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USER MANUAL Version 4.0

Content

Content ............................................................................................................................................................... 2

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 5

1. INSTALLING AND LAUNCHING “EA – PSM” SOFTWARE ............................................................................. 6

2. BASICS OF GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE ................................................................................................... 7

2.1. Main interface ............................................................................................................................................ 7

2.2. General setting window ............................................................................................................................. 8

3. CREATING THE POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS ...................................................................................... 11

3.1. Principle of the one-line diagram drawing ............................................................................................... 11

3.2. Meanings of icons on the Grid Elements pane ........................................................................................ 12

3.3. Creating the Infinite Busbar ..................................................................................................................... 13

3.4. Defining parameters of the regular Busbar ............................................................................................. 14

3.5. Defining parameters of the power Line ................................................................................................... 15

3.6. Defining parameters of the 2 – winding and 3 – winding transformers .................................................. 19

3.7. Defining parameters of the Generator .................................................................................................... 22

3.8. Defining parameters of the Load ............................................................................................................. 23

3.9. Defining parameters of the Inverter ........................................................................................................ 24

3.10. Defining parameters of the Photovoltaic systems and Wind turbines ............................................ 24

3.11. Defining parameters of the Capacitor .............................................................................................. 25

3.12. Defining parameters of the Series Reactor and Shunt Reactor ....................................................... 25

3.13. Defining parameters of the Active Filter .......................................................................................... 26

3.14. Defining parameters of the Passive Filter ........................................................................................ 27

3.15. Defining parameters of the Induction Motor .................................................................................. 28

4. Append scheme to scheme ...................................................................................................................... 30

5. Cage numbering ....................................................................................................................................... 32

6. Adding notes ............................................................................................................................................ 33

7. PERFORMING POWER GRID CALCULATIONS ........................................................................................... 34

7.1. Power flow calculations ........................................................................................................................... 34

7.2. Short circuit calculations .......................................................................................................................... 36

7.3. Harmonic analysis .................................................................................................................................... 38

7.4. Motor start - up analysis .......................................................................................................................... 40

7.5. Arc flash module ...................................................................................................................................... 42

7.6. Motor dynamic analysis ........................................................................................................................... 44

8. PROTECTION COORDINATION .................................................................................................................. 46

8.1. Adding “Protection unit” to elements ..................................................................................................... 47

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8.2. Configuring overcurrent protection ......................................................................................................... 53

8.3. Configuring non-direction overcurrent protection .................................................................................. 53

8.4. Configuring directional overcurrent protection ....................................................................................... 55

8.5. Configuring undervoltage protection ....................................................................................................... 55

8.6. Configuring ground fault protection ........................................................................................................ 56

8.7. Configuring non-directional ground fault protection .............................................................................. 56

8.8. Configuring directional ground fault protection ...................................................................................... 57

8.9. Configuring fuse protection ..................................................................................................................... 58

8.10. Configuring circuit breaker protection ............................................................................................. 60

8.11. Configuring user defined circuit breaker protection........................................................................ 62

8.12. Configuring mini circuit breaker protection ..................................................................................... 63

8.13. Configuring custom curve protection .............................................................................................. 64

9. DISTANCE PROTECTION ............................................................................................................................ 66

9.1. Distance protection configuration ........................................................................................................... 68

9.2. Distance protection coordination chart ................................................................................................... 70

10. Line zero sequences parameters.............................................................................................................. 72

11. PROTECTION TRACKING MODULE............................................................................................................ 72

12. AUTOMATIC OVERCURRENT RELAY COORDINATION .............................................................................. 73

13. ELEMENT MODELING ............................................................................................................................... 75

13.1. GENERATOR MODELLING ................................................................................................................. 75

13.2. MOTOR MODELLING ........................................................................................................................ 75

13.3. TRANSFORMER MODELLING ............................................................................................................ 76

13.4. STANDARD CIRCUIT BREAKER MODELLING ..................................................................................... 76

13.5. STANDART OVERLOAD PROTECTIONS MODELLING ......................................................................... 78

13.6. WIRES, CABLES AND TOWERS MODELLING ..................................................................................... 79

14. CABLE AMPACITY...................................................................................................................................... 82

15. DATA IMPORTING AND EXPORTING ........................................................................................................ 84

15.1. Calculation results exporting ............................................................................................................ 84

15.2. One line diagram exporting as a picture or drawing ........................................................................ 84

15.3. Custom data format(CDF) importing and exporting ........................................................................ 86

16. HELP FUNCTIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 87

16.1. Send feedback .................................................................................................................................. 87

16.2. System Log ....................................................................................................................................... 87

16.3. Notification log ................................................................................................................................. 88

16.4. User manual ..................................................................................................................................... 88

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INTRODUCTION

EA – PSM 4 is the latest release of our advanced system modeling software. In this version

of EA – PSM users will find new functionalities like dynamic motor starting, automatic relay

coordination and significant improvements on a one-line network diagram drawing. We are thankful

to our customers that gave valuable insights, which have led to these software improvements.

EA – PSM 4 is one of the most innovative power system modeling software currently

available on a market, its compatibility with all devices from PC to tablets provides our customers

with unlimited accessibility to one of the most important tool in their work. Power system modeling

was never as easy as with EA – PSM 4, which took definition of user – friendly software to the next

level.

Try new features of EA – PSM 4:

Motor dynamic starting calculation module

Model of passive filters

Overload protection type

Note feature

Automatic setting of inverse time for overcurrent protections

New circuit breaker protection modelling system

Calculator efficiency and speed improvements

Graphical changes and improvements






1. INSTALLING AND LAUNCHING “EA – PSM” SOFTWARE

Installing and launching “EA – PSM” software is simple. User who purchased the software

gets two USB keys. One with software installer and another with dongle. After launching installer, it

will take 4 steps to complete installation.

“EA – PSM” can be launched only using dongle as shown in Figure 1.1. Purchasers get a

dongle key at the moment he is buying the software or by post.

Figure 1.1 Dongle for EA-PSM






2. BASICS OF GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

2.1. Main interface

Main workspace window is shown in Figure 2.1.1 contains the most important functions to

quickly model the grid and apply wanted study scenario or calculation.

Figure 2.1.1 Main EA – PSM window

1. Menu bar

2. The main tool bar. Contains a list of buttons for creating grid and calculating different cases

3. System elements bar for fast one line system diagram drawing (creating bus bars and adding

other system elements)

4. Graphic window for one line diagram

5. Creates new graphic window. Opens new window for the one-line system drawing

6. Opens saved file

7. Save, Save As and Save As Picture functions

8. Zoom In, Zoom Out and Zoom to Fit functions

9. Creating a busbar. Opens window to configure a busbar

10. Add element. Opens window for creating a new system element (loads, generators and etc.)

11. Shows if all parameters of system elements are valid (“ ” in green background if no faults

were found, “!” in yellow background if not recommended parameters were found and “ ”

in red background if erroneous parameters where found )

12. Calculate. Performs selected calculation (load flow, harmonics load flow, motor start-up,

short circuit)

13. Display results. Select to depict results in a one – line diagram of a particular calculation

14. Summary. Results depicted in tables of different calculations






2.2. General setting window

Settings window shown in Figure 2.2.1 is reached through the Main menu bar selecting

“Tools” → “Settings”. Here in tab “General” user could change program language, frequency of AC,

calculations standard, customize autosave options and select custom colors and names for phase

markings.

In tab “Display” (Figure 2.2.2) it is possible to choose which of the calculated parameters

should be displayed in a one – line diagram.

Figure 2.2.1 Tab “General” in a “Settings” window

Figure 2.2.2 Tab “Display” in a “Settings” window

In a “Calculation” tab user can change power flow calculations accuracy and voltage factors

for minimum and maximum short – circuit current calculations (determined in existing standards)






and choose which calculation device to use (CPU or GPU). To determine which is more optimal user

can run a test and compare the results.

Figure 2.2.3 Tab “Calculation” in a “Settings” window

In “Interface” tab (Figure 2.2.4) user can turn on and off automatic element deselecting from

elements panel, after adding it to the scheme (user can also find this button above element panel. See

Figure 2.1.1) and short circuit result table opening after calculations are completed.

