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SMALL WARS MANUAL UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

1940

CHAPTER X RIVER OPERATIONS

UNITED S TAT ES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON :1840

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T A B L E OF CONTENTS

C E A P ~ NTROI)UCTION..11. ORCIANIWTION.

111. LOGISTICS.IV. TRAINING.V. IXI'PIAI, OPER.TI?ONS.VI. INFANTRY I'ATIlOLS.

VII. IIIOUNTED DETACHMENTS.VIII. CONVOYS AND CONVOY ESCORTS

IX. AVIATIOS.X. RIVER OPERATIONS.

XI. DISARMAMENT OF POPULATIOX.XII. ARMED NATIVE ORCANIWI'IOSS.

XIII. hlILlTARY QOVERNAIENT.XIV. SUPERVISION OF ELECTIOSSXV. WITHUR.4WAL.

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UNCLASSIFIED-MALL WARS MANUAL

UNITED STAT ES MARINE CORPS

RIVER OPERATIONSPar.

SECTION. R I V E I L ~ P E R A T I O N SN G E NE R AL . 0-1 to 1 G 211. T YPE SAND CHAR~~CTERISTICSFB O A T S .. ................... 10-3 to 10-11111. I'REPARATIONS FORRIVEROPER-ATIONS . 10-12 to 10-17I V . O C C U P A T I ~ Ns a R I V E R . . . . 10-18 to 10-31

V

I'age1-3

5-1011-1817-!.?,4

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SE@~OSRIVER OPERATIONS IN GENERAL

Par Pns rNw.essit.v for river operat~onn...-.-.. . .......... 1041 1General charactrr~sticsof rivers......... -..--.--..--.-.-.- 2.- 10421G1.Necessity for river operations.--rr. During tile estimate ofthe situation, or after the initiation of the intervention, it may be-come apparent that navigable in1:uid waterways exist within thetheater of operations to such an extent that their use by the inter-vening force is necessary or advisable.b, In niany countries, water routes are a priluary nieaiis of tmns-portation and rommunication, especially if there are few and inade-quate railroads, roads, or trails. I n some sectious of the country,they may be the only avenues of approach to areas occupied b yhostile forces. So long as water routes are more economic*al in timeand 1no11ey than other available means, they mill be employed bythe local inhabitants and their use must be seriously considered inthe plan of campaign of any force entering the country for smallwar operations. Soc11 river operations as appear practicable should

be coordinated with the laird operations which are t o be conductedsimultaneously.c. I n some cases, it nrny be necessary or advisable to mcupy a rivervalley in order to protect the foreign civilians, of other than UnitedStates citizenship, and property located therein against hostiledepredations.d. When offensive operatioils against the l~osti le orces interruptthe nomial land routes, such forces will turn to navigable rivers as ameans of supply arrd communication, or as an avenue of escape. Ade-quate and timely preparations slrould be undertaken by the interven-ing force to deny these water routes t o the enemy.e. Navigable rivers often form pnrt or all of the boundary betweenthe affected country an d an adjacent State. I f the hostile forces arereceiving assistance and supplies from the neighbri ng wuntry, r iverpatrols may sarioulsly interfere with, but never entirely suppress, such

activities. Amicable a p m e n t s should be completed as soon as pos-sible, through the Department of State, for the use of terri torialwaters b y such patrols, and for the pursuit of hostile groups who1

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SWM 10-2RIVER OI'ERATIONS IN GRSER.41.

may 1150 tlie rernote districts of the friendly count~y s a h:rse ofoperations or place of refuge.10-2. General characteristi cs of rivers.--a. All navigal~le irershave c.ertain similar characterist,ics. Their general profile i s bestrepresented as a series of terraces, the levels of ml~ich 1.u relativelyplacid st,rettches of water of Inore or less uniform depth iuld current,and the walls of ~vl~ich As one pro-re impt~ssible alls or rapids.ceeds upstream f i ~ n 1he nio~~tllf the river, the depth of water in

encli successive le,vel is usually less than in the one precerling. Tltiscl~aracteristic eatore determines the distance that a. boat of anygiven draft can t.n~vel nd eventually makes th e use of any typeof boat iolpossible. 'llie extent of ei1c11 gmnp of falls arid ra.pids,their relative distance fronr tlie mouth of tlie river, aud the lengt1,jlrof tlie intervening stretcl~esof srnootl~water will vary with everyriver. For rxample, the first obstacle in the Congo River in Africais only :L hm~dredmiles fro111 its mouth, altlrough the second levelof t,he river presents no impassable. falls fo r o~,er thousand miles.The Ya~rgtzeRiver in China is ni~vigilhleby ocean-going vessels fornearly :I. tl~ousandmiles from its 1nout11 before t l ~ e angtze Gorgeis reacl~ed. Tlle Coco River in Nicaragua car1 be traveled for over200 miles before th e first reill fal ls and rapids, extenditig over 30miles, are fonr~d;he second level is navigttble for some 60 miles; andthe th ir d level for another 70 ~nileso the head of navigation.

i~. These various levels :Ire crrstomarily the "lower," LLmicldle,"and"upper" rivers as one proceeds upstream from the mouth to the headof navigation, and as the depth of water in the succeeding levels neces-sitates a change in t he type and draft of boat which can be used.c. Tlie condition of the river, the depth and length of the navigablestretches, and the obstacles presented to navigation vary vith theseasons of the year. At certain times, the water in the middle and

upper rivers may be so low that numerous portages are necessary.When the river is in flood, such obstacles may disappear entirely andthe boats normally restricted to the middle river may proceed allthe way to the head of navigation, or the lower and middle riversmerge into one. This characteristic mill influence the time of yearand the ease and practicability of conducting river operations. Theprobability that supply boats could not reach Poteca, on the CocoRiver, during the months of April and Mar, influenced the decisionto abandon that outpost in April 1929. I n commenting on the NileExpedition of 186445,Callwell says, "And i t mus t be dded t ha t thesttpply difficulties were enormously increased by thk lateness of the2

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SWM 10-2

star t, by the unfortin~atr (~s1poneme11tn deciding on the clisl>atel~ fthe expedition. A few weeks sufficetl t o convert the Nile bet\~een hesecond ancl ttirtl crttnracts fro111 a great wnterv-ay up \vlllich tliesteamers from bslolr. Wadi Halfa could have steamed nit11 ease, intoa. s~tccessiou f tort,t1r~us alirls pttssuble only wit11 difficnlty by snm11boats." ('LSma.llWars, Tlleir Principles and Practice," by Col. C. E.Callwell, 3d ed., p. 70.)

d. As tl le river empties into t,he ocean, the sedinlent -wl~iel~t carriesis deposited to form n bar or shoal. I n the case of l:~rge rivers, t l lrsl~oal s usually so deeply sribmerged that it does not preveilt theentrance of ocean going vessels. I n those rivers usually fotuld in thetheater of small \var operations, the bar inuy be so near the snrface,of the water tl~att is a renl obstacle ~ n dmay make tlie passage ofeven the ordinary stiil)'s boat s dange:erons o~ ~d er taki ug,specially ift l ~ eervices of a local pilot are 11ot available.

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SECITON1TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BOATS

Pi>,-. PageGeneral.................................................... IQ-3 5Coastrvise communications ............................. 1R-4 5Nature of the river 10-5 5Lower river boats .......................................... I@-6 6hliddlo river boat 1+7 6Uppcr river boats l l t S 6T y p of boats availabl 10-9 6Method of propulsion.. ................................ 1+10 8Influence of tactical prineiplm..-. ......................... 10-11 9

10-:i. General.-The types and characteristies of boat,s \\.hicl~ Ireto be used i n a par ticnlt~r river operation clepenrl upon severalfactors, of mhich the more important are:

(1) Coast.wise coxnmunications required.(2) Nature of the river.(3) Desirable boat charncterist~icsfor lo~ver,middle, and npperriver use.(4 ) Types of boats available.(5) Method of propulsion.(6) Influence of tactical principles.1M. Coastwise communications-Navy vessels, motor launclies,and local coastal scliooners, normally mill be iised for maintainingcoastwise communications. Unless a main supply base is locatedat the month of the river on which the operations are being con-ducted, coastal shipping mill be used for the transportation ofpersonnel and replacements, and primarily for the shipment of

snpplies.10-5. Nature of the river.-The nature of the rirer , ~i lorehan anyother factor, determines the types of boats which will be used inriver ope,ration. The depth of the lower, middle, and upper rivers;the swiftness of the current; the distances between obstacles i n theriver; the number and length of the portages required; the seasonof the year; and the probability of securing native boatmen; each

of these mill have some effect on the decision. Ordinarily, at leastthree types of boats mill be required because of the limitations asto draft in the various river levels. If the lower river is more,5

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SWM 10-6TYPES .LSD CH2iR.4C1'ERIli'r1

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SWM 10-9 :TTI'I(5 ASll CHAIt\CTEI1ISTI be 11srd solely fo rthe trnnsportnt inn o f supplies a f t er the r iver l r~rsbee11 prrcified.Local boats ivill be l to ~~ de sc rip t T hi s complicates tlrell clisracter.repair and npkeep of m otor- l~ropel led rnft . Th ey Irave on e clecicleda drit~ ttw ge , i o ~ ~ e v c r ~ll of them w ill have been built f o r use o n t lreriver otr nhiclr the op erat io ~ls re to take place an d, in t ha t respect ,they ~robt tbly vi l l e s rcperior to boat s i~npor t rc l o r the opera t ion .

b. Wegttlns Xary boats ill seldom he avai lable in s~~fficientunr-bers to meet tlie ne ed s of th e exp edition . Th ey may be used f orcoa st~v ise ommonictr tions nnd o n t h e lower r i~ re r , epending o n thedeptlr o f the. water a n d the presence of rnp ids or fall s in th at sectionof the r iver. Tlrey a r e too Irenvy, d r a n too much water, and a r e tooslow t o n ~ l s r e rlre l lelm for use in t lre middle rive r.

c. Marir~e orps landing boats , especial ly the smal ler types , prob-nldy c a n be used effectively in th e lower an d mid dle rivers. T h e irn~in am ent , tn i fo r~n i ty f power p l an t and equ ipment, p ro tec ted ho t -tom an d l j ropel ler, an d the fac t th a t t rained crews may &. available to11:~nillehml, twr imp ortan t advruitages. T he ir ~ve igll tmay be a dis-i~dviurtag

