using linguistic analysis to identify high performing teams mary t. dzindolet & linda g. pierce...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Using Linguistic Analysis to Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing TeamsIdentify High Performing Teams
Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce
Cameron University Army Research Laboratory
2006 CCRTS2006 CCRTSTHE STATE OF THE ART AND THE STATE OF THE PRACTICETHE STATE OF THE ART AND THE STATE OF THE PRACTICE
![Page 2: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Demands on Military TeamsDemands on Military Teams
• Perform a wide variety of tasks– Peace-keeping– War
• Ever-changing – Team members– Situation– Leadership
• High threat
![Page 3: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
PurposePurpose
This presentation will explore the usefulness of one technological tool, the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), in
identifying high-performing teams.
![Page 4: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
LIWC VariablesLIWC Variables
Category (Examples)• pronouns (I, me, we, you) • positive emotions (happy, pride, good)• negative emotions (hate, afraid, sad)• insight (think, know, consider)• time (past, present, future)• communication (talk, share, converse)• anxiety words (nervous, afraid, tense)
LIWC analyzes text word-by-word and categorizes the text into 74 different linguistic dimensions
![Page 5: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Prior ResearchPrior Research
• Pennebaker, Mehl, and Niederhoffer (2003) used the LIWC in dyadic social interactions to understand relationships
• We have extended this work to explore the usefulness of the LIWC in identifying high-performing teams
![Page 6: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Predicting Group PerformancePredicting Group Performance• Groups may differ in many important ways
– Size (number of members)– Degree to which members are stratified (hierarchical)– Degree to which members exercise control over the behavior of other
members– Degree of participation expected, permitted, or demanded of members– Ease of access to membership in the group and ease with which member
can leave or be expelled from the group
![Page 7: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Predicting Group PerformancePredicting Group Performance• Groups may differ in many important ways
– Degree of stability of the group over time and the continuity of its members over time
– Degree to which group members relate to one another intimately vs formally– Degree to which the group is subdivided into smaller groups or cliques, and
the extent to which such cliques are in conflict with one another– Degree of homogeneity among group members– Type of Task***
![Page 8: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
G E N E R AT E
E X E C U T E
N E G O T IAT E
C H O O S E
o f v iew p o in t
G enera tin g id ea s G enera tin g p lans
w/no r igh t an sw
er
o f in terest
Dec id ing is sue s R eso lv in g con f licts R e so lv in g con f lic
ts
Res
o lv i
ng c
o nf l
i ct s
Ty pe 2 :c reativ ity task s
Ty pe 1 :p lann in g ta sks
Ty pe 3 :in tellec tiv e ta sk s
Ty pe 8 :pe rform an ce/
psycho -m o to r task s
Ty pe 4 :dec isio n-m ak in g
task s
Ty pe 7 :con te sts/b attle s/
com p etitive ta sks
Ty pe 6 :m ixed-m otiv e
task s
Ty pe 5 :cog nitive
con flic ts ta sk s
w/c
orr e
ct a
n sw
ers
o f p
ower
Solv
ing
p ro b
lem
s E xecu tin g
per fo rmanc e tas k s
Con
flic
tC
oope
ratio
n
C on cep tu al B eh av iora l
M cG rath ’s C ircu m p lex o f G ro u p Ta sk s
![Page 9: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
G E N E R AT E
E X E C U T E
N E G O T IAT E
C H O O S E
o f v iew p o in t
G enera ting id e as G en era tin g p la ns
w/n o r igh t an sw
er
of in te re st
Dec id in g issu es R e so lv in g co n f licts R e so lv in g con f lic
ts
Re s
o lvi
ng c
o nf l
i ct s
Typ e 2 :c rea tiv ity ta sk s
Typ e 1 :p lan n in g ta sk s
Typ e 3 :in te llec tiv e ta sks
Typ e 8 :p erfo rm an ce /
p sych o -m o tor tasks
Typ e 4 :d ec is io n-m akin g
tasks
Typ e 7 :con te sts /b a ttle s/
com pe titiv e tasks
Typ e 6 :m ix ed -m otive
ta sks
Typ e 5 :cog n itive
con flic ts tasks
w/c
orre
c t a
nsw
ers
o f p
owe r
Sol
v ing
pro
b le m
s Exec ut in g
p e r fo rman ce task
s
Con
flic
tC
oope
ratio
n
C on cep tu a l B ehav ioral
M cG ra th ’s C ircu m p lex o f G ro u p Task s
Typ e 2 :c rea tiv ity ta sk s
![Page 10: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Predicting Group PerformancePredicting Group PerformanceTask Type 2: Generating IdeasTask Type 2: Generating Ideas
Brainstorming TasksBrainstorming Tasks
• Can linguistic analysis predict performance on a brainstorming task?