Figure 2.2.4 Tab “Interface” in a “Settings” window

In “Graphics” tab (Figure 2.2.5) user can select which element graphic type will be used in

scheme drawing. There are 3 types of elements: IEEE and IEC which are based on the standards and

EA-PSM which are default and not based on any standard.






Figure 2.2.5 Tab “Graphics” in a “Settings” window






3. CREATING THE POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS

3.1. Principle of the one-line diagram drawing

To draw one-line network diagram in EA – PSM user should choose one of the icons from

the Grid Elements pane (3 in Figure 2.1.1), each icon represents particular system element (See 3.2

paragraph). When icon is chosen, it is shown in a darker background, this means that now it is possible

to add the element on a graphic window (4 in Figure 2.1.1) by pushing at any point of it. In order to

deselect icon just push Esc button on a keyboard. Elements like transformers and lines that need to

be placed between two busbars are added in 3 simple steps:

1. Preferable element on the “Grid Elements” pane is chosen.

2. The first busbar is selected.

3. The second busbar is selected.

Another way to do this is to simply push on a white space between two busbars and element will be

added automatically.

User can change location at which grid element is connected by double clicking on that

element, pushing on the green dot at the location, where the element is connected to a busbar and

simply dragging it to another bus.

Hint 2: In order to select several elements user can click right mouse button and drag around

those elements or can hold Ctrl button pushed and select several elements by clicking on them

one by one.

Parameters of the system element can be changed in its properties dialog which pops out

after double clicking on that element or after pushing the right mouse key on it and selecting

“Properties”.

Hint 3: CTRL + C will copy selected elements. CTRL + V will add copied elements to the

scheme at the position of the mouse.

Hint 1: If by any accident element was deleted or added not in the right place, user can always

use “Undo” (Ctrl + Z) and “Redo” (Ctrl + Y) functions to correct a mistake.






3.2. Meanings of icons on the Grid Elements pane

All icons on the Grid Elements pane (3 in Figure 2.1.1) have their own meaning:

- Busbar.

- Electric line.

- 2-winding transformer.

- 3-winding transformer.

- Reactor.

- Synchronous generator.

- Wind turbine.

- Photovoltaic system.

- Inverter

- Note.

- Load.

- Induction motor.

- Capacitors bank.

- Shunt reactor.

- Breaker

- Fuse

- MCB

- Disconnector

- Active filter

- Passive filter

- Standard overload protection

- This button allows user to change element palette from being static to automatically hide when

cursor is not in range. It is very useful if display size is small or when user need more working space.

- If toggled this button will disable deselect of selected element from palette after it was added.

It is especially useful when user have to draw a lot of one type of element.






3.3. Creating the Infinite Busbar

It is necessary to have one infinite bus in the system diagram before performing any of the

calculations. Infinite bus represents the entire electrical network to which analyzed system is

connected. Therefore, the first bus added to the graphic window will be infinite bus by default settings

(infinite bus has different color if compared to other buses) and user will be asked to enter its

parameters right after it is added.

First of all, the title and the voltage level of the infinite busbar should be entered in the

“General” tab of the “Bus Properties” window (Figure 3.3.1). User can leave the title which is

assigned by default, however, it is necessary to enter the voltage level manually. Other parameters

that can be changed in this tab is minimum voltage level 𝑈𝑚𝑖𝑛 and maximum voltage level 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥.

When calculating if the voltage level exceeds boundary conditions 𝑈𝑚𝑖𝑛 or 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 busbar voltage

rating will become red colored. Min and Max voltage levels for all busbars in the grid can be adjusted

separately.

Figure 3.3.1 Busbar properties window






After first parameters are entered, user shall define short circuit current in the “System” tab

depicted in Figure 3.3.2 (short circuit power or system impedances can be entered instead, if known

by choosing the appropriate description type from “Description type” menu). If the network is

grounded, zero sequence impedances are also required. These parameters are needed for both

minimum and maximum system modes.

Hint 3: System parameters (short circuit power and etc.) are usually provided by a local

power grid operator.

Figure 3.3.2 Infinite busbar properties window

3.4. Defining parameters of the regular Busbar

By default, regular busbar will have the voltage level of the last busbar added into the

diagram. To change the voltage level of the busbar, follow the suggestions from 4.1 paragraph. It is

possible to define that group of busbars is installed in the particular substation. This is done in the

busbar properties “Substation” tab that is depicted in Figure 3.4.1.






Figure 3.4.1 Bus properties “Substation tab”

In order to create new substation, push button, enter substation title and push “Ok”.

After the substation is created, user will be able to choose the substation from a drop down menu,

next to the inscription “Substation” (shown in Figure 3.4.1).

Substations will be visible in the one-line network diagram as a dashed line. User will be

able to calculate short circuits only at busses of the particular substation if needed. This is helpful

when there is a need to analyze big networks, however, there is not necessary to calculate short circuit

at each bus.

3.5. Defining parameters of the power Line

Power line parameters like resistance, reactance and capacitance can be entered into “Line

properties” dialog “General” setting window, which is depicted in Figure 3.5.1. Some of the

parameters will be calculated automatically.






Figure 3.5.1 Power line parameters window

Figure 3.5.2 Power line specific parameters window






In order to specify power line model, choose “Details” tab in the “Line properties” window

(Figure 3.5.2). User can choose power line type: overhead or cable. By selecting one of these power

line types, user will be able to continue defining overhead line (Figure 3.5.3) or cable (Figure 3.5.4)

model. In the cable properties window, “Configure button” will open cable ampacity calculations

screen. More information about towers and power lines modelling can be found in section 13.6 and

about cable ampacity feature in section 14.

Figure 3.5.3 Modeling tower and parallel lines






Figure 3.5.4 Cable ampacity window

Figure 3.5.5 Parallel lines graphic






3.6. Defining parameters of the 2 – winding and 3 – winding transformers

As for other elements user needs to enter parameters of the transformer manually. For

customizing transformer parameters “Configure” button is selected as shown in Figure 3.6.1 and all

required fields are filled. If there is a possibility to regulate transformer’s tap changer position, then

field next to inscription “Tap changer” is checked and tap changer parameters are entered (shown in

Error! Reference source not found.). In tab “Connection type” user can change phase difference b

etween line – to – line voltage vectors and choose an appropriate connection type (star, delta or

grounded star).

If grounded star connection type is selected, additional graphics will be added to the one-

line network diagram that represents neutral grounding configuration. (Figure 3.6.2 / Figure 3.6.3/

Figure 3.6.4)

Figure 3.6.1 “Configure” tab of transformer parameters

Figure 3.6.2 Grounded star

where X and R is not zero


where X is equal to zero


where R is equal to zero






Advanced parameters in “Advanced” tab (Figure 3.6.5) are only required for harmonic losses

calculation. For other calculations they are not necessary.

Figure 3.6.5“Advanced” tab of transformer parameters

For a three – winding transformer, input parameters are as shown in Figure 3.6.6. If short

circuit powers (P_SC(high), P_SC(mid), P_SC(low)) are given referred to a primary circuit

((P_SC(high-mid), P_SC(high-low), P_SC(mid-low)), the following formulas should be used to

calculate individual windings data (P_SC(high), P_SC(mid), P_SC(low)).

PkHigh 0.5 PkHigh_mid PkHigh_low PkMid_low

PkMid 0.5 PkHigh_mid PkMid_low PkHigh_low

PkLow 0.5 PkHigh_low PkMid_low PkHigh_mid






Figure 3.6.6 Three winding transformer properties “Configure” tab






3.7. Defining parameters of the Generator

Parameters needed to be entered for a synchronous generator are depicted in generator

parameters window in Figure 3.7.1.

Figure 3.7.1 Generator parameters window

Hint 4: It is possible to change loading of generators, motors, loads and inverters. This

function is useful when these system elements are not working under full loading conditions

and one needs to asses these conditions in the calculation. Loading can be changed in the

parameter window of these elements or in the load flow summary table (14 in Figure 2.1.1).






3.8. Defining parameters of the Load

To fully define load, user should enter its real and reactive power, or enter real power and

power factor in a load properties window (Figure 3.8.1).

