uttar pradesh state septage management …...2 desludging process of cleaning or removing the...

UTTAR PRADESH STATE SEPTAGE

MANAGEMENT POLICY

2019

Urban Development Department | Government of Uttar Pradesh

UTTAR PRADESH STATE SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT POLICY

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GLOSSARY S.N TERMINOLGY MEANING

1 Bio-solids By-product of the treatment of domestic wastewater in a domestic wastewater

treatment plant. Bio-solids consist primarily of dead microbes and other organic

matter and can be used as organic fertilizer or soil amendments.

2 Desludging Process of cleaning or removing the accumulated septage from a septic tank or

wastewater treatment facility.

3 Digestion Microbiological process that converts chemically complex organic sludge to

methane, carbon dioxide, and inoffensive humus-like material.

4 Domestic

Sewage

Wastewater composed of untreated human waste coming from residential and

commercial sources. Domestic sewage does not include industrial and/or hazardous

wastes.

5 Effluent General term for any wastewater, partially or completely treated, or in its natural

state, flowing out of a drainage canal, septic tank, building, manufacturing plant,

industrial plant, or treatment plant.

6 Improved

Sanitation

Connection to a public sewer or septic system, or access to a pour-flush latrine, a

simple pit latrine or a ventilated improved pit latrine, according to the Millennium

Development Goals.

7 Onsite

Sanitation

System

Infrastructure that aims to contain human excreta at the building; comprises of

septic tanks and improved latrines.

8 Seepage Pit or

soak pit

A hole in the ground that receives the effluent from a septic tank and allows the

effluent to seep through the pit bottom and sides; may be lined with bricks or filled

with gravel.

9 Septage The combination of scum, sludge, and liquid that accumulates in septic tanks.

Septic Tank – a watertight, multi-chambered receptacle that receives sewage from

houses or other buildings and is designed to separate and store the solids and

partially digest the organic matter in the sewage.

10 Service

Provider

A public or private entity, operator or water utility that is engaged in the collection,

desludging, handling, transporting, treating, and disposing of sludge and septage

from septic tanks, cesspools, Imhoff tanks, portalets, sewage treatment plants.

11 Sewage Mainly liquid waste containing some solids produced by humans, which typically

consists of washing water, feces, urine, laundry wastes, and other material that flows

down drains and toilets from households and other buildings.

12 Sewer A pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and wastewater.

13 Sewerage System of sewers that conveys wastewater to a treatment plant or disposal point. It

includes all infrastructure for collecting, transporting, and pumping sewage.

Sludge – precipitated solid matter with a highly mineralized content produced by

domestic wastewater treatment processes.

14 STF Septage Treatment Facility

15 Stabilization Process of treating septage to reduce pathogen densities and vector attraction to

produce an organic material that may be applied to the land as a soil conditioner Cover page photo credits @ Indian Development Center (IDC)


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The goal of the Uttar Pradesh State Septage Management Policy(UPSSMP)is to improve water

quality and protect public health in urban areas of the State by 2023. The objective is to enhance the ability of

local implementers to build and operate septage treatment systems for urban centers and promote the

behavior change and supporting environment needed for systems to be effective and sustainable. The main

strategy is to facilitate a bottom-up, demand-driven project development process by providing State

Government support and incentives. On site sanitation systems in the State are based on septic tank, which is

a simple structure and when designed, installed, and operated properly, can serve as the first step in the

sewage treatment process, which transforms human waste into a manageable effluent. Effluent can be

further treated, reused or disposed of, thus breaking a cycle of disease that is responsible for huge economic

losses, countless lost lives, and immeasurable human suffering.

The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) of 2008 provides a vision for healthy and livable cities

and outlines different elements that are needed to achieve the vision. Most recently, the National Faecal

Sludge and Septage Management Policy (NFSSM) Policy (2017), Swacch Bharat Mission (SBM) (through

ODF++ ratings) and Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), Government of India (GoI) through the

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), 2018 for cleaning of sewers and septic tanks has provided

considerable impetus to this sector. NFFSM with an objective of fostering sustainable SM services in cities

aims to create enabling environment, provide role clarity, align with existing Missions, comply with

environmental discharge standards and negates gender insecurity. The Central Public Health and

Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) Manual of 2013 and The Prohibition of Employment as

Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013, have provided key markers to further the technical,

occupational & health support to personnel in this sector.

Uttar Pradesh with 652 ULBs and urban population of 4.9 Crores (es. 2018) have been making

significant efforts in improving the status of urban sanitation in its cities. Currently, wastewater treatment

capacity of 3159 MLD is available and another 1281 MLD is under different stages of implementation. Nearly

9 lakh Individual Household latrines (IHHLs) constructed under SBM (U) over last 3 years also warrant

immediate attention on SM. Sanitation coverage in 610 ULBs are completely dependent on septic tanks.

There are 72 lakh On-site Sanitation Systems (OSS) which generates approximately 5000 MLD of sewerage.

This highlights the magnitude of effort required for addressing environmental and public health safety on

account of untreated sewerage / septage.

Given this context, Government of Uttar Pradesh proposes a holistic approach for

septagemanagement (integrated/standalone), as a way forward. It is with this view that this 5-year SM policy

(2019 – 2023) for Uttar Pradesh has been prepared. Government of Uttar Pradesh under this policy envisages

a goal that “All ULBs commit to continually adopt sustainable septage management services, that is inclusive

and equitable; for its citizens to live in an environment free of pollution and health hazards; with the support

of the public and private sector, under a sector regulator”.

The Policy articulates a three-pronged Septage Management (SM) Vision:

a) by end of 2019, all preparatory activities of realizing SM target under a sector regulation is

completed;

b) by end of 2021, SM is mainstreamed in all Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and all Nagar Nigams (NNs)

& Nagar Palika Parishads (NPPs) have significantly moved forward towards SM and;

c) by end of 2023, all ULBs have implemented SM solutions in an inclusive manner empowering all

stakeholders in the process.


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The Service levels and Charter for key stakeholders have been developed to streamline the

processes. To facilitate impactful implementation, ULBs are categorized based on the availability of sewage

treatment facilities. In the ULBs with existing operational STPs, co-treatment of septage will be promoted

while Septage Treatment Plants will be taken up for large single cities or adopt a regional / cluster approach

for group of cities with a view to achieving economies of scale. This policy also sets the direction for

supportive actions to manage septage so as todeliver results on public health and environmental safety,

occupational health &personnel safety issues, infrastructure, private sector engagement, financial

sustainability and tariffs levels.

A clear monitoring and evaluation of policy performance is desired annually for direction setting and

alignment of the budgets. The key outcomes envisaged are related to safe containment system, treatment of

all generated wastes, safe working practices and reuse of all resources for a sustained circular sanitation

economy. The policy shall bring about a paradigm shift in the management of septage with the active

participation of citizens, private sector and Municipal bodies.


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Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2

LIST OF FIGURES 6

LIST OF TABLES 6

ABBREVIATIONS 7

1 Background and Purpose 8

1.1 Definition of Septage 8 1.2 Sources of Septage 8

1.3 Septage Generation Norms 8 1.4 National Policy Guidance – MoHUA 8 1.5 National Actions and Missions 9

1.6 Central Laws and Rules 9 2 Septage Management (SM) Value Chain 10

2.1 User interface 10

2.2 Collection and Containment 10 2.3 Emptying and Conveyance 10 2.4 Treatment 11

2.5 Reuse and Disposal 11

3 Situation Analysis in Uttar Pradesh 11

3.1 Demographic Status 11

3.2 Status of Sewer Connections and Septic Tanks in Uttar Pradesh 13 3.3 Status of Existing Wastewater Generation in Uttar Pradesh 13 3.4 Status of Existing and Proposed STPs in Uttar Pradesh 14

3.5 Status of Wastewater Projects Across ULBs 15 3.6 Status of Septage Management (SM) in Uttar Pradesh 15

3.7 Need for State Septage Management Policy 16 4 SM Policy: Vision development 17

4.1 Key Tenets 17

4.2 Septage Management Vision for UP State 18 4.3 Goal 18 4.4 UP Septage Management Policy Target s 18

4.5 Scope of the Policy and Applicability 19 4.6 Service Levels 19

4.7 Service Charter 19

5 Policy Outline and Commitments 21

5.1 Planning Consideration with City Nomenclature 21 5.2 Public Health & Environmental Safety Considerations 23

5.3 Standardisation of Norms, Design and Specification of SM Infrastructure, Operations and

Services 23 5.4 Rolling Out SM Policy through ULBs 24 5.5 IT-Based State-wide Management System for SM 24 5.6 User Interface Management 25

5.7 Scheduled Emptying Services 25 5.8 Technical Options for Vehicles and Cleaning 26 5.9 Treatment, Resource Recovery and Disposal of Septage 27 5.10 Tariff Mechanisms 29

5.11 Financial Sustainability of Septage Services 29 5.12 Legal Framework for SM 30


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5.13 Enabling Institutional Environment and Capacity Enhancement 30 5.14 Role Clarity of Different Stakeholders 31 5.15 Awareness Creation for enhanced Citizens’ engagement in SM 31 5.16 Furthering Empowerment alongside SM Implementation 31

5.17 Inclusion and Incentives 31 5.18 Engagement Models for Different Elements of the SM Value Chain 32 5.19 Commitments for SDG and Climate Change Missions 33 6 Standards, Regulations & Quality Assurances 33

7 Financing Septage Management(SM) Interventions 34

8 Legal and Regulatory Support 35

8.1State Laws, Rules and Regulations 35 9 Institutional Structures for Operationalizing Septage Management 35

