use of language

7/30/2019 Use of Language

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USE OF LANGUAGE: CONDITIONALSRewrite the sentences to form conditionals. There is an example at thebeginning.

0 . It will probably rain tomorrow. If so, we’ll stay at home.

If it rains tomorrow, we’ll stay at home.

1. I don’t have time for exercising so I’m not fit.If______________________________________________________________________ ___ .

2. I won’t start training this week so I won’t be ready for the tournament in December.If______________________________________________________________________ __ .

3. People who train every day achieve better results than those who don’t.If you _____________________________________________________________________ .

4. I love winter sports. I go skiing and snowboarding every weekend.

If______________________________________________________________________ ___ .

5. She will follow her coach’s instructions and she will be in top form.Unless_________________________________________________________________

6. You will twist your ankle and you won’t be able to move.If______________________________________________________________________

7. You should drink a lot when playing sports or you lose your strength.If______________________________________________________________________

8. She will beat her Australian opponent and get into the semi-finals.Unless_________________________________________________________________

9. My parents encourage me to practise tennis so I never give up.If______________________________________________________________________

10. I’m not a professional football player so I can’t take part in this match.If______________________________________________________________________

KEY (sample answers)1. If I had time for exercising, I would be fit.2. If I start training this week, I will be ready for the tournament in December. / If I don’t start

training this week, I won’t be ready for the tournament in December.3. If you train every day, you achieve better results than those who don’t.4. If I didn’t love winter sports, I wouldn’t go skiing and snowboarding every weekend.5. Unless she follows her coach’s instructions, she won’t be in top form.6. If you twist your ankle, you won’t be able to move.7. If you don’t drink a lot when playing sports, you lose your strength. / If you drink a lot

when playing sports, you don’t lose your strength.8. Unless she beats her Australian opponent, she won’t get into the semi-finals.9. If my parents didn’t encourage me to practise tennis, I would give up.10. If I were a professional football player, I could/would take part in this match.



Online Relationships

adapted from the article published at http://www.relationships.com.au/advice/online-relationships

The Internet allows users to make many new and different (0) ____CONNECTIONS____ (CONNECT) with people, some just down the street and others on the other side of theworld. Stories abound with the sophisticated ways that people have met and forged newrelationships on the Internet. Before the existence of the Internet, relationships used all theother types of technology; telephone, fax and postal mail. What is distinctive about this typeof (1) _______________ (COMMUNICATE) is that before they initiated the connection theyknew who they wanted to communicate with. The Internet has provided us with a particularlynew way of relating. We can log on to the net and meet new people every day and all we willknow about them is what we see on the screen: their name or Internet username and whatthey actually type into their computer. We can strike up (2) _______________ (FRIEND) or just have very brief chats with people and never speak to them in person. Some peoplewould say that is no way to have a relationship, yet millions of people now do it (3)

______________ (DAY). The Internet is an (4) _______________ (FORMAL), anonymousplace to meet people. People don't know what you do or what you look like. You can changeyour sex, job, sexual preferences, age and (5) _______________ (CULTURAL). You areknown by what you write. As much as the other person only knows what you tell them, thesame applies to you. As much as it is (6) _______________ (EXCITE) to explore theInternet, there are risks involved. These risks are there when we choose to make a change inan Internet relationship. This might be moving from a public to a (7) _______________ (PRIVACY) chat room, starting to communicate by email or telephone or even arranging arendezvous in the real world. The risks are highest when we move straight from the Internetworld into the real world. The Internet can be a place of immense deception or great honesty,more honesty than some people would normally (8) ______________ (EXPRESSION) in thereal world; and this creates an interesting paradox. The art of thriving in the Internet worldinvolves knowing the (9) _______________ (DIFFER) and being cautious at the right times.If you (10) _______________ (CHOICE) to meet someone in the real world after meetingthem in the Internet world, here is some advice:

• Don't go alone - have someone you trust with you and meet them in a public place.

• Start the relationship anew. When people first meet, they check each other out and thengradually reveal themselves. When you meet an Internet traveller in the flesh, make sureyou have your barriers up. They might not be who they say they are or who you (11) _______________ (EXPECTATION) them to be.

• Be in control of what is happening. Don't allow yourself to do anything that you don't wantto do and make sure you have ways to leave the situation (12) _______________

(SAFE).

WORD FORMATIONPut the words in brackets into their correct form. Number 0 is an example.