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SWM 10-10 TYPES AXn CMARACTERISTICS OF BOATS

f. Improrements and ne\v develop~nents are constantly takingplace in boat design and boat nraterials. One can never expect toobtain a irniform flotilla of boats for river operations. The difficultywill always be to get enough bouts of any description to meet tliedemands of the situation 1~1iiclr re suitable for use i n the particularriver involved. I t is pn~bnble ha t moch better bouts \rill be avail-able in the future tlran l~ave een utilized for such operations in thepast.10-10. Method of propulsion.-a. Oenel-a1.-Boats used in riveroperations \\.ill be itlotor propelled, rowed, paddleil, poled, or towed,deperiding upon the. type of boat being used, the nature. of the. river,and the tacticti1 situation.6 . Ir~bomilv~toto?.boatr.-Inboard motor boats have the followingadvantages:(1) Speecl.(2) Usr~ally reater carrying cnl~acily ltan other types of boats.(3) Requires small crew. They htrve tlle following disntlvantages: (1) Noise of exhanst, oven though mfled, discloses the locationof tlie patrol and gives warning of its approach.(2 ) Gasoline and oil must be carried for the period between theinitiation of the patrol until t,he arrival of the first supply boats.This decreases tlie carrying capacity for troops nnd rations, mhich

may be offset by the increased speed of the movement.(3) They draw too much water for use in the upper river, or insome stretches of certain middle rivers.(4) Their power plant. often fails, or propellers are fouled orbroken in rapids where power is most essential.( 5 ) Weight of the boat increases the difficnlties of portagingaround obstacles in the river.Inboard motors are espec?ially useful for trnnsporting the rnainbody and supplies of a large patrol, and in the system of supplyin the lower and middle rivers.c. Outboard motorbs.-(1) Outboard motorboats have the same ad-vantages and di ~ad~ mt t iges They are mores inboard motorboats.subject to failure during heavy rains tllan the inboard type.(2) Outboard motors can be used mith a fair degree of success.in the upper river, althor~gh he presence of s: t~ ~d I) ~~ rs,ocks, S I I I I ~ ~ I I

trees, rind other debris, nrlcl the inn ~~ ni en~ bl e en-apicls normallyc~or~l~teretln this section of the river i~rcrease the difficulties ofoperation.8

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PREPARATIOSI FOR RIVER 0PER.PTIORS6, The crew of a boat. polrered mith an inboard motor should con-

sist of a coxswain, an engineer, and a. pilot. An outboard motorboat.requires an engineer nr ld a. pilot only. Boats whic l~ re propelledby hand; that is, by poling when going npstream and paddling .ivl~engoing downstream, require a much large,r crew in wlat,io~lo the sizeof the boat. The smaller, upper river boats, capable of carrying froma half squad to a squad, should have a poling crew of three or fourmen at the bow, and a boat captain who handles the steering paddleor rudder at the stern. The larger supply and combat boats mayreqniie as n~ :~ ny Smallers twelve bowmen am1 tm,o men at the stern.crews than these can operate, but the s ] ~ e d f the patrol will b eadversely affected, and t he danger.; of capsizing or losing control ofthe boat i n rough p rater mill be increased.

10-19. Boat procurement.+. After 51 decision has bee,n made toengage in a river operation, the earlier the necessary boats are pro-cured, the better are the chances for success. If soch operations canbe foreseen n.hen the expedition is organizing in the United States,lower- ancl middle-river boats, and a few light-draft boats nh'icl~maybe suitable for use in the upper river, should he carried with the initialequipment, as well as a supply of outboard motors.

6. If suitable boats have not been providect, i t =ill be necessary topurchase or charter local boats. I f the supply of available cr af texceeds th e needs of the patrol, only the best of the various typesreqnired a s determined by the composition of the patrol shonld beselected for the initial movement. It is advisable, however, to takepossession of at least double that number so that they will be immdi-ately available for supply and replacement pnrposes in the future.Boats should be inspected and inquiries made as t o their river-worthiness before they ar e purchased. In many cases the supply ofboats will be less than t he required number or type, and the. size ofthe patrol may have to be curtailed, o r some compromise effected in(he distribution of personnel, equipment, and supplies among theboats.

10-16. Armament and equipment.--u. Organic.-The organicarmament. and equipment, and the proportion of attached units, willnot differ from that of an infantry patrol of comparable strength.For details, see Chapter 11,"Composition of Forces," and Chapter V1,"The Infa nt ry Patrol."b . IlUE*al.-The same principles apply to the amount of indi-vidual equipment carried in a river patrol as on an infantry landpatrol. (See ch. VI, "The Infantry Patrol.") Each man, however,

1s

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SWM 10-17l'RZI':\IIAYTOSS FOlt 1t11~?:11Ol'I~I(A'U1OSS

should be provided wit11 a robbrr. \I-ater1)roof bag for carrying hispe1%~11ra1quipment.. Thc hrrg slroul(1 be securely tied at the t l ~ ~ v a tand distei~ded o crr!:ltc. llrc nxtxinmm airslxice. If the bont capsizes,:IS is often the c:ise! the bt~g ill fh~at nt1 snplrort the inan in his effortsto reach thc shorr. Mosquito llcts rn11.t ah\-ays be i~~cluded,speciallyin operations along tlle lo~vcr nd inirlcllc rivers.

c. 71out.-For the a r n r a ~ u e ~~ tf lo\\-er- and middle-river boats, seeparagraphs 10-6 slid 1(1--7. Each bont slroultl be eqnippecl with thefollo\\.i~lg:100-foot,stern nnd bow lines of 1 inch ~rraniln ope, in place rrttdyfor i~isttlllt 1 s :it a11 timw.1 paddle for each man reclnired to nu? it .1 pole, metal shod, for each man required to use it.2 long range foct~siirg lushliglrts.1 giis

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SWM 10-17

tlrey cwr used as si,at?; i r ~bo;tts of tlm upper-river typo. Boatsasigrred to tlre kervice of svearity slrould bc lightly loaded andslroold carry o~rlyhe PP~SOIIIII tilt! I I I ~ ~ I ! Other~iti- ~ f 011 t1111tcliity.boats i n the flotilla slrotlld ctlrry tlreir proport ioni~te trare of theequ il>n~e ~lt Even thoup11 a train is irrcludetlrrrtl supplies. s t~ lq~lyill tlie flotilla, it is necessary to distribute sorne of the. suppliesarnong the other boats tts a precautiolrary measure against t,lleirloss if tlia sapply h ~ s t sIre capsizerl or blvken ill rregotiatillg rongl:lrwater. In ntrvigtrting fast water, boats slrould b e londed dotrrl bythe llead for \~\-ork gainst tfre current or do\v11 L)y tlrr stern forxork \%-it11 lrc eorrerrt, so tlrrtt tlrc tleeprr end will al\\zays be np-rorrerrt. 11s tllc boat t e ~ ~ d so pivot. or1 its rleeprr cnd: tlte cnrrentwill Ilolrl tlre boat parrtllel to tlre f l ow of the cnrro~tt.

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swx lo-la

SECTIONIVO C C U PA T IO N O F A RIVER

Par. PneeThe mission .......................................... 18-18 17Similarity to laud operation.. . 10-19 17The day's maroll.. . 10-20 18Rate of moven~en 18

1 9Ilcconnaissanec alid seoarity 20Initial con tac t with the enemy. 21A typical ambush......... 21The attack ................................................... 10-26 22Garrisoning the ri 22Defensive measlire 23Passage of obstacles....................................... 18-29 23Night operations.. ........................................ 10-30 23Supporting foma... . )I331 24

10-18. The mission.-The n~ iss ions \.hich ilet en nine the neccssit,yfor the occupntion of a river line h av e been stated previously: t oprovide a n easier and m ore economict~l oute of slipply to th e la ndforces; to deny the use of the river to th e hostile forces; to interferenit11 enemy lines of conimunication which &reperpendicular to t h eriver li ne ; or to secure a n avenue of appronch to the hostile area f o rth e establishment of a base from w hich active land operatfons c a nbe con8ucted. Each of these w ill affect the size an d composition o fthe force e~nployed,and the location of the garrisons establishedtilong the river.10-19. Sim ilari ty t o la nd operations,-The occupation of a r iv erparallels i n every respect the advance o f a land pa tro l from its base,except in th e means of transportation. After the in iti al base at themouth of the river has been seized, a first objective is selected andpatrols are pushed forward until it is captured. Reorganizationtakes place, supplies and reenforcements are brought forward, a n dthe advance is resumed to the second objective. A third objectiveis selected and taken in the same u-ay, and so on until the river isbrought und er control. I f opposition is not expected a nd th e missionis to garriso n the river more o r less equitably throu ghout its length,as in t he case of using it as a route of supply or to deny it to t h eenemy, the advance may be continuous. The entire river force m a y

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SWM lo-20OCCUPATlS P A BIVEn

lenro t:he original base as a body, provide(l enough boats are arail-able, :md det;~chment.s are mtde as e:mh outposts is established alon?the rout,e. If opposition is tmt,icipated, or if the supply of boats 1snot sufficient for the entire pat~rol, the :tdrance will certainly be nxrdeby bounds front objective to objective, wnd eventually the major per-tion of the river force will be corrcent:mted at. the final objective whereit is employed for cooldinated land ilnd river operat,ions against theenemy in hostile territory.

10-20. The days march.--8s witb I:md patrols, t,he days marchshould begin as soon after down as possible. This is f&lit&d bythe fact. that most of tb0 supplies and equipmat may be loaded intothe boat,s e&r evening as soon as tire rat.ions for the next 24 lmur~hwe been renmwl. + oonday halts sho~~ld not be made for the pnr-pose of preparing a hot, nwd. Midday Iuncbcs may be prepared anddistributed in the morning although usually the ration sit,uation willnot permit, soch act inn. Unlc~s tactical corrsid~rations prevmt~, tbrdays moveme~~t should be halt~ed at lexst 2 hours before, sundomn inorder to carry out the MXSW~ security measures, make the crimp,mtl .feed the troops and boat. crems before dark. The camp shouldbe on fairly lerel ground, sufficiently above the water level to avoidflgoding in the event of R rapid rise in the river during the night.I+xtts sltould be secured with R sufficiently long line to prevent theirbeing stranded on dry laud b+xanse of a sudden drop in the waterlevel, or being l~nlled under and smnmped beca~use of a sudden risein the river. Bout. guards should always be posted OYCP lw flotilla.