• We examined correlations between number of ideas generated and LIWC variables for nine studies performed either at Cameron University or the University of Texas at Arlington
![Page 11: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Time to Brainstorm – 5, 10, 20, or 45 minutes
• Group Cohesiveness• Research Location
– Cameron University, University of Texas at Arlington, Walmart, or City National Bank
• Group Size – dyad, triad, or quad
• Communication Medium – face-to-face, distributed, or groupshareware
• Brainstorming Problem
Study DifferencesStudy Differences
![Page 12: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Brainstorming RulesBrainstorming Rules
• Criticism is ruled out. Adverse judgement of ideas must be withheld.
• Freewheeling is welcome, the wilder the idea, the better.
• Quantity is wanted. Come up with as many as you can.
• Combination and improvement are sought. Do not be afraid to combine and improve on ideas.
![Page 13: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Pronoun Use
![Page 14: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Total PronounsTotal Pronouns(I, our, they, you, we)
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
* *
*
* *
Thumbs Improve Univ Ecology Univ Teens
![Page 15: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
First Person Singular PronounsFirst Person Singular PronounsI, me, my
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
* *
* **
Thumbs Improve Univ Ecology Univ Teens
![Page 16: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
First Person Plural PronounsFirst Person Plural Pronounswe, our, us
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
![Page 17: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Second Person PronounsSecond Person Pronounsyou, your, y’all
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
![Page 18: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Third Person PronounsThird Person Pronounshe, she, they
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
![Page 19: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Why Is Use of First Person Pronouns Why Is Use of First Person Pronouns Related to Poor Performance?Related to Poor Performance?
• Self-focus rather than other-focus
![Page 20: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
References to Other PeopleReferences to Other Peoplethem, you, anyone, everybody, someone
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
![Page 21: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Why Is Use of First Person Pronouns Why Is Use of First Person Pronouns Related to Poor Performance?Related to Poor Performance?
• Self-focus rather than other-focus
• Subordinate status of some group members
![Page 22: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Tentative WordsTentative Wordsmaybe, perhaps, depending
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
![Page 23: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Certainty WordsCertainty Wordsclearly, always, confidentlyclearly, always, confidently
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
![Page 24: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Why Is Use of First Person Pronouns Why Is Use of First Person Pronouns Related to Poor Performance?Related to Poor Performance?
• Self-focus rather than other-focus
• Subordinate status of some group members
• Defending own views; lack of supportive group environment
![Page 25: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
NegateNegateno, never, not
Study
-0.8-0.7-0.6-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1
00.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
![Page 26: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
AssentAssentyes, O.K., alright, agree
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
*
![Page 27: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cognitive Complexity
![Page 28: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Words with Six or More LettersWords with Six or More Letters
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
* *
![Page 29: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Exclusive WordsExclusive Wordsbut, except, without
Study
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
* * * *
![Page 30: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Inclusive WordsInclusive Wordstogether, with, also
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
**
![Page 31: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ArticlesArticlesa, an, the
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
![Page 32: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
PrepositionsPrepositionsto, for, at
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
![Page 33: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
NumbersNumbers
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
![Page 34: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Causal WordsCausal Wordsbecause, since, basis