10 Timelines 36

11 Policy Evaluation 38

12 Modification or Amendments to the Policy 38

13 Studies and Research to Advice Policy Roll Out and Implementation 38

Appendices………………………………………………………………………40-50

References……………………………………………………………………….51


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LIST OF FIGURES

1 SM Value Chain and Key Parameters 10

2 UP State - Population & ULBs Distribution 12

3 ULB wise Population Growth Rate 13

4 Wastewater Generation in Different ULB Categories 13

5 Distribution of Treatment Units in UP State 14

6 Gap in Treatment Capacity in Different ULB Categories 15

7 UP State – Schemes and Programs 15

8 UP SM vision 18

9 UP SM Policy Target 19

10 ULB Categories as per Policy Formulation 23

LIST OF TABLES

1 ULB wise Demographic Details 12

2 ULB wise Treatment Plants Installations in Uttar Pradesh 14

3 ULB SM Service Charter 20

4 ULB Categorization Methodology 22

5 Pollution Discharge Norms 23

6 Scheduled Emptying Services (3 and 5 years): A Comparison 26

7 Septage Cleaning Mandate 27

8 Septage Generation and Possibilities for Co-treatment 28

9 Exclusive Septage Treatment Options (mechanized / non-mechanized) 28

10 Different Engagement Models with Private Sector 32


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ABBREVIATIONS

BIS Bureau of Indian Standards

CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization

CSTFs City Sanitation Task Forces

FFD Faecal Flow Diagram

SM Septage Management

GoI Government of India

GoUP Government of Uttar Pradesh

IHHT Individual Household Toilet

KL Kilolitre

MA&UD Municipal Administration & Urban Development

MLD Million Litre per Day

NBC National Building Code

OSS On-site Sanitation

PESTLE Political Economical Social Technological Legal Environmental

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

SBM Swachh Bharat Mission

SS Swachh Survekshan

ST Septic Tank

STP Sewage Treatment Plant

SWM Solid Waste Management

SWOT Strength Weakness Opportunity

ULB Urban Local Body

VTCO Vacuum Truck Cleaner and Operator

WHO World Health Organization

https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&ved=0ahUKEwiytPmlo_TVAhXCPY8KHblhAVkQFghEMAc&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiawaterportal.org%2Fauthor%2Fcentral-public-health-and-environmental-engineering-organisation-cpheeo&usg=AFQjCNFFr9V3TL_B0cGrUE51AF-usleRAg


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POLICY DOCUMENT

1 Background and Purpose

1.1 Definition of Septage

“Septage” is the liquid and solid material that is pumped from a septic tank, cesspool, or another

treatment facility after it has accumulated over a period of time. The scum accumulates on the top and

the sludge settles to the bottom of the septic tank volume when pumped. Offensive odour and

appearance are the most prominent characteristics of septage. It is a host of many disease-causing

organisms because of the contamination of a significant level of grease, grit, hair, and debris.

1.2 Sources of Septage

Septic tanks are the primary source of septage generation. A septic tank for the treatment of

household wastewater is a horizontal continuous flow type sedimentation tank. This functions as a

settling tank and digestion unit. The solids in the wastewater settle to the bottom of the tank where they

undergo anaerobic degradation along with the organic matter in the wastewater. Oil and grease and

other lighter material will rise and float on the surface of the liquid. This is referred to as scum.

The tank is designed such that the sludge and scum together occupy about half to two-thirds of the

tank’s capacity (prior to de-sludging). A septic tank should generally be followed by a soak-away pit to

disperse the effluent into the ground. But mostly it flows into the storm water drain adjacent to the

house. The sludge settled at the bottom and scum at the top is allowed to remain in the tank for several

months during which they are decomposed by bacteria through anaerobic digestion.

1.3 Septage Generation Norms

Internationally, different norms have been followed for quantifying septage generation/sludge

accumulation. A lot of variation is observed in the computations whether the fraction of wet or dry is to

be considered while computing septage generation. For the purposes of this policy, IS2470 guideline is

followed that recommends septage generation rate of 0.00021 cum / capita / day. A detailed list of

national and international septage generation and accumulation rates is presented in Annexure 1.

1.4 National Policy Guidance - MoHUA

The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) of 2008 brought about a paradigm shift in India’s

approach from ‘conventional centralized sewerage system’ approach of urban sanitation to a more

‘holistic framework’. With regard to SM, NUSP has very clearly outlined:

a. Promoting proper disposal and treatment of sludge from on-site installations (septic tanks, pit

latrines amongst others);

b. Ensuring that all human wastes are collected safely, confined, and disposed of after treatment so as

not to cause any hazard to public health or the environment;

c. Promoting proper functioning of network-based sewerage systems and ensuring connections of

households to them;

d. Encourage recycle and reuse of treated wastewater for non-potable applications, wherever possible.

NUSP outlined a framework for cities to prepare City Sanitation Plans (CSPs), under the aegis of a

State Sanitation Strategy and introduced Urban Sanitation Awards based on the benchmarking of

sanitation services in cities. NUSP guidelines remained very broad and failed to provide specific

suggestions for SM, leaving further scope for policy development and role delegation to the respective


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states. However, the message of NUSP received a slow response from the states in terms of framing of

septage-management policies.

1.5 National Actions and Missions

MoHUA is the nodal ministry for policy framework at the national level for urban sanitation.

Recently, MoHUA has issued directions and guidelines for streamlining and focusing on issues of SM

under SBM (U) and making provision in AMRUT programmefor its implementation by States. A few of

them are outlined below.

a. The MoUD has directed the states to rename the ‘Water and Sanitation Board’ as ‘Water, Sanitation

and Septage Boards’. This activity should be made operational at the earliest through the

dissemination of knowledge, strengthening local administrative and capacity building and thereby

integrating septage treatment in an environmentally safe manner.

b. MoUD through their DO letter number20/3/2016-SBM-2 dated 22nd August 2016 has directed all the

Mission Director in states to use rapid assessment tool for SM for submission of proposal and

investment plan for SM as part of AMRUT SAAP.

c. In 2017, MoHUA issued National Policy on SM outlining the broad contours of the goals envisioned

for states and cities. The urban sanitation being a state subject require a follow up by the state

government. As yet, nearly 15 states have developed their own SMpolicies in alignment with the

national policy.

d. In 2018, SBM (U) accorded specific focus on SMby way of including indicators related to septage

management under ODF++ ratings for the cities.

e. CPCB has encouraged ULBs having primary sewerage treatment facilities to upgrade them to

secondary treatment facilities leading to an opportunity for the ULBs to to integrate septage disposal

facilities in all such locations along with STP upgradation.

f. Funding under AMRUT has been made available for construction of FSTPs and linked activities from

2018 onwards.

1.6 Central Laws and Rules

The legal context for SM includes environment laws, municipal building byelaws, legislation

regarding manual scavenging and institutional laws that provide for the establishment, powersand

functions of local authorities and bodies. More specifically, it relates to Environment (Protection) Act,

1986; the Municipal Act, and the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 which provides a

framework for control of effluent, sewageand septage discharge. Further, the Solid Waste Management

(SWM) Rules, 2016 under the Environment (Protection) Act apply for the final and safe disposal of post-

processed residual septage to prevent contamination of groundwater, surface waterand ambient air.

Further, the SWM Rules 2016 will also apply on the disposal and treatment of septage, before or after

processing, at sanitary landfills and use as compost. The provisions of the National Building Code of India

published by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) as applicable for Septic tanks, soakage pits, cess pools,

leach pits, drainage fields,amongst others also come within the ambit.

The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993 has put a

ban on the use of dry latrines, i.e., latrines with no water-seal or flushing mechanism, and prohibits

employment of persons for manually carrying human excreta which is referred as night soil. This was

supplemented in 2013 with the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation

Act, 2013 by which “hazardous cleaning” in relation to sewers and septic tanks was also banned. The

safety norms for complianceare provided in the CPHEEO Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Manual,

2013.


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2 Septage Management (SM) Value Chain

The first step towards benchmarking the current service levels across the sanitation value chain is

through a city level assessment. It helps in understanding and identifying the gaps in the services across the

sanitation value chain. The ODF++ toolkit provides the necessary guidance to support and develop detailed

assessments and projects. The lacunae observed in the existing system are addressed through the

missions/schemes for corrective measures. This policy focus on the last four stages of the value chain, i.e.

collection and / or containment, emptying and / or conveyance, treatment, disposal and if applicable, resuse.

A snapshot of the aspects covered under critical stages are given in the Figure 1.

Figure 1: Septage Management (SM) Value Chain and Key Parameters

2.1 User interface

A significant progress has been made in the provisioning of IHHLs under SBM (U). Also, efforts have

been made to upgrade insanitary latrines to sanitary toilets as well as provision for toilets for those

households resorting to open defecation. This is the most critical part of the value chain. If well done, rest

of the value chain gears up for sustainable results.

2.2 Collection and Containment

Understanding this part of the value chain in terms of processes involved is paramount, as it provides

clarity on furthering the system either independently as a sector or integrates with the sewerage sector.

The database on the septic tank site location, quality of septic tanks construction, complainace to the

septic tank specificationslargely determines the corrective measures in the subsequent steps of the value

chain. The process of granting building permissions, compliance check and finally completion

certification for occupation of the building needs a linkage with a database record for septage

management. Additionally, establishment such a septic tank database will support in future migration to

sewerage connections when the networks are made available.

2.3 Emptying and Conveyance

This stage involves evacuation of waste material from the septic tanks and its physical transport to

designated disposal point and / or treatment facilities located either at the municipal or regional level.

The existing cleaning services are unorganized and therefore require establishment of the processes that


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bring seamless onboarding of the private sector including a level of regulation.The development and

enforcement of the protocol for personnel health and safety with the support of the necessary legislation

serves a useful purpose to ensure safety net for the persons engaged in the cleaning of the septic tank

and conveyance of the septage.The planning for emptying and conveyance involves an assessment of the

demand in terms of the property profile related to a household size, public buildings, commercial

establishments and community or public toilets, amongst others. The demand is also shaped by pre-

defined frequency choice of cleaning, typically either at the interval of 3 or 5 years.The ability to

realistically do a demand assessment will determine the efficacy of resources deployed towards SM

infrastructure and services and overall success of towards achievement of public health and

environmental outcomes including the success of PPP modalities. Further, this element of SM planning

needs a synchronization with the existing/proposed treatment system to prevent any open disposal

leading to environmental damage or compromising public health.

2.4 Treatment

The primary focus of the treatment process is to achievehealth and environmental safety by

adopting a scientific treatment of septage. The Municipal Bodies will take initiatives to undertake an

assessment of the septage load in their city and town to determine the treatment plant capacity

exclusively for septage treatment or for co-treatment with wastewater or solid waste with the guidance

of a dedicated Technical Unit at the State level. The selection of the technology option for treatment of

septage shall take in to account the availability of land and cater the needs of the adjoining small towns

and habitations lying within an immediate proximity.

2.5 Reuse and Disposal

The treatment of the waste results in mitigating the environment and public health concerns while

generating a resource in form of treated waste for potential reuse for recovery of energy and nutrients.

The reuse and safe disposal of treated waste refers to the processes and methods for recovery or

recycling material and productsfrom septage prior to their safe return to the environment. The need and

feasibility of resource recovery should befinancially and economically justified given the process

complexity and end-use market potential. It is recommended that ULBs are encouraged to document

field level implementation on the reuse, recycling and disposal experience so that the state generate a

knowledge from resource management and financial sustainability perspective for use in the policy

updation and replication on a case by case basis.

