Use of Recycled Plastics in Eco-efficientConcrete

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Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil andStructural Engineering

Use of Recycled Plastics inEco-efficient Concrete

Edited by

Fernando Pacheco-Torgal

Jamal Khatib

Francesco Colangelo

Rabin Tuladhar

Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of ElsevierThe Officers’Mess Business Centre, Royston Road, Duxford, CB22 4QH, United Kingdom50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United StatesThe Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom

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Contents

List of contributors xi

1 Introduction to the use of recycled plastics in eco-efficient concrete 1F. Pacheco-Torgal1.1 The waste plastic problem 11.2 Outline of the book 4

References 7

2 Techniques for separation of plastic wastes 9Silvia Serranti and Giuseppe Bonifazi2.1 Introduction 92.2 Plastic waste sources and typologies 102.3 The plastic recycling chain 132.4 Plastic waste separation technologies 152.5 Recycled plastics quality control 282.6 Technical challenges in plastic recycling 30

References 33

3 Hydraulic separation of plastic wastes 39Monica Moroni, Emanuela Lupo and Floriana La Marca3.1 Introduction 393.2 Principles of the hydraulic separation process 403.3 Devices for the hydraulic separation within mechanical recycling

plants 463.4 The hydraulic separator channel 483.5 Separation efficacy of the hydraulic separator channel 543.6 Conclusions 65

References 66

4 Production of recycled polypropylene (PP) fibers from industrialplastic waste through melt spinning process 69Rabin Tuladhar and Shi Yin4.1 Introduction 694.2 Physical cutting of waste plastic 704.3 Mechanical recycling of plastic wastes 714.4 Production of recycled plastic fibers 75

4.5 Material characterization 774.6 Mechanical properties of recycled PP fibers 804.7 Conclusions 82

Acknowledgments 83References 83

5 Fresh properties of concrete containing plastic aggregate 85Sheelan M. Hama and Nahla N. Hilal5.1 Introduction 855.2 Mix proportion and design 855.3 Workability of fresh concrete containing plastic aggregate 945.4 Fresh density of concrete containing plastic aggregate 1015.5 Self-compacting plastic aggregate concrete 1035.6 Conclusions 113

References 113Further reading 114

6 Mechanical strength of concrete with PVC aggregates 115A.A. Mohammed6.1 Introduction 1156.2 Properties of concrete with PVC waste aggregate 1176.3 Summary 134

References 134

7 Characteristics of concrete containing EPS 137J.M. Khatib, B.A. Herki and A. Elkordi7.1 Introduction 1377.2 Preparation of EPS 1397.3 Physical properties of EPS 1407.4 Chemical properties of EPS 1417.5 Substitution levels of EPS 1417.6 Production and applications of EPS concrete 1467.7 Density of concrete containing EPS 1467.8 Fresh properties of concrete containing EPS 1467.9 Mechanical properties 148

7.10 Thermal conductivity 1537.11 Durability-related properties of concrete containing EPS 1547.12 Structural performance of reinforced concrete beams 1567.13 Conclusions and recommendations 156

References 158

8 Lightweight concrete with polyolefins as aggregates 167Francesco Colangelo and Ilenia Farina8.1 Introduction 1678.2 Production of expanded granules 1688.3 Use of recycled polyolefins in different sectors 170

vi Contents

8.4 Use of polyolefins as recycled aggregates in lightweight concrete(case study) 170

8.5 Future trends 183References 183Further reading 186

9 Properties of concrete with plastic polypropylene aggregates 189Z. Pavlík, M. Pavlíkov�a and M. Z�alesk�a9.1 Introduction 1899.2 Waste polypropylene-based aggregates for concrete 1919.3 Structural properties of concrete with PP aggregates 1979.4 Mechanical properties of concrete with PP aggregates 1999.5 Thermal properties of composites with PP aggregates 2079.6 Hygric properties of composites with PP aggregates 2109.7 Possible application of PP in concrete production and future trends 211

