ush history ch. 2

78
New Republic. Things that were done right away: 1. Pass the Bill of Rights. 2. Fix national financial troubles.

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Page 1: USH History Ch. 2

New Republic.

Things that were done right away:

1. Pass the Bill of Rights.

2. Fix national financial troubles.

Page 2: USH History Ch. 2

Rise Of Political Parties.Federalists

• Hamilton(Hamiltonians)

• Strong central government.

• Rule by elites.

• Support manufacturing.

• Loose constructionists.

• Protective tariffs.

Page 3: USH History Ch. 2

Jefferson(Jeffersonian)Democratic-Republicans.

• Stronger state governments.

• Ruling power by all land owners, big/small.

• Pro agriculture.

• Strict constructionists.

• No protective tariffs.

Page 4: USH History Ch. 2

John Adams, Federalist. The Second President.

• Not a popular guy. He was called his “Rotundity” by critics.

• Alien and sedition Acts.

• Impressment.

• “Kept The Peace in 1800.”

Page 5: USH History Ch. 2

Election OF 1800.

• Jefferson wins-Democratic-Republican.

• Peaceful transfer of power.

• Democracy works!

• One result: Hamilton and Burr duel.

Page 6: USH History Ch. 2

Jefferson In Office.

• Marbury V. Madison.

• Judicial Review.

• Louisiana Purchase-1803. Fifteen million dollars.

• Four cents an acre!

• Where in the constitution does it state a pres. Can buy land?

Page 7: USH History Ch. 2

THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA: SECTION 1

• Election of 1800 pitted Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party vs. John Adams and his Federalist Party

• While Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 electoral votes, he tied his running mate, Aaron Burr

• For six days the House of Reps took vote after vote until 36 votes later – Jefferson prevailed (Led to 12th Amendment)

3rd President of the U.S. 1800-1808

Page 8: USH History Ch. 2

MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT

• After two terms, Jefferson is succeeded by James Madison

• Madison was two-term President 1808-1816

• Known as the “Father of the Constitution, Madison also is known for his leadership during the War of 1812

4th President 1808-1816

Page 9: USH History Ch. 2

WAR OF 1812 – U.S. vs. BRITAIN

• Causes: British “impressment” (seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into their navy) upset Americans

• The War: 1814 – British sack D.C. Burn White house

• Andrew Jackson leads great victory in New Orleans

• Treaty of Ghent signed, Christmas Eve, 1814

British Impressment of U.S. seamen upset Americans

Page 10: USH History Ch. 2

RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812

Results of the war included:

End of the Federalist Party (opposed war)

Encouraged industries in U.S.

Confirmed status of U.S. as a strong, free, and independent nation

Despite the burning of the President’s mansion, the U.S. emerged strong

Page 11: USH History Ch. 2

War Of 1812.

• Impressment of American sailors.

• War Hawks who wanted Canadian lands.

• War went badly for U.S.

• British even burned White House down!

• Even though we got beat, we won the RESPECT of other countries!

Page 12: USH History Ch. 2

American Nationalism.

• National Bank.

• Internal improvements of infrastructure.

• Taking of Florida from Spain.

• Supreme Court rulings that strengthened the Federal government.

Page 13: USH History Ch. 2

Important Supreme Court Rulings During That Time:

• Marbury V. Madison-1803. Created Judicial Review.

• McCulloch V. Maryland-1819. Upheld “Implied Powers” of Fed.

• Gibbons V. Ogden-1824. Affirmed Congress's power over interstate commerce. Civil rights of 1960’s?

Page 14: USH History Ch. 2

Monroe Doctrine.

• Foreign policy nationalism:

• United States AND Britain to keeps their hands OFF countries in Central and South America who gained their independence.

• We wanted to trade with them!

Page 15: USH History Ch. 2

THE MONROE DOCTRINE

• In the early 19th Century, various European countries hinted at increased colonization

• In his 1823 address to Congress, Monroe made it clear to Europe: Don’t interfere with Western Hemisphere (Monroe Doctrine)

Page 16: USH History Ch. 2

A Growing Nation.