3 Situation Analysis in Uttar Pradesh

3.1 Demographic Status

The state of Uttar Pradesh has 652 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) spread across 17 Nagar Nigams (NNs), 197

Nagar Palika Parishad (NPPs) and 438 Nagar Panchayats (NPs). For the purposes of analysis, the policy

has taken into consideration 652 ULBs (including outgrowths where applicable), accounting for a total

population of 4.2 croresand 72.53 lakhs HHs in Uttar Pradesh (2011).

Table 1: ULB wise Demographic Details

Category of Towns

Population (2011)

% Share Households % share HH Size

No. of ULBs

% share

NN & NN+OG 18622978 44% 3361115 46% 5.54 17 3% NPP & NPP+OG 15354567 37% 2591247 36% 5.93 197 30% NP & NP+OG 8032233 19% 1301418 18% 6.17 438 67% Total 42009778 100% 7253780 100% 5.87 652 100%

*Source – RGCI (2011)


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The population distribution across different ULB categories – NNs (3% of towns) accounting for 44% of

the population, whereas 67% of NPs account for 19% of the population. The HH shares among ULBs also

follow a similar trend. As the city size reduces (NN to NP) the household size increases. It is to be noted

that the average size of household in ULBs is 5.87and not 5, as universally assumed for computations. The

skewed distribution requires multiple strategies forSeptage management in the State.

Figure 2: UP State - Population & ULBs Distribution

The annual average population growth rate in NNs is 2.1%, NPPs2.3% and NPs 1.9%. The differential

growth rate require consideration while projecting future requirements in different city categories.

18622978

15354567

8032233

21574141

18269414

9224265

17

197

438

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

NN & NN+OG NPP & NPP+OG NP & NP+OG

Population (2011) Est population - Swachh City Plan (2018) No. of ULBs


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Figure 3: ULB wise Population Growth Rate

3.2 Status of Sewer Connections and Septic Tanks in Uttar Pradesh

Across the urban parts of the State, 86% HHs have OSS, and their distribution among ULBs are 78%

HHs in NNs, 98% NPs, 90% NPPs. Assuming that there is 1 septic tank per household, there are 72 lakh

septic tanks in UP State. The distribution among the different ULBs categories is 30.2 lakhs in NNs, 26.7

lakhs in NPPs and 15 lakhs in NPs.

3.3 Status of Existing Wastewater Generation in Uttar Pradesh

As of 2018, it is estimated that 5558 MLD of wastewater is generated every day in the State.

Figure 4: Wastewater Generation in Different ULB Categories

2589

1973

996

5558

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

9000000

NN NPP NP Total

Households 2018 Total daily Wastewater generated (MLD) 2018

NN NPP NP Total

Census 2011 18622978 15354567 8032233 42009778

Swachh City Plan 2018 21574141 18269414 9224265 49067820

Population GR (2011-2018) 15.8% 19.0% 14.8% 16.6%

15.8%

19.0%

14.8%

16.6%

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

20.0%

0

10000000

20000000

30000000

40000000

50000000

60000000


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3.4 Status of Existing and Proposed STPs in Uttar Pradesh

In the 652 ULBs, STPs are present in 29ULBs with established capacity of ~2646MLD through 99

STPs.An aspect that requires attention is the reported receipt of sewage at the STPs (currently at 71%)

and there are pockets not covered by the sewerage network in the sewered cities. There is an opportunity

for the cities with STPsto take advantage for septage management and co-treatment, subject to techno-

economic feasibilities of collection and transport.

Norms – ONE person generates 80% of the water used as wastewater

108 / 120 lpcd (water supply - NPP or NN 135 / NN 150 lpcd) OR 39 to 44 KL per year wastewater

120 litres per year septage

This is waste generated per person yearlyto be treated to prevent unsafe discharge into the environment.

Across 18 ULBs, additional capacity has been created through new STPsto treat ~1948MLD (10 in new

ULBs and 8in existing ULBs) under State schemes, AMRUT and NamamiGange. The total available

treatment capacity will be 4594MLD upon completion in the urban parts of the State.

Table 2: ULB wise Treatment Plants Installations in Uttar Pradesh

Category of Towns

Number of ULBs

Existing Proposed Total STP Capacity

upon completion

(MLD)

STPs (32 KLD plant) proposed

STP Capacity

(MLD)

Number of STPs

No. of ULBs

STP Capacity

(MLD)

Number of STPs

Number of ULBs

No. of ULBs

No of STPs

NN 17 3036.4 75 14 875.38 29 12 3911.78 5 5

NPP 197 254.59 26 17 393.55 25 22 648.14 25 25

NP 438 7.85 3 2 12.4 2 2 20.25 1 1

Total 652 3298.84 104 33 1281.33 56 36 4580.17 31 31

Figure 5: Distribution of Treatment Units in UP State

64

221

88

10

103

23

5

25

1

31

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

NN NPP NP Total

No of proposed FSTPs Number of Proposed STPs Number of Existing STPs


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Figure 6: Gap in Treatment Capacity in Different ULB Categories

3.5 Status of Wastewater Projects Across ULBs

A snapshot of different schemes and the ULBs in which they are operational is presented in the

Figure 7. The distribution of different schemes provides an opportunity to harness them for different

elements of the value chain.

Figure 7: UP State –Schemes and Programs

3.6 Status of Septage Management (SM) in Uttar Pradesh

There are major gaps in the state of SM services. The status mapping of these gaps forms basis of

formulating this policy. A summary of gap analysis is presented here:

a. Limited knowledge on existing system

Insufficient knowledge & public involvement during construction

2355

286

4

2646

1365

538

45

1948

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

NN

NPP

NP

Total

Existing STP Capacity (MLD) Ongoing / Proposed STP Capacity (MLD)


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Poor knowledge of maintenance services affecting system management

b. Septic tanks location

Limited land space has led the HHs to relegate OSS/ septic tanklocation to the least priority,

leading to general siting of the tanks below toilets, on the road/drains, direct disposal to

drains/water bodies and quite a few instances encroachment by building habitated rooms

over them

c. Inappropriate septic tank design and construction

local construction practices, not standardized

material and skill of masons/ contractors not adequate

d. Septic tanks are not maintained / de-sludged

emptying not regular

Spillage, bad odour, health hazards for workers

e. Disposal without treatment

Overflowing Septic Tanks causing pollution.

Indiscrimatedumping of septage in open fields, water bodies etc.

Vacuum tankers discharge their load at the shortest possible distance from the points of

collection to save time and cost.

f. Regulation failure

Poor O&M and sellers (cleaning service) market

Lack of inspection, monitoring, evaluation and regulation

Enforcement by State Pollution Control Board

g. Capacity issue across the value chain for ULBs related to

Design, construct & operate SM Infrastructure

No facility for treatment and means for septage disposal

Private sector unorganized and with serious occupation health and safety issues

The result of the above gapindicate towards the following shortcomings:

Low demand for improved sanitation systems

Over dependence on investments on STPs

Contamination of surface/ground water – unregulated dumping by the private sector

3.7 Need for Septage Management Policy

The goal to improve the quality of life for the citizens of Uttar Pradesh will greatly benefit from the

improvement in the public health and environmental conditions that are presently under risk from

current situation of limited waste treatment capacity (presently in 48 ULBs out of total of 652), low

number of septic tanks connection to the sewer network, partial sewer networks, imbalance in population

growth and pace of infrastructure construction, weak capacities in the Municipal Bodies, low level of

community awareness and unregulated private sector. Further, a high level of dependence of about 610

ULBs completely on septic tanks raises the issue of ensuring that the septic tanks are designed for

construction as per the legal provisions and authorities responsible for compliance checks play their role

effectively so that the leakages and desludging issues do not poise risk to the environment and public

health. This clearly highlights the magnitude of effortsrequiredby many stakeholders. With this

background, this policy serves an urgent need to comprehensively guide a range of stakeholders a holistic

approach for septage management, as a way forward.

This policy outlines the measures envisages for range of stakeholders towards preparedness to

handle the entire sanitation value chainwhileaddressing the following sectoral issues:


17

ULBs are of different sizes and morphology having different onsite sanitation treatment

systems of varying size.

Treatment gaps have implications on environmental safety.

Varied capacity utilization of STPs has implications on septage addition and hence becomes a

dynamic process to match unpredictable wastewater flows.

The sectorbeing in a nascent stage, requires an integrated planning and life cycle approach for

management.

Fractured roles for agencies mandated for asset ownership, creation, operation and

management (Jal Nigam, Jal Kal, ULB, Private sector, non-profits and citizens), requiring work

coordination structures and role clarity.

92% of ULBs have no mechanism and

require sustainable solutions. They need a

dedicated focus and attention for septage

management.

Lack of understanding about containment and estimations have implications on system

design for scheduled emptying.

Service chain is largely dominated by private investments and is unorganized.

Significant market opportunity to harness private sector efficiencies for emptying and

treatment services.

Occupational health & safety concerns for workers.

Pricing for services and cost recovery.

Low level of community awareness resulting in unscientific construction of OSS and cleaning

practices.

Weak capacities within Municipal bodies.

4 Septage Management Policy: Vision development

4.1 Key Tenets

The policy is being formulated on the following key tenets:

a. The households will continue to invest their financial resources in the construction of HH toilets (user

interface) and septic tanks as per the prevailing guidelines and scheme requirements.

Notwithstanding this private investment, the Government will make all efforts to advocate sound

design and construction practices.

b. To treat septage management (SM) as a service, beyond infrastructure.

c. SM plans at the city level will integrate existing infrastructure besidesnewasset creation and serve as

prerequisite for funding.

d. “Polluter pays principle” applies to all stakeholders i.e. citizensas waste generators. The payments

are mandatory for all recipients of services to ameliorate pollution i.e. septage /sewerage service.

e. An efficient and single point payment system irrespective of whether it is through taxation by ULBs

or levy of charges/fees by private operators.

f. Universal household coverage with septage services on equity principles; while tariff design will

account for the true cost of the services, includingsubsidiesand / or top-up incentives to account for

all disadvantaged groups.

Cover 100% opex across along the value chain

service chain is not yet developed and integrated


18

Extended to cover capex (current + depreciation; all value chain elements; payments for

ecosystem services) and refinancing of future assets

g. The government will financially support & regulate across the value chain until

A formalized private sector services market is developed for various value chain elements and

ULBs become financially self-reliant to invest in infrastructure creation and management.

h. Towards achieving environmental and public health safety, the government will invest in asset

building (including private assets i.e. IHHL) up to a basic level through different schemes for poor and

slum dwellers.

4.2 Septage Management Vision for UP State

The policy outlines a 3 stageprocess on key milestones to achieve as roll out.

Figure 8: UP SMVision

4.3 Goal

The goal of the Policy is:

“All ULBs commit to continually adopt sustainable septage services, which is inclusive and

equitable; for its citizens to live in an environment free of pollution and health hazards; with the

support of public and private sector, under a sector regulator”.