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
**
![Page 35: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Emotions
![Page 36: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Positive Emotion WordsPositive Emotion Wordshappy, pretty, good
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
*
*
![Page 37: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Words Expressing Positive FeelingsWords Expressing Positive Feelingscare, encourage, enjoy
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
*
*
![Page 38: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Optimistic WordsOptimistic Wordshope, best, win
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce *
![Page 39: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Negative Emotion WordsNegative Emotion Wordshate, worthless, ugly
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
**
![Page 40: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Anxiety WordsAnxiety Wordsnervous, scared, anxious
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
![Page 41: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Words Expressing AngerWords Expressing Angerjerk, kill, annoy
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
![Page 42: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Words Expressing SadnessWords Expressing Sadnesssad, upset, suffer
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
*
![Page 43: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Cognitive Processes
![Page 44: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Cognitive MechanismsCognitive Mechanismsquestioning, acknowledge, inform
Study
-0.8-0.7-0.6-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1
00.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
* *
![Page 45: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Insight WordsInsight Wordsthink, know, believe
Study
-0.8-0.7-0.6-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1
00.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
**
**
![Page 46: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Discrepancy WordsDiscrepancy Wordsshould, ought, could
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
*
![Page 47: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Social Processes
![Page 48: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Social MechanismsSocial Mechanismsfriend, phone, gossip, group
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
*
![Page 49: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Communication WordsCommunication Wordstalk, ask, chat, counsel
Study
-0.8-0.7-0.6-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1
00.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
*
![Page 50: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Time
![Page 51: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Past TensePast Tense
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
*
*
* *
![Page 52: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Present TensePresent Tense
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
* * *
![Page 53: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Future TenseFuture Tense
Study
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
* p<.05
co
rre
lati
on
wit
h p
erfo
rma
nce
![Page 54: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Conclusion Conclusion Idea Generation TasksIdea Generation Tasks
• High-performing groups tend to– Avoid first person pronouns possibly due to group
support (few negations)– Use more cognitively complex language (avoid
exclusive and inclusive words and use words with six or more letters)
– Avoid communication words– Avoid words indicating cognitive processes including
causal words – Avoid negative emotion words– Avoid the present tense
• This pattern existed across many studies of groups that differed in size, communication medium, problem, location, and prior knowledge of one another
![Page 55: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Predicting Group PerformancePredicting Group PerformanceTask Type 3: Solving Problems with Correct AnswersTask Type 3: Solving Problems with Correct Answers
Desert Survival ProblemDesert Survival Problem
Rank order 15 items in terms of utility for desert survival
Responses are compared with that of an expert
G E N E R AT E
E X E C U T E
N E G O T IAT E
C H O O S E
o f v iew p o in t
G en e ra t in g id ea s G en era t ing p la ns
w/ n
o r ig h t an swer
of in teres t
Dec id in g is su es R e so lv in g co n f lic ts R e so lv in g co n fl ic
ts
Re s
o lv i
ng c
onfl
i ct s
Ty p e 2 :c re a tiv i ty task s
Ty p e 1 :p la n n in g ta sk s
Ty p e 3 :in te l le c t iv e ta sk s
Ty p e 8 :p e rfo rm a n c e /
p sy c h o -m o to r ta sk s
Ty p e 4 :d e c isio n -m a k in g
ta sk s
Ty p e 7 :c o n te s ts /b a tt le s /
c o m p e ti tiv e ta sk s
Ty p e 6 :m ix e d -m o tiv e
ta sk s
