring Global Issues
http://nz.youtube.com/watch?v=KFZz6ICzpjI
Teenage AffluenzaThe Most Terrifying Movie You Will Ever See (global warming)
http://nz.youtube.com/watch?v=AE6Kdo1AQmY&e
66Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Exploring concepts through Stories
http://nz.youtube.com/watch?v=Sr64NI33qUo
The PianoReminiscence
KiwiDreams/ Sacrifice
http://nz.youtube.com/watch?v=sdUUx5FdySs
67Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Exploring concepts through Stories
DangleCuriosity and Consequences
http://nz.youtube.com/watch?v=X6KRUWlVhqI&e
http://www.teachers.tv/video/23174Ideas
Hedgehog in the Fog Imagination/ Traditional tales
http://nz.youtube.com/watch?v=dRsXU4Q6a0Q
68Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Non-Fiction Subjects
http://nz.youtube.com/user/NationalGeographic
National Geographic YouTube Channel
http://nz.youtube.com/user/NASAexplorer
NASA YouTube Channel
69Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Teacher Professional Development
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5284044166540920440&q=digital+storytelling&ei=rPkgSJ2sApb0qgOX9JXCAQ
You’ll need an account with Teacher TV (free)
Teacher TV - FractionsWhat is digital storytelling?
http://www.teachers.tv/video/140
70Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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http://www.teachertube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=7d18ca5ebcc8b402b63a
Sharing Learning and Information
PE Skills (goals drawn in Kidpix) Science Projects
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7749216259391341053&q=toilet+paper+science&ei=ROwgSIzlFIPoqgPBwoXBAQ
71Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Teaching a Skill
Animating in Kidpix
http://nz.youtube.com/watch?v=AK3MK6QdvWk
Persuasive Writing Video
http://nz.youtube.com/watch?v=ktdwS9R4M7I
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Digital Storytelling
http://nz.youtube.com/watch?v=pwn4hWJFko0
Animations/Claymation Exploring an idea/ concept
http://nz.youtube.com/watch?v=g9oL7JbbL0M
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Recounts
School Camp
http://teacherportal.wikispaces.com/Classroom+based+videos
Museum Trip
http://www.teachertube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=128e473726ccda5f91ba
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Comprehension and Oral Language
http://kpetv.blogspot.com/
http://www.apple.com/nz/education/k13/success/ptengland/
Book Reviews (Vidcast in blog)
http://sanantonio.podcastpeople.com/posts/15384
The Language of Advertising(Podcastpeople)
Directory of Educational Podcasts 75Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Sharing Between Classes/ Cultures
Skype Exchange
http://allanah.podomatic.com/
http://allanah.wikispaces.com/Podcasting?f=print
http://www.downsfm.com/
Podcast for French Partner Class
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Interviewing
School Bus Driver
http://allanah.podomatic.com/player/2007-11-19T13_11_32-08_00?src=http%3A%2F%2Fallanah.podOmatic.com%2Fenclosure%2F2007-11-19T13_11_32-08_00.m4a&flv=0
Well Known Author
http://www.podkids.com.au/index.php?post_id=251469
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Recounts
Swimming Gala
http://glenbraeschool08.blogspot.com/2008/05/melelangi-has-fun-at-swimming-gala.html
http://www.learning2goblog.org/2007/12/04/westcroft-activity-week/
Activity Week
78Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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General Class Podcasts
Coulee Kids Buzz Words
http://www.sdlax.net/longfellow/sc/ck/index.htm
http://gmsbuzzwords.libsyn.com/
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Teaching Others/ Recording Concepts
What is Podcasting? Ask a Ninja - Podcasting
http://scottydog.podomatic.com/entry/2007-06-01T07_12_27-07_00
http://nz.youtube.com/watch?v=OEmss2lg-ug
80Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Performances
Piano Piece Story Reading
http://podcasts.learningspaces.net/kings_road_primary_school/Class_JF9/Entries/2008/5/1_The_Calm_Sea_by_Jake.html
http://room33bedtimestories.blogspot.com/
81Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Cross-curricula based around a topic
Space Themed Podcast
http://www.mpsomaha.org/willow/radio/shows/Willowcast02.html
Interesting Volcanoes
http://www.mpsomaha.org/willow/radio/shows/Willowcast29.html
82Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Teacher Professional Development
Gone Google
http://web.mac.com/cheryl_davis/iWeb/Site/Welcome/Welcome.html
Teacher 2.0
http://thecleversheep.libsyn.com/
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Challenges or Puzzles
Where in the WorldAre We?
