user experience with new solar pv models california iso irina green regional transmission...
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User Experience with New Solar PV ModelsCalifornia ISO
Irina GreenRegional Transmission Engineering LeadCalifornia ISO
WECC Renewable Energy Modeling WorkshopJune 17, 2014
Solar PV Plant Representation
Slide 2
Q Control
P Control
Current Limit Logic
IqcmdIqcmd’
IpcmdIpcmd’
Generator Model
Network Solution
Plant Level V/Q Control
Plant Level P Control
VrefVreg
QrefQbranch
PrefPbranchFreq_ref
Freg
Qext
Pref
REPC_A
Pqflag
REEC_B REGC_AVt Vt
Iq
Ip
Power Flow
Transient Stability
Transient Stability Models. Large Solar PV Plant
• REGC_A module - Generator/Converter interface with the grid. Typical parameters from the WECC Guidelines
• REEC_B module - Electrical Controls of the inverters.
Typical parameters from the WECC Guidelines except for Integral Gain (Kvi) and Transducer Time Constant (Trv). Reduced Kvi from 100 to 40 to avoid oscillations. Kvi=40 typical for the PV1E model. Was a typo in the Trv, changed from 0.2 to 0.02
• REPC_A module - Plant Controller. It processes voltage
and reactive power output to emulate Volt/Var control at the plant level. Typical parameters from the WECC Guidelines
Slide 3
3-Phase Fault on the Solar Switching Station. Voltage on the equivalent PV generator terminals
Slide 4
a) Trv = 0.2, Kvi = 100 - BLUE
b) Trv = 0.02, Kvi = 100 - RED
c) Trv = 0.02, Kvi = 40 - GREEN
Study Example 2023 Heavy Summer Case. 800 MW Solar PV Plant.
Composite Load Model for all WECC
Slide 5
Three-phase 6 cycles fault at the Switching Station 230 kV, double-line outage Switching Station – Morro Bay
Study Example. Surrounding Area
Slide 6
Bus 6 230 kV
Load Bus 1
115 kV Load Area
to solar PV plant
Study Scenarios
1. Solar PV with 0.95 lead/lag power factor. Reactive power and voltage control; priority is reactive power. Plant controller controls voltage. Stalling of the single-phase air conditioners disabled.
2. Same as 1), but A/C stalling enabled.
3. Solar PV with unity power factor. No reactive support or voltage regulation. Priority is real power. Stalling of the single-phase air conditioner motor load disabled.
4. Same as 3), but A/C stalling enabled.
5. The Solar PV plant is replaced by a fictitious combined-cycle plant. Stalling of the single-phase air conditioner motor load components is disabled.
6. Same as 5), but A/C stalling enabled.
Slide 7
Study Results. Switching Station Voltage
Slide 8
• Voltage recovered to the pre-fault values. Solar PV with unity power factor voltage recovered to a slightly lower value.
• Solar PV showed faster
recovery than the combined-cycle plant.
• Single-phase air
conditioners stalling did not have almost any impact on the voltage on this bus.
Study Results. Switching Station Frequency
Slide 9
• Inverter-based generators had better damping than conventional generators
• No impact from
the air-conditioner stalling
• Higher frequency
in the first 0.5 second after the fault with solar PV
Study Results. Voltage on Equivalent Generator Terminals
Slide 10
• Voltage recovered to the pre-fault values, except for solar PV with unity power factor, especially with A/C stalling
• Faster voltage recovery and better damping with solar PV
• Voltage spike in the first
0.5 sec after the fault with solar PV with voltage regulation
• Only slight impact of A/C stalling in PV scenario with unity power factor
Study Results. Frequency on Equivalent Generator Terminals
Slide 11
• Inverter-based generation has better damping than conventional generation
• Slow frequency recovery with solar PV that has voltage regulation
• May appear as a criteria violation in transient stability studies, but this may be a numerical issue
• No impact of A/C stalling
Study Results. Real Power Output from Equivalent Generator
• Solar PV generators have better damping than the thermal unit
• Solar PV units have slower recovery
• A/C stalling doesn’t have any impact
Slide 12
Study Results. Reactive Power Output from Equivalent Generator
• Solar PV generators have better damping than the thermal unit
• As expected, solar PV with unity power factor did not respond
• A/C stalling has very slight impact by increased reactive output, except for the unit with unity power factor
Slide 13
Study Results. Adjacent Load Bus
• Generator type doesn’t have any impact on voltage, very slight impact on frequency
• Delayed voltage recovery due to stalled air-conditionersSlide 14
Loss of Load
• Scenario 1: PV with voltage regulation, A/C stalling disabled – 66 MW
• Scenario 2: PV with voltage regulation, A/C stalling enabled – 91MW
• Scenario 3: PV with unity power factor, A/C stalling disabled – 67 MW
• Scenario 4: PV with unity power factor, A/C stalling enabled – 96 MW
• Scenario 5: Combined cycle plant, A/C stalling disabled – 69 MW
• Scenario 6: Combined cycle plant, A/C stalling enabled – 97MW
Slide 15
Conclusions
Slide 16
Scenario Transient voltage on generator terminals
Post-fault steady state voltage
Slow voltage recovery on adjacent load buses
1 Solar PV, voltage control, induction motors don’t stall
High Normal No
2 Solar PV, voltage control, induction motors stall
High Normal Yes
3 Solar PV, no vlt and Q control, induction motors don’t stall
Normal Low No
4 Solar PV, no vlt and Q control, induction motors stall
Normal Low Yes
5 Thermal, induction motors don’t stall
Low Normal No
6 Thermal, induction motors stall
Low Normal Yes
Questions? Comments?
Slide 17