N-21. Rate of movement.-The ratt! of movement will dependupon the type of bmt being used, whether propelled by motor or byhand ; t,he nntuw and condition of t,he river, whet,lw in deep cons-lmxt~ively calw water, or in the st,rong currents and innumerablerapids of t,he middle md upper river; and the need for careful recon-naissance. A motor flotilla may average between 60 and 100 miles:L day ur&r tlre best. corrdit.ions; a flot,illa. moring by hand powerwill a.verage from 12 to 1,s miles per dq. The rate of adrmee willbe that. of the slowest boat, in the column. Regsrdless of the rate ofmovement, some word of the approach of the patrol will usuallyl~recede it up river, especially if the area is well populated. If thest,ate of the river permit,s, it may bo possible, and in certain situationsdesirable, to overrun tbr lwstil~ shore p&ions by utilizing the speednvnilItblo to R motorboat flotilla. If the mission of the pat.rol is todrive the hostile groups out of t2le river valley, it may be better to

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SWM 10-22 OCCI:I'.\-~IOS OF IIIYER

advance slo~~ly,ometinles hy poling, in order to seek out tire enemyby reconnnissance nrld engag6 1ri111 n combnt.Boat formations.+i. Geiter~rl.-E'or~~~atiolrsor a boatcolu~nn dvancing aloug a river, either up or down stream, parallelsin evely respect.a nlalrh foniration for an infantry patml orpr 1:111rl,:iud the sanlc principles apply. (See "The Infantry I't~trol," ch. V I ) .Tl~erehould be ail atlvance guard, a command group, a ~n ai n ody,

:1 co~nbator supply trai n, and a. rear guard. Tactical units, s ~ t c l ~;IS half squads (combat teams), quads, and platoons, should be as-signeil to separate, boats so as to maintain fiwdom of maneuver an dyet. retain as much co~l trol ver the various elements of the patrol a sl~osib le. Tlre nuniber a nd type of boats vithiu the formation d l~lepet~d1)on the size and co~nposition f the petrol and the natureof the rive r in which i t is operating. Eve11 ill tlre lover river vh ereno opposition is expected, some security ele~nerrts hould l~roceed i dfollow the nlaiu body. I t r~onldbe a mistake to place ail eirtirepatrol consisting of a rifle lato to on in a single lower river boat, oreven to divide it into tk point of n lialf squad in ilrr upper river boloat,nud the re,n~ainderf t he patrol in a single lo\ver river bont, if opposi-tion is anticipated. To do so might im~nobilize he entire patrol iftlre main h d y shoeltl suddenly be fired ~ipou rom a concealed hostileposition. On the other hand, i t \ ~ould e tactically unsound to em-ploy ouly upper river boats containi l~g ne squad each or less for apatrol consisting of a reer~forced ifle company. This vonld restiltin an elongated column arrd a corresponding lack of co~rtrol. If thenature of tht: river axid the type of boats available make such a dis-position necessary, it mould be better to ernploy the split columnformation, described in Chapter VI, for large infantry patrols.

6. Type of boatn employed.-The elements of the adv:tnce guard,tbe renr guilrd, and Aank security units, as well a s the cmnmandgroup should be assigned to small, light, fast boats of the upper-rivertype. This is especially true of tlie point, rear point. and commnndgroup. Thia facilitates the n~oven~entf the security elements andlwrmits them to adjust the. distcurces in the formation according tothe t e ~ ~ t ~ i nhrough which they are passing without slowing up nn-duly the steady progress of the main M y . It enables the patrolcommander to proceed rapidly to any part of the columil where hispresence is most urgently rtquised. l l e remainder of the patrrilmay be assijpcd to types of boats which are best suited to the tactical~equirernentsand the nature of the river.

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SWM 10-23 OCCUPATIOS 0 1 7 A l i l I l l R

G. Distances in fot-matiorr.-'l'he clist~tncesbetween the elements ofthe coluin~nwill vary ~it11he terrain, the slze of the flot~lla, uil thespeed of movement. The principles involved are a~~alogouso lnncloperations in which the troops are proceeding n l o ~ ~ g airly n-ide,open road. The leading elements .il~onldnever he out of sight ofthe next element in rear for more than a millute or so at n time.IV11ere the river is straight and \vide, distances between the variousparts of thc colu~nn hould be great enough to prevent the mainhcly coming under machine-gun fire hefore the hostile position hasbeen (liselosed by the swnrity detachments. Where the river is wind-ing and tortuous the distance between groups should be shortened.If the distance between elements is too great each unit may hedefeated in detail before the next succeeding unit can he broughtup, disembnrked, and engaged with the enemy.d. Location of patrol cmrnnnder ilk co2uonm.-The pntrol com-mander's boat will usually irlove a t or near the head of the main

body.E . Locatiolt of supply bont.s.-Normally the supply boat or boatsshould be located a t the tail of the main body. The rear echelonof the command group acts as train guard. I n tl le event of combat,the train p a r d assembles the boats of the flotilla and the crelrs, andmoves the train forward to maintain liaison with the nlain body asthe attack progresses. If the rear guard is committed to action,the tr ai n p a r d assumes its functions to protect the column f roman attack from the rear. I f the train is nnusually long, as may bethe case when a patrol is to establish an advance base at the end ofits river movement, it may be advisable to detach the inajority ofthe supply boats from the main column and form it into a convoy,following the combat par t of the patrol at a designated distance.

10-28. Reconnaissance and security.-a. Nethodv of reconnuis-sance.-A river pa trol employs the sa~nemethods of reconnaissanceas an infantry patrol ashore. (See "The Infant ry Patrol," ch. VI.)Since the route of advance is limited to the river, it is often neces-sary to halt the movement temporarily while small land patrolsreconnoiter suspicjol~s ocalities some distance from the river banks.

6 . The culvcmce guard.-The advance guard may consist of a pointboat only, or it may be broken into a point, advance party, support,and reserve, depending upon the strength of the patrol. As in oper-ations on land, the function of the point is primarily reconnaissance,to uncover and disclose hostile positions in front of the advancingcolumn before the main body comes within effective range of the

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OCClTPATIOS OF .\ PIiYER

eneniy's weapons. Tlrc upper-river type boat i s best. suited f o r thispurpose; it can be lrandled easily :rnd does not expose too marrymen to dire surprise fire of an ambusli laid t~loxrg he shore lines.The elenients of the advance. gaard should increase in strength fror~rfront to rear so that, increasing pressure is applied as succeedingw i t s engage tlic liostile position. If tlre river is vide, the advnnwguard slrould enrptoy a broad front., with at least one boat neareach bank. Tlie main body should proceed near the center of theriver t o reduce tlre effects of hostile fin from ei ther bank.

c. Flonk 8ernwiby.-(1) It. is almost impossible for men in boatsto discocer n \cell-laid ambuslr. When operating in hostile terri-tory, or ~\.Iie:i there are indications that combat is imminent, shorepatrols sl~oulclprecede or move abreast of the udcance guard boatson ench bnnk of the river. Although this mill slo~v he rate. oft.rave1, it is an essential precaution unless speed i s the. ~iiost.mportantfactor in the missio11 of the pat.rol.(2) Navigable tributaria entering the route of advance shouldbe reconnoitered and secured by some small boat element of the patrol~x.hile he column is passing them.d. M a x h ozrtpost8.-h1:~rch olrtposts should be established at everytemporary halt. This is accomplished by reconnnissnnce to the frontand rear by the point nnd rear point, resepectively, and by the estab-lishment of flank boat or shore patrols as necessary.e. Security at ~est.-Immediately upon arriving at a temporaryor permanent camp site, bout reconnaissance patrols are sent u p anddown ricer for n distsnce of one o r more miles depndin g upon thenature of the river. Trails and roads leading in to the camp site andsuspicions localities in the vicinity of the site are reconnoitered byland patrols. Other precautionary measnres ar e taken as prescribedfor i~ifantry atrols. (See "The Infantry Patrol," ch. VI.)10424. Initial contact with the enemy.-The init,isl contact with

the enemy in river operations may be in tlre nature of a ~neetil~genfi"gen~ent,with all the elelnents of surprise for both forces foundin such contacts, or, as is more of ten the case, i t consists of uncover-ing his outpost positions. I n either event, once contact has beenmade, the choice of position and the time of future engagements willpass to the hostile force attempting to prevent the further advanceof the patrol. I n most small war operations, these engagements willbe in the nature of a n ambuscade.1&25. A typical ambush.-The typical hostile ambush wi l l re-sen~blehose found i n land operations. It will be located at a bend

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SWM 10-26 OCCUPATIOS OF A RIVER

in the river in order to provide mitable locations for autonraticweapolrs to enfilade tlre adr:~ncing oloirr~rof boats. 'The nature ofthe river mill be such thnt tlre bo:~tswill be forced close to one bankto negotiate t,he current. Along this bank will be located the mainhostile position so sited that rifle aird autoim~ticweapon fire rill1 bedirected a t the colunrir from tbe flank. Thc. ter rai ~rwill be heavilywooded to nfford cover and conce,~lmeiit. Under these conditions,the possibilities that tlre nnibush can be detected by men in bonts willbe very slight. IJortages, rapids, and canyons nrny also be selected asa.lnbnsl1 positioils in order to engage the patrol \vlle~l t is ~videlydis-persed and ont of control of it s conrir~ander.

la-26. The attack.-Men in boats present a concentrated. 1-uliler-r~ble arget to a l~ostile orm ashore. The hostile fire sl~ouldbe re-turned by tire weapons carried on the boats as normd armtunent.A few riflemen mity im in such a 1)osition tlrat the,y (can open fi rervitlroot endangering th e crew or other members of the boat. How-ever, any fire delivered from a moving boat will be erratic andco~nparatively ueffectt~al. Tlxe full power of the attacking forcecannot be deldoped until tl~eroops are on shore rurd deployed forttie fight. If tlre attack occurs in a wide, deep stretclr of river in\vhirll t,lre boirts c m ~ e miu~e~ivered,t may be possible to run pastthe l~os ti le ire aird land tlre troops above the, ambush to take t he2bt.tac.k in t11e rear and cut off the enemy's prearranger1 line of retreat..Tisuaily the ambush will he so locr~ted hat this is impossible. I nthat event., the leading boats slro111d bo haclred toward the lrostileposition. Disembarking, the. men in these boats take up tbe fi reand hold the liostile force in its position. Those boats not underthe initial burst of fire should be brouglit upstrenm as close to t h eIiostile position as possible, the troops disenrbarked, and the attackla~~rrcl~erlro111 tbe fia~ik o envelop tlre ambush, overrun the posi-tion. and intercept the liostilo line of witbdra\val. Ordinariiy thepatrol shonld land on one side of tile river orily. 111 some situationsit may be desirnble or necessary to land on both banks, especially i fthe hostile force is deployed on both sides of the river. Tlris actioni~~creases of control, nod iuay result in inflicting casu-he clifiultiesalties anlong friendly personnel. Once the troops are ashore, thetactics are similar to those e~nployedby regular infantry ptrtrols.10-27. Garrisoning t h e river.-a. The loc~tion f the \vtrious poststo be established along the river is determined by: foreign settle-

ments and investnrents which req~i iw rotection; junctions of impor-.tant river-ways; locatiori of intersecting roads and trails; wpply22

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dunlps a nd reshipping points be.tween the lolx.er a.nd miildle rire,raor tlre middle and upper rivers: nrrd tlre strmrgtb, aqg~~ssiveness,and tlisposition of the liostile forces.6. Tlre stre~lgth, f eac.11 post. ~vill epend upon its missio~~nd thehostile forces in the area. Tlre largest forces should be located aitliose points 011 the river \rhich are most vulnerable to attack, or fro111which combat patrols can operate to best advantage? against hostileforces.

o. The distance htm-een posts on the river is determilied by theexisting situation. If tire llostilr fox* is active and aggressive irrthe area, the posts sl~ould e ~~i t l r i i iupporting distance: ltot over 1day's travel upstwarn, fro111 aclr other. If tho lrostile fo~~ces weak,i~naggl'essive,or ~ro~rexistant~ 150 miles between postsdistalice ofmay not be too great a disprsirsio~r f force.

d. I n somo situations, it ,nay be necessary to estahlisl~ utposts o nnavigable tributi~ries o the lriaili river in order to protect the line o fcomrrrti~ricntions. 'nli s is eslx?cinlly important if t l ~ eributary leadsfro111 rostile areas or if trails used by the llostile force cross its course.10-28. Defensive measures.-a. .Each garrison itlong the river~nus t e prepared for :ill-;wound defense. Wire entariglements o rother obstacles should be erected, ~nachine i ~ i s nd other defensivewenpolls slrould be supplied, and uorrnal defensive, measures taken.Active patrolling by land and xrater should be rnaintnined. Com-munications by radio o r other nleans should be establislied with thearea headquarters and with other outposts along the river. Boatsshould be supplied to each outpost for reconnaissance, liaison, andlocal wpply purposes, and as a lnearrs for ert~cuatio~lown river i ncase of necessity.