Figure 3.8.1 Load properties window






3.9. Defining parameters of the Inverter

To fully define inverter parameters user should enter its real and reactive power or real power

and power factor as for the regular load. However, power inverters are the main reason for voltage

and current distortion in the power systems, therefore, in “Configure” tab of the inverter properties

dialog (depicted in Figure 3.9.1) user can manually define the harmonic spectrum of the inverter.

Figure 3.9.1 Harmonic spectrum of power inverter

Hint 5: By default the harmonic spectrum of 6 pulse power inverter is defined in the

“Configure” tab.

Ratio Ih/ IN (in Figure 3.9.1) is a harmonic current expressed in percent of the inverter base

amperes.

3.10. Defining parameters of the Photovoltaic systems and Wind turbines

Photovoltaic power systems and wind power plants are defined in the same way as the power

inverters. If user wants to define wind power plant that is connected to the network without the

inverter, then “Generator” element should be used as provided in Section 3.7.






3.11. Defining parameters of the Capacitor

To fully define the capacitor just enter its real and reactive power, example is in Figure

3.11.1.

Figure 3.11.1 Capacitor properties windowFigure 3.11.1

3.12. Defining parameters of the Series Reactor and Shunt Reactor

Shunt reactors are used in the high voltage transmission systems to mitigate increase of

voltage due to parallel capacitance between overhead lines and ground or cable conductors and

ground. Series reactors are used to reduce short – circuit currents.

Shunt reactor is defined identically as the capacitor or load. On the other hand, series reactor

is more like transformer but it has only one coil. Series reactor is connected between two busses and

user shall define its voltage level, short circuit power and nominal power as depicted in Figure 3.12.1.






Figure 3.12.1 Series reactor parameters dialog

3.13. Defining parameters of the Active Filter

Active filter is used to mitigate higher harmonics, by injecting the required frequency, same

amplitude, however, opposite direction currents into the power network. When adding this element

user has to choose at which bus it will be connected and enter its nominal current, and observable

element (Figure 3.13.1). In the “Configure” window user can specify filter current limit for each

harmonic.

Figure 3.13.1 Active filter parameters dialog






3.14. Defining parameters of the Passive Filter

In EA-PSM it is possible to design single-tuned harmonics filter. This type of filter is

commonly used to mitigate individual harmonics in the powers systems. Passive filters are connected

near to harmonics-generating loads like variable frequency drives, solar power plants and etc.

In order to create single-tuned filter model (Figure 3.14.1), user first should enter “Harmonic

order” that need to be mitigated with the particular filter. Then it is recommended to enter “Reactive

power, Q” according to the load flow results in the nearest power line upstream. Software will

automatically calculate filter inductance according to the “Harmonic order” and “Reactive power,

Q”, thus user do not need to specify inductance value manually. It is recommended to specify passive

filter “Resistance, R” value according to filter quality factor. According to the quality factor,

sharpness of the tuning frequency will depend. It is recommended to use quality factor equal to 50

that will cause highest effect on mitigating the selected harmonic. Smaller quality factor values will

have less effect on mitigating the selected harmonic, however, other harmonics will be reduced more.

When quality factor value is decided, resistance of the filter can be calculated from the following

formula:

𝑅 =√𝐿𝐶

𝑘

here L – passive filter inductance, k – quality factor, C – passive filter capacitance that can be

calculated with a formula 𝐶 = 𝑄/(2𝜋𝑓𝑈𝑛2), where f is system frequency, Un – rated (nominal) filter

voltage, Q – reactive power.

Figure 3.14.1 Passive filter properties






3.15. Defining parameters of the Induction Motor

EA-PSM has a functionality to calculate static and dynamic induction motor starting. In this

section information will be provided, how to define induction motor parameters.

Double click on the motor element and “General” properties tab (Figure 3.15.1) will open.

Active and reactive power of the induction motor can be defined manually by entering “Real power,

P” and “Reactive power, Q” or “Power factor, cosφ” values. Note, that “Real power, P” is electrical

power that can be measured with a power analyzer and it is not a mechanical power that is

usually provided on the nameplate of the induction motor.

For static induction motor starting calculation, data in the “Configure” tab (Figure 3.15.2)

should be specified.

Electrical power of the induction motor will depend on the mechanical load. With EA-PSM

it is possible to calculate electrical power of the induction motor without performing measurements,

however, load properties and induction motor specifications need to be defined. For this purpose,

in the induction motor properties window select “Dynamics” tab (Figure 3.15.3) and push the check

box next to the inscription “Use dynamics” as shown in Figure 3.15.3. When this box is selected,

data described in “General” and “Configure” tabs will not be used for the calculations. Real

and reactive power as well as starting current will be automatically calculated according to the

induction motor specifications in “Dynamics” tab (Figure 3.15.3) and load properties in “Load

Figure 3.15.1 Motor properties “General” tab

Figure 3.15.2 Motor properties “Configure” tab






properties” tab (Figure 3.15.4). It will be also possible to calculate dynamic motor starting after

this data is specified.

Figure 3.15.3 Motor properties “Dynamics” tab

Figure 3.15.4 Motor properties “Load properties”

tab

Data to be specified in “Dynamics” and “Load properties” tabs:

RPM – rated revolutions per minute,

J – total mechanical inertia,

Xls – stator leakage reactance per phase,

Xlr – rotor leakage reactance per phase,

Xm – magnetizing reactance per phase,

Rs – stator resistance per phase,

Pm – rated mechanical power,

B – friction coefficient,

Efficiency – induction motor efficiency,

Tm_n – full load torque,

Load type: “Constant” – typical for screw compressors and conveyors; “Linear; “Square” – typical

for centrifugal pumps and fans; “Cube”; “Polynomial”.

Load – mechanical load momentum for the induction motor axis.

Load 𝜔𝑠 – rated load speed at which defined momentum will appear.






The majority of this data can be given be the induction motor manufacturer. However, if it

is not known, it is highly recommended to use motor models that are provided in EA-PSM library

(push drop down menu button that is shown in Figure 3.15.1).

4. Append scheme to scheme

This feature allows users to merge two EA-PSM schemes into one. The functionality allows

to work efficiently with big networks.

Figure 4.1 Main scheme

Figure 4.2 New/test scheme






First of all, open the scheme which you want to append into i.e.(Figure 4.1). Then select File

→ button, “Open file” box will pop up. Select scheme which you want to append (i.e.

Figure 4.2) into currently opened scheme and click “Open”. “Append grid” box will show up (Figure

4.3).

Figure 4.3 Append grid box

In “Opened file insertion bus” select a new/test scheme’s bus which will be merged with the

selected main scheme’s bus. In “Current grid insertion bus” select a main scheme’s bus which will

be a start point for an appended scheme. Then click “Ok” button and two schemes will be merged

together (Figure 4.4Figure 4.4).

Figure 4.4 Two schemes merged together






5. Cage numbering

In order to create neat and easy to understand scheme user could define cage number for the

breakers. The breaker numbering will also prevent line connections from the rearrangement after

changing bus position. Program will automatically sort breaker cages depending on their number and

give them a fixed position. Scheme with numbered cages is shown in Figure 5.2.

Figure 5.1 Breaker properties window

In order to define cage number for the breaker, double tap on the breaker and in the properties

window (Figure 5.1) specify “Cage number” and click “Apply”.

Figure 5.2 Scheme with cage numbers






6. Adding notes

By selecting from the elements panel and clicking on the

desired location on the network, user can add a note. To change

note contents double click on it and in the properties table (Figure

6.2) change title, text and the color of the note. Note size can be

changed by dragging bottom right corner.

Figure 6.1 Note

Figure 6.2 Note properties

Note also can be linked with a busbar, then it will move together with the linked bus. To link

note with a busbar simply click and drag “Linking button” at the bottom left corner of the note on the

desired busbar.






