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Annotated Bibliography of Survey Methods for Golden Eagles

An Annotated Bibliography of Survey Methods for Golden Eagles

Clint W. Boal, U.S. Geological Survey Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409Brandi C. Welch, Department of Biology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409

A substantial amount of research interest has been focused on Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in North America over the last decade. This has been primarily due to perceived conflict between conservation of the species and wind energy development (Hunt 2002, Pagel et al. 2013). Negative influences of anthropogenic origin, including mortality by wind turbine collisions (e.g., Hunt 2002, Pagel et al. 2013) are thought to pose population level effects (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2009). This is because Golden Eagles are large apex predatory birds that are typically present at low densities (Kochert et al. 2002). Thus, they experience low reproductive rates, delayed maturity, and long life spans with no natural predators. Compounding this is the wide distribution of the species; in western North America it ranges latitudinally from Alaska to Mexico and longitudinally from the Pacific Coast to the western Great Plains and Trans Pecos. In eastern North America it breeds in Canada but can be found into the upper mid-west and wintering birds may be found potentially anywhere in the southeastern states.

Because of the species’ ecology, a persistent issue faced by managers is how to best inventory, survey, and monitor Golden Eagles. The generally low density and vast, remote landscapes that they typically inhabit can make surveys both logistically challenging and financially expensive. We have focused this annotated bibliography on research on Golden Eagles that incorporated some methodology to survey populations. This ranges from direct methods (e.g., ground surveys, boat surveys, aircraft surveys) to indirect such as molecular (i.e., genetics) and modeling approaches. However, the sources listed are not exclusive to surveys; rather, many are focused on other questions but for which surveys were a component.

This bibliography is not complete; indeed, the volume of information currently being collected on the species necessitates this be, at least for the foreseeable future, a work in progress. It is a compilation of existing published sources and does not represent any official USGS finding or policy. We are providing it as a resource to managers and researchers engaging in studies of birds of prey. We anticipate regularly updating this document as new materials become published. We will post updated revisions on the U.S. Geological Survey Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units web page.

Recommended Citation: Boal, C.W., and B.C. Welch. 2016. An Annotated Bibliography of Survey Methods for Golden Eagles, Ver. 1.0 (30 March 2016). (http:// pending)

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An Annotated Bibliography of Survey Methods for Golden Eagles

Number 1Authors AECOMYear 2014Title Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) analysis for the Recurrent

Energy Cino Project, Kern County, CaliforniaJournal/Publisher AECOM MemorandumPages/Pub Location Jan 13 2014Date of study May 2011Season BreedingPurpose To investigate the potential impacts of solar energy site on

nesting GOEA.Location Kern county, CaliforniaSurvey Area Size 252,304 acres + 1mi bufferMethod(s) used Helicopter surveys.Method efficacy 10-mile radius around site sufficient.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary AECOM (2014) located GOEA nesting sites by helicopter

surveys to determine the impact of a proposed solar energy facility. They observed no GOEA on the proposed site and concluded that all nests were far enough away from the facility to not be disturbed. Also, the location of the proposed facility would not interfere with GOEA foraging activities or result in GOEA fatalities.

Number 2Authors Allan, P.F. and P.R. Sime

Year 1943Title A hawk census on Texas Panhandle highwaysJournal/Publisher The Wilson BulletinPages/Pub Location 55:29-39Date of study Oct 1938 - Jan 1942Season AllPurpose To conduct a hawk census from roads.Location Panhandle of TexasSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Road surveys.

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Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Allan and Sime (1943) conducted road surveys at various times

during October 1938 - January 1942. Single observer conditions were used and 26,768-mi total were driven. Species numbers were tallied by annual quarter and in total 6,175 birds were recorded.

Number 3Authors Bates J.W., and M.O. MorettiYear 1994Title Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) population ecology in eastern

UtahJournal/Publisher Great Basin NaturalistPages/Pub Location 54:248-255Date of study 1982-1992Season BreedingPurpose To examine population trends in response to mining facility.Location UtahSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Helicopter surveys.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Bates and Moretti (1994) investigated population trends near

and around a mining facility in Utah. The data used was derived from required surveys conducted by helicopter by the mining company and additional ground surveys outside the immediate vicinity of the mine. Between 1981-1992 14-39 nests were monitored each year. They found that data on mining impacts were too few to draw conclusions, but productivity of territories was correlated to rabbit abundance.

Number 4Authors Bechard, M.J. and M.J. McGradyYear 2002Title Preface status and conservation of Golden EaglesJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 36:2Date of study N/ASeason N/APurpose Announcement.Location N/A

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Survey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used N/AMethod efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Bechard and McGrady (2002) highlight the need for more

research on the status and conservation of GOEA. They present current threats and announce the 1999 symposium hosted by RRF.

Number 5Authors Beecham, J.J. and M.N. KochertYear 1975Title Breeding biology of the Golden Eagle in southwestern IdahoJournal/Publisher The Wilson BulletinPages/Pub Location 87:506-513Date of study 1968-1971Season BreedingPurpose To assess nesting success, density, mortality, and evaluate

current population status of GOEA.Location Southwestern Idaho and Southeastern OregonSurvey Area Size 240 kmMethod(s) used Fixed-wing aircraft surveys.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Beecham and Kochert (1975) monitored GOEA nest activity

along 240 km of the Snake River Plain from 1968-1971. The area was flown by fixed-wing aircraft annually (Mar-April) to identify active nests. Each eyrie was visited using repelling gear once prior to hatching, several times during nestling, and once post fledge. They located 22-42 nests per year, banded most nestlings, and measured nesting success, clutch size, hatch/fledge date, nesting density, number of alternate nests, productivity, and causes for mortality.

Number 6Authors Bloom, P.H. and S.J. HawksYear 1982Title Food habits of nesting Golden Eagles in northeast California

and northwest NevadaJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 16:110-115Date of study 1976-1981

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Season BreedingPurpose To investigate food habits of a previously unstudied population

of GOEA.Location Lassen and Modoc counties (Califorinia) and Washoe

county(Nevada)Survey Area Size 13,800 km2Method(s) used Prey remains collection.Method efficacy Single samps only provide approximation.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Bloom and Hawks (1982) assessed GOEA food habits by

collecting prey remains from nests (avg. 20 nests/yr.) in 1976-1981. They identified 1,156 prey items of 37 species from nests in California and Nevada. They found jack rabbits were the dominate prey species and dietary diversity was highest when jack rabbit numbers were presumed to be at their lowest.

Number 7Authors Boal, C.W, C.L. Haralson, and W.H. HoweYear 2008Title Status of Golden Eagles in the Texas PanhandleJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 42:220-224Date of study 2005-2006Season BreedingPurpose To assess occupancy of historic nesting sites, and discovery of

new nests.Location Panhandle of TexasSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Helicopter surveys.Method efficacy Ground surveys ineffective.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Boal et al. 2008 conducted ground and helicopter surveys of 26

historic GOEA nesting territories in the Texas Panhandle (2005-2006). They found 9 occupied territories, 7 of which had active nests, 3 new but unoccupied nesting territories, and 17 unoccupied historic nesting territories. They conclude the Texas Panhandle population may have declined, but further data collection is necessary. In addition, they suggest ground surveys are an ineffective means for surveying for GOEA in their study area.

Number 8

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Authors Boeker, E.L. and T.D. RayYear 1971Title Golden Eagle population studies in the southwestJournal/Publisher The CondorPages/Pub Location 73:463-467Date of study 1964-1969Season Winter & breedingPurpose To establish an index of wintering GOEA in TX and MN, and

determine nesting activity in the NM, CO, WY front range of the Rocky Mountains.

Location Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, WyomingSurvey Area Size 22,000 mi2Method(s) used Fixed-wing aircraft surveys.Method efficacy Aircraft surveys reduced time spent on ground and allowed in

active areas to not have to be searched from ground.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Boeker and Ray (1971) monitored wintering (TX, NM) and

nesting (CO, WY, NM) GOEA using a combination of fixed-wing aircraft and ground surveys. Aircraft was used to check the status of known nesting sites and survey during the winter. Ground surveys were used exclusively prior to 1967 to check all known sites for activity and monitor productivity of a sample of nests (aerial surveys checked initial productivity 1976 on). Wintering NM populations were growing, while TX wintering numbers appear to be smaller but more stable. The majority of nests were found on cliffs and nesting density varied greatly throughout the study areas. Nesting and egg laying dates also appeared to vary among geographic location.

Number 9Authors Booms, T.L., P.F. Schempf, B.J. McCaffery, M.S. Lindberg, and

M.R.FullerYear 2010Title Detection probability of cliff-nesting raptors during helicopter

and fixed-wing aircraft surveys in western AlaskaJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 44:175-187Date of study 2007Season BreedingPurpose To compare detection probability and occupancy of raptors

nesting in 2 study areas using two methods.Location Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska

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Survey Area Size 2,700 km2Method(s) used Helicopter and fixed-wing surveys.Method efficacy Fixed-wing less expensive and similar or higher detection

probabilities , but counting eggs or young is more difficult.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Booms et al. (2010) compared the effect of helicopter versus

fixed-wing aircraft methods on the detection probabilities of cliff-nesting raptors at two study sites in the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. 83 historic nest sites were surveyed 4 times by making 3 helicopter passes, and 46 sites by 3 passes with fixed-wing aircraft. 4 different observers with various experience detecting raptors by aerial surveys and rotated between surveys attempts. In general, fixed-wing methods provided better detection probabilities, but counting the number of eggs or young were more difficult. The authors suggest future studies explore the potential used of fixed-wing aircraft over helicopter to provide a less expensive means of collecting occupancy data.

Number 10Authors Bourke, B.P, A.C. Frantz, C.P. Lavers, A. Davidson, D.A. Dawson,

and T.A. BurkeYear 2010Title Genetic signatures of population change in the British Golden

Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)Journal/Publisher Conservation GeneticsPages/Pub Location 1:1837-1846Date of study 2003Season BreedingPurpose To evaluate loss in genetic variation due to population

declines.Location British IslesSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Tissue sampling.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Bourke et al. (2010) assessed potential loss of genetic diversity

in the 2003 population of GOEA in the British Isles due to recent population declines. They used genetic mapping of 13 micro satellites to compare 79 museum specimens dated 1790-1949 to eagles in 172 territories active in 2003. Despite the local extinction of GOEA in Ireland, they found only slight

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evidence for the loss of genetic variation. However, their analysis suggest the population likely experienced an ancient bottleneck due to fragmentation of mainland Europe.