Link Between Reality TV And Teens Desire For Cosmetic Surgeryadapted from http://clinicallypsyched.com/link-between-reality-tv-and-teens-desire-for-cosmetic-surgery/

New research from (0) psychologists (psychology) at Rutgers-Camden has discovered thatteenagers who regularly watch ‘aesthetic enhancing’ reality shows are more inclined to (1) __________ (consideration) cosmetic surgery than their non-viewing counterparts.

Teenage years have long been linked with a heightened concern with appearance. Somereality TV shows take full advantage and tout happiness as just a nip/tuck away. A Rutgers-

http://www.relationships.com.au/advice/online-relationships

http://clinicallypsyched.com/link-between-reality-tv-and-teens-desire-for-cosmetic-surgery/



http://www.relationships.com.au/advice/online-relationships





Camden psychologist has found that teens (2) __________ (fondness) of these kinds of programs are more likely to join the millions who go under the knife each year. For bodies –and minds – still in development, these drastic decisions could have implications way after prom. Charlotte Markey, an associate professor of psychology at Rutgers-Camden, withhusband Patrick Markey of Villanova University, recently published research on this topic inthe academic journal Body Image.‘When we think of cosmetic surgery, we don’t think of it as a lifetime issue. There is lots of (3) __________ (press) to look a certain way and I don’t blame them for succumbing; we’reall guilty of feeling vulnerable. But what young men and women think of their bodies now willculminate over time and (4) __________ (contribution) to their overall health,’ notes theRutgers-Camden psychologist. ‘What troubles me is that there’s no conclusive data thatcosmetic surgery even makes people happier, what has been documented is that it makesrepeat customers.’The wife-and-husband team surveyed nearly 200 (5) __________ (participate) with anaverage age of 20 on their immediate responses to an ‘extreme makeover’ program or ashow on home improvement – incorporated (6) __________ (specific) to mask the intent of the study.

As the Rutgers-Camden researcher suspected, women were more likely to want cosmeticsurgery than men and viewers of the cosmetic surgery show were more inclined to decide onthe procedure for themselves than those who didn’t tune in. What still shocks Markey are thehandwritten (7) __________ (respond) to the cosmetic surgery show, including commentslike ‘inspirational’, and ‘I saw an unhappy girl get her dreams.’This tends to (8) __________ (sad) Markey because outward appearance seems to be thesole avenue to self satisfaction and this road, she believes, is (9) __________ (circle). ‘If plastic surgery makes you feel better about yourself, then why do you keep getting it done?’she asks. ‘This mindset is very similar to that of an (10) __________ (anorexia) wanting tolose just five more pounds.’While ABC’s Extreme Makeover was cancelled in 2007, it sparked the development of several other (11) __________ (similar) themed shows like Fox’s The Swan, MTV’s I Want a

Famous Face and Oxygen’s Addicted to Beauty . The impact of reality television as a newmedia influence – regardless of topic – also raises many questions about what is beingportrayed to viewers as real and indicative of everyday life.‘There is a cultural context to never be satisfied with our physical selves. It’s the rare personwho is either completely (12) __________ (oblivion) or has developed such a strong counter message to not be affected,’ notes Markey, the mother of a four-year-old boy and a three-year-old girl. ‘We need to teach children to be critical of the messages we’ve been receiving.’

KEY:1. consider 2. fond3. pressure

4. contribute5. participants6. specifically7. responses8. sadden9. circular 10. anorexic11. similarly12. oblivious

So, you want to be popular?by Sara Eisen, taken and adapted from: http://www.wholefamily.com/aboutteensnow/relationships_peers/friends/popular_1.html

What is it that makes someone popular? Many books have been written about this, but, in anutshell, the answer is: (0) self-confidence (self-confident) and the ability to make those

http://www.wholefamily.com/aboutteensnow/relationships_peers/friends/popular_1.html





around you feel like they are having the time of their (1) __________ (live). Who is popular varies from place to place. In some schools, it is (2) __________ (simple) the best lookingkids. Sad. Some places, it's the rich kids. Also sad. In some places, it's the student (3) __________ (lead) – those whip-smart, future district-attorney kids.One teen told me that the popular kids in her school were the kids who got along witheveryone. When I was in high-school, the popular kids were the ones who managed to be(4) __________ (involve) in the most activities, with a silver medal going to the people whohad great clothes and big hair and knew every word of every song ever played anywhere.The point is – these things (5) __________ (variety) from place to place, and from time totime. But one constant remains: popular people believe in themselves, and in their ability toinfluence their peers. You think that a pretty cheerleader never had a zit? Of course she did.But she probably covered it with makeup. And if someone did comment on it, she probablymade them feel like a (6) __________ (lose) for noticing. Are the people in your school popular for good reasons, or is it for reasons that you don'tcare about, can't (7) _________ (achievement) without sacrificing too much, or is it beyondyour control? Is it really important to you to be popular, after these things are considered?Let's say that you are in one of those schools where the popular kids are the rich kids, and