7. PERFORMING POWER GRID CALCULATIONS

EA-PSM program is capable of performing these calculations:

Power flow

Short circuit (three phase, phase – to – phase, phase to neutral, two phases to

neutral)

Harmonics load flow

Static and dynamic motor start – up

Arc flash

Protection tracking

Relay coordination

7.1. Power flow calculations

To calculate power flows in the grid:

In the main menu bar select “Calculate” and press the dropdown icon

Press “Power Flow” and power flows will be calculated, results will be displayed

on the one-line network diagram.

Results can be also analyzed from the summary table (Figure 7.1.1), for opening

the table press “Load flow summary” (Figure 2.1.1)

By choosing elements from the table (simply push on the line in the table), user can

navigate through the one-line network diagram.

Additional data can be added to the summary table by pushing “+” sign on the upper

right corner of the table.

It is possible to change parameters of loads, generators, motors and other elements from the

summary table. User can double click on the parameter that needs to be changed and update

the value.






Figure 7.1.1 Power flow results in a summary table

Red color in the load flows summary table indicates that either voltage or current exceeds

the limit. Voltage limit can be defined manually for each bus. Current limit depends on the

permitted current, which is usually provided by the manufacturer. Cables’ current limit can

be calculated according to the installation conditions with EA-PSM cable ampacity module.

Blue color in the summary table indicates that economically feasible limit of line current is

exceeded. It is recommended to choose line with a bigger cross section area.






7.2. Short circuit calculations

To perform short circuit calculation:

In the main menu bar select “Calculate” and press the dropdown icon

From the drop-down list choose whether EA-PSM should “Calculate Minimum

Short Circuit”, “Calculate Maximum Short Circuit” or “Calculate Both”.

Then calculate “Short circuit K3”, “Short circuit K2”, “Short circuit K1” or “Short

circuit K1,1”.

The results will be saved in the short circuit summary table (Figure 7.2.1) and on

the one-line diagram. In the summary table on the left side select the short circuit

location, on the upper tab choose short circuit type (K3,K2,K1,K1,1, min or max).

The selected results will appear in the table. Phase voltage and current values are

marked UA, UB, UC, IA, IB, IC. Voltage and current values of different sequences

are marked ad U1,U2,U0, I1, I2, I0.

Selecting maximum or minimum short circuit icon (Figure 2.1.1)

will allow to analyze the results according to the short circuit location, by choosing

the short circuited bus on the one-line network diagram.






Figure 7.2.1 Short circuit calculation results table

K3 – three–phase short circuit;

K2 – phase – to – phase short circuit;

K1 – phase-to-earth short circuit;

K1,1 – two-phase-to-earth short circuit;

With EA-PSM user can also calculate peak values of the short circuit current. On the upper

left side of the short circuit summary table push button “Peak”. Example of “Peak” values table are

shown in Figure 7.2.2.Meanings of the short circuit results values are:

Ip – peak current,

Idc0 – DC component of the short circuit current at the beginning of the short circuit,

Idc100 – DC component of the short circuit current after 100 seconds from the beginning of

the short circuit,

Ib – breaking current (estimated current that breaker will disconnect),

R, X – network resistance and reactance values.






Figure 7.2.2 Short circuit peak values

It is not necessary to calculate short circuit at all buses of the network. User can choose at

which bus short circuit should be calculated. From “Calculate” drop-down select “Calculate on click”,

choose the short circuit types you wish to calculate. Select maximum or minimum

short circuit icon (13 in Figure 2.1.1) and now it is possible to calculate short circuits at only one bus,

by simply clicking on that bus. Another way of doing this is to specify substation for the bus (Section

3.4) and calculate short circuit at the substation “Calculate” -> “Short circuit” -> “All in substations”.

7.3. Harmonic analysis

To perform harmonic analysis:

In main menu bar select “Calculate” and press icon and select “Harmonics”.

Keyboard button “F6” can be also used.

Results will appear on the one-line diagram, user can analyze harmonics spectrum

charts by putting mouse cursor on any of the network elements. Also observe

harmonics results by pressing “Harmonics load flow summary”

(Figure 2.1.1Figure 2.1.1 Main EA – PSM window).

Summary table of harmonics load flow results is depicted in Figure 7.3.1. Here user

can observe voltage harmonics at each bus and current harmonics at each branch.






By pressing icon results will be displayed graphically as depicted in

Figure 7.3.2.

Red color in the harmonics results data indicated that total harmonics distortion

value is over the limit. Yellow color indicates that separate harmonics are exceeding

the limit. Harmonic limits are derived from IEEE standard.

Harmonic spectrum charts of each grid element can be observed by putting mouse

cursor on it and results will be shown directly on the one-line network diagram.

Figure 7.3.1 Harmonic load flow calculation results

Figure 7.3.2 Harmonic results graphic






Voltage harmonic limits are provided in EA-PSM according to IEC 61000-3-6. Current

harmonic limits are calculated taking into account Isc/In ratio and are given according to

IEEE 519.

ES-PSM allows to calculate transformer power losses caused by harmonic load flows.

Additional data of low and high winding resistance should be specified in the transformer parameters

table. Transformer harmonic losses results are shown in Figure 7.3.3.

Data like active power losses in the transformer windings and eddy current losses are

automatically calculated. Also transformer temperature increase of oil and windings due to these

losses are calculated.

Figure 7.3.3 Transformer harmonic loses table

7.4. Motor start - up analysis

To perform motor start – up analysis:

First of all, user have to choose which motors should be assessed in the motor start – up

calculation. This can be done by choosing an appropriate motor and pressing the right mouse key

on it. A small list will show up with inscription “Set Starting”. User need to push on this

inscription and now motor will be assessed in the motor start – up calculation. Another way to do

this is to choose “Calculate” (12 in Figure 2.1.1) → “Motor Start” →” Motor Selection” and select

those motors that should be assessed in the calculation.






After motors are selected user should press “Calculate” → “Motor Start” → Motor start simple”

or push F7 button on keyboard to perform the motor start – up analysis.

Results will instantly show up on a one line diagram or can be observed in “Motor Start – Up

Summary” table (Figure 7.4.1) which is activated by pressing button (14 in Figure

2.1.1).

Figure 7.4.1 Results of motor start – up analysis

NOTE. Button (upper right corner) in every result chart (Figure 7.1.1, Figure 7.2.1, Figure

7.3.1, Figure 7.4.1….) allows users to select which columns will be shown in result chart (Figure

7.4.2).






Figure 7.4.2 “+” button function

7.5. Arc flash module

This module allows user to calculate arc flash incident energy, flash boundary, both arc and

fault currents, safe working distance. EA-PSM calculations are validated in accordance with IEEE

1584 standard. It is possible to choose from different equipment types and calculate incident energy

at any selected distance. Arc flash calculation results of EA-PSM can be used to optimize protection

devices and improve laborers working conditions by minimizing arc flash hazard exposed energy and

estimating safe working distance.

Figure 7.5.1 Bus substation panel






To calculate arc flash user first has to select calculation parameters. This can be done by

opening fault bus properties and switching to “Substation” panel (Figure 7.5.1). Arc flash calculation

requires installation type to be selected. EA-PSM offers 4 installation/equipment types that complies

with IEEE 1584 standard:

1. Open air

2. Switchgear

3. MCC and panels (when voltage below 15kV)

4. Cables

User has an option to manually determine the arc flash distance. It will be used for

calculating the incident energy.

After all parameters are set click “Apply” and “Ok”

buttons save and close the dialog. Now arc flash can be calculated

by pressing “Calculate” at the top bar and selecting “Calculate arc

flash” (Shortcut to this action is F8) (Figure 7.5.2). Results table

will pop up. (Figure 7.5.3). All the data can be exported to the

Excel sheet as with other result tables.

Figure 7.5.2 Calculating arc flash

Figure 7.5.3 Arc flash summary table






7.6. Motor dynamic analysis

In order to calculate dynamic motor starting, motor parameters should be specified according

to section 3.15. After this is done, push “Calculate” on the top menu bar, choose “Motor start” and

“Motor dynamic” from the lists that will appear. In the “Motor dynamic” window (Figure 7.6.1), user

can specify how much time ES-PSM should calculate of the induction motor starting. Parameters

“Step” and “ɛ” are needed for the solver of the induction motor starting and will have influence on

accuracy of the results and convergence of the solution. It is recommended to leave provided values.