Ty p e 5 :c o g n itiv e
c o n flic ts ta sk s
w/c
orre
c t a
n sw
e rs
o f p
ower
Sol v
ing
pro b
lem
s Ex ecu t ing
p e r forma n c e ta sk s
Con
flic
tC
oope
ratio
n
C o n c e p tu a l B e h a v io ra l
M cG ra th ’s C ircu m p lex o f G rou p Task s
Ty p e 3 :in te l le c t iv e ta sk s
![Page 56: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Survival ProblemSurvival Problem
![Page 57: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Survival ProblemSurvival Problem
• flashlight (4-battery size)
• jackknife
• sectional air map of the area
• plastic raincoat (large size)
• magnetic compass
• compress kit with gauze
• .45 caliber pistol (loaded)
• parachute (red and white)
• bottle of salt tablets (1000 tablets)
• 1 quart of water per person• book entitled, Edible Animals
of the Desert• 1 top coat per person• pair of sunglasses per person• cosmetic mirror• 2 quarts (2 liters) of 180 proof
Vodka
![Page 58: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Pronoun UsePronoun Use
-1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2
00.20.40.60.8
Total FirstSingular
FirstPlural
Second Third
Dyad Triad * p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h p
erfo
rman
ce
![Page 59: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Cognitive ComplexityCognitive Complexity
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
6+ Causal Negate Excl Incl
Dyad Triad * p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h p
erfo
rman
ce
![Page 60: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Cognitive ComplexityCognitive ComplexityConcrete Words
-1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2
00.20.40.60.8
1
Articles Prepositions Numbers
Dyad Triad * p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h p
erfo
rman
ce *
* *
![Page 61: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Words Expressing Emotion
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Affect PosEmo
PosFeel
NegEmot
Anger Sad
Dyad Triad
* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h p
erfo
rman
ce
![Page 62: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Cognitive & Social Processes
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
Cog Mech Insight Discrep Social Comm
Dyad Triad
* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h p
erfo
rman
ce
![Page 63: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Tense
-1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2
00.20.40.60.8
1
Past Present Future
Dyad Triad* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h p
erfo
rman
ce
![Page 64: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
ConclusionConclusionDesert Survival TaskDesert Survival Task
High performing dyads• Avoid prepositions and use
numbers (both indicators of concrete rather than abstract thought)
• Though not statistically significant, tend to – Avoid pronouns– Avoid negations– Use exclusive words– Use words with six or more
letters– Avoid discrepancy words– Avoid communication words– Avoid words expressing
emotion– Avoid present tense– Use the past tense
High performing groups of three
• Avoid prepositions• Though not statistically
significant, tend to– Use third person
pronouns– Express emotions– Use the past tense
![Page 65: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Predicting Group PerformancePredicting Group PerformanceTask Type 3: Solving Problems with Correct AnswersTask Type 3: Solving Problems with Correct Answers
Student Government TaskStudent Government Task
Choose the best student government candidate using the characteristics of each candidates (Candidate A, B, and C)
Some information given to each group member is unique; other pieces of information are given to all group members
G E N E R AT E
E X E C U T E
N E G O T IAT E
C H O O S E
o f v iew p o in t
G en e ra t in g id ea s G en era t ing p la ns
w/ n
o r ig h t an swer
of in teres t
Dec id in g is sues R e so lv in g co n f lic ts R e so lv in g co n fl ic
ts
Re s
o lv i
ng c
onfl
i ct s
Ty p e 2 :c re a tiv i ty task s
Ty p e 1 :p la n n in g ta sk s
Ty p e 3 :in te l le c t iv e ta sk s
Ty p e 8 :p e rfo rm a n c e /
p sy c h o -m o to r ta sk s
Ty p e 4 :d e c isio n -m a k in g
ta sk s
Ty p e 7 :c o n te s ts /b a tt le s /
c o m p e ti tiv e ta sk s
Ty p e 6 :m ix e d -m o tiv e
ta sk s
Ty p e 5 :c o g n itiv e
c o n flic ts ta sk s
w/c
orre
c t a
n sw
e rs
o f p
ower
Sol v
ing
pro b
lem
s Ex ecu t ing
p e r forma n c e ta sk
s
Con
flic
tC
oope
ratio
n
C o n c e p tu a l B e h a v io ra l
M cG ra th ’s C ircu m p lex o f G rou p Task s
Ty p e 3 :in te l le c t iv e ta sk s
![Page 66: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Pronoun UsePronoun Use
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Total FirstSingular
FirstPlural
Second Third
Dyad Group * p<.05
*
Cor
rela
tion
with
Tim
e S
pent
on
Sh
ared
Sh
ared
Inf
o
![Page 67: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Pronoun UsePronoun Use
