uss arizona research: oil, ships and method national park service research applied to global issues...

USS USS ArizonaArizona Research: Research:Oil , Ships and MethodOil , Ships and Method

National Park Service Research National Park Service Research Applied to Global IssuesApplied to Global Issues

World of Wrecks Conference 2011World of Wrecks Conference 2011

David L. ConlinDonald L. Johnson

National Park Service Submerged Resources Center

Present Memorial Dedicated 1962Present Memorial Dedicated 1962Became NPS Unit 1980Became NPS Unit 1980

Current Visitation Exceeds 1.4 million/yearCurrent Visitation Exceeds 1.4 million/year

National Historic National Historic LandmarkLandmark

USS ArizonaUSS Arizona Today Today

Corrosion AnalysisCorrosion Analysis

Environmental MonitoringEnvironmental Monitoring

Structural MonitoringStructural Monitoring

Geological AnalysisGeological Analysis

Oil AnalysisOil Analysis

MicrobiologyMicrobiology

Predictive Modeling:Predictive Modeling: Finite Element Analysis Finite Element Analysis

Develop Methods for General ApplicationDevelop Methods for General Application

Research Domains Research Domains

Torpedo Torpedo Blister Blister

Added 1,550 Added 1,550 tons of fuel tons of fuel capacity for capacity for emergency emergency opsops

The 1929 Refit Increased Displacement from The 1929 Refit Increased Displacement from 32,440 to 38,113 Tons and Fuel Capacity from 32,440 to 38,113 Tons and Fuel Capacity from

2,332 to 4,630 tons or 1.1 million gallons2,332 to 4,630 tons or 1.1 million gallons

Oil

Oil Bunker LocationsOil Bunker Locations

Bunkers are in the double bottom, hold, and platform decks beneath the Bunkers are in the double bottom, hold, and platform decks beneath the current mud line (approximate original water line)current mud line (approximate original water line)

Current Estimate: 600,000 gals (2,400 tons) remainCurrent Estimate: 600,000 gals (2,400 tons) remain

Presumed DestroyedPresumed DestroyedPresumed IntactPresumed Intact

Objective 1Objective 1: : characterize oil leaking from the ship characterize oil leaking from the ship and in adjacent sediments and in adjacent sediments

Objective 2:Objective 2: characterize rate of oil degradation characterize rate of oil degradation

Objective 3Objective 3: : determine if aerobic microorganisms determine if aerobic microorganisms degrade leaking Bunker C fuel oildegrade leaking Bunker C fuel oil

Objective 4Objective 4: : determine if anaerobic microorganisms determine if anaerobic microorganisms in sediments are capable of degrading the Bunker C in sediments are capable of degrading the Bunker C fuel oil leaking from the shipfuel oil leaking from the ship

Objective 5: Objective 5: determine microbial role in corrosiondetermine microbial role in corrosion

Oil and Microbial Research ObjectivesOil and Microbial Research Objectives

Oil Release Points Located and MeasuredOil Release Points Located and Measured

1999 Leakage Rate: 1-2 liters/day 1999 Leakage Rate: 1-2 liters/day @ 1 locus@ 1 locus

2006 Rate – 9 liters 2006 Rate – 9 liters @ 8 loci@ 8 loci

Approx. 100 tons since 1941Approx. 100 tons since 1941

Sediment AnalysisSediment Analysis

2.592.59++0.110.1100-03000-030Stern section, bottom of Stern section, bottom of barbette no. 4barbette no. 4

1.231.23++0.170.1700-03200-032Stern section, port side, Stern section, port side, 10 ft. from the hull10 ft. from the hull

1.041.04++0.290.2900-03300-033Stern section, port side, Stern section, port side, 10 ft. from the hull10 ft. from the hull

1.371.37++0.380.3801-04101-041Bow section, port side of Bow section, port side of gun turret no. 1gun turret no. 1

0.990.99++0.610.6100-03100-031Bow section, gun turret Bow section, gun turret no. 1no. 1

1.001.00++0.110.1100-00300-003Stern section, starboard Stern section, starboard side, 12 ft. from the hullside, 12 ft. from the hull