Number 11Authors Brendel, U.M., R. Eberhardt, and K. WiessmannYear 2002Title Conservation of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in the

European Alps: A combination of education, cooperation, and modern techniques

Journal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 36:20-24Date of study N/ASeason N/APurpose To promote the acceptance of local areas to preserve based on

current GOEA distribution and habitat quality.Location European Alps: Berchtesgaden Nat. Park (210 km2) and

Berchtesgaden Biosphere Reserve (460 km2)Survey Area Size 210 km2 and 460 km2)Method(s) used Modeling.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Brendel et al. (2002) developed a model to predict "hot spots"

for GOEA in the European Alps based on population density and habitat quality. Their model has been validated using data collected in 3 other areas and conservation efforts have been made using their findings.

Number 12Authors Carrete, M., J.A. Sanchez-Zapata, and J.F. CalveYear 2000Title Breeding densities and habitat attributes of Golden Eagles in

southeastern SpainJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 34:48-52Date of study N/ASeason BreedingPurpose To examine land cover type to characterize breeding site

characteristics at 1km2 and 100km2 scale that affect breeding density.

Location Murcia region, SpainSurvey Area Size 11,317 km2

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Method(s) used Modeling.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Carrete et al. (2000) mathematically modeled breeding site

characteristics of 76 GOEA nests in Murcia, Spain at the 1km2 scale and 40 nests at a 100km2 scale. They found that at both scales, slope was the most important predictor of nesting density, followed by percent of forest cover. Also, at both scales intensive agriculture negatively affected density.

Number 13Authors Carrete, M., J.A. Sanchez-Zapata, J.F. Calvo, and R. LandeYear 2005Title Demography and habitat availability in territorial occupancy of

two competing speciesJournal/Publisher OikosPages/Pub Location 108:125-136Date of study 1997-2001 GOEA; 1983-2001 BOEASeason BreedingPurpose To assess territory occupancy model of Golden Eagle vs.

Bonelli's Eagle to asses level of competition.Location Murcia, SpainSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used not providedMethod efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Carrete et al. (2005) investigated interspecific competition of

GOEA and BOEA in Murcia, Spain through modeling techniques. Their model suggests that intraspecific competition is more important than interspecific in instances where habitat overlap is slight.

Number 14Authors Clouet, M., C. Barrau, and J. GoarYear 1999Title The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in the Bale Mountains,

EthiopiaJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 33:102-109Date of study 1993-1997Season BreedingPurpose To investigate the relationship between GOEA and other

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raptors that live in close association.Location Bale Mountains National ParkSurvey Area Size 200 km2Method(s) used Ground surveys.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Clouet et al . (1999) used 210 hours of observation from

ground surveys during 26 nest territory years to evaluate the home range and diet of GOEA nesting in close proximity to Verreaux's Eagles. They identified 7 different territories in the Balae Mountain National Park, Ethiopia. Mean home range area was 3.6km2, but varied with the presence of rodent colonies. They suggest the two species of eagles have mutually exclusive territories they defend with display flights and prey on different species to prevent interspecific competition.

Number 15Authors Collopy, M.Year 1984Title Parental care and feeding ecology of Golden Eagle nestlingsJournal/Publisher The AukPages/Pub Location 01:753-760Date of study 1977-1979Season BreedingPurpose To quantify the division of labor between parents and relate to

consumption of nestlings.Location Snake River Canyon, Boise, IdahoSurvey Area Size 195,063-haMethod(s) used Monitoring.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Collopy (1984) investigated patterns of parental care for

nesting GOEA in Snake River Birds of Prey Area from 1977-1979 by direct observations from a blind. 11 nests were monitored during the incubation period (692hr) and 8 nests during the nestling stage (1,248hr). He found patterns in parental care between males and females differed through out the breeding stages, and that males were the primary foragers, while females fed and tended to nestlings. Nestlings greatest consumption demands occurred during the 7-9th week.

Number 16

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Authors Collopy, M.W. and T.C. EdwardsYear 1989Title Territory size, activity budget, and role of undulating flight in

nesting Golden EaglesJournal/Publisher Journal of Field OrnitholPages/Pub Location 60:43-51Date of study 1978-1979Season BreedingPurpose To quantify male and female time and activity budgets.Location Snake River Canyon, Boise, IdahoSurvey Area Size 195,063-haMethod(s) used Monitoring.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Collopy and Edwards (1989) conducted 1,248hrs of ground

observations at 4 GOEA nests in Snake River Canyon, Idaho in 1978-1979. They were able to observe female behavior for 413 hrs. and males for 330 hrs. Territory size averaged 3276-ha and appeared to have been proportional to jack rabbit density. Males and females exhibited differences in time perched (male = 77.9% of time, female = 84.7%), time in flight (male - 22.1%, female - 15.4%) and undulating flight near territory boundaries (male = 3.2 times.hr, females 2.2 times/hr.).

Number 17Authors Crandall, R.H.Year 2013Title Identifying environmental factors influencing Golden Eagle

presence and reproductive successJournal/Publisher ThesisPages/Pub Location The University of Montana, Missoula, MontanaDate of study 2010-2013Season BreedingPurpose To investigate factors effecting apparent population increases

and changes in reproductive performance, and compare to 1960's data.

Location Livingston, MTSurvey Area Size 2700km2Method(s) used Ground surveys.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Crandall (2013) located GOEA territories in MT and

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investigated factors effecting the apparent population increase and changes in reproduction compared to historic 1960's data. Territories were located by using previous studies, talking with locals, on foot, by truck, and using fixed-wing aircraft when unable to gain access to a property where GOEA had been seen. Based off 12 GPS/Argos transmitters on adults, he found that occupancy best correlated to ruggedness of terrain and proximity to prey habitat. No environmental variables explained nest success. 45 territories were located, and an average of 28.8 nests were used per year with productivity of 0.59, and success of 64.3.

Number 18Authors Dennhardt, A.J., A.E. Duerr, D. Brandes, and T.E. KatznerYear 2015Title Integrating citizen-science data with movement models to

estimate the size of a migratory Golden Eagle populationJournal/Publisher Biological ConservationPages/Pub Location 184:68-78Date of study 2002-2011Season Fall migrationPurpose To estimate migrating population number.Location Appalachian Mount migration route along Pennsylvania borderSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Citizen science and computer modelingMethod efficacy Eerrors in counts, double observations, but free.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Dennhardt et al. (2015) used computer modeling techniques

and data collected by HMANA to estimate the GOEA migrating population across Pennsylvania Appalachian Mountains. Simple migration modeling predicts 5,122 eagle passed the 32 observation sites included, and modeling based on probable detection probabilities estimates 3,471 migrating individuals. Their paper presents the possible future use of citizen science data and highlight possible problems with such methods as double observer counts.

Number 19Authors Eaton, M.A., I.A. Dillon, P.K. Stirling_Aird, and P. WhitfieldYear 2007Title Status of Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos in Britain in 2003Journal/Publisher Bird Study

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Pages/Pub Location 54:212-220Date of study 2003Season BreedingPurpose To evaluate population size, distribution and breeding success.Location Britain national surveySurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Eaton et al. (2007) report conclusions from the 3rd (2003)

national survey for GOEA. The located 442 pairs with mean productivity of 0.36 fledged. They conclude that the population remains stable with slight variations in population trends among regions and significant differences in productivity between regions.

Number 20Authors Fackler, P.L., K. Pacifici, J. Martin, and C. McIntyreYear 2014Title Efficient use of information in adaptive management with an

application to managing recreation near Golden Eagle nesting sites.

Journal/Publisher PLOS OnePages/Pub Location volume 9, issue 8, e102434Date of study Not providedSeason BreedingPurpose To use and extended a model framework for Partial

Observable Markov Decision Process to investigate managing recreational decisions around GOEA nesting sites.

Location Denali National Park,Survey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used ModelingMethod efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Fackler et al. (2014) developed an extended model for POMDP

modeling and employed their new methods to a study case involving recreational management of Denali Nation Park in areas near GOEA nesting sites. The majority of the article is about development and explanation of their new model which they conclude provides a flexible approach for decision making under uncertainty.

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Number 21Authors Fasce, P., L. Fasce, A. Villers, F. Bergese, and V. BretagnolleYear 2011Title Long-term breeding demography and density dependence in

an increasing population of Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetosJournal/Publisher IbisPages/Pub Location 153:581-591Date of study 2007 compared to 37yr data setSeason BreedingPurpose To assess trends in distribution, abundance, fecundity, and

breeding population structure.Location Northern Italian AlpsSurvey Area Size 8600 km2Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Fasce et al. (2011) surveyed GOEA in the Italian Alps in 2007

and compared their findings to the previous 37 year data set to investigate population trends and examine changes in distribution. They found the distribution of GOEA was over dispersed with an increase in population size and productivity, despite a decline in the proportion of pairs laying eggs. No significant relationship between population growth rate and population size was identified, but the percentage of breeding pairs and breeding success appears to be density dependent.

Number 22Authors Fernandez, C.Year 1993Title Effect of the viral haemorrhagic pneumonia of the wild rabbit

on the diet and breeding success of the Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos

Journal/Publisher Revue D'EcologiePages/Pub Location 48:323-329Date of study 1982-1992Season BreedingPurpose To assess reproductive success and diet analysis pre and post

Haemorrhagic Pneumonia outbreak of wild rabbits.Location Upper Ebro Valley, Navarra, SpainSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Monitoring.Method efficacy Not provided.

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Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Fernandez (1993) evaluated the effects of Hemorrhagic

Pneumonia of wild rabbits on the reproductive success and diet of 15 GOEA pairs in the Upper Ebro Valley. Navarra, Spain. 15 nests were visited 3x/yr. to assess success and pellets were collected from inside nests post fledge. He found the proportion of rabbits significantly decreased after the 1989 VHP outbreak and there was a significant increase of hares and partridges in the diet. Both reproductive success and the number of pair laying was decreased after the outbreak, but the productivity of successful pairs was unaffected.