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Total FirstSingular
FirstPlural
Second Third
Dyad Group * p<.05
* *
Cor
rela
tion
with
Tim
e S
pent
on
Un
iqu
e In
fo
![Page 68: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Cognitive ComplexityCognitive Complexity
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
6+ Causal Negate Excl Incl
Dyad Group * p<.05
* *
Cor
rela
tion
with
Tim
e S
pent
on
Sh
ared
Sh
ared
Inf
o
![Page 69: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Cognitive ComplexityCognitive Complexity
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
6+ Causal Negate Excl Incl
Dyad Group * p<.05Cor
rela
tion
with
Tim
e S
pent
on
Un
iqu
e In
fo
* *
![Page 70: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Cognitive ComplexityCognitive ComplexityConcrete Words
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Articles Prepositions Numbers
Dyad Group * p<.05Cor
rela
tion
with
Tim
e sp
ent
on S
har
ed I
nfo
*
![Page 71: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Cognitive ComplexityCognitive ComplexityConcrete Words
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Articles Prepositions Numbers
Dyad Group * p<.05 Cor
rela
tion
with
Tim
e S
pent
on
Un
iqu
e In
fo
![Page 72: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Words Expressing Emotion
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Affect PosEmo
PosFeel
NegEmot
Anger Sad
Dyad Group
* p<.05Cor
rela
tion
with
Tim
e S
pent
on
Sh
ared
Inf
o
* *
![Page 73: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Words Expressing Emotion
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
Affect PosEmo
PosFeel
NegEmot
Anger Sad
Dyad Group
* p<.05Cor
rela
tion
with
Tim
e S
pent
on
Un
iqu
e In
fo
![Page 74: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Cognitive & Social Processes
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Cog Mech Insight Discrep Social Comm
Dyad Group
* p<.05Cor
rela
tion
with
Tim
e S
pent
on
Sh
ared
Inf
o
*
![Page 75: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Cognitive & Social Processes
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Cog Mech Insight Discrep Social Comm
Dyad Group
* p<.05Cor
rela
tion
with
Tim
e S
pent
on
Un
iqu
e In
fo
![Page 76: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Tense
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Past Present Future
Dyad Group * p<.05Cor
rela
tion
with
Tim
e S
pent
on
Sh
ared
Inf
o
*
* * *
![Page 77: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Tense
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
Past Present Future
Dyad Group* p<.05
Cor
rela
tion
with
Tim
e S
pent
on
Un
iqu
e In
fo
![Page 78: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
ConclusionsConclusionsHidden Profile TaskHidden Profile Task
• Dyads using the efficient strategy– Use causal words
• Dyads using the inefficient strategy– Use causal word– Use second person
pronouns– Use exclusive words– Use prepositions– Use social words– Use present and future
tenses
• Groups of four using the efficient strategy– Use causal words– Use first person singular
and second person pronouns
• Groups of four using the inefficient strategy– Express emotions—
especially negative emotions
– Use the present tense– Avoid the past tense
![Page 79: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Predicting Group PerformancePredicting Group PerformanceTask Type 4: Deciding Issues with No Task Type 4: Deciding Issues with No
Correct AnswerCorrect AnswerGroup Polarization TaskGroup Polarization Task
• Procedure– individual (no time limit) – group (30 minutes)– individual (no time limit)
• Indicate the lowest probability of succeeding that was acceptable for 12 different scenarios
“An electrical engineer may stick with his present job at a modest but adequate salary, or may take a new job offering considerably more money but no long-term security.”
G E N E R AT E
E X E C U T E
N E G O T IAT E
C H O O S E
o f v iew p o in t
G enera tin g id eas G en era tin g p lan s
w/no r ig h t an sw
er
o f in te rest
Dec id ing issu es R e so lv in g con f licts R e so lv in g con f lic
ts
Re s
o lv i
ng c
o nfl
i cts
Typ e 2 :c rea tiv ity ta sks
Typ e 1 :p lann in g ta sk s
Typ e 3 :in tellec tiv e task s
Typ e 8 :pe rform ance /
p sycho -m o to r ta sks
Typ e 4 :dec isio n-m ak ing
task s
Typ e 7 :con te sts /b a ttles/
com p e titiv e ta sk s
Typ e 6 :m ixed-m otive
task s
Typ e 5 :cog nitiv e
con flic ts task s
w/c
orre
c t a
nsw
ers
o f pow
er
Sol
vin g
pro
b lem
s Execu tin g
p er fo rma nce ta sk
s
Con
flic
tC
oope
ratio
n
C on cep tu a l B eh av ioral
M cG ra th ’s C ircu m p lex o f G ro u p Ta sk s
Typ e 4 :dec isio n-m ak ing
task s
![Page 80: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Pronoun UsePronoun Use
-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1
00.10.20.30.40.5
Total FirstSingular
FirstPlural
Second Third