The Policy provides for addressing the needs of the urban poor and slum dwellers on priority and

those desirous for continued on-site sanitation services; on the same lines as that of the whole city. Also,

covered is the aspect of reduction in pollution load in the immediate ecosystem across all ULBs, by

managing 5558 MLD of wastewater annually and 13.7 MLD septage treated daily.

4.4 Septage Policy Target

This Policy articulates and set priorities, commitments,and direction for ULBs to undertake the city-

wide implementation of SM services alongside sewerage services, within its jurisdiction, such that safe

and sustainable sanitation becomes a reality for all households.


19

Figure 9: UP State Septage Policy Targets

4.5 Scope of the Policy and Applicability

a. The policy is valid until the end of 2023. Given that 652 ULBs require to implement the policy, it is

expected that changes and modifications would be required in the policy as lessons are learned year

on year. The annual and terminal evaluation by the Department will advise the policy amendment(s).

b. This policy shall apply to all ULBs, outgrowths in urban agglomerations, census towns as declared by

the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, notified areas, notified industrial

townships, areas under the control of Indian Railways, airports, airbases, defense establishments,

special economic zones, State and Central Government organizations, places of pilgrimage, religious

and historical importance as may be notified by State Government from time to time.

c. The policy shall apply to all newly added geographical areas to the ULBs, between the time of

ratification and 2023.

d. The policy does not address the exclusive need(s) of sewerage systems but envisages a

complementary role in ULBs where such systems exist or is currently under implementation.

4.6 Service Levels

The criteria of service levels will be as follows:

a. Coverage of adequate onsite sanitation system

b. Collection efficiency of the sanitation system

c. Adequacy of treatment capacity of sanitation system

d. Quality of treatment of sanitation system

e. Extent of reuse and recycling in the sanitation system

4.7 Service Charter

To ensure consistency in operations across all ULBs, a set of permissible codes for key stakeholders is

drawn in Table 3 which will form the basis of engagement with the operators (individuals/firms). This

charter shall be updated once in 2 years based on compliance levels under different conditions.


20

Table 3: ULB SM Service Charter

S No. Value chain element

Minimum service level Time limit for action / repair / rectification

1 Opening of customer accounts

ULB to create a database of all customers to raise septage demand tax or user charges based on volume and distance

All septic tank databaseiscreated &Customer IDisgenerated. Septage Manifest Form is used to updatedatabase.

2 Building plan inspections for a septic tank facility

ULB and Development Authority staff is responsible to share a database of all new buildings and Septic Tank dimensions to include in the cleaning schedule.

Monthly

3 Septage tax demand raised

ULB sends notices along with water tax/sewertax/property tax

Quarterly or Annually

4

Processing licenses/permits to operate issued to VTOs

ULBs to invite application/ identify VTOs operating without proper permits/licenses

Temporary licenses/permitsissuedwithin one month and full license/permit within 3 months for those in compliance ambit.

5 Establish and attend to cleaning schedule

ULBs establish monthly cleaning schedule for scheduled emptying of septic tanks

Provided at the beginning of the month

6 Communicating to households

Establish helpline or VTO to call the HH to inform of the date and time of cleaning upon receiving the schedule from ULB.

If phone numbers of HHs are not available or accessible, the same is reported to ULB. If HHs refuse to clean septic tanks, report to ULB for rescheduling.

7 Documentation to be carried in all trucks

Permits/licenses, vehicle documents, owner details, emergency contact details, drivers driving licenses, identity cards for staff

all missing documents to be replaced/provided within 24 hours of detection

8

Display of contact related information on ULB&VTO besides user fees or taxes &helpline details

Visible and legible at ULB office and all vehicles and dissemination through media channels, print and electronic

Dirty information boards/signage shall be cleaned immediately. Changes in names of personnel/contact details within 24 hours

9 GPS equipment Installed and route maps prepared by ULB on a monthly basis and distance travelled computed

functioning checked by ULB on a monthly basis

10 Protective gear for staff

All staff to get 1 kit and replaced by the owner upon failure from normal wear and tear. Staff wears kit at all times while at work.

Faulty gear to be replaced within 3 days. 1 additional kit available in the truck and Stock for 3 kits available with the truck owner at his office

11 Septic tank cleaning

Septic tank should not be emptied fully, leaving sludge layer of 10 cm at the bottom. The staff will not enter the septic tank for cleaning. It should be only from the ground level and mechanized.

Household signs Septage Manifest Form

12 Covering of Septic tank post cleaning

Immediately after cleaning. Sealed immediately. VTO signs in Septage Manifest Form

13 Hygiene condition around the septic tanks maintained

No waste shall be dumped. No wastewater shall stagnate.

To be removed or rectified immediately upon detection and cleaning of septic tank.


21

S No. Value chain element

Minimum service level Time limit for action / repair / rectification

14 Transparency Septage Manifest Form filled and submitted to ULB. Household provided with one part of the copy.

Monthly submission of a copy of manifest form to ULB

15 Recording of emptying at the disposal site

Emptying at the disposal site, only after submitting manifest form copy and filing of the disposallog book.

Weekly aggregation of records into software or system for reconciliation of records and payments.

16 Disposal of septage

Use only designated disposal points. If the disposal is not available, report to ULB and hold the vehicle until alternate arrangements are made.

Waiting time of the full laden truck max. for 3 hours

17 vacuum truck/suction vehicle cleanliness

Vehicle is kept clean, dry without any visible display of septage or leaks. Keep hose/pipes dry.

Vehicle cleaned at disposal site after every emptying including pipes.

18 Health check-up for staff

Conducted once in 6 months. Reports submitted to ULB.

Check-up done at a Govt./Private hospital. Vehicle owner submits data for all staff with ULB and any changes in staff immediately reported.

19 Accidental spillage on the roads

Leaks if any detected,at any stage, immediately inform ULB to seek support on cleaning and cordoning off the area if required. Responsibility of cleaning will be of the operator.

Cleaned within 3 hours of detection

20 Complaint register At all times available and accessible to users during operational hours

-

21 Call centre / Helpline

Available at all times with caller identification / integrated with grievance redressal cell of ULB. Phone numbers and email id displayed in all places across the city along with other SBM hoardings.

Take calls within 90 secs or return calls within 5 mins to redress. Respond to email within 2 hours of receipt. Update in the database within 1 hour of receiving the call to generate action.

22

Verification of payment to the operator by customers

ULB calls customers on a sample basis on a monthly basis for oversight.

Monthly random verification through call.

5 Policy Outline and Commitments

The Urban Development Department (UDD) shall support initiatives under septage management to

achieve universal and safe environmental sanitation by taking following steps:

5.1 PlanningConsiderationwith City Nomenclature

“Categorization of ULBs to strategize interventions and implementation plans”.

Due to huge variation in size of ULBs, spatial distribution and the pace of creation of sewerage

systems, auniform sectoral approach will not bear desirable results.It is proposed to adopt a segmented

approach to managetheseptage management sector in the state.


22

Table 4: ULB Categorization Methodology for an urban nomenclature

Nomenclature

(predominant

ULB type)

Category type Sewer connections

(%)

Septic tanks (%) Other forms of

connections

Definition % of

Properties/households

to total

% of

Properties/households

to total

HHs or

properties

having non-

conforming

connections

(typically 10% of

the total), which

will be

mandatorily

improved to

sewer or septic

tanks,

irrespective of

category

A (Nagar Nigam

[NN], Nagar

Palika Parishad

[NPP])

Sewered ULB 75 to 100 0 to 25

B (NN, NPP) Hybrid ULB

(predominantly

sewered)

50 to 75 25 to 50

C (NPP, Nagar

Panchyat [NP])

Hybrid ULB

(predominantly

septage)

25 to 50 50 to 75

D (NPP, NP) Septage ULB 0 to 25 75 to 100

Note: Definition of sewer connections and septic tanks as defined in CPHEEO, 2013 Manual on sewerage systems

The following categorization is outlined:

Category A: Universal septage management coverage through the sewerage system. SM to play a

gap filling and complementary role prior to HHs migration to sewered mode. SM sector

requiresinvestment and regulatory control to serve the unsewered areas.

Category B: Universal SM coverage through a combination of sewerage and septage solutions. A

large number of house sewer connections have been sanctioned under AMRUT, eventuallyULBs with

STPs will end in this category. SM interventions to be targeted in uncovered areas or until the

transition to sewer connections is completed.

Category C: Universal SM coverage through predominantly septage services. Except for pending

sewerage projects, all new projects will aim to formalize end-to-end septage services. Investments

will be made towards STPs and a viable, regulated emptying &conveyance model.

Category D:For smaller towns the way forward is to establish septage services. Given a small market

in such towns and unviable for sewerage services and septage treatment, FSSTPs can be planned on

cluster basis as well.

The purpose of this classification is to direct interventions under the policy, towards a particular type of

service management to benefit from economies of scale within the city as well as the region.

Accounting for future increase in ULB area:

It is well understood that ULBs’geographicalsize and morphology changes with time. The pre-dominant

reasons are:

a. Increase in the administrativearea of ULBs on account of

i. Merging, upgradation of ULBs and creation of new ULBs.

ii. Addition of surrounding rural areas to the ULB.

b. Semi-urban areas showing similar characteristics of urban areas that can benefit from economic

reasons of service delivery.


23

Figure 10: ULB Categories as per Policy Formulation

5.2 Public Health & Environmental Safety Considerations

The outcomes on public health and environment are paramount to the policy deliberations. It is for this

reason that the wastewater generated across ULBs require regular monitoring especially for the cities

with treatment and disposal mechanisms. The database generated through the monitoring mechanism

will be used to establish ULB categorizationas an input and basis for channelizing the resources.

Table 5: Pollution Discharge Norms

Parameters Grey

Water

Black

Water

Sewage Septic Tank

Effluent*

Septage Parameters Limit

()*

BOD (mg/l) 100-300 600-1000 250-400 300-600 440-76600 Not more than 10

COD (mg/l) 200-500 1000-2000 500-800 600-1000 1200-70300 Not more than 50

TSS (mg/l) 100-300 800-1200 600-1000 300-500 310-93376 Not more than 20

Fecal

coliforms(MPN/100

ml)

102-103 106-107 105-107 105-106 107 Less than 100

* Standards for New STPs Design after Notification Date

Source: (MDWS. 2015. Technological options for Solid & Liquid Waste Management, Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, Govt. of

India); MoUD Advisory on Septage Management for Urban India.