Number 23Authors Ferrer, M.Year 1993aTitle Ontogeny of dispersal distances in young Spanish Imperial

EaglesJournal/Publisher Behavioral Ecology and SociobiologyPages/Pub Location 32:259-263Date of study 1986-1990Season AllPurpose To investigate factors influencing dispersal distance.Location Donana National Park, SpainSurvey Area Size 543-km2Method(s) used 30 radio tagged young tracked through dispersal by fixed-wing,

vehicle, and groundMethod efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Ferrer (1993a) investigated factors effecting the dispersal

distances of 30 young, radio tagged IE in Donana Nat Park, Spain from 1986-1990. He found maximum dispersal distance (mean = 138km) was reached within 4 months of departure, with no significant diff. between sexes for max distance. Distance was not related to date of departure, but was longer for bird hatched earlier that were better nourish as indicated by blood urea levels.

Number 24Authors Ferrer, M.Year 1993bTitle Juvenile dispersal behaviour and natal philopatry of a long-

lived raptor, the Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti

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Journal/Publisher IbisPages/Pub Location 135:132-138Date of study 1986-1990Season BreedingPurpose To evaluate dispersal movements of juveniles compared to

adults.Location Donana National Park, SpainSurvey Area Size 543-km2Method(s) used 30 radio tagged young tracked through dispersal by fixed-wing,

vehicle, and groundMethod efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Ferrer (1993b) investigated dispersal patterns of 30 radio

tagged juvenile IE in Donana National Park from 1986-1990. He concluded that the dispersal pattern included leaving the natal population, exploring, temporary settlement, then return to the natal population to explore the possibility of pair formation where vacancy may have occurred in the breeding population.

Number 25Authors Ferrer, M. and F. HiraldoYear 1992Title Man-induced sex-biased mortality in the Spanish Imperial

EagleJournal/Publisher Biological ConservationPages/Pub Location 50:57-60Date of study 1982-1987Season Not providedPurpose To investigate potential sex-biases in cause of mortality.Location Donana National Park, SpainSurvey Area Size 543-km2Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Ferrer and Hiraldo (1992) investigated sex-biased mortality in

IE in Donana National Park from 1982-1987.Including field diary entries dating from 1957 on, 96 deaths were recorded, 39 of which were electrocution. They found that significantly more female (78%) electrocution mortalities. Strong sex-biases in mortality could cause population declines in the future.

Number 26

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Authors Ferrer, M. and I. BissonYear 2003Title Age and territory-quality effects on fecundity in the Spanish

Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti)Journal/Publisher The AukPages/Pub Location 120:180-186Date of study 1976-1995Season BreedingPurpose To investigate age-related effects on population fecundity.Location Donana National Park, SpainSurvey Area Size 543-km2Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Ferrer and Bisson (2003) investigated the effect of age on

population fecundity for Imperial Eagles in Donana National Park, Spain over a 19 year period. They found that, exclusive of territory quality, adult pairs were significantly more productive than immature pairs. However, breeding performance varied significantly between territories were independent of the age-classes, though low-quality were more often occupied by immature birds, indicating age and territory-quality are interrelated

Number 27Authors Ferrer, M. and J. CalderonYear 1990Title The Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti C.L. Brehm 1861 in

Donana National Park (South West Spain): A study of population dynamics

Journal/Publisher Biological ConservationPages/Pub Location 51:151-161Date of study 1976-1984Season BreedingPurpose to estimate annual adult mortality, preadult mortality, and

expected adult lifespan from C.L. Brehm 1861 to data compiled since 1973.

Location Donana National Park, SpainSurvey Area Size 543-km2Method(s) used Modeling.Method efficacy Plumage pattern effective for age classification, band

recoveries insufficient to make mortality estimations, if

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censuring for mortality the pop and age structure must be stable and the population isolated.

Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Ferrer and Calderon (1990) estimated annual adult mortality,

preadult mortality, and expected adult life span for the population of IE in Donana National Park Spain. They estimate adult mortality to be 4.7-7.3%, preadult mortality as 80.3-87.2% and expected adult life span as 21-22 years.

Number 28Authors Ferrer, M. and J.A. DonazarYear 1996Title Density-dependent fecundity by habitat heterogeneity in an

increasing population of Spanish Imperial EaglesJournal/Publisher EcologyPages/Pub Location 77:69-74Date of study 1959-1991Season BreedingPurpose To assess changes in mean and variance of fecundity in relation

to population density.Location Donana National Park, SpainSurvey Area Size 543-km2Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Ferrer and Donazar (1996) investigated changes in fecundity in

relation to population density for breeding Imperial Eagles in Donana National Park, Spain using 25 years of collected survey (climbing to nests) data. They found the population increased then became stable in 1976. Fecundity and population size was inversely related, and annual fecundity variance varied over the study period in relation to the year of pair establishment.

Number 29Authors Ferrer, M. and V. PenterianiYear 2008Title Non-independence of demographic parameters: Positive

density-dependent fecundity in eaglesJournal/Publisher Journal of Applied EcologyPages/Pub Location 45:1453-1459Date of study 1959-2004Season Breeding

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Purpose To examine relationship between breeder mortality and floater availability on population trajectories.

Location Donana National Park, SpainSurvey Area Size 543-km2Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Ferrer and Penteriani (2008) investigated the effects of

breeder mortality and floater availability on population structure for IE in Donana National Park, Spain. They found the population had 3 phases: population increase with negative density-dependent fecundity, stability (no relationship), and population decline with positive relationship of density: fecundity. Increased mortality was caused by poisoning of generalist predators . Reduce fecundity was a result of high adult mortality and not reduced prey availability.

Number 30Authors Ferrer, M. and V. PentrianiYear 2003Title A process of pair formation leading to assortative mating:

Passive age-assortative mating by habitat heterogeneityJournal/Publisher Animal BehaviourPages/Pub Location 66:137-143Date of study 1976-1995Season BreedingPurpose To create and examine an individual-based model for mating

as a process of pair formation.Location Donana National Park, SpainSurvey Area Size 543-km2Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Ferrer and Pentriani (2003) developed and individual-based

model for IE mating as a process of pair formation for the population of IE in Donana National Park, Spain. They found that mating pattern of the population is not a direct consequence of mating preference. Similar ages of a pair may be due to more encounters of young birds in lower-quality habitat and lead to the assortative mating observed.

Number 31

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Authors Ferrer, M., V. Penteriani, J. Balbontin, and M. PandolfiYear 2003Title The proportion of immature breeders as a reliable early

warning signal of population decline: Evidence from the Spanish Imperial Eagle in Donana

Journal/Publisher Biological ConservationPages/Pub Location 114:463-466Date of study 1976-2002Season BreedingPurpose To investigate if the age at first breeding can be used as an

early indicator of population declines.Location Donana National Park, SpainSurvey Area Size 543-km2Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Ferrer at al. (2003) investigated the possibility of the percent of

immature breeders as an early warning sign of future population decline for IE in Donana Nat Park, Spain. They found that the proportion of immature breeders was highest before population decline, compared to when the population was stable for the time scale of 1976-2002. They conclude that 10% immature breeders can be considered a warning signal of oncoming population decline.

Number 32Authors Firmanszky, G.Year 2002Title The status of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in HungaryJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 36:18-19Date of study 1985-1999Season BreedingPurpose To monitor and document breeding performance and

colonization.Location Zemplen Mountains, HungarySurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Firmanszky (2002) documented the breeding performance of

GOEA nesting in the Zemplen Mountains in Hungary from

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1985-1999. Annual surveys began in February and when accessible, young were banded and food remains gathered. The number of nesting pairs increased from 1 to 4 over the duration of the study with 17/20 nestlings surviving to fledge.

Number 33Authors Glover, F.A. and L.G. HeuglyYear 1970Title Golden Eagle ecology in West TexasJournal/Publisher Final report: National Audubon Society, Colorado State

University and Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit

Pages/Pub Location Fort Collins, ColoradoDate of study 1967-1970Season Winter, springPurpose To examing GOEA-livestock (lamb and goat) interactions and

trends in incidents.Location Chihuahua Desert, TexasSurvey Area Size 7,907,200-acresMethod(s) used Ground.Method efficacy 160 mi aerial transect not enough to represent entire study

area adequately.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Glover and Heugly (1970) investigated population trends and

the interaction between GOEA and goat and lamb livestock in west Texas from 1967-1970. He concluded 1-2% of lamb mortality was caused by GOEA and 25% mortality of kid goats. He suggests that improved surveillance of live stock could decrease crop take by GOEA. In addition, ground and aerial techniques used were not sufficient to provide good estimation of wintering population trends.

Number 34Authors Good, R. E., R. M. Nielson, H. H. Sawyer, and L. L. McDonaldYear 2004Title Population level survey of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in

the western United StatesJournal/Publisher Final report: Western EcoSystems Technology for U.S. Fish and

Wildlife ServicePages/Pub Location Arlington, VirginiaDate of study Aug.-Sept 2003Season Fall (Aug-Sept)

21


Purpose To assess annual rate of population change.Location Bird Conservation Regions 9, 10, 16, and 17 of North AmericaSurvey Area Size 2,117,539 km2Method(s) used Fixed-wing aircraft surveys.Method efficacy More transects = higher accuracy, lower bias, recommend 175

100km transects;, aging difficult, focus on total pop size and juvenile #; suggest 20yr monitoring.

Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Good et al. (2004) conducted 148-100km fixed wing aerial

surveys to evaluate GOEA population numbers in the Bird Conservation Regions 9,10,16, and 17 (much of the western US). 172 GOEA were observed and they estimated total population size of the area to be 27,392. They recommend surveying 175-100km transects annually for 20yrs to detect population change

Number 35Authors Green, R.E.Year 1996Title The status of the Golden Eagle In Britain in 1992Journal/Publisher Bird StudyPages/Pub Location 43:20-27Date of study 1992Season BreedingPurpose To survey for occupancy and reproductive success of known

historical GOEA nesting territories.Location BritainSurvey Area Size 64,805 km2Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Green (1992) presents a review on the status of GOEA in

Britain based on occupancy and reproductive success surveys conducted at historic nesting areas. He concludes that though 442 pairs were located, 0.5% fewer than in an 1982-1983 survey conducting in the same area, the distribution of pairs varied amount 7 geographic regions compared to previous years. Also that breeding success in 6/7 breeding areas was lower than in 1982.

Number 36Authors Haworth, P.F., M.J. Mcgrady, D.P. Whitfield, A.H. Fielding, and

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D.R.A. McLeodYear 2006Title Ranging Distance of resident Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos in

western Scotland according to season and breeding statusJournal/Publisher Bird StudyPages/Pub Location 53:265-273Date of study 1991-1998Season AllPurpose To examine ranging behavior around their nests with respect

to season and breeding status ; compare home-range between a high and low density region.