• Revolution in transportation, Feds built roads, canals, ports, bridges to connect the North West with the North East. Trains will come later!

• Why no major infrastructure in South?

• The above will become one of the Civil War issues!

Page 17: USH History Ch. 2

Industrialization Sweeps North.

• Puritans helped to start our industrial revolution.

• The North East also had lots of streams creeks and rivers to help the Ind. Revolution.

• Eli Whitney-Interchangeable parts and the Cotton Gin.

Page 18: USH History Ch. 2

Urban Growth And Immigration.

• The Industrial Revolution needed HUGE amounts of CHEAP labor. Immigration solved this problem AND kept wages CHEAP!

• Average workers and others resented the new immigrants-NATIVISM.

• Push-Pull theory of immigration?

Page 19: USH History Ch. 2

Renewed Interest Of Slavery By the South.

• Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin created a huge new demand for slaves. Why?

• What did the Cotton Gin do?

• The number of slaves went from 1.5 million slaves in 1820 to 3.2 million by 1850.

Page 20: USH History Ch. 2

From Nationalism back to SECTIONALISM!

• Several issues started to divide the country into two major parts or sections:

• National Bank.• Protective Tariffs.• Internal improvements.• Free land.• Slavery.

Page 21: USH History Ch. 2

Differences between the North and the South

Southern crops• Cotton, sugarcane, sugar

beets, tobacco, and rice• These crops led the

economy of the South. • By 1840 the South was a

thoroughly agricultural region.

Northern goods• Since colonial times,

farming was important.• The Industrial

Revolution made manufacturing and trade the base of the North’s economy.

Page 22: USH History Ch. 2

Differences between the North and the South

North• Trade and industry encouraged urbanization, and so cities grew in the North much more than in the South.

• The Industrial Revolution and the revolutions in transportation and communication had the greatest impact on the North.

• Northern businesses seized new technology in pursuit of efficiency and growth.

South• There was relatively little in the way of technological progress.

• Many southerners saw little need for labor-saving devices when they had an ample supply of enslaved people to do their work.

Page 23: USH History Ch. 2

Differences between the North and the South

Different points of view• In the North, urban dwellers were exposed to many different types of people and tended to view change as progress.

• In the South, where the landscape was less prone to change and where the population was less diverse, people tended to place a higher value on tradition.

Physical distance• Relatively few southerners had the means or motivation to travel extensively in the North, and relatively few northerners had ever visited the South.

Page 24: USH History Ch. 2
Page 25: USH History Ch. 2

Missouri Compromise Of 1820.

• New states admitted to the Union were fought over.

• Free or slave?

• The M.C. stated that any new state located BELOW the 36’ 30’ parallel would be slave. Mason-Dixon line.

• Why did compromise work?

Page 26: USH History Ch. 2

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• In 1818 settlers in Missouri applied for statehood

• Northerners and Southerners disagreed on whether Missouri should be admitted as a “free” state

• Henry Clay organized a compromise in which Missouri was “slave” but Maine would be “free”

• Also Louisiana Territory split at 36 30’ north latitude HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT

COMPROMISER

Page 27: USH History Ch. 2
Page 28: USH History Ch. 2

The Missouri Compromise• There were 22 states in the

Union in 1819. • In half of the states—the “slave

states” of the South—slavery was legal.

• In half of the states—the “free states” of the North—slavery was illegal.

• This exact balance between slave states and free states gave them equal representation in the U.S. Senate.

• If Missouri were admitted as a slave state, the balance would be upset.

• Missouri Compromise of 1820: agreement under which Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state and Maine was to be admitted as a free state

• The agreement also banned slavery in the northern part of the Louisiana Territory.

• The Missouri Compromise kept the balance between slave and free states.

Page 29: USH History Ch. 2

Stolen Election Of 1824.

• Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, BUT he didn’t get enough ELECTORIAL votes.

• Has this happened in YOUR life time?

• House of Reps picked John Quincy Adams to be Pres.