5.3 Standardisation of Norms, Design and Specification of SMInfrastructure, Operations and

Services

“Universalize septage management services across all ULBs with uniform quality in standards and

efficient administration”

In the specific context of the cities and towns of the state of Uttar Pradesh, policy recommends

development, dissemination and enforcement septage management norms, design and specification for

the infrastructure construction and O&M of SM infrastructure including the aspects of user interface,

evacuation trucks &equipments, treatment technologies covering the aspects of criteria for end-product

disposal/reuse.The policy is establishing SM services charter and this provision is will assist towards it to

ensure that the ULBs render professionalization amongst both public and private players. The SMService

Charter is detailed in Section 4 for compliance and updated from time to time for continuity in the

standardization of SM infrastructure and services.

0

4

0

4

2

4

0

6

6

2

0

8

9

187

438

634

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

NN

NPP

NP

Total

A-Sewered ULB B-Hybrid ULB (predominantly sewered)

C-Hybrid ULB (predominantly septage) D-Septage ULB


24

5.4 Rolling Out Septage Policy through ULBs

“ULBs are advised to address and achieve public health and environmental safety outcomes in their

cities through integrated and life cycle-based planning in tandem with complementary sanitation

services like sewerage systems, solid waste management

amongst others”

Under SBM (Urban), ward and city level institutional

structures have been establishedto address sanitation issues,

create awareness and engage with communities. The Ratings for

SWM, ODF+ and ODF++ have become mandatory for ULBs. It is

the bottom-up planning through the ward level mechanism that

provides the tool for achieving the goals in a sustainable manner.

It is with earnest that the ULBs are encouraged to use the tenets

of this policy to further the ward level community-based

approaches in services provision and its management. It is

necessary to increase citizen awareness and demand creation

across value chain elements through the ward level interface. For

the purposes of ODF++ ratings, the roles of the existing

institutions can be extended to complement the planning

activities under this policy. The ward, zoneand city level Septage

Plans are mandatory to provide the basis of investment for the different elements of the value chain and

sustaining SMresults.

The policy recommends a development of SM Planbyeach ULB with a time frame to match the

overall policy milestones and the plan alone shall form the basis for raising funds from different sources.A

step by step planning guide for ULBs1 shall support the SM plan preparation.

5.5 IT-Based State-wide Management System for septage management

“The Department will introduce and use evidence-based decision-making tools at every stage, from

planning to service provision and mapping user satisfaction”.

An accurate and real-time database of all related SMcomponents is recommended for establishment

by ULBs and its integrationwith existing databases/systemscreated under different Missions. It is also

directed that ULBs develop I.T. enabled single window system, GIS/GPS aided planning and operations,

custom MIS modules to facilitate acompliant, accountable and transparent ecosystem of SMservices

provided in association with the private sector, in addition to reporting for different rating exercises such

as Swachh Survekshan and State initiated Swachh Ward Pratispardha.

The Policy recommends to ULBs for assessing the quality of ST/OSS infrastructure (as against

standards) using a GIS-basedreal-time CSIS (City Septage Information System) awarded as an innovative

1Guidelines and Standard Operating Manual shall include:

Format for City level Strategy and Contents for City SM plans

Advisory on selection of suitable SM interventions – Number, Type and

Capacity of Vehicles, Transfer Station, Treatment Option, Disposal/Reuse option, etc.

Model Septic Tank design/construction/maintenance,

Specifications for desludging vehicles, cleaning machines, equipment and safety gear,

Options and broad specifications for Treatment technologies – Co-Treatment with STP, STP, etc.

Steps for Capacity building at State and City level for govt. officials,

Operative manual for desludging and treatment plant operators,

Model criteria for licensing of desludging operators,

Steps for implementing scheduled desludging services at city level,

Format for assessing financial requirements for SM by ULBs – Capital and O&M

Ward level Septage Plans benefits

Enhanced level of community awareness of septic tank construction & cleaning

accountable & transparent emptying related costs

demand creation for new / refurbishment of OSS

oversight on untreated and unsafe disposal of septage by vacuum trucks

Typical IT platform

clear database of demand

continuous supply of service providers

management system for allocation, including logistics

co-ordination treatment plants for operations

provision of disposal points for safe emptying.

distribution of disposal

customer interface

user payments (normal & incentive based)

wastewater quality implications (input & STP) specifically co-treatment

Benefits

Equitable services [all households / properties are covered by services]

Pricing [Services are offered at lower prices, due to efficiency gains]

Behavior change [Contribution to ODF sustainability as toilet usage can increase]

Manual scavenging [To strictly enforce the provisions of the Act]

Infrastructure optimization [More predictable loads for treatment facility, vehicle route optimization]

Environmental benefits [Likely reduction in BOD and coliform in septic tank effluent, as well as lower likelihood of septic tank overflows]

wastewater quality implications (input & STP) specifically co-treatment


25

practice for the city of Agra and Mathura as part of Swachh Ward Pratispardha 2018. The database

generated by CSIS is a useful evidence to support SM plan preparation. The survey results could also be

used to identify and support scheduling of cleaning services.

5.6 User Interface Management

“The Policy mandates ULBs to ensure urban areas to be open-defecation free through universal

access to sanitary toilet. The commitment is backed by continued financial investments and top-up

incentives and subsidies”.

The SBM – U has been prime mover for improving the household level access to sanitary toilet to ensure

safe containment of the human faeces. However, a little purpose is served if no arrangements are in place

for safe emptying, disposal and treatment of the accumulated septage. Therefore, to further pursue the

objective of public health and environmental outcomes, incentivesfor poor and slum dwellers will

continue in ensuring that safety of the containment in the On-Site Sanitation (OSS) systems by way of

retrofitting and refurbishment of the faulty septic tanksresponsible for septage leakages. The Policy

encourages ULBs to provision for an incentive system for both new structures as well as upgrades and

replacement, equivalent to sewerage system connection costs. Given that uniform citywide systems and

processes are envisaged, financial support may be provided for poor, slum dwellers and other vulnerable

groups such as female headed households.

A lack of fuller understanding of the quality of septic tanks in terms of technical design and performance

has significantly affected the choice of treatment impacting a proper estimation of cost to services. A

following actions are being suggested for follow-up:

Provision of septic tanks / upgradation of faulty septic tanks or twin pits or OSS

Shifting of septic tanks those sited below toilets and other inaccessible locations

Incentives for poor, slum dwellers and vulnerable communities

Use of prefab systems for easy cleaning & consistency, thereby fostering private sector

manufacturing

5.7 Scheduled Emptying Services

“The Policy encourages ULBs to ensure safe, timely collection and transport of septage through

scheduled emptying services. This shift in processes would ensure complete containment of waste

with no direct human contact.”

The efficacy of scheduled emptying systems depends on robust database of demand, a reliable and

uninterrupted availability of service providers, a good management system for coordinated emptying

process end to end (disposal at designated locations for treatment). It is important to compliment newly

created real-time database with the existing ones already created under different missions for harnessing

the synergies of the data-fields. This database shall guidethe treatment systems in terms plant size

determination, technology choice and disposal points for safe emptying, amongst others. This evidence-

baseddecision-making system willhelpULBs to undertake reform towards an accountable and

transparent ecosystem of services provision, particularly when PPP models are envisaged. This will also

support the ULBs’ preparedness for different rating processes.A summary of the cleaning scale across

different ULB types is presented in Table 6.

Table 6: Scheduled Emptying Services (3 and 5 years): A Comparison2

2 Estimates for calculation - 300 days of emptying services, 4 scheduled emptying per day from 6 m3 capacity trucks. The department instructs the ULBs to plan the SM system with a mandatory 5-year cleaning cycle for septic tanks.


26

Cleaning once in 3 years Cleaning once in 5 years

ULB Category ST / OSS

cleaning

per year

Daily

septage to

be cleaned

KL/day)

Average

Septage per

ST / OSS

(KL/ST)

ST / OSS

cleaning

per year

Daily

septage to

be cleaned

KL/day)

Average

Septage per

ST / OSS

(KL/ST)

NNs 1006758 3356 1.63 604055 2014 2.72

NPPs 884128 2947 1.77 530477 1768 2.95

NPs 499068 1664 1.82 299441 998 3.04

2389954 7967 1433973 4780 * Assumptions for computation- 300 days of emptying services in a year, assuming 6 cum vehicle is used with 4 emptying’s per day

The Policy recommends ULBs to plan for the SM system with a mandatory 5-year cleaning cycle for

septic tanks. The state-levelestimatedtargets to be realizedunder this component is ~ 72 lakh septic

tanks / OSS in the State ~ 1750 to 3000 MLD of septage treated annually ~ 14 to 24 lakh

emptyingsannually ~ 600 Vacuum trucks operating daily.

5.8 Technical Options for Vehicles and Cleaning

“Primacy will be accorded to occupational health & safety of the workforce engaged in the full

sanitation value chain especially for the instances of contact with human waste. The mechanization

and automation are non-negeotiable requirement from ULBs and service providers across the value

chain. The state-of-the-art IT and mobile applications will be deployed to track and monitor septage

from point of generation until its safe disposal”.

Given an overwhelming magnitude of engagement of the unorganized sector in the delivery of SM

services especially emptying and conveyance, it is necessary to accord primacy to occupational health &

safety of workforce under different value chain elements. The Governent e-market place (GEM) Portal

has empaneled vehicles of different sizes to help ULBs in procurement for reference.

Suction-cum-jetting machines are the higher end of the band for the similar volume

Most economical vaccum tankers are from 6 CUM category

6cum (Rs. 30 lakh) for large cities and 3 cum (Rs. 20 lakh) for small cities proposed

The average size of a septic tank or an OSS is

2m X 2m X 1.5-2m an equivalent volume of ~

6 to 8 cum [Source: CSIS – Agra & Mathura

~1000 samples].

An estimation of the total truck requirement

for the emptying business is 572 to match the

current demand. The estimation does not

include the current stock of vehicles held by

the private sector and rendering services and

requires to accounted before finalizing the

demand for vaccum trucks.

It is recommended that all ULBs should always have basic minimum number of septage cleaning and

conveyance equipments in functioning condition based on their size. This will ensure emergency

preparedness with the ULB. It is also understood that risks to private sector participation require to be

mitigated through this basic mechanization process, more so when scheduled cleaning is mandated.

Under this policy setting - 72 lakh septic tanks / OSS - 1750 to 3000 MLD per annum septage treatment - 14 to 24 lakhs scheduled emptying annually - a target of 600 vacuum trucks per day.