Location Argyll and Mull, ScotlandSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Haworth et al. (2006) used previously collected data from 9

radio tagged individuals and ground observations of ranging behavior in 5 territories to compare home-range use between a high and low density region. They found that in both locations there were significant differences in range size between seasons and with breeding status. Overall, distances were smaller once young had fledged.

Number 37Authors Hunt, G. And T. HuntYear 2006Title The trend of Golden Eagle territory occupancy in the vicinity of

the Altamont Pass Wind Resource AreaJournal/Publisher PIER Final Project ReportPages/Pub Location California Energy Commission: Public Interest Energy Research

ProgramDate of study 2005Season BreedingPurpose To determine if wind turbine strikes are causing population

declines in the area surrounding the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area.

Location Altamont Pass Wind Resource AreaSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.

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Summary Hunt and Hunt (2006) conducted ground/road surveys of nesting GOEA territories within 30km of a wind energy farm in California as a follow up to a large scale study conducted on the same population from 1994-2000. They found that all 58 surveyed territories remained occupied such that wind blade strikes might be buffered out by recruitment of floaters. They suggest that the most effective way to mitigate blade strike mortality is to increase foraging areas for non-breeding birds.

Number 38Authors Hunt, W.G., R.E. Jackman, T.L. Hunt, D.E. Driscoll, and L. CulpYear 1998Title A population study of Golden Eagles in the Altamont Pass Wind

Resource Area: population trend analysis 1997.Journal/Publisher Report to National Renewable Energy laboratory, Subcontract

XAT-6-16459-01.Pages/Pub Location Predatory Bird Research Group, University of California, Santa

Cruz.Date of study 1994-1997Season AllPurpose A population trend analysis: annual survival rate of each

population segment, reproductive rate, floater-breeder transition rates.

Location Altamont Pass Wind Resource AreaSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Fixed-wing aircraft surveys.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Hunt et al. (1998) conducted a population trend analysis

(1994-1997) for GOEA residing within 30km of the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area boundary. They monitored the activities of 179 radio tagged individuals and assess reproduction at located nests (1996-1997). Dead recoveries of 61 tagged individuals was obtained (23 killed by turbine strikes), annual survival of non-breeders was 0.787 and breeders 0.896. Territory occupancy during the breeding season was 100% and productivity was 0.61 fledglings for a sample of 60 nests. The rate of population change indicated decline with the population most sensitive to changes in adult survival and least affected by variation in juvenile survival and reproduction.

Number 39

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Authors Johnston, N.N., J.E. Bradley, A.C. Pomeroy, and K.A. OtterYear 2013Title Flight paths of migrating Golden Eagles and the risks associated

with wind energy development in the Rocky MountainsJournal/Publisher Avian Conservation and EcologyPages/Pub Location 8:12Date of study Fall 2008, 2009, Spring 2010Season MigrationPurpose To examine flight patterns above a ridge slated for wind energy

development.Location Dokie 1 Wind Energy Project, Rocky MountainsSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Johnston et al. (2013) conducted 217 hours of GOE migration

observation across Fall 2008-2009 and spring 2010 at the proposed Dokie 1 Wind Energy Project at a ridge in the Rocky Mountains. They found migration route over the ridge was characterized by 2x more juveniles and height of flight was affected by wind and temperature.

Number 40Authors Kaisanlahti-Jokimaki, M., J. Jokimaki, E. Huhta, M. Ukkola, P.

Helle, and T. OllilaYear 2008Title Territory occupancy and breeding success of the Golden Eagle

(Aquila chrysaetos) around tourist destinations in northern Finland

Journal/Publisher Ornis FennicaPages/Pub Location 85:2-12Date of study 1990-2004Season BreedingPurpose To evaluate the effects of tourist destinations on territory

occupancy.Location Finnish LaplandSurvey Area Size 41,546 km2Method(s) used Modeling.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Kaisanlahti-Jokimaki et al (2008) investigated the effects of

tourist destinations on GOEA occupancy and success within a

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40kn radius of 12 tourist sites in Finland. They found that occupancy decreased near larger tourist sites, but success was unaffected. They suggest increased tourism and forest harvesting in the future poses a potential threat for increased disturbance in the future.

Number 41Authors Katzner, T., B.W. Smith , T.A. Miller, D. Brandes, J. Cooper, M.

Lanzone, D. Brauning, C. Farmer, S. Harding, D.E. Kramar, C. Koppie,C. Maisonneuve, M. Martell, E.K. Mojica, C. Todd, J.A. Tremblay, M. Wheeler, D.F. Brinker, T.E. Chubbs, R. Gubler, K. O'Malley, S. Mehus, B. Porter, R.P. Brooks, B.D. Watts, and K.L. Bildstein

Year 2012aTitle Status, biology, and conservation priorities for North America's

eastern Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) populationJournal/Publisher The AukPages/Pub Location 129:168-176Date of study N/ASeason N/APurpose A review of the status, biology, threats, and conservation

priorities of GOEA pop east of Mississippi.Location East of MississippiSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used N/AMethod efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Katzner et al. (2012a) provide a brief review of the status,

biology, threats and conservation priorities of GOEA east of the Mississippi river. Focuses include breeding, wintering, and migration ecology, demography, genetics, conservation status, legal protection, and threats.

Number 42Authors Katzner, T.E., D. Brandes, T. Miller, M. Lanzone, C.

Maisonneuve, J.A. Tremblay, R. Mulvihill, and G. T. Merovich Jr.

Year 2012bTitle Topography drives migratory flight altitude of Golden Eagles:

implications for on-shore wind energy developmentJournal/Publisher Journal of Applied EcologyPages/Pub Location 49:1178-186

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Date of study 2006-2009Season AllPurpose To examine flight altitude and migratory behavior of GOEA.Location Pennsylvania, W. Virginia, QuebecSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used 8 MT GPS radio transmitters on GOEA of various agesMethod efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Katzner et al. (2012b) investigated the flight altitude and

migratory behavior by deploying 8 MT GPS radio transmitters on GOEA of varying ages. They found that topography affected flight altitude as well as flight speed (migratory = >10km/hr.; local = 1-5 km/hr.). During local movements and above steep slopes/cliffs eagle had lower altitudes which might make them vulnerable to collision with wind turbines if they were present.

Number 43Authors Kochert M.N. and K. SteenhofYear 2012Title Frequency of nests used by Golden Eagles in southwestern

IdahoJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 46:239-247Date of study 1966-2011Season BreedingPurpose To examine frequency of nest reuse and time elapsed between

use.Location Snake River Birds of Prey Conservation Area, southwestern

IdahoSurvey Area Size 196,255-haMethod(s) used Mix of fixed-wing (5yrs), helicopter (29 years), and ground (10

years) surveys.Method efficacy Short studies likely underestimate use pattern.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Kochert and Steenhof (2012) examined patterns of GOEA nest

reuse in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area (1966-2011). They observed 454 nesting attempts in 66 territories. Individual nests were used 1-26 times, and time elapse between reuse ranged from 1-39 years. 35% of nests were used only once and 34% nesting attempts were completed at nests that had not been used for >10 years.

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Number 44Authors Kochert, M.N. and K. SteenhofYear 2002Title U.S. and Canada: Status, trends, and conservation challengesJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 36:32-40Date of study 1895-1995 literature reviewSeason N/APurpose A literature review to assess status and population trends of

GOEA in U.S. and Canada.Location U.S. and CanadaSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Literature review.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Kochert and Steenhof (2002) conducted a literature review to

assess the status of GOEA in Canada and U.S. They found 4 long-term studies (>=10yr) to use for assessment of long term trend and productivity. They conclude that nesting pops in Alaska and Canada are stable and status in the US is unclear as most of the data is provided by Breeding-Bird Surveys. they ALSO SUGGEST THAT MONITORING BE MORE EXTENSIVE AND RIGOROUS IN ORDER TO PROVE MORE DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT POPULATION TRENDS. Finally they suggest aerial survey could prove useful in wintering counts if conducted >10yrs. Other suggestions for monitoring are included!!!!

Number 45Authors Kochert, M.N., K. Steenhof, L.B. Carpenter, and J.M MarzluffYear 1999Title Effects of fire on Golden Eagle territory occupancy and

reproductive successJournal/Publisher Journal of Wildlife ManagementPages/Pub Location 63:773-780Date of study 1971-1994Season BreedingPurpose To evaluate changes in occupancy and reproductive success

with the occurrence of wildfire.Location Snake River Birds of Prey Conservation Area, southwestern

IdahoSurvey Area Size 196,255-ha

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Method(s) used Mix of ground, boat, vehicle, fixed-wing aircraft, and helicopter.

Method efficacy Productivity needed in addition to occupancy.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Kochert et al. (1999) investigated the effects of wildfire on

occupancy and reproductive success of 36 historical nesting territories in southwestern Idaho from 1971-1994. They found that success in burned territories declined after fires, but pairs able to move to adjacent vacant territories were as successful as pairs in non-burned territories. Inability to move to a vacant territory resulted in decreased reproductive success

Number 46Authors Latta, B.C., D.E. Driscoll, J.L. Linthicum, R.E. Jackman, and G.

DoneyYear 2005Title Capture and translocation of Golden Eagles from the California

Channel Islands to mitigate depredation of endemic Island Foxes

Journal/Publisher Proceedings of the Sixth California Islands Symposium, 2005Pages/Pub Location Pages 341-350Date of study 1999-2003Season AllPurpose To capture and translocate resident GOEA to mitigate island

fox population declines.Location Channel islands, CaliforniaSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Trapping and tracking.Method efficacy Baited bow net only successful trapCost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Latta et al. (2005) trapped 32 of 44 known GOEA from the

Channel Islands, California for translocation as part of a mitigation project to increase island fox populations. 13 adults and 10 juveniles were translocated east of the Sierra Nevada range, and 6 eagles were fostered. 3 individuals died before relocation but tested positive for rodenticide. 12 individuals were satellite tagged and didn't not return to the island for the duration transmitter life (up to 18 months). Island fox populations have since returned to levels prior to declines.

Number 47Authors Lee, D.S.

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Year 1990Title Nesting Golden Eagles in the central and southern

AppalachiansJournal/Publisher The Wilson BulletinPages/Pub Location 102:698-702Date of study N/ASeason N/APurpose To provide a state by state summary of literature concerning

the presumed breeding o GOEA in the central and southern Appalachians.