10-29. Passage of obstacles.-Obst,acles in the river, such as nar-~.o\\-s, frges, bad rapids, aud falls, ~vlrether hey ca n be narigateclor reqnlre a porl.age, are similar to defiles in ordinary warfare anclsimilar protective measure must be taken. I combat patrol slioulclproceed t o the head of the obstacle, and flank security patrols shoolclreco~~noiteroth banks of the river and dangerous commnnding locali-ties, in order to secure t11e safe passage of the main body throughthe obstacle.10-30. Night operations.-Sigl~t opert~tio~rsrray be conducted :(1) T o make a reconnaiss:~nce.(2) T o make R search.(3) T o secrete small detacl~~rrnrtsnil picket hats.

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OCCUI';V!XOX O F 1 I t lVEI1(4) To send out a patrol.(5) To cl~iulge he location of a post,.( G ) To avoid aimed fire from sl:olx and to avoid ronibttt. Nightoperations n~ us t condmted by poling or paddling, never by motor,if secrecy is to be attained. Morelnents upstrean1 against the currentat night. are extren~ely low, difficult., and flrtiguing tu crew and com-bat force alike. They sl~ouldbe avoided except in the most urgentsituations. Tl~ey ave all the attrndaot difficulties of n nigl~tmarc11

by a n infantry patrol. See "The Infantry Patrol," Ch. VI.) Onthe otlinr l~nnd, ight ~no~enientsy boat do~rnstrexmwith the ccr-rent ~ I I I Ibe silently ancl easily executed if the 11ig11t s clear and if theriver is free of dangerous obstacles. Such 11ig11tn~~ve l ~ i e n t sre oftenpmfitably employed in river operations.l(L-31.Supporting forces-a. Infanby put?~ols.-Itiver operationsoften can be coordinateil with t,lie operations of infantry patrols ifthe trai l net is satisfactory and such sl ~ppor ti~ lgr001)s are available

in the area. Such coordinated efforts shonld be employed ~rheneverpossible to effect the seizure of important towns or localities along th eriver, or to increttee the probability of inflicting a decisive defeat uponthe hostile forces.h. A'~,iu,tio?r.-Aviatio~~upport is fully as important for the suc-cessful conclusio~~f river operations RS for the correspon(1ing landoperations. For details, see Clmptrr IX ?"Aviation."

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SWM 10-11 TYI'ES A S D O l I A R l C T E R I S T I C S OF B O AT S

(3) Ontboard motorl~oats are especially nsefol for security unitswith s patrol operating entirely with motorboats; and for liaisonmid co~nn~andissions.(4) Outboard motors purcl~ased fo r river opert~tions sllould heof the. multiple cylinder type and capable of developing at least 25horsepon,er. Motors \vhose water intake is through the forward endof the propeller housing should not be purchased. They are proneto pick up too much sand, dirt, and other debris in tlle shallowTvaters in ~vliichhey often have to operate.

d. Raw6ocrts.-Rolvboats will seldom be used in small mar riveroperations. 1)isabletl navy or large sized motorboats may have tobe roxvcd for compnratively short distances.e. Padd2e.u.-l'addles are riorrnally used as the means of propulsionwith upper ri\-er boats mlrich are not equipped wit.11 outboardmotors. They niny be, used when moving against tlio curre.nt inquiet stretches of hl~e iver, depending upon the strength of tlie.current, and ~v il l lways be used when going downstream or fromone side. of the river to the other. They are used a s ruddeix inboats of the canoe type. Because of their reliability under till con-ditions, they are part of the normal eq~~ipmentf every middle andupper river boat, mtiether they are quipped with motors or not.f . Poles.-In swift mater, poles must be used to make headlvayagainst the current if the water is too shallow for the operation ofmotors or if the. boat is not equipped with a motor. In many cases,

poles can be used to assist a motorboat when passing througl~ apidsand bucking an ~~riusrinllyt,rong current. They are part of thenonnal eql~ipmerrt f every middle and upper river boat.g. Tou~ing.-Towing will have to be resorted to when passing up-stream through very bad rapids. Occasionally the overhangingbranches close to shore may be grasped to haul th e boat along. Be-fore towing a boat through bad stretches of water, it should be

~lnloaded t th e foot of tlie rapid, and tlie load portaged around it.111 some cases, such as falls or extremely bad rapids, t l ~ eoat millhave to be portaged also. I n going downstream through dangerousrapids, towlines n~ust e nsed to ease the boat and keep i t undercontrol.10-11. Influence of tact ical principles.-Tactical principles willhave considerable influence o n tlie type of boats selected for any par-ticular river pat.rol. Security units should be transported in small,light, easily maneuverable boats, carrying one-half to a complete

squad of men in addition. to the crews. The conlmand group requires9

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SWM 10-11TYPES AXD CHARACTERISTIM OF nOAT 8

a stnall, f~rst oat. Eleme~~ts transportedf the iliairr tK>ilymustas 1111its n order to facilitate their ent ry into action. Supply boatsmsky be of all e ~ ~ t i l t l y T h eiffel=~rt. ype t11a11 the corl~bat oats.~lecessity o r s l~eci ill influerrce t11.e composition of t,lie flotilla. Eve11in the. lower river, these tactical requirements xlray irect~sitatelle em-ploy~nentof some middle and upper river cri ~f t; n tlre upper riversections, t,l~eywill i~ifli~encehe. size of the. boats en~ployett.

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SW M 10-12

SECTIOXI TPREP ARA TIONS FOR R IVER OPERATIONS

I?!r. fageIntroduction . 10-12 11 Organizing the river patrol . 10-13 12 8 ................................................... 10-14 12 Boat pmmlremezrt.. ............................................. 10-15 13 Armament anrl ciluipment.. .............................. 10-16 13 J.oading boa 10-17 14

10-12. Introduction.-+I. Wl~en l ~ rlecision to seize and occupy ari re r ronte bas been re;~c.lled, ertain preparatory nleasures, sucll asthe organization of the force to be enlployed and the assen~l~lingfboats :~nd heir cre\\.s, 111ustbe tnken. I n inany respects these pre-liminriry steps closely resemble the organization of i r ~ f a n t ~ yatrols(liscussed in Cllapter VI, "The Infantry Patrol."6. In tllo n~ajority f cases, the occupation of a river \vill proceedfrom tlle coastline inland. If the situation requires tha t the oecup:~-tion begin near the head of navigation and work dow~lstroam, hediffict~ltiesof prepurntion are magr~ified,especially in the collectionof the necessary boats, boat equipment, and native cren7s. The meas-llres to be taken, however, are similar in either event.c. If the river to be occupied is not already held by hostileforces, or no opposition is offered, the problem mill be relativelysimple, provided suitable and sufficient boats to handle the personneland initial supplies are avitilable. If t he mouth of t he river is heldby the enemy, it must be seized as the first step. This operationdoes not differ from any landing agninst ojtposition, which is com-

pletely covered in the "M;inual for Landing Operations."r l . River operations are relatively unfamiliar t o our forces.They utilize types of transportation rvhose capabilities and care amcompar8tively unkno\i-n to our personnel. The operations areconducted on routes of travel which are seldom accurately indicatedon the av:~ilablemap, and they are executed over waterways of con-s f ~ n t l yhanging characteristics. The contlition of t he water high-ways varies with the low or flood stage in the river anil with thepart of t he river in 'ivhich the h a t is operating, whether lower,middle* or upper river. Every opportunity should be given the men

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PREPAR:Cf'lOXS F011 RIYCIL C)I'ElL%TIOSSt o become vater-xvise and boat-wise, in order to hnild 111) their boat,-handling ability and their self-confidenc*e. Preparations for riveroperations should coinrnence, therefore, as fa r as possible i n advanceof the date when such operations are espect,etl to begin.

10-13. Organizing th e river patrol.-;\Inny of the same principlesapply to organization of n river pat1.01 a s apply to that of :III in-fant ry patrol. The size of the p:~troS is determined by th e samefactors, except that the nrtrnber a n d type of boats a.vailable mustbe taken inlo consic1er;ttion. Indiridoal anrr:nnent, t l ~ e roportionof supporting weapons to he attachecl, tlre necessity for additionalOffic

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SMALL WARS MANUAL UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

1940

CHAPTER XI DISARMAMENT OF POPULATION

UNCLASSIFIED

U N ITE D S T A T E S GOVERNM ENI PRIN TlNG OFPICE

WASRINGTON : 1940

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TABLE OF CONTENTSTlin Smnll lIrars &I:~nnal,U. S. Marine Corl)s, 1940, is pr~blisliecl

i11 f ifteen chapters as f o l l o ~ r s :CHAFE& I. 1XTRODUCTIf)N.

11. ORGANIZA'PION.111. LOClSTICS.IV. TRAINIXG.

V. INITIAL OL'ERATIONS.VI. INRANTICY I'.YPROLS.

VII. >lOUN'L'EI) DET:'I'.\CEIAIESTR.VIII. CONVOYS AS11 CONVOY ESCOR'I'S.

I S . AVIAT!ION.X. RIVER Ok'ERATIONS.

XI. DISARMAMENT OR I'OPULATION. S I I . ARMED NATIVE ORGASIZATIONS. XIII. MILITARY CO'I'ERNMENT.XIV. SUI'ERYISION OF ELECTIOSS.XV. WITHDRAWAL.

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SWM 11-1

SMALL WARS MANUALUNITED STATES M A R IN E COKPS

Crr.\i-re~tX I D ISA R M A M E N T OF POE'ULATION

I't,r. li ' , ie. . . . . . 11--1 I3;iti5!I11I2CONTROLF SOUIIC):~F SIIPPLY. . . ~ . . 11--9 13M ~ a s u r r ~ s I~ISAR~IA~I\IMN.P... .... . 11.--10 14OLLOWING .