2.152.15++0.580.5800-00100-001Stern section, starboard Stern section, starboard side, 12 ft. from the hullside, 12 ft. from the hull

Solvent-Extractable Solvent-Extractable Material (mg/g)Material (mg/g)

SampleSampleLocationLocation

Overall: low Hydrocarbon load in SedimentOverall: low Hydrocarbon load in Sediment

BHT

Gas Chromatograph of USAR Sediment Extract Gas Chromatograph of USAR Sediment Extract Identifying BHT in Identifying BHT in ArizonaArizona Sediments Sediments

Butylated Hydroxytoluene(BHT)

00-31 00-32 00-33 01-41

40%

60%

Microbial community structure of Microbial community structure of four representative oil-degrading four representative oil-degrading cultures enriched on cultures enriched on ArizonaArizona crude crude oil oil Aerobic microorganisms were Aerobic microorganisms were enriched from surface sediments enriched from surface sediments surrounding the shipsurrounding the shipEach band in the DGGE gel can Each band in the DGGE gel can represent a different microorganismrepresent a different microorganismPredominant bands will be excised, Predominant bands will be excised, the DNA eluted from the band, and the DNA eluted from the band, and the eluted DNA will be sequenced the eluted DNA will be sequenced and the sequence compared to a and the sequence compared to a database for identificationdatabase for identification

Microbial Community Structure of USSMicrobial Community Structure of USS Arizona Arizona

Aerobic Microbial Degradation of USSAerobic Microbial Degradation of USS Arizona Arizona Oil OilLaboratory Study

Uninoculated Control

Phy

tane

Pristan

e

Det

ecto

r R

espo

nse

Time (minutes)

After 30 Days Growth

Det

ecto

r R

espo

nse

Time (minutes)

Oil Sample LocationsOil Sample Locations

Un-degradedUn-degradedOilOil DegradedDegraded

OilOil

MicrobiologyMicrobiologyHarvard University-NPS PartnershipHarvard University-NPS Partnership

Investigate Role of Microbes in Corrosion ProcessInvestigate Role of Microbes in Corrosion Process

Determine Ability of Hydrocarbon Degrading Microorganisms Determine Ability of Hydrocarbon Degrading Microorganisms to Degrade Steelto Degrade Steel

Conduct Experiment to Determine Corrosion Rate of Oil - Conduct Experiment to Determine Corrosion Rate of Oil - Containing SpacesContaining Spaces

Identify Predominant Bacteria Associated with CorrosionIdentify Predominant Bacteria Associated with Corrosion

Corrosion AnalysisCorrosion Analysis

Metallographic Analysis of Original Hull SteelMetallographic Analysis of Original Hull Steel

Characterize Overall Corrosion Process with Characterize Overall Corrosion Process with In SituIn Situ Corrosion MeasurementsCorrosion Measurements

Determine Corrosion Rates, both Interior and ExteriorDetermine Corrosion Rates, both Interior and Exterior

Analyze Critical Variables, Particularly Concretion Analyze Critical Variables, Particularly Concretion FormationFormation

University of Nebraska, Lincoln-NPS PartnershipUniversity of Nebraska, Lincoln-NPS Partnership

ObjectivesObjectives::

Hull Coupon Collection Hull Coupon Collection August 2002August 2002

Joint project with NPS, MDSU One, NAVFAC Joint project with NPS, MDSU One, NAVFAC and Titan Maritime Industriesand Titan Maritime Industries

Allows Direct Corrosion Rate MeasurementAllows Direct Corrosion Rate Measurement

Hull Coupon Locations - Frame 75Hull Coupon Locations - Frame 75

Mud LineMud Line

Corrosion Rates of Hull Coupons Corrosion Rates of Hull Coupons

Laboratory Model of Corrosion Rate of Steel in Laboratory Model of Corrosion Rate of Steel in Sea Water is 4.5 mils per year (mpy)Sea Water is 4.5 mils per year (mpy)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Depth below water surface, D (ft)

ico

rr (

mp

y)

Mu

dli

ne

31

ft.

Seawater (6 points)

Mud(2 points)

icorr = 6.216 - 0.204 (D)

4.5 mpy4.5 mpy

Environmental Monitoring (cont.)Environmental Monitoring (cont.)