Location Central and southern AppalachiansSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Literature review.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Lee (1990) provides a summary of literature pertaining to the

presumed breeding of GOEA in the eastern and southern Appalachians. Accounts are rare, yet may authors suggest GOEA are present in the area.

Number 48Authors Lehman, C.PYear 2004Title Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) predation attempts on

Merriam's Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo Merriam) in the Southern Black Hills, South Dakota

Journal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 38:192Date of study 2001-2003Season Winter-springPurpose Documentation of predatoin attempts on wild turkeys.Location Southern Black Hills, South DakotaSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Observation.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Lehman (2002) reports 3 instances of being an eye witness to 3

attempts of GOEA predation on Merriam's Turkey during turkey trapping efforts 2001-2003.

Number 49Authors Madders, M. and D. Walker

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Year 2002Title Golden Eagles in a multiple land-use environment: A case

study in conflict managementJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 36:55-61Date of study 1997-1999Season AllPurpose To describe the importance of a proposed wind energy area in

terms of ranging, diet, activity, and prey distribution.Location Central Kintyre, West ScotlandSurvey Area Size 100 km2Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Madders and Walker (2002) investigated the potential effects

of a proposed wind energy farm on nearby nesting GOEA. They conclude that the area is occupied by potentially affected individuals needs to define the scale of study rater than the property proposed for development itself. Also that in some instances, development can be used to improved previously degraded landscapes to benefit eagles and other raptors (if the corporation is willing to). Finally, future studies need to be site specific and very detailed in order to gage how GOEA will be affected by proposed development.

Number 50Authors Martin, J., C.L. McIntyre, J.E. Hines, J.D. Nichols, J.A. Schmutz,

and M.C. MacCluskieYear 2009Title Dynamic multistate site occupancy models to evaluate

hypotheses relevant to conservation of Golden Eagles in Denali National Park, Alaska

Journal/Publisher Biological ConservationPages/Pub Location 142:2726-2731Date of study 1988-2007Season BreedingPurpose To assess applicability of using multistate occupancy modeling

for management and conservation problems.Location Denali National Park, AlaskaSurvey Area Size 2100 km2Method(s) used Helicopter surveys.Method efficacy Good for parameterizing management models for decision

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making, and applicable to a broad range of management and conservation problems.

Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Martin et al. (2009) applied multistate occupancy modeling to

data collected on a population of GOEA nesting in Denali National Park, Alaska from 1988-2007. They found that snowshoe hare indexes increased reproduction, and the potential for disturbance from recreational activities had no effect on success, but decreased occupancy. They suggest multi state modeling as an effective method which can be applied to a broad class of management and conservation problems that accounts for detectability of a species.

Number 51Authors McGrady, M.J., J.R. Grant, I.P. Bainbridge, and D.R.A. McLeodYear 2002Title A model of Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) Ranging behaviorJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 36:62-69Date of study 1991-1996Season AllPurpose To investigate ranging behavior of GOEA as it relates to land

cover and land use, and to make a mapping model to describe ranging behavior.

Location Argyll, ScotlandSurvey Area Size 500 km2Method(s) used Radio tracking.Method efficacy Model proven successful in starting discussions between

developers, conservation agencies, and land-use regulators. Identifying areas of greatest conservation concern and predicting core area and range boundaries accurately = good. Good in the study area but not been applied elsewhere.

Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary McGrady et al. (2002) successfully tracked the movements of 7

territory holding adult GOEA. They found the minimum convex polygon home range size to be 7384 ha, and constructed a model to describe GOEA ranging behavior. Their model has been successfully used as a recommendation tool for identifying areas of greatest conservation concern in the study area. Also in identifying land cover most used by eagles in the study area

Number 52

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Authors McIntyre, C.L.Year 2002Title Patterns in nesting area occupancy and reproductive success of

Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, 1988-1999

Journal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 36:50-54Date of study 1988-1999Season BreedingPurpose Assess territory occupancy and reproductive success.Location Denali National Park, AlaskaSurvey Area Size 1,800 km 2Method(s) used Helicopter surveys.Method efficacy Aerial surveys are most time and cost effective survey means

for the area.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary McIntyre (2002) conducted annual (1988-1999) helicopter

surveys in April (incubation) and July (near fledging) of all known nest sites in Denali National Park, Alaska. All known sites were visited and some new sites found. Ys by foot and dog-sled were conducted to supplement aerial surveys throughout the season. She reports occupancy rate, laying rate, success rate, and mean brood size as her findings. She also examined results as a function of prey fluctuation by recording the number of snowshoe hare and Willow ptarmigan observed during field activities. Results suggest GOEA reproductive success is influenced by prey available early in the nesting stage and that occupancy rates remained stable.

Number 53Authors McIntyre, C.L.Year 2012Title Quantifying Sources of mortality and wintering ranges of

Golden Eagles from interior Alaska using banding an Satellite tracking

Journal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 46:129-134Date of study 1988-2009Season AllPurpose To assess winter distribution and mortality cause from band

sightings and radio tracking.Location Denali National Park, Alaska

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Survey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Trapping and tracking.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary McIntyre (2012) banded 307 near-fledge GOEA from 1988-

2009 and radio tagged (Microwave Telemetry) 48 of individuals from 1997-1999. 10 banded-only individuals were reencountered <2km from road or human settlement. 6 were dead with the primary causes of death being shooting or electrocution. 14 radio tagged individuals were recovered dead with starvation being the primary cause of death (n=9), one electrocution, and one poached. The wintering range of radio tagged individuals was determined to be much broader extending from New Mexico to Alberta, and banded only from Alberta to northern Mexico.

Number 54Authors McIntyre, C.L. and L.G. AdamsYear 1999Title Reproductive characteristics of migratory Golden Eagles in

Denali National Park, AlaskaJournal/Publisher The CondorPages/Pub Location 101:115-123Date of study 1988-1997Season BreedingPurpose describe the reproductive characteristic (occupancy, lay rate,

success rate, brood size) of GOEA during entire snowshoe hare cycle

Location Denali National Park, AlaskaSurvey Area Size 1800 km2Method(s) used Helicopter surveys; ground monitoring.Method efficacy Using only snowshoe hare index explained 90% of variability

on success.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary McIntyre and Adams (1999) described the relationship

between occupancy, lay rate, success rate, and brood size with snowshoe hare abundance. They found that occupancy was stable 81% across the study. Variations in lay rate (33-90%), success rate (42-88%), and brood size (1.43) were correlated with the snowshoe hare index.

Number 55

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Authors McIntyre, C.L. and J. H. SchmidtYear 2012Title Ecological and environmental correlates of territory occupancy

and breeding performance of migratory Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos in interior Alaska

Journal/Publisher IbisPages/Pub Location 154:124-135Date of study 1998-2010Season BreedingPurpose To model territory occupancy, nesting rate, nesting success,

and productivity as it relates to weather, human disturbance, and prey abundance.

Location Denali National Park, AlaskaSurvey Area Size 2100mk2Method(s) used Helicopter surveys; ground monitoring.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary McIntyre and Schmidt (2012) performed Bayesian hierarchal

modeling of data collected on GOEA in Denali National Park (1988-2010) to explore the influence of prey abundance, weather, elevation and human disturbance on territory occupancy, nesting rate, nesting success, and productivity. The found snowshoe hair abundance effected the number of pairs that laid eggs and the number of nests which were successful. Weather and ground conditions around nests did not explain the observed decrease in nesting rates or productivity . They suggest future studies incorporate aspects of migration and winter habitat into their models.

Number 56Authors McIntyre, C.L., M.W. Collopy, and M.S. LindbergYear 2006aTitle Survival probability and mortality of migratory juvenile Golden

Eagles from interior AlaskaJournal/Publisher The Journal of Wildlife ManagementPages/Pub Location 70:717-722Date of study 1997 & 1999Season AllPurpose investigate juvenile survival probability fledge-next springLocation Denali National Park, AlaskaSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Trapping and tracking.

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Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary McIntyre et al. (2006a) used satellite telemetry to assess

juvenile survival over autumn and spring migration. They tagged 22 individuals in 1997 with an 11 month survival of 0.34 and 21 in 1999 with an 11-month survival of 0.19. They suggest that more research is needed in order to determine if productivity is the best predictor of survival in migratory and non migratory GOEA. And that differences in yearly survival rates may have strong implications for population dynamics.

Number 57Authors McIntyre, C.L., M.W. Collopy, J.G. Kidd, A.A. Stickney, and J.

PaynterYear 2006bTitle Characteristics of the landscape surrounding Golden Eagle nest

sites in Denali National Park and Preserve, AlaskaJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 40:46-51Date of study N/ASeason BreedingPurpose describe land cover characteristics 3,000m around 36 GOEA

nestsLocation Denali National Park, AlaskaSurvey Area Size 2100km2Method(s) used Modeling.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary McIntyre et al. (2006b) described land cover within 3,000m

around 36 GOEA nests in Denali National Park, Alaska. They found that Alpine was the most common physiographic zone and low-shrub was the most predominant land cover in territory cores. They suggest using range data rather than a radius around territory centers to better describe landscape characteristics of GOEA nesting territories.

Number 58Authors McLeod, M.R.A., and M.J. McGradyYear 2002Title Improving prediction of Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)

ranging in western Scotland using GIS and terrain modelingJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor Research

36


Pages/Pub Location 36:70-77Date of study N/ASeason N/APurpose provide an improved model for assessing ranging in GOEALocation ScotlandSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Modeling.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary McLeod et al. (2002) provide an improved model for assessing

GOEA ranging based on previous methods of ranging behavior, the central point, and elevation, but now including aspects of the terrain features.

Number 59Authors Millsap, B.A. and S.L. VanaYear 1984Title Distribution of wintering Golden Eagles in the eastern United

StatesJournal/Publisher The Wilson BulletinPages/Pub Location 96:692-701Date of study 1979-1982Season WinterPurpose To summarize mid-winter GOEA survey data collected by the

Nat. Wildlife Federation's Raptor Information Center and other published reports for the eastern U.S.

Location US east of the Mississippi riverSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Foot, vehicle, boat, helicopter, fixed-wing.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Millsap and Vana (1984) provide a summarization of the data

available for GOEA distributions in the eastern U.S. as provided by the National Wildlife Federations large scale annual mid-winter survey and publish literature sightings. Their report describes area specific trends (for some locations) and habitat information when available.

Number 60Authors Millsap, B.A., T.G. Grubb, R.K, Murphy, T. Swem, and J.W.