Acknowledgments 211References 211

10 Virgin and waste polymer incorporated concrete mixes forenhanced neutron radiation shielding characteristics 215Santhosh M. Malkapur and Mattur C. Narasimhan10.1 Introduction 21510.2 Neutron radiation and shielding 21610.3 Use of hydrogenous aggregates and polymers in radiation

shielding 22310.4 Use of virgin HDPE powder as partial replacement to sand 22710.5 Properties of PISCC mixes in their fresh states 23110.6 Neutron radiation shielding properties of polymer incorporated

concrete mixes 235References 245

11 Performance of dioctyl terephthalate concrete 249B. Simsek, T. Uyguno�glu, H. Korucu and M.M. Kocakerim11.1 Introduction 24911.2 Dioctyl terephthalate concrete 25111.3 Comparison of the polyethylene terephthalate and dioctyl

terephthalate concrete 25711.4 Conclusions and recommendations 262

References 264

12 Recycling of PET in asphalt concrete 269I. Aghayan and R. Khafajeh12.1 Introduction 26912.2 Using PET waste as modifier in asphalt mixture 27012.3 Conclusion 282

References 283

Contents vii

13 Recycling of different plastics in asphalt concrete 287M.A. Dalhat, Khaleel Al-Adham and M.A. Habib13.1 Introduction 28713.2 Polymer modification of asphalt and the need for plastic

recycling in asphalt concrete 28813.3 Materials and methods 28913.4 Results 29313.5 Future trends 30213.6 Summary and conclusions 302

Acknowledgments 303Conflict of interest 303References 303

14 Replacement of stabilizers by recycling plastic in asphalt concrete 307Goutham Sarang14.1 Introduction 30714.2 Need for stabilization of asphalt concrete 30814.3 Addition of plastic in asphalt concrete 31414.4 Performance of asphalt concrete with plastics 31514.5 Field investigations 31714.6 Conclusion 318

References 318

15 The use of recycled plastic as partial replacement of bitumenin asphalt concrete 327Marta Vila-Cortavitarte, Pedro Lastra-Gonz�alez,Miguel �Angel Calzada-Pérez and I. Indacoechea-Vega15.1 Introduction 32715.2 Bitumen’s role in asphalt 32815.3 Modification of asphalt mixtures with polymers 32915.4 Modification of asphalt mixtures with polystyrene 33215.5 General Conclusions 34415.6 Future lines of study 345

References 346

16 Concrete reinforced with metalized plastic waste fibers 349Ankur C. Bhogayata16.1 Introduction 34916.2 Metalized postconsumer plastic wastes: challenges and issues

for management 34916.3 Feasibility of MPW in concrete: outcomes from pilot studies 35016.4 Role of MPW fibers in the workability and strength properties

of conventional concrete 35516.5 Effect of MPW fibers on the deformation due to the axial

compression by modified concrete 360

viii Contents

16.6 Advantages and limitations of the usage of MPW in concrete 36416.7 Important findings and concluding remarks 36516.8 Future trends 36616.9 Sources of further information and advice 366

References 366Further reading 367

17 Performance of concrete with PVC fibres 369Senthil Kumar Kaliyavaradhan and Tung-Chai Ling17.1 Introduction 36917.2 Performance of concrete with PVC fibres 37017.3 Conclusions 38317.4 Future research perspective 383

Acknowledgments 383References 384

18 Recycled waste PET for sustainable fiber-reinforced concrete 387Dora Foti18.1 Introduction 38718.2 Use of PET in concrete 38918.3 Tests (summary) and results 39818.4 Conclusions 408

Acknowledgments 408References 408Further reading 410

19 Properties of recycled carpet fiber reinforced concrete 411Hamid Reza Pakravan, Ali Asghar Asgharian Jeddi, Masoud Jamshidi,Farnaz Memarian and Amir Masoud Saghafi19.1 Introduction 41119.2 Carpet types and fiber recycling methods 41219.3 Properties of recycled carpet fiber 41519.4 Physical properties of concrete containing recycled carpet fiber 41619.5 Durability-related properties of concrete containing recycled

carpet fiber 41819.6 Mechanical properties of concrete containing recycled

carpet fiber 41819.7 Future trends 422

References 423

20 Performance of asphalt concrete with plastic fibres 427Nura Usman and Mohd Idrus Mohd Masirin20.1 Introduction 42720.2 Polyethylene terephthalate 42820.3 The use of polyethylene terephthalate in asphalt mixture 428

Contents ix

20.4 Recycled polyethylene terephthalate fiber 42920.5 Characteristics of recycled PET fiber 43020.6 Application of recycled PET fiber in asphalt mixture 43120.7 Conclusion 437