FtF Dayd FtF Group Dist Group* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h a
gre
emen
t w
ith
gro
up
![Page 81: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Cognitive ComplexityCognitive Complexity
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
6+ Causal Negate Excl Incl
FtF Dyad FtF Group Dist Group * p<.05corr
elat
ion
wit
h a
gre
emen
t w
ith
gro
up
![Page 82: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Cognitive ComplexityCognitive ComplexityConcrete Words
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
Articles Prepositions Numbers
FtF Dyad FtF Group Dist Group * p<.05corr
elat
ion
wit
h a
gre
emen
t w
ith
gro
up
![Page 83: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Words Expressing Positive EmotionsWords Expressing Positive Emotions
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Affect PosEmot PosFeel Optim
FtF Dyad FtF Group Dist Group
* p<.05corr
elat
ion
wit
h a
gre
emen
t w
ith
gro
up
![Page 84: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Words Expressing Negative EmotionsWords Expressing Negative Emotions
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
NegEmo Anx Anger Sad
FtF Dyad FtF Group Dist Group
* p<.05corr
elat
ion
wit
h a
gre
emen
t w
ith
gro
up
![Page 85: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Cognitive & Social Processes
-0.6-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1
00.10.20.30.4
CogMech Insight Discrep Social Comm
Face-to-Face Dyad Face-to-Face 4 Dist-4
* p<.05
* *
corr
elat
ion
wit
h a
gre
emen
t w
ith
gro
up
![Page 86: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Tense
-0.3-0.2-0.1
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.7
Past Present Future
FtF Dyad FtF Group Dist Group
* p<.05
*
corr
elat
ion
wit
h a
gre
emen
t w
ith
gro
up
![Page 87: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
ConclusionConclusionGroup Polarization TaskGroup Polarization Task
• No linguistic indicators for groups of four
• High performing face-to-face dyads– Avoid social words– Avoid communication words– Use future tense
![Page 88: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
ConclusionConclusionChoose TasksChoose Tasks
• Very little overlap in linguistic markers across the three Choose Tasks– Prepositions indicate poor performance for dyads
and groups doing the Desert Survival Task and dyads performing Hidden Profile Task
– Communication words indicate poor performance for dyads performing the Desert Survival and Group Polarization Tasks
– Social words indicate poor performance for dyads performing the Hidden Profile and Group Polarization Tasks
– Use of emotional words indicate poor performance for dyads performing the Desert Survival Task groups of four performing the Hidden Profile Task
• LIWC-performance relationships may be unique to each task
![Page 89: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Predicting Group PerformancePredicting Group PerformanceTask Type 6: Resolving Conflicts of InterestTask Type 6: Resolving Conflicts of Interest
Prisoner’s DilemmaPrisoner’s Dilemma
Partner 1 Partner 2 Partner 3
Option 1
DecisionBlue $ 4.00
DecisionBlue$ 4.00
DecisionBlue$ 4.00
Option 2
DecisionGreen $ 5.00
DecisionGreen $ 5.00
DecisionGreen $ 5.00
Option 3
Decision Green $ 3.00
DecisionBlue $ 7.00
DecisionGreen $ 3.00
Option 4
DecisionGreen $ 1.00
DecisionBlue $ 5.00
DecisionBlue $ 5.00
Option 5
DecisionBlue$ 7.00
DecisionGreen $ 3.00
DecisionGreen $ 3.00
G E N E R AT E
E X E C U T E
N E G O T IAT E
C H O O S E
o f v iew p o in t
G en era tin g id e as G en era tin g p la ns
w/n o r igh t an sw
er
o f in te res t
De c id in g issu es R e so lv in g co n f lic ts R e so lv in g con f li c
ts
Re s
o lv i
n g c
o nf l
i cts
Ty p e 2 :c re a tiv ity ta s k s
Ty p e 1 :p la n n in g ta sk s
Ty p e 3 :in te lle c t iv e ta s k s
Ty p e 8 :p e rfo rm a n c e /
p s y c h o -m o to r ta s k s
Ty p e 4 :d e c is io n -m a k in g
ta s k s
Ty p e 7 :c o n te s ts /b a t tle s /
c o m p e ti tiv e ta s k s
Ty p e 6 :m ix e d -m o tiv e
ta s k s
Ty p e 5 :c o g n it iv e
c o n fl ic ts ta sk s
w/c
orre
c t a
n sw
e rs
o f p
ower
Solv
ing
p rob
lem
s Ex ecu t ing
p e r fo rmanc e tasks
Con
flic
tC
o ope
rati
on
C o n c e p tu a l B e h a v io ra l
M cG rath ’s C ircu m p lex o f G rou p Ta sk s
Ty p e 6 :m ix e d -m o tiv e
ta s k s
![Page 90: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Pronoun Use
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Total FirstSingular
FirstPlural
Second Third
Dist Triad FtF Triad Dist Dyad* p<.05co
rrel
atio
n w
ith
co
op
erat
ive
resp
on
ses
![Page 91: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Cognitive Complexity
-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.7
Six-Letter Negate Inclusive Exclusive
Dist Triad FtF Triad Dist Dyad
* p<.05corr
elat
ion
wit
h c
oo
per
ativ
e re
spo
nse
s
![Page 92: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Cognitive ComplexityCognitive ComplexityConcrete Words