WatsonYear 2015

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Title Conservation Significance of alternative nests of Golden EaglesJournal/Publisher Global Ecology and ConservationPages/Pub Location 3:234-241Date of study N/ASeason BreedingPurpose A literature review of nest occupancy and use of alternative

nests.Location N/ASurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Literature review.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Millsap et al. (2015) conducted a liter Review on GOEA use of

alternative nests and occupancy of nesting territories to determine the importance of conserving areas with alternative nests. They found that alternative nests and their associated habitat are normally in the core area of GOEA nesting territories, alt. nests will likely be used in the future with a probability highest with high prey density and limited alternative nest sites, reoccupancy in GOEA nesting territories is high, and prey availability is the most important determinant in in occupancy and breeding activity.

Number 61Authors Morneau, F., S. Brodeur, R. Decarie, S. Carriere, and D. BirdYear 1994Title Abundance and distribution of nesting Golden Eagles in

Hudson Bay, QuebecJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 28:220-225Date of study 1990-1993Season Summer/nestlingPurpose Assessing abundance, density, nesting habits, and productivity.Location Hudson Bay region; QuebecSurvey Area Size 19,500 km2Method(s) used Helicopter surveys.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Morneau et al. (1994) performed helicopter surveys of many

cliffs in the Hudson Bay area of Quebec to survey for GOEA nests during the summer nestling stage 1990-1993. Among all years they located 20 nesting areas and observed a total of 31

38


active nests. All nesting locations and cliffs were not visited consistently (i.e. same locations or same month) each year which introduced uncertainty in their findings and parameter estimates.

Number 62Authors Morneau, F., B. Gagnon, S. Poliquin, P. Lamothe, N. D'Astous,

and J.A. TremblayYear 2012Title Breeding status and population trends of Golden Eagles in

northeastern Quebec, CanadaJournal/Publisher Avian Conservation and EcologyPages/Pub Location 7:4Date of study 1994, 97, 98, 2000, 02, 04, 07Season BreedingPurpose Assessment of occupancy, laying date, and productivity.Location Moisie and Saint-Marquerite River Valleys, QuebecSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Helicopter surveys.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Morneau et al. (2012) conduct 7 years (1994, 1997, 1998,

2000, 2002, 2004, 2007) of GOEA occupancy and productivity surveying in the Moisie and Sanite-Marquerite River valleys, Quebec, Canada. Helicopter surveys were conducted twice per year to determine pre-hatch occupancy and productivity of eagles nesting on the cliffs surrounding the river valleys. They found that that the number of territories increased from 10-20 and the number of laying pairs increased from 6-14.

Number 63Authors Moss, E.H.R, T. Hipkiss, F. Ecke, H. Dettki, P. Sandstrom, P.H.

Bloom, J.W. Kidd, S.E. Thomas, and B. HornfeldtYear 2014Title Home-range size and examples of post-nesting movements for

adult Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Boreal SwedenJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 48:93-105Date of study 2011-2012Season BreedingPurpose Assessing home range size.Location Boreal Sweden

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Survey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Trapping and tracking.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Moss et al. (2014) placed GPS radio transmitters on 29 adult

GOEA and recorded their movements through out the breeding season to determine home-range size. 15 adults in 9 territories obtained sufficient data points (>100 location per season), therefore home range was estimated using locations of 1 eagle per territory (N=9). They report the largest known home range sizes (60-605 km2) and conclude that home range size appeared to be inversely related to the proportion of clear-cut areas in the territory.

Number 64Authors Nystrom, J. J. Ekenstedt, A. Angerbjorn, L. Thulin, P. Hellstrom,

and L. DalenYear 2006Title Golden Eagles on the Swedish mountain tundra: Diet and

breeding success in relation to prey fluctuationsJournal/Publisher Ornis FennicaPages/Pub Location 83:145-152Date of study 1998-2003Season BreedingPurpose To assess relationship between diet, prey density, and

reproductive success.Location Northern SwedenSurvey Area Size 4800 km2Method(s) used Ground and helicopter.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Nystrom et al. (2006) monitored 23 GOEA territories from

1998-2003 to investigate the effects of prey density on the nesting success and diet of a resident population in Northern Sweden. Nests were visited twice per year by snowmobile and helicopter, prey remains and pellets were collected, and prey density was estimated from walking transects and snap trapping rodents. They found no relationship between occupancy and prey density indexes, however the proportion of breeding pairs with in the population fluctuated with prey.

Number 65

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Authors Ollila, T.Year 2005Title The monitoring project of the Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos

in FinlandJournal/Publisher Status of Raptor Populations in Eastern FennoscandiaPages/Pub Location Proceedings of the Workshop, Kostomuksha, Karelia, Russia,

November 8-10,2005.Date of study 1980-2005Season BreedingPurpose To assess occupancy and productivity of GOEA in Finland.Location FinlandSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used N/AMethod efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Ollila (2005) discusses the general trend in occupancy, success,

and productivity in GOEA in Finland, and provides an overview of data collection efforts. Since 1995, volunteers have banded 70-80% of known nestlings in Finland. 416 territories are known, 73% occupancy, average productivity 0.57 for all initiated nests, and 1.2 for successful nests.

Number 66Authors Omland, K.S. and S.W. HoffmanYear 1998Title Seasonal, diel, and spatial dispersion patterns of Golden Eagle

autumn migration in southwestern MontanaJournal/Publisher The CondorPages/Pub Location 98:633-636Date of study 1991Season Fall migrationPurpose To characterize spatial dispersion, diel, and age specific

patterns in migration.Location Bridger Range lookouts near Bozeman, MOSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Omland and Hoffman (1998) conducted [approximately

400hrs] direct observations of GOEA migrating over Bridger Ridge in Montana. They found a proportional change in the age of migrating eagles shift from immature in September to adults

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in mid-October. They also found random dispersion patterns suggesting GOEA do not use visual cues to find thermal updrafts. Finally they found that immatures spent more time during the day migrating, or were less selective about time of day.

Number 67Authors O'Toole, L.T., P.L. Kennedy, R.L. Knight, and L.C. McEwenYear 1999Title Post fledging behavior of Golden EaglesJournal/Publisher The Wilson BulletinPages/Pub Location 111:472-477Date of study 1993-1994Season Breeding to fallPurpose To quantify pre-dispersal behavior of GOEA fledglings.Location Little Missouri National GrasslandSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Ground and aerial.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary O'Toole et al. (1999) placed radio transmitters on 28 nestling

GOEAs to monitor pre-dispersal behaviors in 20 territories. 416 hrs. of behavioral observations were made, averaging 15.4/hr./bird. They found that distance from nest increased with age, and vocalization frequency increased when a parent was present. They found no difference in the call frequency to distance from nest for tagged siblings, but that great variability in call and distance existed between nests.

Number 68Authors Page, J.L. and D.J. SeibertYear 1973Title Inventory of Golden Eagle nests in Elko County, NevadaJournal/Publisher Cal-Neva WildlifePages/Pub Location 8 pagesDate of study 1972Season BreedingPurpose Attempt to inventory, assess occupancy and productivity.Location Elko County, NevadaSurvey Area Size 17,000 mi2Method(s) used Fixed-wing aircraft surveys.Method efficacy Not provided.

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Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Page and Seibert (1973) performed an inventory of nesting

GOEA in Elko County, Nevada in 1972. They located 88 nests, and rechecked 50 nests for productivity assessment. 93% of nests were on cliffs, 84% within 2 miles of water, and productivity was 1.1 fledglings/nest.

Number 69Authors Pedrini, P. and F. SergioYear 2001aTitle Density, productivity, diet, and human persecution of Golden

Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the central-eastern Italian AlpsJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 35:40-48Date of study 1982-1992Season BreedingPurpose To examine nest dispersion, density, prey remains, and

productivity.Location Central-eastern Italian AlpsSurvey Area Size 7,800 km2Method(s) used Ground surveys.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Pedrini and Sergio (2001a) investigated population stability of

GOEA in the central-eastern Italian Alps by performing ground surveys in a 7800 km2 study plot. They located 46 nesting pairs at a density of 5.9 pairs/1000km2 with regular dispersion of nest areas. All nests except one were on cliffs and each nest area contained 1-9 alternative nests. Diet was composed of primarily mammals and birds, and pairs containing 2 adult aged birds fledged more young (0.71 SE 0.1 N=51) than adult/sub-adult pairs (0.11 SE 0.1 N=9)

Number 70Authors Pedrini, P. and F. SergioYear 2001bTitle Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos density and productivity in

relation to land abandonment and forest expansion in the AlpsJournal/Publisher Bird StudyPages/Pub Location 48:194-199Date of study 1984-1989Season Breeding

43


Purpose To evaluate relationship between GOEA nest spacing, productivity, density, with extent of woodland surrounding.

Location Italian AlpsSurvey Area Size 7800 km2Method(s) used Ground surveys.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Pedrini an Sergio (2001b) examined the relationship between

percent forest cover and GOEAS density due to afforestation in the Italian alps potentially decreasing available foraging habitat. In relation to percent forest, productivity was unaffected, however forest expansion suggest a 5-9% decrease in density over the next 20 years. Density estimate were taken from all available studies on the same population.

Number 71Authors Phillips, R.L., T.P. McEneaney, and A.E. BeskeYear 1984Title Population densities of breeding Golden Eagles in WyomingJournal/Publisher Wildlife Society BulletinPages/Pub Location 12:269-273Date of study 1976-1982Season BreedingPurpose To determine breeding density.Location WyomingSurvey Area Size 19,395-km2Method(s) used Fixed-wing & helicopter surveys, ground searches.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Phillips et al. (1984) searched for GOEA in 12 areas in Wyoming

to correlate density with land cover. They found 320 pairs nesting at densities of 34-89 km2/pair in the 12 areas. The highest density was in sagebrush-mixed riparian habitat, and the lowest in sagebrush with large agricultural tracts.

Number 72Authors Pinger, A.J.Year 2013Title Application of GIS and spatial analysis of Golden Eagle fatalities

caused by wind turbines at the Altamont Pass Wind ResourceJournal/Publisher Thesis

44


Pages/Pub Location Portland State University, Portland, OregonDate of study 1998-2011Season AllPurpose To characterize wind turbine strikes causing GOEA fatalities.Location Altamont Pass Wind Resource AreaSurvey Area Size 165 km2Method(s) used Public database referenced.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Pinger (2013) analyzed data collect from fatality records

archived by Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area for GOEA strikes 1998-2011. 213,824 turbine searches were conducted and 7,559 fatalities recorded, with GOEA accounting for 216 records. He found that 70.9% of GOEA strikes occurred at "lattice" structured turbines. Mean turbine elevation was 250.8m, and aspect was near 317 degrees.