11-1. General.--a. 1)rtcr tc r the unsettled conditions ortlinnrily pre-vailing in a coutitry r~lrciringn nentsnl intervention, and the ex-istence of ircnrty arms in tlre hands of the inhabitants, the disnrnlirrgof t he genernl popnltrtion of that cinrntry is rrot only extrc?mc?lyimportant as a part of tire operation of the intervening forces hut.also t o th6 interests of the inltrrhitarck tlrernseIvtss. It is cnst,ornaryin nrany undeveloped or unsettletl comtnunitiex fo r all of the rnalepopt~lationnport reaching nrnturity, to be hz~bitrtully rrme(1, not-~vittrstnading lrrtt. such possession is generally illegal. Tlrere is rlogical reuson for the large nnunrher of wercporrfi itt the hands of theinhabitants. The iirbitrary political rnet,hnds which frqrrently re..snlt irr revolution, nnd the lawlessness practiced by a large propor-tion of the populntion, is responsible for. this s t n k of rrffuirs. Thr,professional politicians ant1 the revoluticmary o r lrnndit leaders, 8swell as their nrcmerous cohorts, are habitually armttti. I ~ g a lnsti-tutions cannot prevail ngninst this distrosiiing ctmdition; persons *nilp r o ~ ~ r t yre left at the mercy of unscrupulous despots, until irr *If-

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SWM 11-1nIs2\n;\cn>ni.x'rov POPULATIOX

preservation t he peaceful und 1:ixv abiding iinlvabitants are. forcedto arm themselves.6. If it hiis no t been done previously by the intervening forces,the disar~ningof the people sl~ouldbe initiated upon the formaldeclaration of military government, and must be regarded as themost vital step in tlie restoration of tmnquility. The disarming oftlle native popiilation of a country in which mi1ita1-y occupation hastaken glace is an imlxmtive necessity.

c. One of the. i~iitiill teps of an intervention is the disarniing oft h e native factions opposing each other. I f this action is successf~~t,serious snbseqneiit results may be averted. To be effective, thisaction lnust be timely, and the full cooperation of ivative lendersnlnst be securer1 throng11 the proper psycliologieal approach. Thedisarmament can be effected only t,l~rougll lle greatest tact anddiplomilcy. It is only orre of several wccessix~e teps in the settle-ment of the local controversyl :tn(l znny agreenient effected mustinsure not o11ly ultimate. justice bat immediate sut,isfacticm to al lcontending parties. To secure this concession, tlle arbiter ixiust. havethe coi~ficlenceof the nat.ives and must be ready, milling, and ableto insure tlio provisions of thc agreement. This involves the respon-sibility to provide security not only for the natives ~vho ave beendisarmed but f or the individu:ils depending upon them f o r protec-tion. This iluplies the presence of the arbiter's forces in sufficientnun~herso guarantee safety.d. Peaceful inhabitants, voluntarily surrendering their arms,should be gnaranteed protection by those forces charged with therestoration and maintenance of peace and order. Wore i t possible todisarm completely the whole populution, tdie military features ofsmall wars would resolve themselves into simple police duties of aroutine nature. Obviously, considering the size of the population,the extent of territory, arid the limited number of available troops,any measures adopted wig1 not be 100 percent effective. Hornex-er,if properly executed, the native military organizations arid :L largepropor tim of the populace may be dimmed vohmtarily; manyothers will be disarmed by military or police measures designed t olocate and coiifiscate arms held clandestinely. These measures milllimit the outstanding arms to those held by a few individuals whowill seek to hide them. I n many instances, these hidden arms willbe exposed to the elements or to deterioration whicli in tdme mill ac-complish the same end as surrender or confiscation. Although com-plete disarmament may not be attsined, yet t he enforcement of an y

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ordinance restrict,ing the yossession of arms \\,ill result in the illegalpossession of snch arms only by opposi~rgnative forces, ontlaas orbandits, a nd e few i~lllabitautswlm will evade t,his orrlinance as theywould attempt to do rith tu~yunl)opi~l:ir legislation. Cornpara-tive,ly few of this lat ter class \\.ill use their weapons except in self-defense. Thus the inhabitants are partially segregated at the outsetof tlre negotiations. The disarming order \\-ill probably not iuflu-once the professional guerrilla fig11te.r~o give up their $'capons bnt.such s.ource of supply itnd replenishn~entof wapons and arnn~uni-t ion ~r i t l~inhe country \\-ill be practically eliminated.11-2. Estimate and Plans.-a. Prior to the issnarlce of any orderor decree disarming the i~lliahitantn, t is rlecessery t o make an esti-mate of the situation and anal?-ze al l features of t he nndertaking,tlre porvors trrrd limitt~tio~ls:he advantages and disadvantages, midtlleii lr~ake lans :xccordingly. The p l a ~ ~ should includr the fullo\v-i r~g rovisious :

(1) The lneitsures necmary to strengthen the local li~rrs.( 2 ) The civil or military authority issuing the disarming order,or decree.(3) The forces necessary to enforce the order or decree.(4)The form of the order or decree.(5 ) The nlethod of pro~nnlgating he order or decree.(6 ) The menwres a nd stcpplementary instructions to place theorder in eEect.(7) The designation and preparation of depots, buildings, andmagazines in convenient places for the storage of t he itnns, ammuni-tion: a nd explosives.(8 ) The disposition of the munitions collected.(9) The xnethod of accountability for such munitions, inclodingthe preparation of the necessary forms, receipts, tags, a ~ ~ drrnits,to be used in this system.(10) The arrangements for the funds necessary to execute thedisarmarne,ut.(11) The designation of the types and classes of nlurlitio~~so beturned in.(12) The e.xcept.ions to the order o r decree, definitely and plainlystated fo r the informatimi of suborditlates. (S lie~ ia l ermits to indi-vidnals.)(13) The agencies (civil officials o r military commanders), \vhomfll collect, guard, and transport the material.

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(11) The supplelne~~tary~~st roct ionsor the gnidnnce of theagencies charged ~vitli lie esc?cntion of tlie order or decree.(15) Tlie instructions governing the mrtnufacture and ilnportittio~lof munitions.

(16) The illstrnctions governing the sale nnd distribution of ir lu ~~ i-tions ~nrlnufact~.tredr importeil.(17) Tlie time limit for eori~l>li:tnce nd penalties r~ssigned liere-after.6. Small wars take place generwlly ill cou~itries out;lining primi-tive areas mliere rnany of tbe inh:~lritants epend on game for tlieirfresh meat. Tbe peasants in the outlying itistricts itccordingly arearmed with shotgons for hunting, as ~vellas for self-protection.Many denran(1s for the retention of such arnis Jvill be ninde oli thisscore and they slioulil be satisfied i l l accorcta~~crith the seriousnessof the sitnatiurl, tl~eustice of tlre request, and tlie olii~racterof theindividual nlsking it.e. A feature of the (lisarrr~ing f the inliiibitants which is a sonrceo f difficulty and ~llis l~~idersta r~(li~igs tlie question of retaiiling tlieirn~rtchetes,cotachns, knives, rtnd stilettos. Mnchotes in tlrexe coun-tries are of two general types; one is for xvork and the otlier f o ~ ,fighting. Tlie working machete is practically the only irnplenientfound on tile farnls or in tlie forest; it is used for clearing and cnl-tivating lznd a s well :IS harvesting the crops. I t would be obviouslyunfair to deprive tlle natives of this general utility tool. It. is dis-

tinguished by its heavy weight, the blade being broader and slightlycurved at the end away from t he handle, and without. a guar d or hilt.Tlie fighting machete or cutacha has a hilt anil is narrow, light, arrdsharp. Sometimes tiorking machetes are ground clown into fightingweapons but these are readily distinguished. Directions issued forthe oollection of tirms should contain instructions so that subordi-nates may be inforlned of tlre difference in order to insnre t l~e ol-lection of these drrngeroun weapons: and to avoid depriving tlie peas-ants of tlieir iniplelnents which mean their very livelihoocl. Sin~i-tarly, one finds that the nt~tives re almost ulmsys armed with somekind of knife. They are used when packing animals and for allkinds of light work; they a re often the only implements used ineating; they are used in butchering, in trimming the hoofs of theirmiimals, and for many other chores. Certain weapons are obviouslyfor fighting only and tbesc a r e banned without question; the* amthe stiletto or nlbrmw blade, dagger type of weapon. They havelittle or no cutting qualities but they are deadly.

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DISA l t h IA l IE ST OF POPULldTIOSd. The disarnling ordcr, or supple.n~entary nstructions t,l~ereto,should clescribe these weapons sufficiently to ltroperly guide thesubordinates who vi ll execute the order. They should provide tha tc~~tachasill not be permitted to be carried at any time; agricnl-tural macl~etesmill not he permitted on the pnblic roads o r in publicgatherings; stilettos will not. be permitted a t any time or place.e. Care should be taken to allon, st~fficientime for all inhabitantsto turn in their anns, and opportnnity to t u rn in anns must beassured.I f sl~fficient ,inie is alloned, or if i n s t ~~~c t i onso tun1 in alms are

nob widely pnblisl~ed, non1be.r of inliabitants nlay have arnis intheir possession though ~villingo turn them in. They will be fear-ful of the consequences, and through their ignorance mill constitjutea ready field for recruiting for bandit ranks. This is pnrticr~larlytrue in remote areas. It. is therefore lnost important that t,ime, notice,and ol>port~nit,ye given all concerned.

11-3. Laws, Decrees, Orders, and Instructions.-a. 1 x 1 most coun-tries, there are statutes restricting the possession of arms :utd ex-plosives. As a rule these ln~vsre not enforced rigidly and even atbest are not wfficiently con~preliensive o meet t l~emmediate require-ments. The laws and their enforcement agencies must be strength-ened by appropriate measures to insure the effective execution of themeasures inte~rded.