27

Table 7: Septage Cleaning Mandate

Category of Towns

Number Septage generation 2018

(KL/year)#

Septage Generation

- 2018 (KL/Day)

Septic tank cleaning per year (assuming once

in 3 years)

No. of STs emptying in

1 day (assuming 6 cum vehicle is deployed)

Number of 6 cum trucks required

(assuming 4 cleanings per day per truck - the working time between

06 AM to 06 PM)

NN 17 2000970 5482 1006758 914 228

NPP 197 1900917 5208 884128 868 217

NP 438 1107219 3033 499068 506 126

Total 652 5009106 13724 2389954 2287 572

5.9 Treatment, Resource Recoveryand Disposal of Septage

The significant determinant for selection of the treatment option is the characteristics of septage.The

treatment facility would maximize the reuse of treated wastewater and septage for various public and

commercial purposes. This will contribute in part towards nutrient &cost recovery and even profit

generation. The major focus must be on:

Treating the effluent for the disposal or for secondary use

Reducing the moisture content in the sludge and treating it for secondary use

Pathogen reduction

Nutrient recovery

Operation, maintenance and energy requirements of the treatment technologies

The volume of septage to be treated as well as possibilities of dependence on existing STPs is detailed in

Table 8.

Table 8: Septage Generation and Possibilities for Co-treatment

Category of

Towns

Number of

ULBs

Septage generation

2018 (KL/year) #

Septage Generation

2018 (KL/Day)

No. of ULBs where treatment

capacity exceeds septage addition

limits for co-treatment (@1.5%)

NN 17 2000970 5482 14

NPP 197 1900917 5208 28

NP 438 1107219 3033 6

Total 652 5009106 13724 48

• Co-treatment feasibility

– 48 ULBs have STPs and

allowthepossibility of

co-treatment

– Require disposal points

constructed in all STPs

in the 48 ULBS to

facilitate septage

disposal on priority

• Co-treatment with STP

– Septage addition directly to STP

– Septage addition to a manhole near STP

– Septage addition to pumping station connected to STP

– Septage addition to sludge digesters/sludge drying beds

– Septage addition to waste stabilization ponds

• Co-treatment with SWM Treatment plant

– Waste to Energy

– Sand drying bed and co-composting with MSW


28

– Vermicomposting

The Municipal Bodies with the presence of STPs are being impressed upon to urgently undertake the

feasibility of the treatment options amongst exclusive septage treatment, co-treatment with

wastewater,co-treatment with solid waste,reuse for energy generation and production of products.

Additionally, these Municipal Bodies are required to properly document the lessons learnedduring the

implementationprocessto allow for the knowledge generation that shall be useful in advising on the

designing new STPs,disposal points and related STPs processes modification.

A profile of recently constructed septage treatment units across India is presented in Annexure 2 for

ready reference of ULBs depending on the scale while they have been summarized in the the Table 9.

Table 9: Exclusive Septage Treatment Options (mechanized / non-mechanized)

Containment Conveyance Treatment Reuse

Solid/ Liquid

Separation Dewatering Further Treatment

Twin pit Gulper system Imhoff Tanks Mechanical Co-composting Soil conditioner

Septic tank Portable Pump Settling /Thicken-

ing Tanks

Unplanted

drying beds Deep row entrenchment Irrigation

Aerobic bio-

digester Vacuum (Truck) Geobags Thermal Drying

Sludge

incineration/pyrolysis Building Material

Anaerobic bio-

digester Vacuum(Tractor) Solar Drying Anaerobic digestion Biofuel

Dung Beetle Planted Drying

beds

Black soldier

flies/Vermicomposting Proteins

Vacuum Tanker Centrifuge Lime/Ammonia addition Disposal to river

Human Powered Screw Press

Co-treatment with

wastewater up to 3% FS

of current STP load

Transport Capacity

- Small (1.5 – 3 KL)

/ Large (3 – 10 KL)

Waste activated sludge

(liquid effluent)

(Source: SM- An Orientation Module – Part A, NIUA, 2017 and Septage Management Leader’s Guidebook,

Oxfam, 2016)

As regards the new treatment site, it is advised that the following parameters should be taken into

consideration before finalization:

The land parcel (either government or private) for treatment facility should be explored near existing

STP, as the land acquisition could increase thecapex for setting up a treatment plant. A land leasing

arrangement could also be explored.

The location of the treatment site may be explored not very far away from the population served. This

helps in offsetting high fuel costsdue to long distance transportation by the vaccum tankers as this

may result into higher cost to service. The typical distance to treatment unit shall be factored in the

pricing for services.

A fair assessment of the size and dimensions of the land parcel should be undertaken considering the

technology choice of th

e treatment.

The treatment plant location needs to be appropriately distanced from the residential area. A Rapid

Environment Impact Assessment (REIA) of the potential sites and rehabilitation plan shall be assessed.


29

The treatment plant will require a reliable power supply and uninterrupted water supply for its efficient

functioning if the treatment unit has mechanical parts for its operation.

The geological parameters such as soil type, depth of groundwater table and low-lying areas.

An assessment of space for future expansion.

The cost of the land parcel in terms of the purchase price or lost future revenue for alternative uses.

Climate resilience and flooding risk for the site.

Other aspects: The location should maintain a safe distance to surface water sources such as pond/river

ordrinking water sources such as open wells/ bore wells etc.

5.9 [A]To further promote carbon absorption and mitigate climate change resulting from the treatment of the

septage and SM related services, tree plantation will be carried out at the treatment facilities and also

encourage the local use of the treated waste in form of compost and other products to offset the

carbon generation and mitigate the climate change impact. The state of Uttar Pradesh is already

carrying out large scale tree plantation and these efforts will further enhance those goals and also

contribute to the sustainable development goals related to carbon absorption and climate change

besides generating additional financial resources.

5.9 [B] A long-term plan will be developed with regards to the use of treated waste from STPs and FSSTPs so

that the unit receives additional financial benefits as well as to ensure the valuable use of waste

generated from the unit.

5.10 Tariff Mechanisms

“The Policy recommends a septage tax in line with the sewerage tax currently followed in ULBs. A

separate head of tax may be created as part of the property tax collection system. This direction is

propounded to enable ULBs an uniform and equivalent payment system for wastewater

management systems by ensuring a stable funding source to facilitate operations, maintenance and

refinancing for new assets. A single point payment system for users to facilitate easy payments to all

stakeholders rendering services”.

Different payment methods are available for ULBs to set forth charging for septage services rendered by

ULBs or by the private sector. While setting up the process of tariff fixation, the cost to cleaning and

payment mechanismsshall be kept in mind.

Cost to service in UP: An example

An estimation is made on comparing the cost of septage services as against existing sewer tax in a Nagar

Nigam (NN) as a case in a situation of - integration of SM treatment facility at an existing STPs.TheULB

invests in vacuum trucks and runs operations, including administration and planning costs. In the NN, it is

observed that septage evacuation cost can be matched with the equivalent sewer tax. Currently the

average rates of evacuation by private VTOs ranges widely between Rs. 900 – 2200 depending mostly on

the distance to pick up point and disposal point. The price mechanism requires to be detailed to account

for subsidies and incentives for Economically Weaker Section (EWS) and other disadvantaged groups to

completely meet OMEX to start with and further to CAPEX, including land acquisition charges where

incurred.

5.11 Financial Sustainability of Septage Services

“The Policy recommends financial sustainability as a critical parameter for septage

managementwhile designing activities under this policy and commits to financial support forSM on

par with other infrastructure”.

An indicative mix of options to reach financial sustainability is detailed below.


30

[A]On the lines of sewer tax, Urban Development Department, GoUP shall develop a septage tax with a

separate accounting head. Currently, 4% ARV (Annual Rental Value) for residential houses is being

charged as sewer tax. Given that treatment costs are on par, an equivalent amount can be explored as

septage tax. The use of the funds shall be provisioned for CAPEX and OMEX of FSTPs / co-treatment as

applicable; payment of scheduled emptying and transportation services;subsidies for new / rehabilitation

of old septic tanks, offset for incentives for the urban poor, etc.

[B]The part funding can be sourced from different flagship programs (for asset creation / Viability Gap

Funding [VGF]), private sector investment through PPP models and CSR funding. Where possible,

extending the scope of existing projects to some SM elements can be explored. For example, STPs

provided with septage disposal points; HHs provided with additional subsidies to construct STs

(prefabricated); health, economic and social benefits extended to for staff working in SM, amongst

others. Some of the avenues for fund sourcing are SBM for ODF++, AMRUT, Smart Cities,

NamamiGange, NULM, Ayushman Bharat, Deen Dayal Adarsh Yojana, 14th FC devolutions and other

State Schemes.

[C]Another source of funding is chargingfines for

punitive actions like septage discharge into drains (on

households), illegal discharge of septage on VTOs,

pollution control board fines. In addition,

license/permit fees including renewals; disposal fee at

discharge points, additional cleaning requests beyond

one-time cleaning; cleanings undertaken for non-

residential or commercial customers could also

contribute.

[D]Other options include those accruing from PPP

arrangements for cleaning, treatment, recycle & reuse

and sale proceeds from resource recovery (compost, other products, energy, etc.).

[E]Revenues from other service providers for the use of SM linked elements for advertising, providing

telecom services, proceeds from other co-treatment with SWM, amongst others.

5.12 Legal Framework for SM

“All ULBs to adopt rules, regulations and legal instruments required to operationalize the policy,

prior to planning”.

All developmental initiatives need legal backing and moreso when active private sector involvement is

envisaged. The upfront endorsement of state policy by the ULBs will provide aframework for pursuing all

improvements and activities identified in the SM Plan.

5.13 Enabling Institutional Environment and Capacity Enhancement

“To sustain the SMinitiatives, the Policy recommends creation of appropriate institutions,

management & monitoring systems and standard procedures at state and city level that will

incrementally strengthen SM operations in urban areas”.

The mandate, roles & responsibilities of all government departments and other stakeholders would be

clearly defined and necessary steps will betaken for augmenting their capacitiesatthe state, city and

community level for municipal functionaries, service providers, residents, amongst others. The

institutional framework will be evolved for greater

participation of the private sector.

On the lines of Swachh Survekshan, all Municipal

functionaries working on SM and related themes are

expected to benefit from a periodic in-service


31

orientation and training. The certification processes like the MoHUA’s e-learning modules will be

developed and initiated under this policy.The training will be extended to all stakeholders. Given that SM

is in the nascent phase in Uttar Pradesh, a dedicated training facility is established for providing services

during the policy period. The existing coordinating structures created under SBM (U) may be used for SM

policy roll out.