• Jackson will be back!

Page 30: USH History Ch. 2

Expansion Of Voting Rights-1828.

• All citizens who were white males and who were of age could now vote.

• Property not an issue any more.

• In 1824 355,000 people voted.

• By 1828, 1.13 now were able to vote.

Page 31: USH History Ch. 2

THE AGE OF JACKSON.

• During a time of growing Sectionalism, Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828, ushered in a new era of popular democracy

Page 32: USH History Ch. 2

Voting Voting Requirements Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Voting Voting Requirements Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Page 33: USH History Ch. 2

Essential Essential Question:Question:Essential Essential Question:Question:

Champion of Champion of the the

“Common Man”?“Common Man”?

““King”King”Andrew?Andrew?OROR

Page 34: USH History Ch. 2

Spoils System And A Kitchen?

• Jackson fired much of the federal bureaucracy and hired his own people.

• He he was criticized for having his unelected or non nominated “Cronies” as advisors.

• They would meet in the White House kitchen to talk, hence the name.

Page 35: USH History Ch. 2

Nullification Crisis

• Jefferson and Adams maintained in 1832 that states could declare Federal laws null and void.

• Compact theory of the constitution.• During the Civil Rights movement many

southern states clamed “States Rights” to nullify African-Amercan’s their civil rights.

Page 36: USH History Ch. 2

“Tariff Of Abomination”

• S. Carolina hated the protective tariff.

• It hurt their trade with England. Cotton and tobacco.

• S. Carolina called for secession.

• Congress passes “Force Bill” in 1832.

• This ends the crisis

• Preview of the Civil War!

Page 37: USH History Ch. 2

Trail Of Tears-1838.

• Jackson moved Native Americans off their land to the west to get them out of the way of white settlers.

• Cherokee’s took the federal government to the Supreme Court.

• The Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee’s.

Page 38: USH History Ch. 2

“Chief Justice Marshall has made his decision, now let

him enforce it!”

• Jackson would not enforce the Courts ruling and Pres. Martin Van Buren later moved the Native Americans.

• 2000 Native American died while on the

“Trail Of Tears.”

Today Jackson or Van Buren would be impeached.

Page 39: USH History Ch. 2

A New Political Party Emerges.

• Critics of Jackson became known as the Wig party.

• His critics said that Jackson was a “Bigwig.”

• This was an insult for that time period.

• Somehow this become the critics name.

Page 40: USH History Ch. 2

Famous Members of the Whig Party.

• Henry Clay.

• John Quincy Adams.

• Daniel Webster.

• Revoking the National Bank Charter got these guys riled up.

Page 41: USH History Ch. 2

What Did The Whigs Want?

• Expand the power of the federal government.

• Encourage commerce and industrialization

• Have a centralized economy.

• Recreate the National Bank.

Page 42: USH History Ch. 2

JACKSON’S BANK WAR

• Jackson opposed National Bank so he created Pet Banks – so called because they were favored by Jackson’s Democrats

• Many felt Jackson was acting more like a King than a president

• In 1832, his opponents formed a new party – the Whigs

Page 43: USH History Ch. 2

PANIC OF 1837

• In 1836, Democrat Martin Van Buren won the Presidency

• He inherited problems from the “Bank Wars”

• Jackson’s Pet Banks printed money without Gold backing

• In 1837 a panic set in and many banks closed, accounts went bankrupted, and unemployment soared

MARTIN VAN BUREN 1837-1841

Page 44: USH History Ch. 2

MANIFEST DESTINY: SECTION 3

• In the 1840s Americans became preoccupied with expansion

• Many believed that their movement westward was predestined by God

• Manifest Destiny was the belief that the U.S. would expand “from sea to shining sea”

Page 45: USH History Ch. 2

Manifest Destiny and U.S. Territorial Expansion.

• Many Americans felt that God ordained that American would obtain all the land to the Pacific Ocean= Manifest Destiny.

• 1803. Louisiana Purchase.• 1819. Invaded Florida. War.• 1845. Texas. War,• 1848. California, New Mexico, Arizona,

Nevada, Utah. War.• 1853. Gadsden Purchase. Train.