6. The first step in dist~nninghe population is to issue a disarm-ing order forbitlding till inh:~bitnnts o have in their possession fire-anus, ammtu~ition, r explosives, cxcept ~ mder pecial circumstancesto be determined by a specific authority. This order is directed tothe authority cr.lio mill he responsible for its execution. It specifiesthat the prohibited articles mill be turned in to the proper officersof the forces of occupation, who will receipt and care for such asare voluntarily sorre,ndrred, but that such articles as ar e riot volun-tarily surrenilered will be confiscated. It mill further stipulnte thatafter a certain di~ie1110 ille,nal possesion of arms, anmn~unition,orexplosives will render the person apprehended liable to punishment.The details of carrying out this order are properly left to the dis-cretion of appropriate n~ il it ary uthority.

c. The official vVho has the authority to issue the disarming ordermill be indicated by the nature of the intervention. 1.11a simpleintervention where the. civil al~thorities re still in charge, a decreemight be issued by the Chief Executive, o r a law might be enacteclin proper form and sufficiently forceful to fit the situation. S~tch.decrees have been issued in cmergeneies in the pnst and have proveneffective. In case a military government is established, the mili-25?.Y6i0-40- -? 5

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DISARllhlllCST O r POPI.:L.\TIOStary governor vr-ooltl issue t11c decrcc or o~dcr. Cnder nwre circuin-stilnces tlre coxnmi111der of the inili t:~r~.r liawl forces might issuethe disixr~ning rder.

d. To give the order the force iund clinl.actel.of a public clocurnent~i t silould be publislned il l al)prot~rintt~ficial publicntions of thegosenn~nent or the i~lfonnation nd guidal~ce f th e citizens of th ecountry. This niet,I~od rot only gives the order ai l official characterbut insures its prolnpt and leg:il distribution throupl~outhe country.Tho orde r should be published in tlie 11:ltire langua,ge and, as nece,s-sa.ry, in the Ilangnage of tlre iirtervellinrg forces. Circunlstailces willdet,ermi~lehe time limit in which the prohibited munitions must besurrendered; after wliich date. their possession will be illegal. Thiswill depend upon the ability of the nativos to comply before a givendate, or tlle availability of the forces to rnzilie i t effective. Th elnecessity for explosives required for the routine peneeful vocationof some inl~:lbits~~t.s Prollibitory restric-llould not be overlooked.t,ioins awtxi~rst heir possessioi~ r use would lrnaterintly interfere wit11?itndnst~.~i~l So, in keep-i ~ l c lconnnerci:rl enterprise and ~le~~olopinent.ing vi tli the policy of fair and liberal treatment of the natives,provision ir~nst e maclc for these sspecial cases. Before incorpornt-ing in tl ie disilrining order : I I I ~esception thereto, the military au-tl~oritiesshould consider first, the condirior~s which might resultxundcr 1eg:tlized use of firearms arrd explosives by cerkain favoredindividuals (civil otrrcii~ls,and owners, etc.,), and second, the extentand character of supervisioi~ ha t will be required to control theiruse and their sources of supply. Once these p o i ~ ~ t save been deter-mined, the urcler shonlil be prepnreil to il~corporate he necessary~m~visions.Tlie disn'ini~n~ent of that 1)ortion of the native popu-lation living in remote nild ln~vless listrictj should only be under-taken with :I ful l ,zppr&intion of the respo~rsibilities involved.Rax~clr overseers, mino s~~l ieri~l tencI~?,~~t s,l&ym:~stersand local civilaotl~orities, hould be given special col~sitler;rtion in the matter ofarms ~)~r~ni t , s . ..l~o re s snch a th in e as beills over-zealous in thenl:ttttbr o f ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ I I I ; I I I I V I ~ I . : I ~ I V ~ - I I I J I ~ ~ r,~*krcvr t i i i~~i11~1i t i~of1(*11 I, ,~c~nc.rssi

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and to prevent tlrr esc:ll)e or departure of t n t y s n b o rd i ~~a t eeader andllis f ol lo w e rs ~ ~ i t h D i s a r m i n g sliclr o r ga n -nns i n their possession.iz atio ns i ~ r ~ ~ o l v e s r e tu r nisba ndin g t lrerrr :~ncl providing f o r theirI~onre. W it h the twofo ld pnrpose of insu ring tlm tu rn in g in of the ir$Inns and th e re tan r of th e natives to their ironles, a price is of te npaid to incliviiluals fo r tlreir '\\.kapons i n accordance \\-it11 a sclredolefixing tlre r ate s f o r t l ~:trions types of fire;xrms arrd ammt~nition.,.h is i s a reasonable ch ar ge rigt iinst th e nat ive governm ent and themoney fr o in this sonn:e intrst be nssrlred before proceeding. Tliis~)roceilnrt>m:ly be a sonrce of cl~k::lnery anti franc1 t o deceive. tlieant l ior it ies alrd get luoney dishonestly. E ~ e r y recaut ion s lionld betal ierr to see tht~triorley i s paid o nly fo r the a r ~ n s f I I ~ P I Ireg1111trIyserv ing n .i tl r tlre nn i t s a t the tin le o f t l ~ u ~ g re e ~ n c ~ r t .' rccaatio~lslnlrst Ix tnlien thtrt tlre :~rrtioriesaticl nrapnaines ilre not isitleil aftertbc! agreement is in effect an d that. th e same inili\:ido als do not rt!-peatieclly retilvn wit11 such riflrs for payment. 0 1 1 t h e otlrer hrrnd,ready money in sufliciet~tql~irnti ty rom tlre local goveniment must,be :~\-:rilahleat tlie tinre a11cI place of payment agreed ol)on, o r wllcrethe forces are fonnd.b. I f p a r t of th e na tiv e forces retriairt armed, the f i i l l benefits o fdisarnu ~m ent re no t ob ta ined , and serio as consequr?nces ]nay la te rdevelop. Wlren this occurs, some of t lresc snlall n r i ~ e d roups nlaytake the field and co ntin ue their ope ratio ns not only a gain st th e loc:11g ov ern m eilt h ~ t lso ngninst t l ie interven ing forces. This IX T JI II ~place the intervening forces in tin enth:~ rmi;sing position. A ft e rlmving disanned th e forces rh ic h m igh t have been capable of c o~ r-t ro l l i~ lg h e movement, th e intervening forces may be rer lt~ireil i th erto lrnlt t h e c1i;:lrrning ~ic;gotititions an d again reanrr th o w force,s o rselrcl ont i t s orrr troo ps t o take t lre ficl i l ripinst these armed gro~rps.I n o t h e r ~ v o r d s ,o be folly effective?dis:rrnra~uent.m us t he yrnctic:tllyconrl~lete.

11-5. Co llec ting Agencies.--a. T he follo\ving agencie s nlsy be enl-ployed to col lect f i ret~rn~s,tnrnr~nition, xl~losivcs, tc. :Proviireial governors and local police i~ritlioritirs,p.articularly theco~nnrunal l r i~fs ,lre ch ie fs of police, a n d the rurril policr~men.The xnilitwry forces of occupation.Special agents or operatom of tlre Force Illtelligencr? office. or the.Provost Department .Th e n at i ve constabulary forces .I f m ili ta ry governm ent has been i iist ,i tutecl, t lre Pr ovo st 1)e part-ment m ay very appr op riate ly be assigneil the task of collecting th e

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inunitions, t.he responsibility for the storage and custody of sninr,keeping records and submit,tilig necessary reports. I n other sito-:rtio~iswhere a native constaht~laryhas been organized, there mayhe advantages in assigning tliis duty to that organization.

6. (1) When e~nployed s a collect,ion agency? the civil authoritiesa r e issued supplementary instr~ictions at tlre time tho disarlniitgorder is prom~~lezted,tating explicitly the maririer in mllicll fire-arms, ammunition, and explosives will be collected and stored ort~i rned ver to the military foi-ces. Tliese instructions ]nay be am-plified where necessary by field colnmanders who will visit tlre \-ari-(ins coniniunities and issue instrnctions to the local officials, imposingsucll restrictions as to the time and place the prohibited articles illbe s~lrrendered. Tlie civil officials may be required to make personaldelivery of the collecterl nrticlcs to the nlilitary forres or to li1:tkereport of same and the material collected periodically by designatedagencies.( 2 ) The success attained througll eniploy~nent of riril officialsdepends upon the spirit and conscientiou.: effort ~vliicl~hey display.Some who hare heel1 tliorougltly indoctrinated with the advantagesof the idea wil l hare remarkable snccess; o t l t~rs -ho consider theclisnrming o r d e ~ n nnj~ist.mposition \\.ill perfrrsm their duties illa. perfunctory manner, and still others prill use the order to promotedishonest practices, disarming some of the people and permittingothers to ret,ain tlreir arms, for personal, political, or monetnqreasons.(3 ) The disarming of the inliabitmlts throng11 the interveningFnstnimentality of the civil officials possesses many redeeming fea-t u r e ~over t,he ut.ilioation of the armed forces for the same purpose.Tt is the most peacefill ineans of accomplishing the desired object,less provociltive, tind the least likely to ~ i g ~ ~ i d e rntagonis111 orcreate friction. I t gives the pencefull 1a1v-abiding citize~rs, vllo areworn out by tlie constant polit,icnl abuse of the past, tlie opportmlityto li:~iid over gracef~il ly heir weapons without being subj~ctcd owhat they might eonsicler tlie indignity of making a personal sur-render to the military nuthorities. Misunderstanding wi l l thus beavoided that migh t ohherwise occur if the armed forces are employed,because of a difference of language and cnstom. Moreover, it re-lieves the armed forces of t he unpleasant responsibility and elimi-nates the factor of personal contact at 21 t,ime when tlie populationviews the ilttentiorrs of the forces of occnpation ~vithdoubt ant1suspicion.

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c. It is not to ha xssu~r~crlllat i r r l order as esact,ing mld far reach-irrg it1 its effect :rs this dist~rnrirrg rder will arreet wit11 \r.illing trrrduniversal complia~ice. As a couserlueucel it uray be necessary toresort to rrrorc st ringel~l nforeenrent i n order to con~pelire reoalci-traots to surrerrder their wea1)ons. The civil officials map it

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1)IXAIl~tA~II~:ST F I'OPCLATION suitable for the safekeeping of the \\-eapons, rnu~iitions, and explo-sives must be provirled prior to the actual receipt of the material;the volume of this niaterial may assume unwieldy proportions by thelarge increments arriving during the early days of the disarmament.A n accurate system rmist. be cleviscd to keep a conlplete record ofeverything received, xnd the nlaterial tagged and stored in sucbInannor as to identify i t easi ly; the place sllould be of such construc-tion as to preserve the material i~ndlls0 to nuke it secure. Whenmaterial is received in condition wliicll n~akests keeping dangerous,authol'ity sllotild be requested to destroy i t o r to dispose of it other-wise. A frequent inventory and inspect.ion of all sucti rnaterial incustody sliould be made not only by the custodian official but byinspecting officers.

b. Keceipts should not be given for weapons delivered upon pay-ment of money, nor for arms and material confiscated. There 117illbe, Ira\\-ever, a nurrlher of reputable citizens inclnding merchantsauthorized pre~iously o deal in tltese docks, who wish t o comply>vitli the l:itrst order and t o m their stocks in to t,lle custody of themilitary forces. The latter are obliged to accept this lriaterial andmust be prepared to deliver it when a legitimate demand is rnalle forits retuni.

c. Instructions should be issued designating and limiting the agen-cies wliicli will accept the material and give receipts for same.There have been instances in the past, n-here sufficient time bas notbeen allowed for proper organization and preparation f o r the me-thodical receipts of arnls; in t he avalanche of arms turned in simul-taneously at many places, junior officers, in good faith, have acceptedthe nlaterial and have given personal receipts for it without havinga proper place for its safe keeping. I n the rush of official business,they did not demand a receipt from other officers to whom they de-livered the material collected. No records were made of the ultimatedisposition of the material. When proper authorities subsequentlyrequested information concerning the final disposition of specialmaterial, the information was furnished only after a most difficultsearch. In many cases, the material could not be located or its dis-position determined due to the lack of records.

d. If only certain officers are designated to issue receipts on theprescribed forms, and if the material is assembled by areas or dis-tricts, confusion may be avoided. Such confusion nlxy arise fromjunior officers giving personal neeipts in several different districtsin which they may serve during the disarming period with no record

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DISARMAJIF.ST OF POPIJI.ATIOSbeing made of the receipts. The receipts should be in standard form,and should indicate t,he name and residc~rceof the owner of theweapon, and the date aud the plilw of issue of the receipt.. Thematerial or x7eapo11 l~oold e propex-ly identified and other appropri-ate remarks shonld be added. 'I'his receipt shonld be signed by theofficer rtnthorized to receive the material.

e . District Commanders should be required to submit monthlyreports of all arms ilnd animu~lition ollected within thei r respectivedistricts. The larger p u t of the weapons collected mill be obsoleteinld in such poor condition as to render them of little or no practicalvalue; those wliicll have been paid for o r confiscated ma p be do-stroyecl by burning or dnmping at sea. Those of better type andcondition may be ret,ained or issued to the native cortstabularytritops. The collection of arms emnot be said to be terminated atany given time; it is a process which continues throughout theocculiat '~ n n .