On the right side of the table, motors that will start can be selected. To start the calculations.

“Ok” button should be pushed.

Figure 7.6.1 Motor dynamic parameters window

When calculations will be done, results window will appear as depicted in Figure 7.6.2.






Figure 7.6.2 Motor dynamic start calculation results

In the first “Motor” tab user can analyze results:

s = (ws-wr) / wr – slip of the induction motor.

I_s – stator current.

I_r – rotor current.

Teta – parameter depending on the speed change of the induction motor.

Tem – electromagnetic momentum of the induction motor.

P_mech – mechanical power of the load and induction motor.

T_em(w) – electromagnetic momentum dependency on motor speed (mechanical

characteristic).

Cos(φ) – power factor of the induction motor.

T_load – mechanical momentum of the load.

When “Grid” tab is selected, motor starting influence on voltage and current RMS values and angles

can be analyzed.






8. PROTECTION COORDINATION

With EA-PSM user can design network protection system, find optimal parameters for

protection devices, in order to maintain selectivity and fastest possible operation. From EA-PSM 4

user can also use automatic relay coordination feature for event more effective coordination of

inverse-time and definite-time characteristics of protection devices.

When a one-line network diagram is fully designed and different grid modes are analyzed it

is possible to model and coordinate grid relay protection. Users can add different kinds of protections:

Overcurrent protection

Undervoltage protection

Ground fault protection

Fuse

Circuit breaker

Mini circuit breaker

Thermal overload protection

Distance protection






8.1. Adding “Protection unit” to elements

To add “Protection unit” double click on the system element to which protection need to be

added. Table shown in Figure 8.1.1 will pop out and “in” and/or “out” can be selected. Breaker can

be also added by selecting a protection device from the elements panel (Figure 2.1.1) and pressing on

the desired element in the scheme. Transformer with added protection can be seen in Figure 8.1.2.

Specific types of the “Protection units” can be chosen from the elements panel (3 in Figure

2.1.1) and connected to any system element.

Figure 8.1.1 Adding protection for created element window

Figure 8.1.2 Protection added for the transformer






Breaker unit properties window overview

By double clicking on the “Protection unit” element, its properties window will open, shown

in Figure 8.1.3.In “General” tab (Figure 8.1.3) user can edit general information about the protection

unit, add current transformer and breaker data. EA – PSM will already provide recommended values

for the breaker, in blue colored lines.

The current transformer tab is designed to calculate ALF value, which is “Accuracy limiting

factor” of the transformer. However, properties that will be specified for the current transformer, is

not going to affect trip unit operation in any way. Explanation of the current transformer parameters

are provided below:

CT type – current transformer type (name). If it is 5P20, then 5P is accuracy class and 20 is

accuracy limiting factor (ALF). This means that when current is less than “20 * In “(In is nominal

current) then accuracy is 5%.

Coefficient – is current transformer ratio.

PN – is current transformer burden at which rated accuracy of the transformer is reached.

IED load – trip unit winding resistance.

Explanation of the breaker properties are provided below:

IN – nominal current.

UN – nominal voltage.

IKmax – maximum short circuit current.

Ip – peak short circuit current.

Idc – DC component of the short circuit current.

IB – breaking current.






Figure 8.1.3 Breaker properties “General tab”

Figure 8.1.4 Breaker properties “Short Circuit” tab

In a “Short Circuit” tab shown in Figure 8.1.4 filtered short circuit results can be seen. Only

short circuits, which flow through the selected protection are shown in the table.

If asymmetrical short circuit is selected (K2, K1, K1.1), user will be able to analyze vector

diagrams by pressing “Vectors” button, as shown in Figure 8.1.5.






Figure 8.1.5 Short circuit current and voltage phasors at a busbar






In “Chart” tab, time-current charts of the selected protection devices will be depicted as in

(Figure 8.1.6), for convenient selectivity analyzes. Dotted line shows estimated time-current curve

error range, due to the imperfection of the protection devices. “Value tracker” feature helps users to

efficiently analyze the graphic and adjust protection devices (Figure 8.1.7).

Figure 8.1.6 Main protection chart






Figure 8.1.7 Value tracker feature

Figure 8.1.8 Breaker properties “Protection” tab






In a “Protection” tab shown in Figure 8.1.8 circuit breakers and relay protection can be

selected and edited by clicking “Add protection” button.

“Remove” button will delete selected protection.

“Export” button will form a report with the short circuit results and the protection device

parameters.

8.2. Configuring overcurrent protection

When overcurrent protection is selected from the list (Figure 8.1.8) and added to the Breaker

unit, user can configure its parameters. There are three different stages of overcurrent protection – I>,

I>> and I>>>. The configuration of all stages is the same, the only difference is the name that

distinguishes different stages. User can choose to configure non-directional or directional overcurrent

protection.

8.3. Configuring non-direction overcurrent protection

By default, added overcurrent protections are non-directional, show in Figure 8.3.1.

Figure 8.3.1 Non-directional overcurrent protection configuration






Selecting “Characteristic” drop-down menu, user can select one of IEC or IEEE standard

tripping curves: definite time, normal inverse time, very inverse time, extremely inverse time and

long-time inverse time.

“Direction” drop down menu defines direction of the overcurrent protection. It can be non-

directional, directional forward or directional reverse.

Check box “Connected curve” enables option to connect different overcurrent protection

stages into one curve, as shown in Figure 8.3.2.

Figure 8.3.2 Connected overcurrent protection stages

“Relay time setting” defines protection time setting. Minimum values is 20 ms.

“Relay current setting” defines protection current setting in primary values.

Table shown in Figure 8.3.1, depicts protection sensitivity values of each short circuit type

calculate according to the “Relay current setting”. Sensitivity coefficient formula is provided in Eq.

(1).

𝑘𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠 =𝐼𝑆𝐶

𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦.𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔.𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

(1)

Isc in this equation is min short circuit current. Bigger setting current means smaller ksens

value. It is recommended to have sensitivity value not less than 2, this assures that protection will

react to particular short circuit at particular bus. If sensitivity is less than 2, table cell turns red.






8.4. Configuring directional overcurrent protection

There are two types of directional overcurrent protection – forward and reverse. Direction

overcurrent protection configuration window is shown in Figure 8.4.1.

Basic parameters are the same as in non-directional protection – characteristic, direction,

time settings and current setting.

“Characteristic angle” defines angle in degrees in which the protection is facing.

“Sector angle” is angle in degrees, which defines the tripping area of protection.

“Polarization voltage” defines the voltage needed for protection to trip.

On the left in Figure 8.4.1 user can view the directional protection diagram. By clicking

“Vectors” button in the table user can view different short circuit vectors and their direction.

Figure 8.4.1 Directional overcurrent protection configuration

8.5. Configuring undervoltage protection

When undervoltage protection is selected from the list (Figure 8.1.8) and added to Breaker

unit, user can configure its parameters. Like in overcurrent protection, there are three different stages

of undervoltage protection – U<, U<< and U<<<. Configuration of undervoltage protection is shown

in Figure 8.5.1.

“Phase selection type” defines the protection selection type. There are three types to choose

from – Phase to Ground, Phase to Phase, Positive sequence.

“Time setting” defines protection tripping time.






“Voltage setting” defines minimum element voltage at which protection will trip.

“Minimal current” defines minimum current at which protection can operate.

Table shown in Figure 8.5.1, depicts protection sensitivity values of each short circuit type

based on voltage setting. If sensitivity value is between 1 and 2, cell color is yellow, if sensitivity

value is less that one or infinity, cell color is red.

Figure 8.5.1 Under voltage protection configuration

8.6. Configuring ground fault protection

When ground fault protection is selected from the list (Figure 8.1.8) and added to Breaker

unit, user can configure its parameters. This protection is very similar to overcurrent protection, user

also can choose non-directional or directional ground fault protection.

8.7. Configuring non-directional ground fault protection

Configuration of non-directional ground fault protection is the same as non-directional

overcurrent protection (see 8.3 paragraph). Configuration window is shown in Figure 8.7.1.