Page 46: USH History Ch. 2

UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY

Page 47: USH History Ch. 2

Slavery And Westward Expansion.

• All these new lands created tension between the North and South.

• Which lands would be “Free” and which be “Slave?”

• The Compromise of 1820 was obsolete.

• A new Compromise is needed.

Page 48: USH History Ch. 2

Compromise Of 1850.

• California joins the Union as a FREE state.

• Texas comes in as slave.

• New Mexico and Arizona will decide their choice about slavery later.

• Done deal.

• The Union, for now, is preserved.

Page 49: USH History Ch. 2

Fugitive Slave Act.

• Gave the South extreme power the catch runaway slaves

• Even FREED slaves in the North could be sent South, because they could NOT legally defend themselves!

• Northerners hated the F.S.A!• Harriet Tubman and “The Underground

Railroad” smuggled runaway slaves through northern states to Canada.

Page 50: USH History Ch. 2

Bloody Kanas-1856.

• Kansas-Nebraska Act-1856.

• Allowed these states to decide about slavery.

• These states had a mini civil war over this issue.

• It got bloody!

Page 51: USH History Ch. 2

Dred Scott Decision-1857.

• Supreme Court ruled that a slave brought into a free state to live could not be freed.

• What does this do to the Compromise of 1850 AND the spread of slavery?

• A day of shame for the Supreme Court. • Chief Justice Taney was a “States

Rights” believer.

Page 52: USH History Ch. 2

THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT

• 1820s: Abolitionist movement to free African Americans from slavery arose

• Leader was a white radical named William Lloyd Garrison

• Abolitionist called for immediate emancipation of all slaves

Page 53: USH History Ch. 2

FREDERICK DOUGLASS: AFRICAN AMERICAN

LEADER• Freed slave, Frederick

Douglass escaped from bandage and became an eloquent abolitionist (critic of slavery) leader

• He began an anti-slavery newspaper called, Northstar – named after the star that guided runaway slaves to freedom

Page 54: USH History Ch. 2

TURNER’S REBELLION

• The vast majority of African-Americans were enslaved in the South and were subjected to constant degradation

• Some rebelled against their condition

• Most famous revolt was led by Virginia slave Nat Turner

• Turner led 50 followers in a revolt killing 60 whites – he was caught and executed

Turner plans his rebellion

Page 55: USH History Ch. 2

John Brown’s Raid-1858• Fervent abolitionist who lead armed

men raid at Harper’s Ferry armory.• They wanted guns to give to slaves.• They thought they could cause an

uprising among slaves against their masters.

• He was captured and hung. • Southerners were outraged!

Page 56: USH History Ch. 2

Harriet Beecher Stowe.

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

• Lincoln: “So this is the little lady who caused all the big problems.”

• She was under 5 feet tall.

Page 57: USH History Ch. 2

Union Dissolves-1861

• Election of Pres. elect Lincoln scares South. Could he try to free the slaves?

• President Buchanan does little to keep the southern states in the Union.

• The South secedes.

• Jefferson Davis is elected Confederacy’s president.

Page 58: USH History Ch. 2

Civil War.1861--1865.

• Fort Sumter is attacked and taken by Southern forces.

• This is the outbreak of the Civil War. • These are the states that joined the

Confederacy: Virginia, Arkansas,North Carolina, South Carolina Alabama, Texas, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi.

Page 59: USH History Ch. 2

Front Sumter, South Carolina

• Since South Carolina had seceded from the United States, it didn’t want Northern soldiers on its land at Fort Sumter

• Southern General Bueargard tried to get the northern general Anderson to peacefully surrender Fort Sumter.

Picture Credit: members.aol.com/larrykench/ W1861001.html

Page 60: USH History Ch. 2

Abe Lincoln

• Was the president for the North

• The North’s Capital was Washington D.C.

http://www.lincolnstore.com/page5.html

Page 61: USH History Ch. 2

Jefferson Davis

• Was the president for the South.