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Articles Prepositions Numbers
Dist Triad FtF Triad Dist Dyad* p<.05co
rrel
atio
n w
ith
co
op
erat
ive
resp
on
ses
![Page 93: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Words Expressing Positive Emotions
-0.3-0.2-0.1
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.7
Affect PosEmot PosFeel Optim
Dist Triad FtF Triad Dist Dyad * p<.05corr
elat
ion
wit
h c
oo
per
ativ
e re
spo
nse
s
![Page 94: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Words Expressing Negative Emotions
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
NegEmot Anger Sad
Dist Triad FtF Triad Dist Dyad * p<.05corr
elat
ion
wit
h c
oo
per
ativ
e re
spo
nse
s
![Page 95: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Cognitive & Social Processes
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
CogMech Insight Discrep Social Comm
Dist Triad FtF Triad Dist Dyad * p<.05
*
corr
elat
ion
wit
h c
oo
per
ativ
e re
spo
nse
s
![Page 96: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Tense
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Past Present Future
Dist Triad FtF Triad Dist Dyad* p<.05co
rrel
atio
n w
ith
co
op
erat
ive
resp
on
ses
![Page 97: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
ConclusionsConclusionsPrisoner’s Dilemma TaskPrisoner’s Dilemma Task
• Distributed triads that used discrepancy words were more cooperative
• Trends existed:– Cooperative distributed triads
• Avoid second person pronouns• Use future tense• Use communication words
– Cooperative face-to-face triads• Avoid second person pronouns• Use exclusive words• Express positive and negative emotions and use anger words• Avoid the future tense
– Cooperative distributed dyads• Use positive feeling words
![Page 98: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Predicting Group PerformancePredicting Group PerformanceTask Type 8:Task Type 8: Psycho-Motor TasksPsycho-Motor Tasks
Card TaskCard Task
Make a house using as many cards as possible from several decks of playing cards
G E N E R AT E
E X E C U T E
N E G O T IAT E
C H O O S E
o f v ie w p o in t
G en era t in g id e a s G en e ra tin g p la n s
w/ n o rig h t a nsw
e r
o f in te re s t
De c id ing iss ues R eso lv in g co n f lic ts R e so lv in g con f lic
t s
Re s
o lv i
n g c
o nf l
i ct s
Ty p e 2 :c re a tiv ity t a sk s
Ty p e 1 :p la n n in g t a sk s
Ty p e 3 :in te lle c tiv e ta sk s
Ty p e 8 :p e rfo rm a n c e /
p sy c h o -m o to r ta sk s
Ty p e 4 :d e c is io n -m a k in g
ta sk s
Ty p e 7 :c o n te s ts /b a ttle s /
c o m p e titiv e ta sk s
Ty p e 6 :m ix e d -m o tiv e
ta sk s
Ty p e 5 :c o g n itiv e
c o n flic ts ta sk s
w/c
orre
c t a
n sw
e rs
o f pow
er
Solv
ing
p rob
lem
s Ex e cu tin g
p er fo r ma nc e ta s k s
Con
flic
tC
oope
r atio
n
C o n c e p tu a l B e h a v io ra l
M c G r a th ’s C irc u m p le x o f G ro u p Ta sk s
Ty p e 8 :p e rfo rm a n c e /
p sy c h o -m o to r ta sk s
![Page 99: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Pronoun Use
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Total FirstSingular
FirstPlural
Second Third
* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h p
erfo
rman
ce
![Page 100: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Cognitive Complexity
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
6+ Causal Negate Excl Incl
* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h p
erfo
rman
ce
![Page 101: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Cognitive ComplexityConcrete Words
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
Articles Prepositions Numbers
* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h p
erfo
rman
ce
![Page 102: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Words Expressing Emotions
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
Affect PosFeel Anger
* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h p
erfo
rman
ce
![Page 103: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Cognitive & Social Processes
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
CogMech Insight Discr Social Comm
* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h p
erfo
rman
ce
![Page 104: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Tense
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Past Present Future
* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h p
erfo
rman
ce
![Page 105: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Predicting Group PerformancePredicting Group PerformanceTask Type 8:Task Type 8: Psycho-Motor TasksPsycho-Motor Tasks
Radio Assembly TaskRadio Assembly Task
As a group, we would like you to assemble the AM portion of a radio using a Radio Kit from Radio Shack. To assemble the AM portion of the radio, you will need to insert dozens of components into different places on the circuit board and then connect each component to the others in the proper manner.