References 438

21 Sustainability of using recycled plastic fiber in concrete 441Rabin Tuladhar and Shi Yin21.1 Introduction 44121.2 Sustainability in construction materials 44221.3 Comprehensive LCA of recycled plastic fibers used for

reinforcing concrete 44821.4 Conclusions 458

Acknowledgments 459References 459

Index 461

x Contents

List of contributors

I. Aghayan Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

Khaleel Al-Adham Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, King FahdUniversity of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

Ali Asghar Asgharian Jeddi Textile Engineering Department, Amirkabir Univer-sity of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Ankur C. Bhogayata Department of Civil Engineering Marwadi EducationFoundation’s Group of Institutions, Rajkot, India

Giuseppe Bonifazi Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials & Environ-ment, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Miguel �Angel Calzada-Pérez GCS Research Group, University of Cantabria,Av. de los Castros 44, Santander, Spain

Francesco Colangelo Department of Engineering, University Parthenope of Naples,Materials Science and Engineering Research GroupdMASERG, Centro Direzionale,Is. C4, Naples, Italy

M.A. Dalhat Transportation and Traffic Engineering Department, College ofEngineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

A. Elkordi Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon

Ilenia Farina Department of Engineering, University Parthenope of Naples,Materials Science and Engineering Research GroupdMASERG, Centro Direzionale,Is. C4, Naples, Italy

Dora Foti Department of Civil Engineering Sciences and Architecture, PolytechnicUniversity of Bari, Bari, Italy

M.A. Habib Civil& Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd Universityof Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

Sheelan M. Hama Department of Civil Engineering, University of Anbar, Ramadi,Iraq

B.A. Herki Faculty of Engineering, Soran University, Erbil, Iraq

Nahla N. Hilal Department of Civil Engineering, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq

I. Indacoechea-Vega GITECO Research Group, University of Cantabria, Av. de losCastros 44, Santander, Spain

Masoud Jamshidi School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science andTechnology (IUST), Tehran, Iran

Senthil Kumar Kaliyavaradhan Key Laboratory for Green and Advanced CivilEngineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College ofCivil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China

R. Khafajeh Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

J.M. Khatib Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon;Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton,United Kingdom

M.M. Kocakerim Department of Chemical Engineering, Cankırı Karatekin Univer-sity, Uluyazı Campus, Cankırı, Turkey

H. Korucu Department of Chemical Engineering, Cankırı Karatekin University,Uluyazı Campus, Cankırı, Turkey

Floriana La Marca DICMA-Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Pedro Lastra-Gonz�alez GITECO Research Group, University of Cantabria, Av. delos Castros 44, Santander, Spain

Tung-Chai Ling Key Laboratory for Green and Advanced Civil Engineering Mate-rials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering,Hunan University, Changsha, China

Emanuela Lupo DICEA-Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Santhosh M. Malkapur Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineeringand Technology, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India

Mohd Idrus Mohd Masirin Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Rarit Raja Johor, Malaysia

Farnaz Memarian Textile Engineering Department, Amirkabir University ofTechnology, Tehran, Iran

A.A. Mohammed Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering,University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq

Monica Moroni DICEA-Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Mattur C. Narasimhan Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute ofTechnology Karnataka (NITK) Surathkal, Mangalore, India

F. Pacheco-Torgal C-TAC Research Centre, University of Minho, Guimar~aes,Portugal

xii List of contributors

Hamid Reza Pakravan Textile Engineering Department, Amirkabir University ofTechnology, Tehran, Iran

Z. Pavlík Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of CivilEngineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

M. Pavlíkov�a Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of CivilEngineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

Amir Masoud Saghafi Technical and Production Director, Savin Carpet Company,Tehran, Iran

Goutham Sarang Assistant Professor (Senior), School of Mechanical and BuildingSciences (SMBS), Vellore Institute of Technology - Chennai Campus, Chennai, TamilNadu, India

Silvia Serranti Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials & Environment,Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

B. Simsek Department of Chemical Engineering, Cankırı Karatekin University,Uluyazı Campus, Cankırı, Turkey

Rabin Tuladhar Centre of Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, Col-lege of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia

Nura Usman Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti TunHussein Onn Malaysia, Rarit Raja Johor, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering,Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, Katsina, Nigeria

T. Uyguno�glu Department of Civil Engineering, Afyon Kocatepe University,Ahmet Necdet Sezer Campus, Afyon, Turkey

Marta Vila-Cortavitarte GITECO Research Group, University of Cantabria, Av.de los Castros 44, Santander, Spain

Shi Yin College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville,QLD, Australia

M. Z�alesk�a Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of CivilEngineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

List of contributors xiii

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