• The South’s Capital was Richmond, Virginia

http://www.heritagephotographs.com/presjefdav18.html

Page 62: USH History Ch. 2

Lincoln’s Response.

Martial law declared in Baltimore, Maryland.

Why?

He also suspended habeas corpus.

Has President Bush done this too?

What has the Supreme Court said about that?

Page 63: USH History Ch. 2

More Union Actions.

• Issue of “greenbacks.”

• Conscription-Draft.

• These were VERY unpopular measures!

Page 64: USH History Ch. 2

Confederate Generals.

• The South had the best generals over all.

• Robert E. Lee was the best.

• The South hoped to fight a defensive war. AVOID HEAVY LOSSES.

• Wear out the North and win independence.

Page 65: USH History Ch. 2

First Modern War.

• Heavy, long range artillery.

Rifled long guns and pistols.

Mini ball or modern day bullet.

Trench warfare.

Industry and railroads to supply large armies.

This was a preview to WWI, but no one noticed. Disease killed thousands!

Page 66: USH History Ch. 2

War Strategies Of The North.

• North has to invade South, Especially capture Richmond. Why?

• Anaconda Plan.

• Separate the South from Texas.

• Fight war of attrition.

Page 67: USH History Ch. 2

Emancipation Proclamation-1862.

• Lincoln freed the slaves ONLY in the states in the Confederacy.

• Battle of Antietam made the E.P. possible.

Page 68: USH History Ch. 2

Antietam or Sharpsburg, Maryland

• September 17, 1862• The general for the

Confederates was Robert E. Lee.

• The general for the Yankees was McClellan.

• A Union soldier found 3 cigars that helped the North to know what General Lee planned to do.

Picture Credit: memory.loc.gov/.../newsletter/ august01/feature.html

Page 69: USH History Ch. 2

Turning Points.

• Vicksburg-1863.• Gettysburg-1863.• Sherman’s march to the sea.

Destruction was 30 miles wide and 90 mile long!

• Thirteenth Amendment passes after these victories.

Page 70: USH History Ch. 2

The Battle of Gettysburg, PA

• The battle of Gettysburg, PA took place on July1-3, 1863.

• Major fighting occurred around Little Round top hill.

• The North won this battle.

• On November 19,1863. President Lincoln gave Gettysburg Address.

Picture Credit: www.pennhomes.com/loc.htm

Page 71: USH History Ch. 2

Ulysses S. Grant.

• Grant used attrition warfare instead maneuver warfare like the South. Why is this so?

Page 72: USH History Ch. 2

Lee Surrenders-1865.

• Surrender documents signed at the Appomattox Courthouse.

• Ex Confederate soldiers and political leaders not tried for treason.

Page 73: USH History Ch. 2

Freedmen’s Bureau.

• Created to help former slaves get on their feet and be successful as a free people.

Page 74: USH History Ch. 2

Lincoln Killed By Booth!

• Andrew Johnson becomes President.

• 14th Amendment created to over ride “Black Codes” enacted by Southern States.

• Radical Republicans Impeach Johnson; they fail.

Page 75: USH History Ch. 2

Ulysses S. Grant Elected President-1868.

• 15th Amendment passed. All males regardless of race may vote.

• Carpetbaggers and scalawags descend on South.

• Southern Resistance:

• Ku Klux Klan started terrorist activities.

Page 76: USH History Ch. 2

Reconstruction Begins.

• Lincoln v. Radical Republicans.

• Lincoln’s Plan:

• No punishment of South.

• General Amnesty.

• Easy path to regain statehood.

Page 77: USH History Ch. 2

Radical Republicans.

• What did they want?

• Punish the South.

• Create a strong Republican party in the South.

• Make VERY difficult for former Confederate states to rejoin the Union as equals.

Page 78: USH History Ch. 2

Wade-Davis Bill-1864.

• Radical Republicans sponsored this bill to make it difficult for Southern states to rejoin the Union.

• Lincoln used a “Pocket Veto.”