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The Usoi Dam “The Geological Engineering Involved in Assessing the Safety Concerns for the World’s Tallest Dam” A report by Brian Shams for CE 281 Engineering Geology University of California, Berkeley December 10, 2012 Photo taken by Martin Mergili

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Page 1: Usoi Dam Report - tiran-daz.com · Purpose$ Theoriginalconceptofthisreportwastopresentageotechnicalcasehistory .The Usoi!damwas!a!unique!choice!in!that!the!structure!is!not!manOmade!and!therefore!

The  Usoi  Dam    “The  Geological  Engineering  Involved  in  Assessing  the  Safety  Concerns  for  the  

World’s  Tallest  Dam”  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A  report  by  Brian  Shams  for    

CE  281  Engineering  Geology  

University  of  California,  Berkeley  

December  10,  2012  

 

 

Photo  taken  by  Martin  Mergili  

Page 2: Usoi Dam Report - tiran-daz.com · Purpose$ Theoriginalconceptofthisreportwastopresentageotechnicalcasehistory .The Usoi!damwas!a!unique!choice!in!that!the!structure!is!not!manOmade!and!therefore!

Purpose  The  original  concept  of  this  report  was  to  present  a  geotechnical  case  history.    The  Usoi  dam  was  a  unique  choice  in  that  the  structure  is  not  man-­‐made  and  therefore  not  engineered.    Despite  this  the  author  feels  that  given  the  significance  of  the  structure  and  the  sheer  scale  it  is  worth  presenting  in  this  report.    The  existence  of  numerous  documented  analysis  and  research  on  the  potential  hazards  of  the  Usoi  Dam  has  accounted  for  the  basis  of  this  report.  

 

Abstract  The  Usoi  Dam  is  one  of  the  world’s  most  amazing  structures.    The  dam,  which  is  the  world’s  tallest,  formed  naturally  in  1911  from  the  7.4  magnitude  Sarez  earthquake.    The  initial  slide  is  characterized  as  the  world’s  largest  recorded  non-­‐volcanic  landslide  and  immediately  buried  the  village  of  Usoi  along  with  all  the  inhabitants.    The  lake  that  formed  subsequently  after  the  slide,  Lake  Serez,  now  contains  roughly  1/9  the  volume  of  Lake  Tahoe  in  California.    With  a  lake  elevation  of  almost  11,000  feet  this  dam  stores  a  significant  amount  of  potential  energy.    If  a  dam  failure  were  to  occur  the  resulting  damage  would  affect  millions  and  would  also  impact  multiple  countries  in  the  region.    Although  massive,  Usoi  Dam  poses  a  big  challenge  to  geotechnical  investigation.    This  report  gives  an  overview  of  the  geotechnical  and  geological  challenges  in  assessing  the  safety  of  the  Usoi  Dam  in  Tajikistan.  

 

Executive  Summary  In  addition  to  the  original  investigation  made  on  the  Usoi  Dam  by  the  former  Soviet  Union  recent  analysis  have  also  become  available.    The  most  significant  of  these  is  the  report  by  the  United  Nations  International  Strategy  for  Disaster  Reduction  (2000)  (1).    The  general  findings  of  these  analyses  indicate  that  the  probability  of  a  complete  dam  breach  of  the  Usoi  Dam  is  unlikely.    However  an  additional  analysis  by  the  USGS  (2006)  (7)  suggests  that  the  calculated  wave  heights  from  a  landslide  on  Lake  Sarez  were  previously  unconservative,  and  the  new  results  still  suggest  an  unlikelihood  of  complete  dam  breach.    Regardless  all  analyses  seem  to  indicate  a  desire  for  more  research  and  that  the  worst-­‐case  scenario  of  a  complete  dam  breach  should  not  be  ignored.    In  general,  the  threat  of  overtopping  and  dam  erosion  is  a  real  threat  to  the  safety  of  all  inhabitants  downstream.    The  more  likely  scenario  is  a  dam  overtopping  flood  that  would  not  erode  Usoi  Dam  enough  to  cause  lake  draining.    This  would  affect  roughly  35,000  people,  being  mostly  village  inhabitants  along  the  Murgab  River.    