fifteen minutes
G E N E R AT E
E X E C U T E
N E G O T IAT E
C H O O S E
o f v ie w p o in t
G en era t in g id e a s G en e ra tin g p la n s
w/ n o rig h t a nsw
e r
o f in te re s t
De c id ing iss ues R eso lv in g co n f lic ts R e so lv in g con f lic
t s
Re s
o lv i
n g c
o nf l
i ct s
Ty p e 2 :c re a tiv ity t a sk s
Ty p e 1 :p la n n in g t a sk s
Ty p e 3 :in te lle c tiv e ta sk s
Ty p e 8 :p e rfo rm a n c e /
p sy c h o -m o to r ta sk s
Ty p e 4 :d e c is io n -m a k in g
ta sk s
Ty p e 7 :c o n te s ts /b a ttle s /
c o m p e titiv e ta sk s
Ty p e 6 :m ix e d -m o tiv e
ta sk s
Ty p e 5 :c o g n itiv e
c o n flic ts ta sk s
w/c
orre
c t a
n sw
e rs
o f pow
er
Solv
ing
p rob
lem
s Ex e cu tin g
p er fo r ma nc e ta s k s
Con
flic
tC
oope
r atio
n
C o n c e p tu a l B e h a v io ra l
M c G r a th ’s C irc u m p le x o f G ro u p Ta sk s
Ty p e 8 :p e rfo rm a n c e /
p sy c h o -m o to r ta sk s
![Page 106: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Pronoun Use
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Total FirstSingular
FirstPlural
Second Third
Dyad Triad* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h t
ime
to c
om
ple
te r
adio
![Page 107: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Cognitive Complexity
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
6+ Causal Negate Excl Incl
Dyad Triad
* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h t
ime
to c
om
ple
te r
adio
*
![Page 108: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Cognitive ComplexityConcrete Words
-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2
00.20.40.60.8
1
Articles Prepositions Numbers
Dyad Triad* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h t
ime
to c
om
ple
te r
adio
*
![Page 109: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Words Expressing Positive Emotions
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
-0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Affect PosEmot PosFeel
Dyad Triad
* p<.05corr
elat
ion
wit
h t
ime
to c
om
ple
te r
adio
![Page 110: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Words Expressing Negative Emotions
-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2
-00.20.40.60.8
1
NegEmot Anger Sad
Dyad Triad
* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h t
ime
to c
om
ple
te r
adio
![Page 111: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Cognitive & Social Processes
-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2
00.20.40.60.8
1
CogMech Insight Discrep Social Comm
Dyad Triad
* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h t
ime
to c
om
ple
te r
adio
![Page 112: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Tense
-1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2
00.20.40.60.8
Past Present Future
Dyad Triad
* p<.05
corr
elat
ion
wit
h t
ime
to c
om
ple
te r
adio
![Page 113: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
ConclusionConclusionRadio Assembly TaskRadio Assembly Task
• High Performing Dyads– Avoid Prepositions– Trend to:
• Use pronouns (esp. first person singular and second person)
• Use negations• Avoid articles• Use positive feeling
words• Avoid anger words• Use words expressing
cognitive and social processes
• Use present tense
• High Performing Triads– Use words with six or
more letters• Trend to:
– Avoid causal words– Avoid exclusive words– Use prepositions– Use numbers– Avoid words expressing
cognitive mechanisms– Avoid discrepancy words– Avoid the present and
future tenses
![Page 114: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
General ConclusionsGeneral Conclusions
• LIWC variables have been found to be useful in predicting group performance BUT the linguistic categories that predict performance differ by task, task type, group size, and communication medium
• Relationship to group processes have yet to be discovered
![Page 115: Using Linguistic Analysis to Identify High Performing Teams Mary T. Dzindolet & Linda G. Pierce Cameron University Army Research Laboratory 2006 CCRTS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649f045503460f94c18f79/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Future ResearchFuture Research
• Determine LIWC variables which can indicate group relations (e.g., trust, use of first person singular pronouns to predict status)
• Determine usefulness of LIWC in assessing group readiness
• Examine usefulness of LIWC in determining level of group development