Number 73Authors Preston, C.R.Year 2013Title Golden Eagle nesting ecology in the Bighorn Basin: Influence of

landscape composition, energy development and other human activity on Golden Eagle nesting distribution, success, productivity, and diet

Journal/Publisher 2013 Progress ReportPages/Pub Location Drapter Natural History Museum, Cody, WyomingDate of study 2009-2013Season BreedingPurpose To examine nesting distribution, success, productivity, diet in

relation to energy development and land composition.Location Bighorn Basin, WyomingSurvey Area Size 250,00-haMethod(s) used Helicopter and fixed-wing surveys, ground follow-up.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Preston (2013) provides a project update for nesting

distribution, success, productivity, and diet of GOE in Bighorn Basin Wyoming. From 2009-2013, 2 annual helicopter/fixed-wing surveys have been conducted and identified 66 nests with a nesting density of 1/42 km2. Results from 6-8 nests monitored 6hr/wk. from hatch to fledge are forth coming. Road surveys to detect lagomorph populations have been

45


conducted 3x/yr. on 5-5mi transects (2009-2013) and fluctuation in population appear to coincide with nesting success and GOEA population fluctuations.

Number 74Authors Rodriguez-Estrella, R.Year 2002Title A survey of Golden Eagles in northern Mexico in 1984 and

recent records in central and south Baja California peninsulaJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 36:3-9Date of study Mexico: 1984; Baja records: 1893-2000Season Mexico: Winter, Baja: AllPurpose 1st national survey to determine actual and potential range

and resident population of GOEA in Northern Mexico, and report on the literuature on eagles in Baja, California (1893-2000, and surveys 1984-1996).

Location Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas, Chihuahua, Sonora, Baja California

Survey Area Size 772,193 km2Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Talking with local people identified future survey sites not

included in this study; not enough information to determine trends, but data collected helpful if surveys are repeated.

Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Rodriguez- Estrella (2002) present data collected by foot and

vehicle surveys for possible GOEA nests in N. Mexico (1984) and Baja California (1984-1996). Irregular repeated surveys in Baja suggest breeding and over-wintering populations are stable. The single survey conducted in N. Mexico does not provide enough information to examine population trends or estimate density due to surveys being conducted in Winter. Talking with local residents in the states surveyed did help guide which areas to be searched and identified other states outside the study area which should be incorporated into future studies.

Number 75Authors Rodriguez-Estrella, R., J. llinas-gutierrez, and J. CancinoYear 1991Title New Golden Eagle records from Baja CaliforniaJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor Research

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Pages/Pub Location 25:68-71Date of study 1984-1989; sporadicSeason VariablePurpose To report new observations of GOEA in Baja California at the

southern tip of their range to contribute new info to species distribution.

Location Baja CaliforniaSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Rodriguez-Estrella et al. (1991) present new evidence of GOEA

occupying areas of Baja, CA. Evidence comes from sporadic sightings, the recovery of one dead, banded GOEA, and reports of eagles trapped by landowners. Their information adds to that which is known about the distribution of GOEA in the southern portion of their range.

Number 76Authors Sanchez-Zapata, J.A., J.F. Calvo, M. Carrete, and J.E. MartinezYear 2000Title Age and breeding success of a Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos

population in southeastern SpainJournal/Publisher Bird StudyPages/Pub Location 47:235-237Date of study 1997-1998Season Breeding (feb-jun)Purpose To correlate age with reproductive parameters (%pairs laying,

% pairs reaching hatch, brood size, and number fledged).Location Murcia, southeastern SpainSurvey Area Size 11320 km2Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Sanchez-Zapata et al. (2000) investigated the differences in

reproductive performance based on age for known GOEA territories in Murcia, Spain. They found that adult pairs had higher reproductive rates compared to those with at least one sub adult. Overall the productivity at their site was higher than other European populations and intermediate in terms of other populations in Spain.

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Number 77Authors Sandgren, C.Year 2012Title Habitat use and ranging behaviour of GPS tracked juvenile

Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos)Journal/Publisher Examensarbete I Amnet BiologiPages/Pub Location Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sveriges

lantbruksuniversitetDate of study 2010-2011Season Breeding post-fledgePurpose To investigate post-fledging resource use.Location Northern SwedenSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Trapping and tracking.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Sandgren (2012)successfully tracked 9 individual GOEA from

fledge to migration using GPS satellite transmitters in northern Sweden (2010-2011). She found that distance from nest and home range size increased over time and home range averaged 41 +-10 km2. Clear-cut areas and coniferous forests were used more than expected and all other land cover types were used less than expected. In addition south aspects and all slopes greater than 5 degrees were used more than expected. Migration of all individuals took place between 2 Oct and 6 Nov.

Number 78Authors Smallwood, K.S. and C. ThelanderYear 2008Title Bird mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area,

CaliforniaJournal/Publisher Journal of Wildlife ManagementPages/Pub Location 72:215-223Date of study 1998-2003Season AllPurpose To estimate wind turbine strikes.Location Altamont Pass Wind Resource AreaSurvey Area Size 165 km2Method(s) used Trapping and tracking.Method efficacy 53-90d between searches too long and causes imprecision,

estimates likely lower than actual kills, 3+ years of data

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needed.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Smallwood and Thelander (2008) investigate wind turbine

mortalities at Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area from 1998-2003. A 50m radius around 4074 turbines was searched 2-34 times for a total of 32,439 turbine searches. They found 1,157 carcasses (raptor and non-raptor) and estimate 1,127 raptors are killed annually from strikes when accounting for searcher detection error and scavenger removal. Authors suggest that their 53-90d search interval is to long and resulted in imprecise numbers such that actual mortality is likely higher than what has been estimated.

Number 79Authors Soutullo, A., V. Urios, M. Ferrer, and P. Lopez-LopezYear 2008Title Habitat use by juvenile Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos in

SpainJournal/Publisher Bird StudyPages/Pub Location 55:236-240Date of study 2002-2004Season AllPurpose To associate land cover with juvenile dispersal area during 1st

year.Location Eastern SpainSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Trapping and tracking.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Soutullo et al. (2008) used raid telemetry data collected from 7

PPT Argos compatible radio transmitters on 7 juvenile GOEA to evaluate 1st year habitat use (2002-2004). They found land cover type in the dispersal area varied greatly between individuals, and habitat use was broad. No aggregation into temporary settlements was found.

Number 80Authors Soutullo, A., V. Urios, M. Ferrer, and S.G. PenarrubiaYear 2006Title Dispersal of Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos during their first

year of lifeJournal/Publisher Bird Study

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Pages/Pub Location 53:258-264Date of study 2002-2004Season AllPurpose To examine juvenile dispersal spatially and temporally in 1st

year.Location Eastern SpainSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Trapping and tracking.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Soutullo et al. (2006) investigated the dispersal patterns of 13

radio tagged juvenile GOEAs (2002-2004) during their 1st year. They found that females explored a greater area on average (10,652 km2) than males (3,713 km2) and all individuals exploratory areas increased as the year progressed.

Number 81Authors Steenhof, K. and M.N. KochertYear 1988Title Dietary responses of three raptor species to changing prey

densities in a natural environmentJournal/Publisher Journal of Animal EcologyPages/Pub Location 57:37-48Date of study 1971-1981Season BreedingPurpose To examine diet of GOEA, RTHA, and PRFA in relation to

changing prey density.Location Snake River Birds of Prey Conservation Area, southwestern

IdahoSurvey Area Size 340,000-haMethod(s) used Prey remains collection.Method efficacy Underestimates the number of individuals taken, but provides

good relative frequencies.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Steenhof and Kochert (1988) collected prey remains and

pellets from an undefined number of GOEA, RTHW, and PRFA nests to correlate diet and changing prey population. Prey populations were monitored by spotlighting rabbits, and using live or snap traps for smaller species. Jack rabbits appear to be the preferred prey of GOEA, and the number taken correlate to the rabbit density but is unaffected by densities of other potential prey species.

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Number 82Authors Steenhof, K., M.N. Kochert, and T.L. McDonaldYear 1997Title Interactive effects of prey and weather on Golden Eagle

reproductionJournal/Publisher Journal of Animal EcologyPages/Pub Location 66:350-362Date of study 1971-1994Season BreedingPurpose To assess the interaction between reproduction, weather

factors, and prey abundance.Location Snake River Birds of Prey Conservation Area, southwestern

IdahoSurvey Area Size 24300-haMethod(s) used Foot, boat, helicopter, or fixed wing aircraft.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Steenhof eta al. (1997) investigated the effects of weather and

prey abundance on GOE reproduction from surveys conducted from 1971-1994. They concluded that jack rabbit abundance limited reproduction 2/3 of the years studies, and weather influenced how severe reproductive declines were.

Number 83Authors Rideout, D.W., D.A. Sweptson, and B.C. ThompsonYear 1984Title Golden Eagle nesting and food habits surveyed in the Trans-

Pecos and Panhandle of Texas, 1979-1983Journal/Publisher Federal Aid Project W-103-RPages/Pub Location Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, TexasDate of study 1979-1983Season BreedingPurpose To determine status of GOEA nesting population in Texas.Location Panhandle and Trans-Pecos regions of TexasSurvey Area Size Panhandle: 12,076-mi2; Trans-Pecos: 27,000-mi2Method(s) used Helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft.Method efficacy Ground surveys ineffectiveCost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Rideout et al. (1984) performed ground (1979-1982) and 1

aerial survey (1983) for GOEA nesting in the TX Panhandle. They also report the findings of 1 fixed-wing survey for eagles

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in the TX Trans-Pecos region. 36 active nests were discovered in the Panhandle and 59 in the Trans-Pecos. From the 35 nests prey remains were collected at in the Panhandle, they conclude lagomorphs dominate the diet of GOEA.

Number 84Authors Tapia, L., J. Dominguez, and L. RodriguezYear 2009Title Using probability of occurrence to assess potential interaction

between wind farms and residual population of Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos in NW Spain

Journal/Publisher Biodiversity and ConservationPages/Pub Location 18:2033-2041Date of study 1997-2002Season BreedingPurpose To correlate wind turbine density with probability of

occurrence.Location Glacia, SpainSurvey Area Size 7,278 km 2Method(s) used Modeling.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Tapia et al. (2009) examined wind turbine density with the

probability of GOEA occurrence in Glacia, Spain. The entire known population (5-6 pairs/yr.) were monitored by undefined methods between 1997 and 2002. They found no significant correlation between current wind turbine density the probability of occurrence. A positive correlation was found between the current and future projected turbine density and the probability of occurrence, inferring that future development could pose a risk to the population.