 

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Table  of  Contents  

 Setting……………………………………………………………………………………………3  

 

Local  Faults  &  Seismicity…………………………………………………………………4    

 

Structural  Integrity  of  Dam….…………………………………………………………..5    

 

Geological  Records…..……………………………………………………………………...5-­‐6  

 

Permeability  &  Water  Filtration  of  Dam…………………………………………...6  

 

Modes  of  Dam  Failure……………………………………………………………………...6-­‐7  

 

Landslide  Concerns…………………………………………………………………………7-­‐8  

 

Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………….9  

 

References..…………………………………………………………………………………….10  

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Setting  The  Usoi  Dam  is  situated  deep  within  the  western  Pamir  Mountain  Range  in  eastern  Tajikistan.    The  dam  itself  was  formed  by  a  massive  landslide  triggered  during  the  7.4  magnitude  Sarez  Earthquake  in  1911.    The  slide  immediately  dammed  up  the  Murgab  River  and  instantly  buried  the  village  of  Usoi  along  with  all  its  inhabitants.  Two  lakes  were  quickly  formed,  Shadau  Lake  and  Sarez  Lake,  Sarez  being  the  larger  of  the  two.    The  dam  is  roughly  composed  of  6  billion  tons  of  rock.    The  10,725  ft.  elevation  Lake  Sarez  contains  roughly  4  cubic  miles  of  water,  equivalent  to  about  1/9  the  volume  of  Lake  Tahoe  in  California.    

 

The  potential  for  lose  of  human  life  and  negative  economic  impacts  can  be  quite  significant  in  the  event  of  a  partial  or  complete  failure  of  the  dam.    The  Murgab  River  eventually  flows  into  the  greater  Amu  Darya  River,  which  is  the  main  source  of  existence  for  much  of  the  settlements  along  the  borders  between  Afghanistan  with  Tajikistan  and  Turkmenistan  with  Uzbekistan.    A  major  flood  on  the  Amu  Darya  would  easily  affect  millions  of  people  (1).    In  fact  the  original  motivation  for  the  study  of  this  problem  was  initiated  by  the  Soviet  Union  because  of  the  concern  for  loosing  its  important  agricultural  fields  in  Uzbekistan.        

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Satellite  Image  of  the  Pamir  Mountain  Range  (NASA  2003),  (lower  left  corner)  zooming  on  Lake  Serez,  in  red.  

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Local  Faults  &  Seismicity  To  understand  the  local  seismic  conditions  one  must  understand  the  greater  geology  of  the  area.    The  entire  Pamir  Mountain  Range  is  situated  at  the  closest  points  between  the  Tien  Shan  Range  and  the  Himalayan  Range.    As  the  Indian  Plate  and  Eurasian  Plates  are  colliding  the  Pamir  Mountains  are  being  sheared  and  also  pushed  upward.    This  is  causing  an  unevenly  spread  uplift  force  throughout  the  Pamir  Range  which  has  resulted  in  the  many  faults  and  larger  shear  zones.    The  Usoi  Dam  is  located  within  20  km  of  the  Rushan-­‐Pshart  Thrust  Fault  Zone.    Much  of  this  seismic  activity  results  in  large  earthquakes  that  frequent  the  Pamir  Range  and  the  nearby  mountain  ranges.    It  is  also  very  important  that  a  local  southwest  to  northwest  trending  wrench  fault  is  present  in  the  innermost  corner  of  the  wedge  that  forms  the  failure  surface  (3).          

 

 

A  Seismic  Hazard  Assessment  was  performed  on  June  2000  on  Lake  Sarez  by  GIBB  Ltd.    The  conclusion  was  that  a  maximum  credible  earthquake  of  a  magnitude  of  7.9  would  correspond  with  a  return  period  of  slightly  above  130  years.    However  the  likely  hood  is  lower  for  the  earthquake  to  occur  near  the  location  of  the  initial  1911  Sarez  Earthquake  (3).      