Figure 8.7.1 Non-directional ground fault protection configuration

Like in non-directional overcurrent protection, user have to define direction, time setting and

current setting. Ground fault sensitivity table is similar to overcurrent protection sensitivity table,

only ground fault table compares current setting with short circuit K1 and K1,1 zero sequence current

multiplied by 3. If sensitivity value is less than 2, cell color is red.

8.8. Configuring directional ground fault protection

Directional ground fault protection also has two directions – forward and reverse. Like in

directional overcurrent protection user also have to define direction, time settings, current settings,

characteristic angle and sector angle. Configuration window is shown in Figure 8.8.1.

Differently than in overcurrent protection user can also define directional protection tripping

zone characteristic. User can choose Sector (same like in directional overcurrent protection), Sin (no

sector angle property) and Cos (no sector angle property). By selecting different short circuit from

the table, user can view its vectors in diagram and see if protection will trip. If current vector is inside

light blue area ground fault protection will trip.






Figure 8.8.1 Directional ground fault protection configuration

8.9. Configuring fuse protection

When fuse protection is selected from the list (Figure 8.1.8) and added to Breaker unit, user

can select different fuses from EA-PSM fuse library, shown in Figure 8.9.1. Fuse configuration

windows is shown in Figure 8.9.2.

Figure 8.9.1 Fuse selection library






Figure 8.9.2 Fuse configuration window

Click on the button and warning message will pop up (Figure 8.9.3). Adding fuse will

disable and remove other protections from this breaker. After pressing “OK”, it will be possible to

add the fuse.

Figure 8.9.3 Warning message






By double clicking select the manufacturer → fuse name → current. Press „Ok“ button. The time-

current curve will be displayed on the right as in Figure 8.9.2. Use mouse wheel to zoom in and out,

left click to drag the graphic for more precise investigation. User can modify fuse title to better

distinguish it from other fuses. After „Apply“ button is pressed selected fuse is saved and „Chart“

section gets updated with the same graphic.

8.10. Configuring circuit breaker protection

Circuit breaker protection could be selected from the list (Figure 8.1.8) and added to Breaker

unit.

To select a circuit breaker user has to click on “Select Breaker” button. Then a circuit breaker

model selection window, shown in Figure 8.10.1, will pop up. There user should expand one of the

manufacturers (ABB, Siemens, Schneider…), then expand one of breaker models and select

appropriate tripping unit and press “OK”. Circuit breaker will be added and its curve will be shown

on the right in configuration window.






Figure 8.10.1 Circuit breaker model selection library

Figure 8.10.2 Circuit breaker configuration window






In configuration window (Figure 8.10.2) user can modify circuit breaker title, define nominal

circuit breaker current, define overload protection values (IR value and tR time value), short circuit

protection values (Isd value and tsd time value), instantaneous short circuit protection value (Ii value)

and ground fault protection value (Ig current value tg time value). Protection number and number of

properties depend on manufacturer and circuit breaker tripping unit. Every property value arrays are

taken from official public manufacturer documentation.

On the right, in configuration window, user can instantly preview curve changes. To make

configuration more easily there are several markers in the chart:

I_N in red – this is the nominal current of element or current from power flows.

I_Motor_start in green – current flowing through element during motor starting.

I_max in yellow – current calculated based on I_N and coefficients “Ka” (reserve

coefficient), “Kp” (transitional process coefficient), “Kg” (protection return coefficient). Coefficients

are configure in main configuration window. I_max value is calculated based on Eq. (2).

𝐼_max = 𝐼_𝑁 ∙𝐾𝑎∙𝐾𝑝

𝐾𝑔 (2)

8.11. Configuring user defined circuit breaker protection

In circuit breaker model selection user can select “User Defined” option (Figure

8.10.1Figure 8.11.1). This option is added if user did not find required circuit breaker in EA-PSM

library. User can easily define any circuit breaker characteristic. User defined circuit breaker

configuration window is shown in Figure 8.11.1.

Figure 8.11.1 User defined circuit breaker configuration window






In configuration window user has to define nominal circuit breaker IN and three points

(current on x axis and time on y axis) shown in the right side of Figure 8.11.1. Each current point is

defined as a coefficient, which is multiplied by the nominal current, and each time point is defined in

seconds.

List of values to be defined:

IN – nominal current

I1 = IN * k1– coefficient k1 for a vertical Long Time Pickup line

t1 at I2t – time setting for overload stage or Long Time Band at this time breaker will trip when

current is I1

I2 = IN * k2 - coefficient k2 for a vertical Short Time Pickup line

t2 – time setting for a Short Time Band if “I2t” is selected, short time band will have I2t mode like

Long Time Band

I3 = IN *k3 - coefficient k3 for a vertical Instantaneous Pickup line

t3 – time setting for an Instantaneous Trip line

8.12. Configuring mini circuit breaker protection

When mini circuit breaker protection is selected from the list (Figure 8.1.8) and added to the

Breaker unit, user can configure its parameters. Mini circuit breaker is a circuit breaker used to protect

low voltage and low power appliances. Its configuration window is shown in Figure 8.12.1.






Figure 8.12.1 Mini circuit breaker configuration window

In configuration window user can modify mini circuit breaker title, its nominal current IN,

ultimate current Iu (it should be larger than maximum short circuit current) and tripping characteristic

(B, C, D, K or Z). Like in circuit breaker, there are markers in the chart to ease nominal current

selection (see Configuring circuit breaker protection8.10 paragraph).

8.13. Configuring custom curve protection

When custom curve protection is selected from the list (Figure 8.1.8) and added to Breaker

unit, user can configure its parameters. Custom curve is used when none of the protection fits user

needs, or user has to add a dynamic protection curve, or user only has a protection curve on paper.

Custom curve can be defined two ways – by defining a curve formula or by defining few points on

the curve.

To define a curve by formula user has to enter a correct formula containing variable “I” in it

(Figure 8.13.1). User has to fully define the formula with all parentheses and correct mathematical

operators. In Figure 8.13.1 normal inverse time formula is defined with 600 A and 1s settings. User

also must define a starting value from which the curve starts and end value at which the curve ends

(or leave it at zero and let the curve extend to short circuit current).






Figure 8.13.1 Custom curve parameters window

To define a curve by points, user has to enter base current and a few points in p.u. system

from the manufacturer provided data (Figure 8.13.2). To enter points user has to double-click on

“Current, A” or “Time, s” column cell, enter a value and press “Enter”. There is an option to check

“Interpolate” for each point. Use this option if you have a non-linear curve and you want it to be

smoother. To get the best result change the polynomial power (best use 3-9 values).






Figure 8.13.2 Custom curve defined by points configuration window

9. DISTANCE PROTECTION

EA-PSM has an enhanced distance protection modelling and coordination module. User can

add and coordinate various distance protection relays from manufacturers like “Siemens”, “Alstom”,

“Schneider”, “ABB” or create costume distance protection relay model. In order to add distance relay

in the breaker unit properties (Figure 8.1.3), user should select “Distance protection” tab and check

the “Use distance protection” checkbox. Distance protection configuration will apply instantly and

does not require confirmation via “OK” or “Apply”.

Note that distance protection can’t be added at the connection point of elements such as

generators, loads, motors and similar.






Figure 9.1 Configuration tab of the distance protection

In the “Configuration” toolbar (Figure 9.1) user can enable or disable distance protection for

selected breaker with “Use distance protection” checkbox, also by pressing “Export” button user can

export distance protection settings and short circuit results into text report (Figure 9.2).

Figure 9.2 Distance protection export settings






9.1. Distance protection configuration

In the “Configuration” window (Figure 9.1) user can specify parameters of the distance

relays. For this purpose, short circuit results can be also depicted.

On the right side of the window:

1. “View settings” button: opens short circuit vectors selection window, the dialog is shown

in Figure 9.1.1. In the dialog user can choose, which of the vectors should be displayed.

Figure 9.1.1 View settings popup

- System mode: select short circuit system mode.

- K2, K11, K1: selection checkboxes for which resistance measurement loops to show for

each asymmetrical short circuit type.