your family just doesn't live on Planet 90210. Or let's say the popular kids are all beautiful,tall, and blonde, and you are a short, cute-but-average brunette. What if the popular kids aremean to everyone else? Forget it, I say. Find different friends. Friends who are kind, funny,"average", and have (8) __________ (similarity) interests to yours. What good is "popular" if it goes against your (9) __________ (believe) and values? I'd like to hope that a fun,(10) __________ (challenge), self-assured, talented, non-rich, non-beauty can have lots of cool friends.So, what steps can you take to become more popular if you chose to be? The key is to bepositive about what you are, and cool about what you aren't. Also, pay (11) __________ (attentive) to other people. Ask them about themselves, (12) __________ (entertainment)them. People love being complimented, as long as you don't overdo it. Think about how your nuances could change, just a bit, to make people feel great when you speak to them. In

short: be interested and interesting. And be you.

KEY:1. lives2. simply3. leaders4. involved5. vary6. loser 7. achieve8. similar

9. beliefs10. challenging11. attention12. entertain



READING COMPREHENSION: GAPFILL

Insert the missing parts (A-J) into the text. Number 0 is an example.

0. Outside of Western cultures

A. are the most popular in ScotlandB. must be measured against the total sales of women's skirtsC. than I did when I lived in ScotlandD. to do away with this arbitrary sex distinctionE. typical for females and not malesF. via the Web and word of mouth aloneG. and some forms of Japanese hakama and the Bhutanese ghoH. to sell skirts specifically designed for menI. were also worn by ancient Chinese men

J. whether the ends are sewn together or simply tied

Men’s skirtstaken and adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_skirts

(0) Outside of Western cultures, men's clothing commonly includes skirts and skirt-likegarments, however in North America and much of Europe, the wearing of a skirt is todayusually seen as (1) _____________________ . People have attempted to promote thewearing of skirts by men in Western culture (2) _______________________, but with limitedgeneral success and considerable cultural resistance.One common form is a single sheet of fabric folded and wrapped around the waist, such asthe dhoti or lungi in India, and sarong in South and Southeast Asia. There are different

varieties and names of sarong depending on (3) ____________________________.Some long robes also resemble a skirt or dress, including the Middle Eastern and North African caftan and djellaba. Other similar garments worn by men around the world includethe Greek and Balkan fustanella (a short flared cotton skirt), the Pacific lava-lava (similar to asarong), (4) _______________________. Skirts that are called qun or chang in Chinese (5) _________________________.The wearing of skirts, kilts, or similar garments on an everyday basis by men in Westerncultures is extremely limited. Kilts, and derivatives of the garment (6) __________________.One manufacturer of contemporary kilt styles claims to sell over 12,000 such garmentsannually, resulting in over $2 million worth of sales, and has appeared at a major fashionshow. According to a CNN correspondent, at Seattle's Fremont Market, men are often seensporting the Utilikilt. Actually, the Seattle-made utilikilt, a rugged, everyday riff on traditional

Scottish garb, has leapt from idea to over 10,000 sold in just three years (7) _____________________ . They've become a common sight around Seattle, especially infunkier neighbourhoods and at the city's many alternative cultural events. They often areworn with chunky black boots. "I actually see more people wearing kilts in Seattle (8) __________________," one purchaser remarked in 2003.In addition, since the mid-1990s a number of clothing companies have been established(9) _____________________ . These include Macabi Skirt in the 1990s, Menintime in 1999and Midas Clothing in 2002. Recently, fashion shop chain H&M started selling skirts for men.Of course, any of the above claims of "relative popularity" shown by sales numbers of tens of thousands per year (10) ______________________________ , numbered at 15,454,000 inthe United States alone in 2008 according to the American Apparel and Footwear Association, showing again that sales of skirts for men are a vanishingly small percentage of skirt sales to and for women.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men's_skirts





KEY:1. typical for females and not males2. to do away with this arbitrary sex distinction3. whether the ends are sewn together or simply tied4. and some forms of Japanese hakama and the Bhutanese gho5. were also worn by ancient Chinese men6. are most popular in Scotland7. via the Web and word of mouth alone8. than I did when I lived in Scotland9. to sell skirts specifically designed for men10. must be measured against the total sales of women's skirts

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