11-7. Disposition.--n. TVherr rlrtrls Ilrtve been received frorn varioussources, they are classified as follows:(1) Material for \vhich it receipt has been issued.(2) &l:tterial confiscated, collected upon payment of money, orothernise received.b. The custody of material under "class one" implies responsibilityto guard and preserve it for return to the rightful owner when Ian,o r decree. permits.c. The mttt,erinl under "class two" is furthe r divided in to service-able, unserviceable, and dangerous material. The serviceable mate-rial may be of a type, caliber, and condition suitable fo r reissuet o native troops, local police, special agents or others whom it isdesired to arm. The question of uniformity, adaptability, and ammn-nition supply is involved. The unse.rvice:tble material, or that. whosekeeping is haeardous, is disposed of as directed; firearms a re burned,

the metal parts being used in reinforcing concrete, or d i s p d of inother effective ways to preclude any possible future use as a weapon.Sometimes material is dumped in deep water beyond recovery.Dangerous material, such as explosives, should be stored in specialplaces apart from other material.d. Whenever any material is disposed of in any manner, perma-nent ~ m r d should be made of the transaction. Receipts should be

demanded for that which is reissued or transferred no matter inwhat manner. When material is destroyed or otherwise d i s p o d of,a certificate should be made, attested to by ~vitnesses,which voucher11

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I~I$,\II\I\J7$~:ST I'Oi't-l.hTi(>XFI I s t ? I i t ~ i i iirtriit I)>- Iltrtrre. ~rrsrt , nd qiinnhity.the iclerrtitp o f the nt;~tvrialrlivposed ( v i . 'I'ttis will pvnvtx a vrrtunble:rid if : a n t i \r-lrrrr i r ifo~~tr~:i t i~~i~ !~t11 I : I ~ V P tl:itt>.s evrr ~ l t ~ t r ~ : ~ r i i I ~ ~ I. I I I s 1 rr~xde all11 st~t~xcriirr lo by tt.ittlc#arsv.-lre~~cver~ri:rtrrinlis ~ltstroy~(I diij~owsetl of excepti r i ~ I I I I I : I J I I I ~ ~ ,i : ~ t ~ r o r i ~ t ~ ~ l

[. Great c:r~r.alrould tic est?rciswl it1 litx.pi~rg rrateri:rl nhicll hasi>t.t,~i to rile govrrri-ortfisc:rtlt~cl, or \rlioi;t> o\v11rlatri11 s tt.t rrrsf~~.rc~~Irrtrlit. segr .tptc\I1 \TVII~IOIIS01.trrh i i ~ r ~ t t i t r ~ ~ li lvt i ri t .5 i r t ~ : ~ t t ~~n~clrli:ir tltt-!. i o n r ~ llto 0111. cox-I ilitrrest a.l~enr*vrrt r , ( l ~ . 'l'lrt-). :rrnrtic* t l w rind~ttr>rrtio~r ilrterc:it 11f tvilist(.d r~rt?tlorcivilin~rworkcrs !vllo :l.ssiis irrot11111lre trlrtgalzirres or stoserc~otnsn ti;?rt.l.eip~ or stowape of srrctr rt~atcrial. Tltc!sc. trtrnsu:~l iwtic!lcs wlrii~l~am n yrentest tlc~tt:rt~(l iitr~trcttirs, rl~l ltc dispinitinn of wtrich i sISrrro~sttelcw1y wlttcheci %riels~~,;r~ernl*.rt.d RI*L th e vergy s~~tnsr.~litir~t~:~,rrrricleii tliict the cirigi~rrrlotvrrers wislr to 11avr rrtnrr~c~rlcxjtlcr orlater. Blinor ittdi%rt?tions in ibc ilispc~niton of ~itsterizbl received;rirumoc+ ssriolts prnr~)rtiorrsrr t,lie niinds o f i he trutivrirritsisstled which an,h b t i ~ l ~ d tl1t3 country; somehr~t~gtrot l t rrre isactrctwliictr IIMI gord for rnoro ttrnn one district or' jtrrixliction but. riotf o r the %vl~c~le rtpprovitrgottlctry; in eitkier cast*. ttte tiigller !%~~t.ltoritys r~tr ic?irchtificrii the rcspcrnsible crtliccrs itr t.1~0 sevrrel sulmrtlimte jurir-tlictiot-rs eottct.rrtecl. \Vht!n gmrrnitx i b n r rccj~rr.siecl, iilforrrmtion i sftlr,~tislrc%l (:Ii:ir~cte~~!orii:erttii~gthe riatioc~i~fit.j

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i~ecessityfor tile grru~tiirgof the. prrsrrit. Officers iss11ing permits111ust. xercise prent. care to the elld perinits be isiled only wlier~:real r~ecessityesists; ally application ~ ~ h i c has the appearance ofbeing m:tde sin~plyo enl~ance.he 1rrest.ige of the iildividrtal malii i~pit, as often Ir:tpperra, sllould ba promptly refuseri.6. Permits should be issued on i~ stnnclard form wit11 a clescriptionof the ltersolr to whom issuetl: tope.t,her with the clrar:~cterand seri:~l11umbcr of the firea rr~~ ,he purpose for >vl~icht. is t,o be nsetl, :111dthe locality ilk ~vlrich t is to be carried. These permits should beirontras~sfeu:~hlent1 slronld be reilelveil ench year or the. firearmsirrust be t u r i ~ ~ d agency. lierinitsn to the i~t~thorized Hoitiers ofshould be warneci that the unanthorized uw, of the ir firearms willresult in certain cliseiplinnry measnres hl keeping \~ i t l lhe gravityof the offense snd t l ~ r urritive. autl~orit ,y f the oficial; this mayiilclrrcle revocation of the pe,rmit and confiscation of t he firearm, ande17e,nfir16 o r irnpriso~~~nent.r hotlr.c. Permits should be issued only for the possession of pistols,revolvers, and shotguns. The privilege of possessing rifles sl~ooldbe refused col~sist,ently. It should be excedi~lgly ifficult to secureany kind of pennit.d. In ortler to maintain a strict account of :111 arms permit,s i r reffect, nll issuing ollicers should be direc,ted to ke,ep a record of allpermits issued by them, copies of \r.hich should be forwarded to the

district commander. The district commailders in t o m should sub-mit. to Force Headqnarters, annually or semiannually, a list in dnpli-cote of all permits issued witl~in heir respective districts. In adrli-tion to this a111lual or semiatlriual report , they should also render anlor~tbly lmnge sheet in duplicate, containing a list of permits issuectnnd cancelled during the month.11-9. Control of Sources of Supply.-a. As the military force ischarged wit11 the preparation and execution of regolatiorrs cnncenr-ing the possession and use of firearms, ammonition, arid explosives,it is only proper that it should exercise similar supervisb~nover tl~esources of supply.

h. The m il i t r~y orces shoold control the entire legal supply ofarms and ammunition. This control may be exercised either (1)byrequiring purclrases to be made from official sonrces by the 1'n)vost.Marshal General and turning this arnmunition over upon rquisitionto the District Commanders, who may distribute it to their provostmarshals for sale in limited nnd necessary qoantities to persons ha^-ing permits, or (2) certain merchants may be tmtllorized to sell

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DISAR>IA>IEXT O F POPIILATIOSmunitions. If there ar e ~ilnnitions plants in the cou~i-~anufactt~ringtry, they must be controlled; in ailifition, tlie introduction of mtuii-tions into the country niust be restricted vigorously.c. Any person, or representative of a business or firm desiringto import tllcsc, articles should make r~ri tten tpplic:ttion for per-lnission for each s~ p am t eliipment of arms, ammunition, or explo-sires, in mliicll application sl~oultl ppear iri detail, the quantity andcharacter of the stores to be imported, tlie use for which suppliesare contenrpltrted, the name of the firm from which the stores areto be purchased, ancl the port. from which they will be exported..ill applicatioris should he forrvardetl through local Provmt mar-slnrls or other designated aathorities \ ~ h olronld ericlorse the request,w~itli och infonuation or recornmendation as \rill establish the char -acter and identity of the applicnnt. I n case there is n legill restric-tion on the irnportntiosi of :trrns, tlie approrecl :tpplication shonld beforw~;rrcled o tlle oftice of the AIinister of Fo re ig i~Relations for

reqnest on l,rnpc?r autl~orities l~rougl~liplornatic cliannels.rl. 't'liere ti:rw-e been t rvo ~netlrotls11scd by m:tri~~cs ton the pastcontrol the sale of r n ~ i n i t i ~ ~ ~ ~ s Either ofn the accnpietl territory.thcse two ~rretliods ltown below allears to he effective.(1) Immediately upon tile arrival of the arms, ammunition, oresplosives at the port of entry, tho custo~nsofficials sliould notifythe loczil Provost &Iarsl~al, ho receives the shipment and depositsi t in tlre provost storeroom or other suititble place. The article,srnay tlien be. drawn by tlie consiguee in sl~ch uantities or under suchconditions :IS the Provost. Mars1l;rl may indicate. Except for anexceptiotlal shipment of explosives for some engineering project,the slriptnenis will ordinttrily be mna.Il.(2) I~n~rieditrtelypon the arrival of tlie approved munitions sh ip-rrrent t ~ tlre port of entry, the custon~s fficials sl~oulcl otify the localProvost Marstial. This officer slionld notify the consignee, and with

llirr~ heck (lie shiptnent. for its contents and timount. An enumer-;ited rtxoril of the contents %nilthe amounts shonlcl be prepared bytlie Provost l~arshal, ne copy given to the consignee and the otherretained by tlie Provost Marshal. The sliipn~ents then tiirned overt o t l ~e o r~s i ~ l r e ,fter pay~nent f al l duties and with the writtenrcpprovnl of the Provost Marshal. A mo~~tl ilyheck should thenbe n~acleby tlie Provost Marshal of a l l tnunitions stores in the handsof the approved sales agency; the sales agency making rt mo~~t h l yreport of all sales (on individual approved prmits) to the ProvostMarshal.