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

North  to  South  cross  section  of  the  different  continental  blocks  of  the  Pamir  Range.    The  Indian  plate  is  colliding  with  Eurasian  plate  causing  the  entire  fractured  Pamir  Range  to  be  uplifted  (6).  

Top:  The  Epicenters  to  previous  large  earthquakes  (red  dots)  and  traces  of  active  faults  (red  lines).    Bottom:  Spatial  distribution  of  epicenters  of  previous  large  earthquakes  proportional  to  amplitude  (blue  circles)  (2).  

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Structural  Integrity  of  the  Dam  In  most  cases  landslide  dams  are  composed  of  a  heterogeneous  mass  of  unconsolidated  earth,  which  is  not  suitable  for  a  functioning  dam.    However  given  the  massive  dimensions  of  the  Usoi  Landslide  Dam  it  does  not  fall  under  these  normal  conditions.    In  analyzing  the  stability  of  the  dam  with  respect  to  frictional  resistance  to  the  horizontal  hydrostatic  pressure  of  the  lake  it  was  deemed  that  the  Dam  would  have  a  factor  of  safety  of  9  (1).    And  the  resistance  to  a  large  earthquake  brought  down  the  factor  of  safety  to  4.5.    It  should  be  noted  that  the  internal  structure  of  the  dam  is  unknown  and  it  can  only  inferred  by  the  surrounding  geology,  so  in  the  case  of  analyzing  the  dam  it  was  assumed  to  act  as  a  CFRD  (concrete-­‐faced  rock  fill)  dam  where  the  water  pressure  would  act  on  this  imaginary  impervious  concrete  face  (1).    

 

 

 

 

 

 

The  conclusion  of  the  report  by  the  United  Nations  was  that  there  is  no  danger  of  the  dam  failing  from  lateral  stresses  even  in  the  worst-­‐case  scenario  of  a  massive  earthquake  inducing  a  horizontal  acceleration  of  .5g  (1).    The  main  concern  for  this  dam  is  the  possibility  of  another  massive  landslide  that  would  cause  a  wave  large  enough  to  overtop  the  dam  and  potentially  erode  the  dam  in  the  process.    This  hazard  will  be  discussed  in  more  detail  on  the  section  regarding  landslides  of  this  report.    

 

Geological  Records  The  geological  records  from  the  region  indicate  the  presence  of  many  landslides  and  many  landslide  dams  like  Usoi  Dam.    There  is  also  extensive  evidence  that  many  of  these  dams  survived  for  many  hundreds  of  years  until  finally  the  lake  that  was  contained  would  eventually  completely  fill  up  with  sediment.    This  adds  support  to  the  theory  that  the  Usoi  dam  is  stable  from  a  structural  perspective.  

 

A  diagram  representing  the  massive  size  of  the  Usoi  Dam  in  Comparison  to  the  Oroville  Dam  (1).  

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Currently  the  main  body  of  the  Usoi  Dam  is  composed  primarily  of  quartzite,  sandstone,  and  schist  from  the  Sarez  Formation  and  the  northern  portion  close  to  the  original  failure  surface  is  composed  primarily  of  relatively  weaker  marble,  shale,  anhydrite,  and  dolomite  (3).    This  interface  of  geologic  units  suggests  that  it  is  likely  the  slip  surface  of  the  original  failure.    