5.14 Role Clarity of Different Stakeholders

A clear guideline on the rolesand responsibilities of different stakeholders are required to issued at the

first instance for an effective policy rollout.It is equally important for the seamless coordination and

timely action by different agencies. For example, Urban Development Authorities (planning & building

sanction for new buildings supports in data generation of septic tanks and property register for data

integration), Jal Kal (operations of STPs / co-treatment facilities, including record keeping), Jal Nigam

(technical advice on the different co-treatment options, adopt co-treatment in existing and proposed

STPs, monitor performance of STPs), Police Department (monitoring of vacuum truck operators

compliance), Labor Department (employee/labor welfare and safety), Health Department and Flagship

ProgrammeMissions (livelihoods and rehabilitation, health benefits and monitoring), Urban Development

Department (rationalization of user charges in line with property taxes, financing for capex for

ULBs),amongst others. A broad overview of the responsibilities is presented in Annexure 5.

5.15 Awareness Creation for enhanced Citizens’engagement in SM

“Awareness on SM and septic tank cleaning requirements among citizens is critical to create demand

and solicit their active participation”.

It is critical to foster “Polluter Pays Principle” to the point closest to the generation of pollutants. Given

this construct, awareness creation is critical to ensure households construct septic tanks as per tehnco-

legal requirements, periodically empty septic tanks (or similar infrastructure), pay for cleaning services

upon demand. The ward level institutional structures available in form Ward Swachh Vatavaran

ProtsahanSamitywill help create awareness within their neighbourhoodamongst citizens and

consequently trigger demand for cleaning services. On similar lines, awareness is also deemed critical for

accountability and transparency in services, from a value for money perspective.

5.16 Furthering Empowerment alongside SM Implementation

“The Policy envisions empowerment and equity (including aspects of gender, children, senior

citisens, differently abled, vulnerable) as cornerstone principles while fostering SM in the State. The

existing guidelines/policies on women, barrier-free environment, livelihood opportunities shall be

followed where applicable under SM roll out”.

At the national level, generic guidelines and schemes are already under implementation. A due emphasis

is to be given to gender equity, where women are encouragedasan active change agents and participants.

This will help to mitigate gender-based sanitation insecurity arising due to lack of safe sanitation facilities

and practices by reducing health, nutrition,andcare giving burdens.

5.17 Inclusion and Incentives

“The Policy recommends SM sector to address last mile connectivity, obviate any barriers to access

and include all disadvantaged population into the overall system by way of graded financial subsidies

and other financial modes at every stage”.

This is to ensure access to services is universal (including a low income or BPL families and slums). In this

regard, different options can be explored like:

Existing incentive mechanisms for sewer connections and IHHL construction will also be extended for

septic tank upgradation / construction.


32

While new septic tanks can be integrated with new IHHL constructions, refurbishments / upgradation

can be taken up based on the septic tank surveys as provisioned earlier.

An incentive mechanism may be developed to increase the uptake of septage services. For example,

Households of RWAs adopting decentralized treatment services could be provided septage

tax rebates.

5.18 Engagement Models for Different Elements of the SM Value Chain

The role of ULB is predominantly on ownership of assets, contract management & monitoring, cost

recovery and sometimes that of a regulator. The engagement models outline the relationships between

different entities contractually or otherwise. The service charter will form the basis for engagement. The

models will detail costs and return on investmentswithin the designed ecosystem. The returns are not

necessarily quantified as money but accounts for benefits accrued out of health improvements, social

infrastructure andenvironmental improvements.

The typical engagement models also include employment of personnel for specific elements of the value

chain, use of private agencies for service contracts (individually elements or end-to-end) or PPP

arrangements.

Table 10: Different Engagement Models with Private Sector

Value chain

elements /

contracting

types

User

Interface

(Toilet)

Containment

(OSS)

Emptying &

conveyance

Treatment Reuse &

disposal

Others

(cross-

sectoral)

Individual

(employment)

Construction,

maintenance

Individual

(contract /

permit)

Construction,

maintenance

Construction,

maintenance

Emptying,

Emptying +

transport

SC / SLA Construction

(along with

house)

Cost

recovery

(private);

Data

management

+ scheduling

OM Contract

(Existing)

Maintenance Emptying +

transport *

Operation Operation

ROM

Contract

Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Rehabilitation

Procurement

Contract

Prefab Toilet Prefab ST Vehicles

(new /

modification)

EPC Contract Construction

DBO Contract

(ULB

investment)

Construction, operation,

maintenance

Cost

recovery

(ULB)

DFBO

Contract

(private

sector invests

few services)

Construction,

operation,

maintenance

Construction,

operation,

maintenance

#

Cost

recovery

(ULB)


33

Value chain

elements /

contracting

types

User

Interface

(Toilet)

Containment

(OSS)

Emptying &

conveyance

Treatment Reuse &

disposal

Others

(cross-

sectoral)

DFBO

Contract

(private

sector

provides all

services)

Construction,

Rehabilitation

Construction,

Rehabilitation

Emptying +

transport

Construction,

operation,

maintenance

Construction,

operation,

maintenance

#

Cost

recovery

(private +

ULB)

Note: * Engineering, Procurement, Construction (EPC); Design, Build, Operate (DBO); Design, Finance, Build, Operate (DFBO);

Rehabilitation, Operation & Maintenance (ROM); Service contract / level agreements (SC / SLA)

5.19 Commitments for SDG and Climate Change Missions

“Resource management and circular economy principles will be considered while planning for SM

services. Towards this, Policy recommends formalizing institutional and programmatic

arrangements with other departments/agencies with whom products and processes will be jointly

developed within the framework of this policy, from time to time”.

Government from time to time will formulate necessary actions for ULBs to abide and contribute towards

these commitments.

Government aims to further implementation, by:

• Commitment to preparation and implementation of SM plan for each city

• Make available funds and incentives, where required, to fasttrack achievement of project outputs

• Confirm to undertake reforms in taxation and tax collections, to further the financial

sustainability and fiscal prudence

6 Standards, Regulations & Quality Assurances

“ULBs to follow standards and norms available from time to time and compliances”.

a. Attention shall be accorded on adopting and enforcing effluent and sludge standardsfor municipal

wastes.

b. Extensive and comprehensive monitoring programs shall be developed ranging from influent,

effluent from the plants and subsequently on downstream reuse to ensure that the public health

objectives and treatmentefficiency goals are attained.

c. A periodic monitoring will be followed, if reuse from STPs for agriculture and crops irrigation is

undertaken.

d. The observation wells shall be installed near STPs to monitor groundwater qualitywhere necessary,

and to mitigate adverse impacts where and when needed.

e. UPPCB/ CPCB regulations for disposal norms shall be mandatory.

f. Industrial wastesshall not be allowed to be disposedofor treated in STPs. ULB can issuenotification

for penalties to be imposed on such industrial units.

g. Laboratories shall be maintained and properly equipped to provide services and reliable dataneeded

to ensure enforcement of and adherence to standards and regulations.

h. The compliance to the following provisions by the Septage Treatment Facility/s will be necessary as

per the Act, Rules and Guidelines issued by Central Pollution Control Board / UP Pollution Control

Board from time to time:


34

(1) According to the relevant rules of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, it will be mandatory for the Septage Treatment

Facility/s to establish prior to establishment / expansion.

(2) It will be mandatory for the Septage Treatment Facility/s to operate according to the relevant

rules of The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and The Air (Prevention and

Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

(3) The compliance of the charter issued by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) will be

ensured by the Septage Treatment Facility/s.

(4) Online Continuous Emissions and Effluent Monitoring System will be installed by the Septage

Treatment Facility/sand it will be linked to the Central Board and UP Pollution Control Board servers

before the Septage Treatment Facility/scan start operation.

(5) The Pan, Tilt, Zoom (PTZ) rotating camera with open access system at the appropriate locations

will be installed at the Septage Treatment Facility/s to carry out online monitoring of the pollution

control systems and will be linked to the control room set up at the UP Pollution Control Board

headquarters.

(6) - The Septage Treatment Facility/s will ensure compliance with the provisions of the Corporate

Environment Responsibility Office Order dated 01.05.2018 issued by the Ministry of Environment,

Forest and Climate Change, Government of India.

(7) - The Orders issued by the Central Pollution Control Board / Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board

and Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India and Government of

Uttar Pradesh will be followed by the Septage Treatment Facility/s.

(8) - The following steps will be taken by all Septage Treatment Facility/sto ensure sharing of

benefits, facilities and concessions as per the principles of Green Productivity and Green Good

Practices, namely:

(a) Encourage 7-R principles, namely proper utilization of resources by refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle,

redesign, refurbish and recovery.

(b) Undertake Green productivity measures in the continuous production and its regular audit in

accordance with environmental principles.

(c) Certification by Bureau of Energy Efficiency.

(d) Adherence to "Energy Conservation Building Code" in new buildings related to Septage

Treatment Facility/s units as per rules.

(e) Increase the use of alternative energy.

(f) Reduction in emission of greenhouse gases and carbon offsetting.

7 FinancingSeptage Management Interventions

To advance the achievement of the policy goals and targets, a dedicated fund named “UP State Septage

Management Fund” will be set up”.

The Septage Management Fund shall be used to support the creation of public infrastructure, cross-subsidy

for ensuring reach of services for disadvantaged groups, conducting pilots and innovations, training and

capacity building of personnel, building private markets to support service delivery, procurement/acquisition

of land for setting up treatment units;amongstothers.This fund shall consolidate resources from multiple

sources such as centrally sponsered schemes and programs;national/state government grants;Finance


35

Commission devolutions;CSR;bilateral/multilateral grants & loans; Social & Development Impact Bonds;

alternative Investment Funds, amongst other.

To manage this task, a dedicated fund management agency may be designated at the State level. The Project

plans and proposals shall be aggregated by this agency and funds will be directed based on performance

linked criteria. On similar lines, ULBs are encouraged to set up / pool funds under similar budget heads to

supplement city-level project implementation.

8 Legal and Regulatory Support

8.1 State Laws, Rules and Regulations

All the stakeholders involved in SMacross the sanitation value chain henceforth shall adhere to the

requirements of this policy and modify the respective rules and regulations to harmonize them in the best

interest of public health and environment outcome of this Policy. The Model Building Bye-Laws (MBBLs),

2016 framed by the Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO), GoIas adapted for Uttar

Pradesh,will be updated.

The suggested themes of support are:

a. Advise on enforcement and / or regulation of septage services and promote the policy

objectives.

b. Lead the formulation and amendment of regulations related to different elements of the value

chain.

c. Lead and recommend reforms to further achievement of state vision for SM.

d. Guidance on the choice of treatment systems for disposal, recycle and reuse.

e. Further, the building and improvements to the septage services industry, including monitoring

of operators’ compliance with stipulated standards, contractual obligations,and relevant laws

and guidelines.

f. Lead efforts towards improving the operational efficiency of the SM sector, in particular,

occupational health & safety, environmental and public health safety through short-term,

medium-term and long-term programmes.

g. Monitor the collection, treatmentand discharge of Septagein compliance with the requirements

including reporting on the quality of treated effluent; impact on the environment and

performance of treatment plants (co-treatment with STPs &others).

h. Towards long-term sustainability of the septage services, strive to identify continued

investments in infrastructure development.

i. To serve as platform and account for all reasonable demands for various stakeholders (including

private sector), in consultation with the relevant authorities.

j. Advise on the VTO permits/licenses and other contracting and / or private sector engagement

arrangements across the value chain.

k. Advise on dispute resolution and pricing of services.