Number 85Authors Tjernberg, M.Year 1983Title Prey abundance and reproductive success of the Golden Eagle

Aquila chrysaetos in SwedenJournal/Publisher Holarctic EcologyPages/Pub Location 6:17-23Date of study 1975-1980Season BreedingPurpose To compare reproductive success with prey abundance.

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Location North and South SwedenSurvey Area Size north = 20,000; South = 85,000Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Tjernberg (1983) compared prey abundance to the

reproductive success and productivity of 50-106 GOEA nests per year (175-1980) in 2 study areas (north and south Sweden). Prey abundance data was derived from hunter bag reports and the BIG Rodent Survey Project, and GOEA nests were visited once per year (Jun-Aug) to assess success and productivity of known nests in the study areas. He found significant correlations in between success and productivity of GOEA and bag statistics and vole numbers in the North study area only. No significant correlations were found in the southern study area.

Number 86Authors Vittorio, M.D. and P. Lopez-LopezYear 2014Title Spatial distribution and breeding performance of Golden

Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Sicily: implications for conservation

Journal/Publisher ACTA OrnithologicalPages/Pub Location 49:33-45Date of study 1990-2012Season BreedingPurpose To quantify habitat relationships with breeding performance.Location SicilySurvey Area Size 25,414 km2Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Vittorio and Lopez-Lopez (2014) monitored 16 GOEA territories

by regular field visits during to breeding season in Sicily from 1990-2012. Measuring habitat characteristics (topographic, land use, climatic) they modeled the relationship with breeding performance. They found that topographic characteristics (i.e. slope) was the most important predictor of occupancy at the landscape and territory scale. The best predictor for breeding output at the territory scale was sparse vegetation, and average annual temp (positive) and artificial surface area

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(negative) at the landscape scale.

Number 87Authors WacIawek, K. and T. MizeraYear 2002Title The status of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in PolandJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor ResearchPages/Pub Location 36:25-28Date of study N/ASeason BreedingPurpose To describe population trends and efforts by the Eagle

Conservation Committee (KOO).Location PolandSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Not providedMethod efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary WacIawek and Mizera (2002) describe the historic and present

population trends of GOEA nesting in various regions in Poland. The briefly present the findings of the Eagle Conservation Committee (KOO) who work to conserve GOEA in Poland. KOO concluded than approximately 30-35 pairs nest in Poland with very high nesting success, but population density is shifting between regions.

Number 88Authors Walker, D., M. McGrady, A. McCluskie, M. Madders, and D.R.A.

McLeodYear 2005Title Resident Golden Eagle ranging behaviour before and after

construction of a wind farm in ArgyllJournal/Publisher Scottish BirdsPages/Pub Location 25:24-40Date of study 1997-2004Season AllPurpose Describe observations of 1 pair of GOEA to monitor range

occupancy, habitat use and foraging effort .Location Beinn an Tuirc wind farm, ArgyllSurvey Area Size 34 km2Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.

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Summary Walker et al. (2005) monitored a single resident pair of nesting GOEA before, during and after construction of a nearby wind farm for a total of 776 hrs. After construction of the wind farm, a nearby plantation forestry was felled to mitigate lost GOEA foraging habitat and attempt to draw GOEA away from wind farm. The found that the eagles used the felled area 3x more frequently than the same area before clearing which shifted their ranging away from the wind farm

Number 89Authors Wallace, Z.P.Year 2014Title Effects of oil and natural gas development on territory

occupancy of Ferruginous Hawks and Golden Eagles in Wyoming, USA

Journal/Publisher ThesisPages/Pub Location Oregon State University, Corvallis, OregonDate of study 2010-2013Season BreedingPurpose Ferruginous hawk and GOEA occupancy modeling, and to

investigate effects of oil and gas development on occupancy.Location WyomingSurvey Area Size 114,217 km2Method(s) used Fixed wing aircraft.Method efficacy Aircraft reduce road bias, before and after development

studies needed to make inferences about species - energy development relationships.

Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Wallace (2014) conducted fixed wing aircraft surveys from

2010-2011 to establish historical nesting sites and performed occupancy surveys in 2012-2013 for GOEA and 2011-2013 for FEHA. Aside from FEHA, they located 57 GOEA territories (33 occupied in 2012 and 32 occupied in 2013). They concluded that for GOEA nest substrate best predicted occupancy and presence of oil or gas facilities had no relationship.

Number 90Authors Watson, J. and P. WhitfieldYear 2002Title A conservation framework for the Golden Eagle (Aquila

chrysaetos) in ScotlandJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor Research

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Pages/Pub Location 36: 41-49Date of study N/ASeason N/APurpose To discuss historical and current conservation constraints

assoc. with GOEA in Scotland.Location ScotlandSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used N/AMethod efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Watson and Whitfield (2002) present and discuss historical and

current constraints surrounding the protection and conservation of GOEA population in Scotland.

Number 91Authors Watson, J.W., A.A. Duff, and R.W. DaviesYear 2014Title Home range and resource selection by GPS_monitored adult

Golden Eagles in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion: implications for wind energy development

Journal/Publisher Journal of Wildlife ManagementPages/Pub Location 78:1012-1021Date of study 2004-2013Season AllPurpose To examine home range and land cover types.Location Columbia Plateau Ecoregion, Washington & OregonSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Trapping and tracking.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Watson et al. (2014) investigated home range and land cover

type for 17 GPS radio tracked resident GOEA in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion. 12 males and 5 females were tracked for up to 7 years from 2004-2013. Multi-year, annual, non-breeding, and breeding home ranges were determined. GOEA appeared to select for rugged, upper slopes, and ridge tops which appeared to have correlated to prey abundance, deflective wind currents, and proximity to nests.

Number 92Authors Whitfield, D.P., A.H. Feilding, D.R.A. McLeod, K. Morton, P.

Stirling-Aird, and M.A. Eaton

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Year 2007Title Factors constraining the distribution of Golden Eagles Aquila

chrysaetos in Scotland.Journal/Publisher Bird StudyPages/Pub Location 54:199-211Date of study 1982-2003Season BreedingPurpose To examine population trends from 1982-2003 of GOEA in

Scotland.Location ScotlandSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Modeling.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Whitfield et al. (2007) investigated population trends for the

Scotland population of GOEA based on 3 national censuses (1982, 1992, 2003). They found that the only areas with a population decline were those in which grouse moor management predominates and persecution is likely high.

Number 93Authors Whitfield, D.P., A.H. Fielding, D.R.A. McLeod, and P.F. HaworthYear 2004Title The effects of persecution on age of breeding and territory

occupation in Golden Eagles in ScotlandJournal/Publisher Biological ConservationPages/Pub Location 118:249-259Date of study 1982 and 1992 (archived data)Season nat surveysPurpose To evaluate the effects of persecution on the population

dynamic of GOEA.Location ScotlandSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Modeling.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Whitfield et al. (2004) used data collected from the Scotland

national GOEA surveys (1982, 1992) and documented incidents of poisonings to investigate the effects of persecution on GOE population dynamics. They found that persecution reduced adult survival and was associated with decreasing age of first breeding, territory vacancies, and territory use by non-

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breeding immature individuals. In addition they found that persecution, particularly in association with grouse moor management, was occurring in may regions.

Number 94Authors Wiens, J.D., P.S. Kolar, M.R. Fuller, W.G. Hunt, and T. HuntYear 2015Title Estimation of occupancy, breeding success, and abundance of

Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the Diablo Range, California, 2014

Journal/Publisher Open-File Report 2015-1039Pages/Pub Location U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Geological SurveyDate of study 2014Season BreedingPurpose To use multistate occupancy sampling design to estimate

occupancy, breeding success, and abundance.Location Diablo Range, CaliforniaSurvey Area Size 5,170 km2Method(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Sampling design highly effective for estimating and detecting

variation of landscape occupancy and breeding success. Must account for imperfect detection in models

Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Wiens et al. (2015) performed multistate occupancy modeling

with program MARK to estimate occupancy, breeding success, and abundance of territorial pairs of GOEA in Diablo Range, California in 2014. They randomly sampled 133 of 373 1,385-ha sample sites four times per year from 1-4 observation points that provided full viewing coverage. 899 GOEA detections occurred and 98 territorial pairs in 87 sites were observed; 40 additional pairs were observed outside the random study sites. Detection probability was <1 and varied with time of season and presence of historical data. Their study illustrates the importance of including imperfect detection into modeling efforts for occupancy, success, and abundance.

Number 95Authors Yates, R.E.., B.R. McClelland, P.T. McClelland, C.H. Key, and R.E.

BennettsYear 2001Title The influence of weather on Golden Eagle migration in

northwestern MontanaJournal/Publisher Journal of Raptor Research

58


Pages/Pub Location 35:81-90Date of study 1994-1996Season Spring and fall migrationPurpose To investigate the effects of weather conditions on migrating

GOEA.Location Glacier National Park, MontanaSurvey Area Size Not definedMethod(s) used Ground.Method efficacy Not provided.Cost (if provided) Not provided.Summary Yates et al. (2001) used general linearized models to test the

effects of weather on the number of eagles migrating through Glacier National Park Autumn 1994 to spring 1996. They found Fall numbers increased with increasing temperature and barometric pressure and decreasing humidity. In spring, numbers increased with increasing wind speed and barometric pressure.

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INDEX TO TOPICS OTHER THAN SURVEY

Topic Papers

Food Habits 6, 14, 15, 16, 22, 33, 64, 69, 73, 82, 85

Home Range 14, 16, 23, 36, 51, 53, 63, 67, 78, 81, 88, 91

Inventory 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 19, 32, 33, 35, 68, 74, 75, 83

Land Cover 3, 12, 17, 37, 40, 46, 49, 57, 70, 71, 79, 80, 86, 89, 91

Migration 18, 39, 42, 66, 80, 95

Productivity 3, 5, 8, 17, 19, 21, 22, 45, 50, 52, 54, 55, 61, 62, 64, 65, 68, 69, 73, 77, 85, 94

Survival 25, 37, 53, 56

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