 

Permeability  &  Water  Filtration  of  Dam  To  get  an  idea  about  the  immense  quantity  of  water  moving  through  the  Usoi  Dam  system  one  must  know  that  during  the  first  few  years  after  the  Usoi  Dam  was  formed  the  level  of  Lake  Sarez  (currently  37  miles  long)  increased  by  roughly  250  ft.  annually  (7).  Measurements  of  the  seepage  output  of  the  Usoi  Dam  began  in  earnest  in  1943  and  have  been  monitored  on  a  regular  basis  since.    The  seepage  has  averaged  a  constant  45  m3/s  (1).    The  annual  variation  varies  between  35-­‐80  m3/s  (1).    This  suggests  that  as  the  lake  level  increases  more  water  is  exiting  and  therefore  there  is  a  relative  equilibrium  in  water  inflow  and  outflow.    Despite  this  an  annual  rise  of  lake  level  has  been  observed  to  be  around  7.3  in.  (7).  The  culprit  for  this  rise  in  lake  level  can  be  due  to  the  large  quantities  of  sediment  that  flow  into  the  lake  on  a  regular  basis.    No  concrete  analysis  has  been  performed  on  the  possibility  of  piping  through  the  dam  however  it  is  assumed  to  be  minimal  because  of  the  relatively  constant  rate  of  seepage  annually  (1).    All  the  springs  occur  at  roughly  the  same  elevation,  roughly  450  feet  below  lake  level.    This  indicates  that  the  upper  part  of  the  dam  is  very  permeable  whereas  the  lower  part  has  a  very  low  permeability  (1).    

 

 

 

Modes  of  Dam  Failure  Usoi  Dam  is  unlikely  to  fail  catastrophically,  however  on  the  unlikely  chance  that  it  would  occur  it  would  have  a  very  large  impact  on  several  countries  in  the  region  (7).    The  only  real  mode  of  failure  that  could  cause  water  to  flood  through  the  dam  is  from  overtopping  as  results  of  a  landslide  on  Lake  Serez.    And  within  this  one  failure  

A  diagram  representing  the  water  pressure  on  the  Usoi  Dam  and  flow  of  permeating  water  (1).  

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scenario  there  are  two  possibilities.    The  first  is  another  earthquake  triggered  landslide  would  cause  a  wall  of  water  to  be  pushed  over  Usoi  Dam  and  thus  overtopping  it  but  not  eroding  the  dam  to  the  point  of  being  lower  than  the  level  of  Lake  Sarez.    The  second  and  worst  case  scenario  is  that  which  a  large  earthquake  would  perhaps  trigger  one  giant  landslide  or  multiple  landslides  that  would  create  a  wall  of  water  high  enough  to  not  only  overtop  Usoi  Dam  but  to  erode  it  to  the  point  that  Lake  Sarez  would  begin  to  drain  downstream.    An  analysis  of  the  worst-­‐case  scenario  with  an  erosion  rate  of  100  m/h  indicates  that  the  lake  would  drain  in  roughly  4  hours  time  (7).      

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Landslide  Concerns  The  biggest  concern  for  the  structural  integrity  of  the  Usoi  Dam  is  the  possibility  of  an  overtopping  wave,  which  could  only  be  caused  by  a  large  landslide  on  lake  Serez.    Virtually  every  party  that  has  set  out  to  explore  the  Usoi  Dam  has  noticed  with  concern  an  area  on  the  northern  slopes  of  Lake  Serez  that  looks  likely  to  slide  into  the  lake  in  the  future.    This  area  has  been  name  the  Right  Bank  Slope  or  Right  Bank  Landslide.    A  2006  USGS  study  analyzed  the  volume  of  water  that  would  overtop  the  Usoi  Dam  based  on  different  volumes  for  the  Right  Bank  Slope.    The  results  of  this  analysis  are  presented  in  table  1  (7).    It  should  also  be  noted  that  the  natural  setting  of  the  slopes  around  Lake  Serez  is  that  of  a  very  dry  climate.    The  introduction  of  Lake  Serez  has  added  moisture  to  the  already  slide  prone  slopes.    The  water  from  the  lake  has  the  combined  effect  of  lower  the  friction  angle  and  adding  buoyance  to  the  surrounding  slopes,  both  of  which  would  reduce  slope  stability  and  a  cause  for  concern  (1).  