1) A-B: Phase A to Phase B

2) B-C: Phase B to Phase C

3) C-A: Phase C to Phase A

4) A-G: Phase A to ground

5) B-G: Phase B to ground

6) C-G: Phase C to ground

- “Max Z to show” field: short circuit vectors above specified value will not be shown,

a notification will popup if the vector is higher.

2. “Buses” pane: list of all buses in the system. Each list cell is bordered and contains five

checkboxes. The top-left checkbox shows impedance vectors from breaker unit bus to the selected






list bus. K3, K2, K1 and K1,1 checkboxes show appropriate short circuit impedance vectors from

breaker unit bus to the selected list bus. Each short circuit vectors are colored as follows: K3 – red;

K2 – green; K1 – blue; K1,1 – yellow;

On the left side of the window, user can configure distance protection settings:

1) “IED” dropdown menu: select witch type of distance protection to use.

2) “Blinder” box: click to expand load blinder settings, a load blinder can be enabled or

disabled, specific settings vary based on distance protection type.

3) “Zone” dropdown: select zone to edit, if zone has a ground current compensation

factor it is set to the factor of the selected zone for drawing short circuit vectors.

4) “Direction” dropdown menu: select zone direction from Forward, Reverse and Non-

directional.

5) “Enable” checkbox: Enable or disable currently selected zone.

6) “Time delay” field: Set time delay for selected zone.

7) Other fields are distance protection type specific and are defined by manufacturer.






9.2. Distance protection coordination chart

Figure 9.2.1 Distance protection coordination tab

On the left side of configuration chart (Figure 9.2.1) user can configure:

1) Select to show phase to phase or phase to ground zones.

2) Show or hide distance protection of current breaker.

3) List of all distance protections in the system.

By double-clicking on a distance protection curve, user can open protection configuration

popup, shown in Figure 9.2.2.






Figure 9.2.2 Distance protection configuration popup

Hint 6: Solid line in chart represent configured distance protection zones;

Dashed colored lines represent distance protection tolerance;

Dashed gray lines represent impedance from breaker unit bus to the marked bus.

Hint 7: Basic chart controls:

- Auto range chart by double-clicking;

- Zoom in and out with mouse wheel;

- Press and drag left mouse button to zoom to rectangle;

- Press and drag mouse wheel button to pan chart;

- Equalize axis scale by clicking on another axis (ex.: equalize y axis by clicking on

x axis)






10. Line zero sequences parameters

Each line positive sequence impedance is shown in the calculations Summary tables.

As well as the relation between the return path resistance and line resistance RE/RL, and the relation

between the return path reactance and line reactance XE/XL as depicted in the picture. Magnitude and

angle of the coefficient K0 for each line is calculated automatically. Coefficient K0 and relations RE/RL

and XE/XL are 0 for transformers.

11. PROTECTION TRACKING MODULE

Automatic protection tracking feature allows estimation of protection devices operation

under initiated network conditions (normal, short circuit at any bus or motor start-up). The results of

the evaluation are displayed in tabular and graphical format thus allowing better understanding of the

protection devices operation and simple detection of unexpected protection devices tripping

problems.

Protection tracking window (Figure 11.1) is opened by pressing “Optimize” -> “Protection

Tracking” on the main menu bar. In protection tracking window, user can choose analysis type: Short

circuit/ Power flows/ Motor start. If the short circuit is selected user have to choose short circuit bus

(SC bus), short circuit type (SC) and enter resistance at the fault location (R fault).

In Figure 11.1 three-phase short circuit with 2 ohm resistance at fault location is initiated.

When the required conditions are defined, calculation is started by pressing “Calculate” button. As

depicted in Figure 11.1 1 one histogram represents behavior of the protection system, pick up time of

that histogram is green. Another histogram represents behavior of particular protection devices (there

can be more than one device in the protection system). Only those protection systems that caught

abnormal system parameters are depicted.

Meanings of colors can be found by moving mouse cursor on the color. Sometimes

histogram sections can be short, thus it is possible to use mouse wheel to zoom in or out.






Figure 11.1 Protection tracking window

12. AUTOMATIC OVERCURRENT RELAY COORDINATION

In order to use this functionality, open one line network diagram on EA-PSM. Place breakers

from elements list on the branches, where overcurrent protection relays should be added.

Figure 12.1 One-line network diagram with 5 overcurrent protection devices in line






In Figure 12.1 example of the functionality implementation is shown. In the network, 5

overcurrent protection devices are connected in line. In order to choose optimal parameters for these

devices, open “Relay coordination” table, by selecting “Optimize” from the main menu bar and then

“Relay coordination”. The table will open as depicted in Figure 12.2.

Figure 12.2 Overcurrent relay optimization main window

Explanation of coefficients of “Default reserve values” are provided in Eq. (2) in the text

above. “Default precision values” are current transformer and relay winding precision in percent.

Sensitivity values are explained in Eq. (1) in the text above. User can choose inverse-time or definite-

time protection type.

In “Breakers” tab user can select particular breakers that are already places in the network,

software will optimize trip units only for selected breakers. In this example, all five breakers from

Figure 12.1 are selected. Results of fully automatic relay optimization are provided in Figure 12.3.






Figure 12.3 Overcurrent relay optimization results

13. ELEMENT MODELING

Modelling tools allow user to predefine models of grid elements, that later can be easily

accessed for the network scheme development. In order to create element model, click on the

“Modelling” button, which is on the main menu bar, and select required element. The table will appear

where user should define valid parameters of the selected element. After the parameters are defined,

push “Save new” button. Element model can be also created directly from an existing grid element

“Properties” table by pushing “Save model” button.

13.1. GENERATOR MODELLING

To create generator model user has to define required parameters, enter its name and save

the model. Generator parameters are explained in Figure 3.7.1.

13.2. MOTOR MODELLING

Parameters for induction motor model are described in 3.15 paragraph. Motor modelling

windows are depicted in Figure 13.2.1 and Figure 13.2.2.






Figure 13.2.1 Motor modelling “Simple tab”

Figure 13.2.2 Motor modelling “Dynamics”

13.3. TRANSFORMER MODELLING

User has to enter transformer model title, choose transformer type (2 windings / 3 windings

/ 3 windings split) and provide other required parameters. Transformer tap changer and windings

configuration can be also included into the model. A detailed information about the 2 - windings

transformer is shown in Figure 3.6.1 and Figure 3.6.5. More information about the 3 - windings

transformer can be found in Figure 3.6.6.

13.4. STANDARD CIRCUIT BREAKER MODELLING

EA-PSM allows to create database of solid-state trip units, created model can be used for the

protection system development. Necessary parameters of the trip unit could be determined from the

manufacturer provided catalogs or from the protection unit nameplate.

To create a breaker model, in “Nameplate” tab (Figure 13.4.1) user should enter data, like

manufacturer, series and model.






Figure 13.4.1 Standard circuit breaker modelling “Nameplate” tab

In “Nominal values” tab (Figure 13.4.2) user should define breaker nominal current “In”

values. Data can be entered as discrete numbers (i.e. “7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15”), where each number

represents valid current setting for the trip unit, or as currents array with a constant step (i.e.”

min=7.5, max =15, step = 1.5”). For nominal current values, dependency usually should be

selected to “None”.

Depending on the breaker capabilities in the “LT” (long time pickup), “ST” (short time

pickup), “I” (instantaneous pickup), G (“grounding protection”) each functionality current and

time settings should be defined in the same manner.






Figure 13.4.2 Breaker modelling “Nominal values” tab

13.5. STANDART OVERLOAD PROTECTIONS MODELLING

With EA-PSM user can model overload protection relays and use created models for further

protection system development.

In order to create overload relay model, push “Modelling” button on the “Menu bar” and

select “Standard overload Protections”. Siemens 3UA50 00-1K relay model will be created in this

example. The relay technical data taken from the manufacturer’s publicly available sources is

provided in Table 1.

Setting range (A) Times the setting current (x Ie)

1.2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8; 8.9; 10.1; 11.3; 12.5 7200 24.5 14.8 10.2 7.8 6.2 5.2

Table 1 Relay technical data

In the Figure 13.5.1 relay modeling window is shown. User can define “Manufacturer”,

“Series” and “Model” titles. In “Label” window, current settings should be defined. Between separate

current settings values, space symbol must be left. In the list below, “Time, s” and “Current, p.u.”

values should be defined from the manufacturer provided data.