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11-10. Measures Following Disarmarnent.-cz. Even after thepopulation has beer1 effectually disz~rrned, nergetic lnetlsures must Lwtrtken t o discourage or prevent rearming. Some plan milst beevolved n.ithout delay to nl:ilie i t inlpracticable or dtinge,rous to pro-cure firearms illegnlly, either fro111 \vitliin or m-ithout the cout~t ry .If the existing laws of tbe cowltry prohibiting possession of arnrsare sufficient in theinselves, tneasrlres should be taken to mitke the111effective. To the extent that authority is delegated or assumed, ad-ditional or new laws should be put into effect restricting tlle pos-s e ~ i o n f firearms. Thi s I:~ttermetltod can be applied only if ~nili-tary govcnnnent is estnlilidled. 111 issuing these laws one mustbear i n ~n in d he responsibility ass~unedby the inilitary forces inenforcing tlie Inns atid guafiuiteeing the. security of life and prop-erty. I f tl~erebe remote sectiol~s vllevs aw e~lforcerilent s clifficult.due to the limited number of the ii~ilitrrry orccs, ce r t a i~ ~oncessionsnniy have to be made i n order to permit the local inhabitants to pro-tect tl~enrsel~esgainst the lavless clen~ent. 011 the other hand ifthe la\r-less elements remain in t h ~ield in numbers greatly in excessof the military forces, specif11considerations may make it adrisableto provide means for :i.rminp a certain proportion of t,llc reliable ttndresponsible natives, to conlpensnle in a degree for that inferiorityin i~umbers;llis should not he grejt~dicia l o the other law-abidingelements. Sometimes this action n.ill greatly discour:~ge he lawlessfactions.

b. The lnilittiry fon:es, or 11:ltire cons tab~il aq ,n conjunction nvitl~tlie customs officials, shonld be particu1:krly :tlert along the coast a ndfrontiers of tlre occup'ied country to pre~~eiitllegal entry of muni-tions. Where a native const:~bnlarye,xists or is later established, aportion of s~~cltrganization should be co~lstitnted a coast guard,equipped with fast. boats, to prevent s u c l ~rlns heirig smuggled alongthe coast and rivers. Unt il such a col~sti~hularys constit,oted, 11 unit.of our own lnilitary force.;, adequate i n sise and equipment, shouldbe estitblislied a s soon a s aetire inten~ention ,akes place.

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SMALL WARS MANUAL UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

1940

CHAPTER XI1 ARMED NATIVE ORGANIZATIONS

IiNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON :1940

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TABLE OF CO NTENTST l ~ eSln;tll 1\';11.sM:LI~LI; I~ , COI.I)Y, ill. S . A I a l . i ~ ~ e 1940, is ~ ) ~ ~ l ~ l i s l ~ e c l

15 r l ~ a ~ ~ t e r ss f ~ ~ l l o w i . :C r r a t ~ r ~ a. ISTROI1I:CTIOS.

11. OItG.iN15A2YI"IOX.111. I,001S'l'ICS.IV. TKAISISG.V. ISITI.\l, OI'ElLBTlOXS.

VI. IXP\AXTItY PzYl'ILOIrS. \ 'Il, ~10~ A-TI' :I) JB:T*\(:EiAIES'rs.

X. R I V E R OPERrLTIOSS.X I . UISAlil\lr\llH>ST OF I'OI'UIIBT~OS.S I I , AIiB:D XA'~lV1~;OIl~An"\L.

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7MALL WARS MANUAJ,

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

ARMED NATIVE ORGANIZATIONSPar.

.....................ECTION. GENERAL 12-1 to 1 2 411. ORGANI~ATIONF A CONSTAB-

.........................I , A I I Y 12-5 to 12-18.11. OPERATIOXSANDTILAINING--..2-19 to 12-23...........V. ~ ~ U X I I , I A ~ Y' O R C E ~ 12-24 t,o 12-26\'. CIVII , A N D MII~ITARYREI,.&-

~ r o w s a r p.................. 12-27 to 12-28V

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GENERAL1':tr. IhxeLocall armed forccs 12-1 1

Uniicd States i~ifervcwtioo . ...- 12-2 1~ ~Rcstoratio~rof antlrovitg io luc;kl eovc'rt~nkr.ut..... . 12-8 2Eol'~n:ltiolluf 81 ~(111~t8ll~l11811'y ~- 1 2 ~ 4 212-1. Local armed forces.-ill nlost sr,ve~,cign tattts, t,l~e.xecn-

tive autllority is enforced by tire rnttiolial 111ilit:lry forces, nationalfr~lres,and organized reserves nnrler the control of tlie state. I n:~rldition, ilere may In. an organized militia and police forces undertlie. control of political subdivisions of the state. Police forces arei~or~nal lynaintainetl by in~tnicipalities. Thi~se tr~ned orces repre-sent the nntionnl-defense forces of the state and the i~rmecl orcesemployed t o preserve peace aiid order ~vithin ts borders.

1&2. United St ates intervention.-a. Wl~ en he domestic situa-tion of a foreign country is s~icll bat it is necessary for the Uni tedStates Government to i~ltervene, ire national and local armed forcesof tlie country concerned are usually powerless to suppress thedomestic disorder or enforce t11e lams. At the time. of intervention,the armed forces of the country will probably have disintegrateddue to defeat by insurgent forces or because of desertions. I n somecases, t,ftn armed foxes may be engsged in action against an in-surgent force, whose operations have created havoc and destructionthroughout tire country. Due to t he magnitude of tbe domesticdisturbance, the local police authorities are osut~lly neffective in thesuppression of Ia~vlessness,and may evai have ceasecl to functionent,irely. Upon arrival within the foreign country, the armed forcesof the Unitcd States Government immediately become responsiblefor the protection of the life and property of all tile inl~abitantsofthe foreign country. I n order to discharge this responsibility, it maybecome necessary for the United States forces to assume the functio~lsof the national armed forces of the foreign country in addition totile duties of the local and municipal police.

b. I n assisting any country to re to re peace and order, it is notthe policy of the United Stntes Govern~nent o accept permanentresponsibility for the preservation of ~mvernmental tability by sta-

1

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tioning its armed forces indefinitely in tl~' foreign coollntly for t11a.tpurpose. The Uiiitcd States forces seek to restore domestic tran-quility as soon as possible and to return the nol-mnl functioi~sofgovernment to the country concerned. To accomplisl~this, theTJnited States Government will usually insist npoi~he establishmentof an efficient and \vell-tr.~ined nned native. force, free flnin pditic:rlinfluence and distatorial control.124 . Restoration of author ity to local government.-Havingassurned the obligation for tlie restoratiorr of dornestic t,~urqn ili ty

within the foreign couirt~y oncerned, the obligatio~c s fulfilled bythe nse of linited Strltes forces. l'here is a l a ~ resent the oliligntionto restore to the foreign country i ts orgi~iric ~st ivc efeii~i;irr ndla\T-e.~~forcementowers as soon I t ~ i l i t1:~s 1)t:cn securecl.'llle orgn~izationof an wileqrcatc armed r~:~tirerg~ lc iz t t t iis aneffective. ir~etl~otlo ~>rcveiit ~ l r t l l e ~ distitll~~ba~rceso~r~estic :~ftel. t l~einterrention has ended, and is one of the most importa.nt functionsof tho iiitel~ention ince. the TJnited States arnlecl forces nltly havesuperseded or usurped the functions of armed forces of the countryconcerned at the beginning of the iiiten,ention. I t is obvious that.such :ilnied farces inust be restored prior to withdrawal.

l B 4 . Formation of a constabulary.-a. I11 t h e case of smallercountries ml~ose ational and international aff:~irsare of lirnitea mag-nitude irnd whose finances support only a small budget, the defensefunctions of the country and the police functions within t he countrycan usually be combine(1 and %signed to one armed force. Such aforce is tormtvl n 'Lconstabulary." The constabulary is n nonpartisanarmed force patterned along the line of the military forces of tlceUnited Stnks, with mcxlificntions to soit local conditions. The legalauthority or appi~vul or the formation of such an armed nativeorgnniet~tionmust e~nanatc rom soino person o r body empoweredwith snch so~.errign ight.b. The uutt~ority o r format:ion of a constab111a1-y may be R decree.of the &, &re 01- de fucto Chief Executive of the country in caseswhere, w. legislatire agency does not exist. I n such cases, the authorityfor any law enactment rests with the Chief Executive alone, wholegz~llyhas the anthority to issue a decree for the establishment ofanned forces fo r his go~ernment. Provision is made for the appro-priation of the necessary funds from the nationill budget for

mr~intenance f the constabulary.c. Authority for the form:ition of a constabulary may be grantedby legislation initiated by the legislntive body. I n such cases, the

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existent armed f o r m of the col~ntry oncenled are legrally disbml~led:tnd the new constabulary force Lm.fully created by ~nodifci~tionfthe orgarlic law of tlie country. Provisioll is n~; tde or tllr appropri-ation of the necessary funds from tfie ~latiollalbudget for its maill-tennuce.

d. Authority for tho fomration of $1 constabulary may be thei ~ s u l t f a treaty betwee11 tlle IJnited States Crov'rnme~it. and thecountry concerned, providiug for creatiou of sucll it consti~bulitry.The treaty r~ormallyoutlines the powers and limitr~tionsof the or-ganization aucl provides fluiils for it s mai~~ten:n~ce. ften a treatybetmeal the t ~ r o overnmeuts will :~lready xist, granting authorityto the Ur~ite tl tates Goven~nlent o intervene ill the domestic affairsof the country concenled whenever t he latter is unabie to controldomestic disorder \ ~ - i t l ~ i ~ ~ In such cases, tlris treatyts borurrlaries.is usually the basis or the al~tllority or tile creation of nev armedforces \rit11i11 ile coli~l trg oncerned, either through the executiveor legislative agencies of the, State, or throng11 the powers of a mili-tary governnlent set u p witlrin the country concer~ledby IJnitedStates forces.

e. Authority for the formation of tlre constabulary may be themsult of a decree of t he military eorrirni~nderof United States forcesin cases where a military g o ~ e r n m ~ ~ l tias bee11 established to sup-p1a11t the local goven~ment.. 111 such cases, the n~aintei~ancef thoeo~lstnbularys provided by means of appropriation of local revenuesunder control of the military govenlment.

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ORGANIZATION OF A CONSTABU LARY I'm. Pag