http://web.mac.com/kbauernm/iWeb/Site/Joy%20in%20Learning%20Podcast/68775FB9-52B4-42D1-BE32-B7CF248FC93A.html
http://portableradio.edublogs.org/2008/04/27/episode-14-season-2-1230/
Mystery Student
84Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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http://www.flickr.com/photos/7948107@N07/tags/2007/
This can be easily done in Keynote (Mac) or Umajin (both platforms)
85Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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• While the majority of teachers (92% primary and 92% secondary) are interested in developing their ICT skills and knowledge, many non-computing teachers feel overwhelmed by developments.
Teacher Perceptions of ICT
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• They worry about the pace of developments, feel they cannot cope with the jargon associated with computers, and generally worry about their own lack of skills and knowledge compared to that of their own pupils.
Teacher Perceptions of ICT
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Secondary vs. Primary
• Secondary teachers seem more comfortable with ICT and are more inclined to find it helpful in a variety of planning and management tasks. On the other hand, they are less convinced than primary teachers about the benefits to pupils.
88Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Losing control of the learning• The majority of teachers first priority is to maintain
order in the classroom and to have a controlled learning environment. Any suggestion of adopting very innovative teaching techniques such as using ICT is therefore seen as threatening this orderly pattern and therefore not desirable. There is a genuine fear amongst many teachers about ICT and scepticism of its value to their pupils (Cox, Preston & Cox, 2000)
Barriers to Using ICT
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Barriers to Using ICT
Inadequate resources• Even if the above problems are overcome
there is often a difficulty for teachers who have had some training to be able to use ICT because there are insufficient ICT resources in the school or there is not enough time to review then and plan lessons incorporating their use. (Cox, Preston & Cox, 2000)
90Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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To me e-mail is:Important unimportantBoring interestingRelevant irrelevantExciting unexcitingAppealing unappealingFascinating mundaneWorthless valuableInvolving uninvolvingNot needed needed
Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Information Technology
Questionnaire (TAT)
91Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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In our study….
Introverted teachers (quiet, friendly) prefer to use multimedia in the classroom.
Judging types did not value having computers in the classroom as highly as perceiving types.
Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Information Technology
Questionnaire (TAT)
92Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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What will increase teachers’ confidence in the use of ICT?
Question:
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• Need for development of the necessary skills at all ages, in all parts of society, to use and participate in ICT effectively. • Such skills include functional and digital literacy, and the ability to be involved in creating and accessing content, as well as the ability to participate in an interactive electronic environment. • Confidence also encompasses creating trust, safety and security in the use of ICT.
Confidence in ICT Use
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A state of mind or a feeling
A disposition
An inclination
A tendency96Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Introvert/ Extravert: the data that is important; characteristic relationship to outer or inner world; describes direction of energy flow introvert- concerned with inner facts/ experience/ reality extravert- concerned with outer world
Sensing/ Intuitive: perception; the mode of processing information; sensing- based on sensory data- sight/ hearing/ tasteintuiting- based on grasping wholes, interrelationships,
"hunches"
101Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Thinking/Feeling: valuing and judgment Thinking- measures information in relation to logic Feeling-- measured in relation to people and relationships
(not the same as emotion; Jung considered this a rational function)
Judging/Perceiving: preferred relationship to the outer world Judging- needing closure, completion, decision
Perceiving- looking for new information; keeping the question open
102Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Extroversion Introversion
Sensing Intuition
Thinking Feeling
Judging Perceiving
103Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Extroversion Introversion
Sensing Intuition
Thinking Feeling
Judging Perceiving
104Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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Contextual factors can influence beliefs, affecting attitudes and behaviour.
Research based on the principle of belief congruence explores the extent to which the beliefs accessible in the context of attitude assessment are compatible with the beliefs that are accessible in the behavioural context.
105Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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The important thing in life is how you see yourself
106Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
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107Developed by: T. J. Ajit for IFPI Thiruvananthapuram
Please visit:
www.ifpikerala.tk
Call me on:944 721 9815