VideoRay ROV equipped withVideoRay ROV equipped withYSI 600XLM Multiparameter SondeYSI 600XLM Multiparameter Sonde

InteriorInterior

Interior Monitoring DataInterior Monitoring Data

19831983

20062006

90% Thickness Loss (approx. 2300 360 years)

Concretion Equivalent Corrosion RateConcretion Equivalent Corrosion Rate

icorr (CECR) = 0.8ρd (w/o Fe)/t (mpy) icorr (CECR) = 0.8ρd (w/o Fe)/t (mpy)

wherewhere ρ is concretion density (gr/cm)ρ is concretion density (gr/cm)

d is concretion thickness (cm)d is concretion thickness (cm)w/o Fe is total Fe in weight percent w/o Fe is total Fe in weight percent

t is time submerged (yr)t is time submerged (yr)

Legacy Vessels Presenting Risk of Legacy Vessels Presenting Risk of Oil PollutionOil Pollution

michel 2005michel 2005

Image Courtesy San Diego Union-TribuneImage Courtesy San Diego Union-Tribune

USS USS ArizonaArizona Finite Element Model Finite Element ModelFrame 70-90 – 80 feet of HullFrame 70-90 – 80 feet of Hull

Centerline Slice

Bow To RightBow To Right

USS USS ArizonaArizona Finite Element Model Finite Element ModelFrame 70-90 Frame 70-90

USS USS ArizonaArizona Finite Element Model Finite Element ModelFrame 70-90Frame 70-90

USS USS ArizonaArizona Finite Element Model Finite Element ModelFrame 70-90 Frame 70-90 51,000 elements51,000 elements

Von Mises Stress distribution on the total weightVon Mises Stress distribution on the total weight

Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of 2 Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of 2 kPa on the Upper, Main, Second and Third deckskPa on the Upper, Main, Second and Third decks

Deformation distribution with uniform pressure of 10kpa Deformation distribution with uniform pressure of 10kpa on the Upper, Main, Second and Third deckson the Upper, Main, Second and Third decks

Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of 10kpa (between Main and Upper decks)10kpa (between Main and Upper decks)

Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of 10kpa ( Main deck)10kpa ( Main deck)

Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of 10kpa (between Second and Main decks)10kpa (between Second and Main decks)

Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of 10kpa (Second deck)10kpa (Second deck)

Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of 10kpa (between Third and Second decks)10kpa (between Third and Second decks)

Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of 10kpa (Third deck)10kpa (Third deck)

Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of 10kpa (First platform)10kpa (First platform)

Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of Von Mises stress distribution with uniform pressure of 10kpa (Second platform)10kpa (Second platform)

As-built condition (pre-sinking) Note:

Stresses higher in vertical walls andshell plates, as expected

Stress hot spots where the decks connect with shell in upper decks - this is due to the fact that the rest ofthe upper decks are missing

Bottom supported by viscoplastic mud(think Silly Putty)

Only loads are self-weight

Stresses are color coded, ranging fromblue (very small) through green, yellow,orange to red, which corresponds to near-failure

Broken elements shift load to neighbor-ing elements

Upper decks corrode 5X faster than those below the mud

10% thickness loss (approx. 1980)

• Stresses increasing in hull Deck beams becoming stressed Everything still well below critical

20% thickness loss (approx 2020 -80 yrs)

30% thickness loss (approx. 2060)

• Stresses approaching critical at curve of hull plates and inner bulkheads

Stresses also increasing signi- ficantly where the very thick armor around the stack attaches to the deck plates

50% thickness loss –(about 2140 200 yrs)

• Potentially some breakage of torpedo blister at turn of the bilge (lots of speculation in that calculation, of course)

Some local sagging of deck plates

60% thickness loss - about 2180

• Considerable upper deck failures

Failures of some inner wallslocally

More significant failures at turnof the bilge

70% - about 2220 280 yrs

80% - about 2260

90% - 2300 or so

95% - 2320 or so

Lots of modeling artifactsthat need to be taken careof - floating pieces, etc

Shows general collapse oftopside and bottom, but corecylinder of inner bottom, inner side tanks and main deck relatively intact

uss arizona research: oil, ships and method national park service research applied to global issues...

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