Top:  a  diagram  showing  the  overtopping  of  the  Usoi  Dam  from  a  landslide.    Bottom:  a  diagram  showing  a  large  overtopping  event  with  significant  surface  erosion  leading  to  a  complete  dam  breach.  

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Kinematics  of  a  potential  slide  failure  of  the  Right  Bank  Slope  using  the  “Method  of  Kinematic  Elements”  of  Gussmann  (1982,  1992).    The  angle  of  internal  friction  between  the  elements  is  assumed  to  be  40°  and  the  cohesion  to  be  zero.  It  is  further  assumed  that  the  angle  of  internal  friction  between  the  base  of  the  dam  and  the  underlying  geologic  material  is  25°  and  the  cohesion  along  this  contact  is  10  kN/m2  (1).  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

An  image  of  the  Right  Bank  Landslide  area  of  concern  (Photo,  State  Secretariat  for  Economic  Affairs,  Switzerland)  (4).  

A  diagram  showing  the  approximate  location  of  the  Right  Bank  Landslide  are  or  Right  Bank  Slope  (7).  

Different  overtopping  flood  volumes  for  different  landslides  masses.  USGS  (7).  

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Conclusions  A  much  more  comprehensive  look  at  the  problems  posed  by  the  Usoi  Dam  are  available  from  the  sources  used  in  writing  this  report.    The  purpose  of  this  report  was  to  simplify  the  analysis  of  the  Usoi  Dam  to  an  easily  presentable  fashion  and  to  highlight  the  more  important  aspects  of  the  geotechnical  and  geological  analysis.    In  general  the  conclusion  of  these  analysis  on  the  Usoi  Dam  is  that  the  structure  is  stable  from  a  structural  perspective  but  does  have  the  potential  for  failure  in  the  event  of  a  large  landslide  induced  wave  on  Lake  Sarez.    Many  warning  systems  and  prevention  techniques  have  been  presented  but  non  have  been  implemented  and  it  not  clear  if  they  ever  will  be.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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References  

   

Alford, D. K., Schuster, R. L., & International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. (2000). Usoi landslide dam and Lake Sarez: An assessment of hazard and risk in the Pamir Mountains, Tajikistan. New York: United Nations.

Bindi,  D.,  Abdrakhmatov,  K.,  Parolai,  S.,  Mucciarelli,  M.,  Grünthal,  G.,  Ischuk,  A.,  ...  &  Zschau,  J.  (2012).  Seismic  hazard  assessment  in  Central  Asia:  Outcomes  from  a  site  approach.  Soil  Dynamics  and  Earthquake  Engineering.  

Ischuk, A. R. (January 01, 2011). Usoi Rockslide Dam and Lake Sarez, Pamir Mountains, Tajikistan. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, 133, 423-440.

Lacasse, S., & Nadim, F. (January 01, 2011). Learning to Live with Geohazards: From Research to Practice. Geotechnical Special Publication, 1, 224, 64-116.

Lacasse,  S.,  Nadim,  F.,  &  Høeg,  K.  (2012).  Risk  assessment  and  mitigation  in  geo-­‐practice.  In  Geotechnical  Engineering  State  of  the  Art  and  Practice@  sKeynote  Lectures  from  GeoCongress  2012  (pp.  729-­‐764).  ASCE.  

Lohr,  T.  (2001).  A  Short  Story  About  The  Geological  History  of  the  Pamir.  

Risley, J. C., Walder, J. S., Denlinger, R. P., United States., & Geological Survey (U.S.). (2006). Usoi dam wave overtopping and flood routing in the Bartang and Panj Rivers, Tajikistan. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.

Strom,  A.  (2013).  Geological  Prerequisites  for  Landslide  Dams’  Disaster  Assessment  and  Mitigation  in  Central  Asia.  Progress  of  Geo-­‐Disaster  Mitigation  Technology  in  Asia,  17-­‐53.  

 

 

 

 

 

(1)  

(2)  

(3)  

(4)  

(5)  

(6)  

(7)  

(8)  

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