Current should be defined in per unit system, where base value is the current setting (i.e. 8, 8.9, 10.1

and etc.)






Figure 13.5.1 Standard overload protection modelling window

When this data is provided, user can “Save” model into the EA-PSM database. It is possible

to add overload protection devices into the network from the elements panel, by selecting the symbol

.

13.6. WIRES, CABLES AND TOWERS MODELLING

In EA - PSM user can create templates for cables, overhead lines and towers that can be used

latter for the one-line network diagram development. It is also possible to use EA-PSM build-in

models of these network elements.

In order to create templates for previously mentioned elements select “Modelling” from the

main menu bar (Figure 2.1.1) and choose “Wire types”, “Cable types” or “Tower types” from the

drop down menu. Table will pop out as shown in Figure 13.6.1, Figure 13.6.2 or Figure 13.6.3

respectively. Here user will have to enter the required parameters and press “Save” to save the model.

To modify existing model, update its parameters and press “Save” button.

The required parameters can be found from the specifications of the equipment, which is

usually provided by a manufacturer.






Figure 13.6.1 Wire type configuration window

Figure 13.6.2 Cable type modelling configuration window






Figure 13.6.3 Tower type configuration window

In order to create costume tower type model, push “New” button that is highlighted in red in

Figure 13.6.3 and enter its name. The simple tower model will open as depicted in Figure 13.6.3 with

base coordinates (0;5) and phase coordinates (-0.5;0), (0.5;0), (0; 0.5). Phase coordinates are defined

considering the base coordinate as the reference point.

To give a full understanding of the tower type modeling, the example is described further in

the text. First of all, user should define “Group” number. The value shows number of parallel towers.

EA-PSM will use this data for overhead lines parameters calculation. In the example, group number

value is “2”. Phase, neutral, grounding and lighting protection conductors can be added for each group

separately by choosing the conductor type from the “Add arm” list. Base point coordinates can be

changed by updating “Base X” and “Base Y” values. For example, first tower base coordinates are (-

2;5) and another has base coordinates (2;5).

Each phase coordinates can be defined separately. As both towers are the same, coordinates

of phase conductors will not be different. For A conductor coordinate is (-1.04;0), for B (0;0.6), for

C (1.04;0). It is convenient to select phase conductor symbol on the tower drawing and define its

parameters in “Phase parameters” panel. At the same time, “Wire” type can be selected for each

phase. The result of tower type modelling is depicted in Figure 13.6.4, the model should be saved by

pushing one of the buttons: “Save” or “Save New”.

Ground with coordinates (±∞; 0)

(Base X=0; Base Y=5)

Phase conductors






Figure 13.6.4 Two identical parallel towers model

14. CABLE AMPACITY

Cable ampacity module allows to estimate permitted cable current, which depends on cable

voltage, ambient conditions and cable arrangement. User can perform cable ampacity calculation in

accordance with:

IEC 6036-5-52 – Low-voltage electrical installation – 1kV or less

IEC 60502-1 – Power cables with extruded insulation – 1kV – 3.6kV

IEC 60502-1 – Power cables with extruded insulation – 6kV – 36kV






To estimate cable current rating, first double-click to open properties window. Switch to “Details”

tab and select “Cable” checkbox. When cable type is chosen, as in Figure 14.1 push “Configure”

button to open “Cable Ampacity” window (Figure 14.2). In this window, specific data, describing

cable installation conditions, should be defined. Choose one of the listed installation method types

then push “Apply” to calculate cable ampacity rating and “Ok” to validate calculations for chosen

cable. Cable ampacity will be taken into account during calculations like load flows. In case current

exceeds ampacity rating, notification will be provided on the one-line network diagram and in the

summary table (current inscription will to red).

NOTE. Currently cable ampacity ratings is only calculated for cables of 0.4kV to 36kV.

Figure 14.1 Choosing cable from library

TIP. You can filter out unwanted cables by

pressing right mouse button on the table

headers (Manufacturer, Type, Voltage level,

Conductor material, Insulation type) and

deselecting unsuitable parameters or searching

for a cable by its parameter name.






Figure 14.2 Cable ampacity calculation window

15. DATA IMPORTING AND EXPORTING

15.1. Calculation results exporting

In order to export any of the calculation results user should open Summary window as was

described in paragraph 7 and press button. Then choose desired data to export and

formatting type (export as numbers or as text).

Visual diagrams can be exported as a picture in .png format or user can copy data as a text

to the excel sheet or text document. By pressing right mouse button user will see a context menu with

“Save Picture” (save .png format picture in selected location) and “Copy Data” (copy diagram data

as text) option.

15.2. One line diagram exporting as a picture or drawing

EA – PSM allows to export a one – line diagram as a picture in .png format or as a drawing

in .dxf format that can be later modified with CAD programs (Figure 15.2.1). To export one line

diagram, user should choose “File” → “Export” → “Drawing .dxf file” (or “Picture .png file”) and

define location of the exported file on the computer.






Figure 15.2.1 One line diagram exporting






15.3. Custom data format(CDF) importing and exporting

Users now can import and export schemes from/to CDF text file. This format allows users

to exchange main scheme elements and parameters.

To import CDF file, click File → Import → Import CDF file. If user has an opened scheme

our software will suggest to save it before importing to prevent any work losses. Click import button

and select a CDF text file containing scheme parameters.

Be aware that our software does not use all of the CDF parameters. Table 2 shows which

values are not used for calculations by EA-PSM.

Section Parameter

Bus Load flow number

Bus Loss zone number

Bus Final voltage

Bus Final angle

Bus Desired volts

Bus Shunt conductance G

Bus Shunt susceptance B

Bus Remote controlled bus number

Branch Load flow number

Branch Loss zone number

Branch Type (4, 5 types are not supported)

Branch Control bus number

Branch Side

Branch Transformer (phase shifter) final angle

Branch Minimum voltage, MVAR or MW limit

Branch Maximum voltage, MVAR or MW limit

Section Explanation

Loss Zone EA-PSM does not support lose zones

Interchange Data EA-PSM does not support interchange data

Tie Line EA-PSM does not support tie line data.

Table 2 Unused data






To export scheme to IEEE Common Data Format (CDF) text file click File → Export →

Export CDF file and select destination where the text file will be created. Be aware, that CDF does

not support all scheme parameters that EA-PSM uses for calculations, so there can be following data

loses:

Transformer winding voltage is exported as voltage of the bus to which transformer

is connected.

Transformer MVA rating is exported as integer, so any decimal values will be

exported as rounded integer values.

If more than one load, generator or capacitor is connected to a single bus, their active

and reactive powers will be summed and exported as a single generator, load or

capacitor values.

All active and reactive power values in CDF are exported as MW and MVAR so low

values will be too small and will not be exported.

Base power is automatically selected as that of the highest load, generator or

capacitor active or reactive power.

Case identification name will be the same as the name of the scheme user is

exporting.

16. HELP FUNCTIONS

In the main menu bar there is a button “Help”. By pressing it user can get important

information about the program, send his feedback and observe system log information.

16.1. Send feedback

Our goal is to create a power system modeling software with a superior product experience

to its end – user, therefore, we appreciate any feedback from our customers, as it helps us to

accomplish our goals. Thus, if any idea or impression occurs while working with EA – PSM please

don’t hesitate to send it by simply pressing “Help” → “Send feedback”. Any language is acceptable.

16.2. System Log

Problems of the calculations are usually depicted in the “System Log” window that can be

accessed by pressing “Help” → “System Log”. Therefore, if any problem occurs, please copy the text

from this window by pressing “Save” button or send it directly to us by pressing “Report” button. We

will solve the problem as fast as possible and contact you to inform about the possible solutions.






16.3. Notification log

Here user can see all the processes output during the use of the EA-PSM. If error occurs,

reason could be also shown here.

16.4. User manual

This function will open the most recent version of EA-PSM user manual.


user manual - energy advice€¦ · calculation results exporting ... 16.4. user manual ......

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