9 Institutional Structures for Operationalizing Septage Management

Septage Management for cities includes both residential and non-residential/commercial waste, but not

industrial waste. The implementation guidelines are to be formulated to provide direction, generate

knowledge, procedure and facilities for efficientand effective SM practices.


36

The ULB is responsible and shall be accountable for delivering the services and results under SM. It will

manage the overall implementation, make available funds, enter into contracts with different stakeholders,

have oversight as per the implementation plan. The ULB shall also ensure clear understanding is available for

all stakeholders and maintain a balance of functions (addressing technical, financial, institutional, regulatory

and social dimensions) amongst its staff to the best possible manner. Where technical advice and support is

required, the services of the State Level PMU shall be enlisted.

To support the rollout of the policy, institutional structures are envisaged at three levels – State, District,and

ULB.

a. At the State level, a PMU shall be created to act as a Technical Secretariat and support the

statewiderollout and management of policy actions. Periodic meetings to review the progress may

be worked out. Review of the progress made shall be undertaken quarterly. In addition, a dedicated

State level fund management agency shall be created to identify, acquire and manage funds for

implementation of the policy and initiatives thereof.

b. At the District level, under the Chairmanship of the District Collector form a Committee to monitor

the progress of achievement policy outputs and coordinate city and regional level activities. The

DPMs currently positioned at the districts shall extend technical support and coordinatedistrict-level

meetings. The quarterly meetings shall be carried out, the results of which will form the basis of a

review of the policy at the State level.

c. At the ULB level, to support the rollout, four support structures are required with clear role

definition. Their roles can be extended from time to time depending on the policy needs. These

institutions are:

i. Create an exclusive Septage Management Cell (SMC) within the city or extend the role of such

an institution already created under SBM-U to support the overall implementation of activities

emerging out of the policy. The Cell will comprise of expertise for different themes and projects.

ii. Currently, Ward Protsahan Committee (WPC) is institutionalizedunder SBM-Uand placed with

the responsibility of various themes related to urban sanitation. Their role may be further

extended to cover septage related activities and accordingly, their capacities built to support the

policy rollout at ward level. Their key roles are to support ward level planning to create demand,

awareness,and mobilization. The WPC shall meet on a fortnightly to monthly basis.

iii. Septage Management & Co-ordination Committee (SMCC), an inter-departmental co-

ordination committee constituted under the chairmanship of the Commissioner with a

representative from various line departments to coordinate and monitor the city-wide

implementation, apart from ensuring linkages with existing schemes/missions. The SMCC shall

meet on a monthly basis.

iv. City Sanitation Task Force (CSTFs) shall take up active planning and advisory role in co-

operation with an elected council and other city level agencies to dedicate appropriate resources

and attention to the challenges of SM. The CSTF shall be convened on a quarterly basis.

10 Timelines

The indicative timelines for the rollout of the policy is as follows:

Actions Timelines

0 Endorsement of policy through Cabinet Approval

1 Studies & research, to be commissioned to support linked activities -


37

Actions Timelines

2 State level PMU is in place to support the rollout of the policy Immediate

3 Institutional structures – State, District and ULB Within 2 months

4 Legal and regulatory requirements and compliances, including

templates for ULBs to be formulated

Within 3 months

5 Endorsement of legal requirements for rollout of the SM policy and

related activities by institutional structures

Within 2 months of [3]

& [4]

6 Preparation of SM plans by all ULBs (aligned to vision achievement

and implementation strategy)

Within 4 months for

NNs, 3 months for

NPPs and 2 months for

NPs of [2]

7 Categorization of ULBs as per clause 5.1 of policy Within 1 month of [2]

8 Categorization of ULBs as per clause 5.2 of policy Within 1 month of [2]

9 Detailed work plan (annual plan with fortnightly time step) for rollout

of policy.


10 Documentation of different treatment technologies Within 2 months of [2]

11 Training& orientation workshop for ULBs to support the roll out,

understanding and preparation of SM plans


12 Rapid assessment of private sector emptying market (supply and

demand)

Along with [6]

13 CSIS surveys and septage characterization (quantity and quality) Along with [6]

14 Develop SM tools required for use in planning &outreach to ULBs Within 2 months of [2]

15 Develop IT platform for centralized monitoring of the sector including

all elements (planning, database creation, monitoring)


16 Incentive mechanism developed for different groups across the value

chain


17 Survey of existing STPs to assess the quantum of septage that can be

accepted or potential sites for implementation of treatment units

Within 1 month of [6]

18 Schedule of emptying services in ULBs Within 2 months of [6]

19 Review of proposals of proposed STPs / plans to accommodate FS

disposal points and preparation of technical designs


20 Land acquisition processes initiated and completed for different

elements under the SM Plan


21 Implementation of disposal points / STPs Within 6 months of [20]

22 Licensing of private operators in ULBs Within 6 months of [0]

23 Empanelment of all agencies related to SMrollout Within 6 months of [0]

24 Procurement of vehicles where the private sector does not exist to

provide services


25 Assessment of Reuse Market: assess the production of and demand

for treated septage – disseminate learning


26 Template contract documents for different engagement models Same timeline as [6]

27 Procurement of PPE equipment for public and private operators Within 1 month of [22]

28 Preparation of sector investment plan for all ULBs within the 5-year

time frame 9from different sources) and disbursement schedule


29 Enter into contracts with private sector operators Within 3 months of [22]

30 Start of scheduled emptying services [Between 9 and 12 months of

policy endorsement, at least all towns targeted for end 2019]


31 Technology advisory on co-treatment options beyond STPs Within 2 months of [2]


38

Actions Timelines

32 Monitoring protocol for Septage Treatment Facility (STF)

performance


33 UP Jal Nigam and other institutions’ role scoped out Within 1 month of [2]

34 Decision and strategy on mechanization of suctions vehicles and

emptying responsibility


35 Training to all ULBs on SOP for sewer & septic tank cleaning Within 4 months of [2]

36 Preparatory activities leading to the procurement of equipment for

SM, including empanelment of agencies


37 Training needs assessment for various stakeholders completed and

training plan prepared


38 Training conducted for all stakeholders (orientation/training) on

different themes

Over a period of 12

months [37]

39 Awareness creation strategy developed including materials Within 6 months of [2]

40 Awareness creation in all ULBs Over a period of 12

months of [39]

41 Decision on tariff mechanism Within 6 months of [2]

42 Endorsement of tariff structure and its deployment in all ULBs Within 3 months of [41]

43 Performance of the collections reviewed Within 3 months of [42]

44 Review of policy roll out (every 6 months) Within 7 months of [2]

45 Infrastructure implementation in different ULBs From 6 months

46 Progress monitoring of all elements of policy rollout Monthly

47 Annual plan for the forthcoming year developed Within 9 months [2]

The timelines for each ULB shall emerge from the SM plans and in alignment with the overall

annual timelines as above.

11 Policy Evaluation

This Policy shall come in to force from the date of its issuance. The policy may be reviewed once in a year for

assessing its effectiveness and making changes if necessary. A state-level committee under the Chairmanship

of The Principal Secretary, Urban Development Department of the GoUP and comprising both Departmental

and Mission linked agencies, shall review the progress of the operationalization of the Policy, once every 6

months. The PMU at the state level shall support the processes of policy evaluation and further reporting to

Government from time to time.

12 Modification or Amendments to the Policy

The Government shall from time to time under the framework of the policy, issue directions in the form of

Government Orders (GOs)and / or circulars amongst other for rollout of the supporting activities.

13 Studies and Research to Advice Policy Roll Out and Implementation

Given the magnitude of the challenge ahead, detailed and continued research is required to finetune the

policy and support the roll out to meet the targets set forth under this policy. An indicative list of such works is

presented below:


39

Review of SM technologies, performance evaluation and success stories by cities in Indian conditions

Document on solid waste and wastewater treatment technologies and possibilities of technology

integration for co-treatment across the state, including a step by step process mapping

Review service costs for different water and sanitation services for different category of ULBs and the

drivers for decision-making

Research on the technologies and process involved in transitioning infrastructure required between

septic tank disposal and sewer connections, including septic tank effluent management

Life cycle performance of prefabricated systems for SM components (IHHL, PT, CT, SWM, SM)

Documentation on investment of the private sector in UP state in SM thematic elements

Review the cost benefits of scheduled versus demand based emptying approaches

Mechanism for developing PPA with electricity boards/generation or distribution agencies

(templates and computations to be developed)

Partnerships with international knowledge and training partners (Water Operators Partnership,

IBNET, International Universities), Climate Change (COP), Water (SIWW)

Tools for real-time progress reporting (example, Swachh Ward Awards, GVPs, UVPs, ODF)

Identify innovations and best practices across the state using Swachh Survekshan results and

preparing a knowledge box for dissemination during training programmes

Develop metrics for inclusivity (gender, social, barrier-free access)

~~~~~~~~~


40

Annexure 1: Septage Generation and Accumulation Rates

Rate Value Conditions Source Remarks

Septage

Generation

Rate

27 gm / capita /

day

135 L/person/day

× 200

mg/L × 10-3

Advisory Note on Septage

Management in Urban India

[Page 39]

Sludge generation rate

from a septic tank where

excreta and domestic

wastewater are treated

together

230 litres / capita /

year -

Septage Management - A

Practitioner's Guide [Page 42] Based on US EPA manual

120 litres / capita /

year -

Septage Management - A

Practitioner's Guide [Page 42] Based on the IS Codes

100-200 gm /

capita / day

High-income

countries

Septage Quantification,

Characterisation and

Treatment Objectives

Charles B. Niwagaba,

MbayeMbéguéré,and Linda

Strande

Wet Weight

250 gm / capita /

day

Low income

countries (urban) Wet Weight

0.300 cum / capita

/ year -

Asian Institute of Technology –

Bangkok -

1 litre / capita / day -

Sandec Training Tool 1.0 –

Module 5, Septage

Management (SM)

-

Sludge

Accumulation

Rate

0.00021 cum /

capita / day - IS 2470-1985 Part 1 -

0.04 cum / capita /

year

For Pit Under Dry

Conditions

CPHEEO Manual: Part A-

Engineering, Chapter 9 - On-

Site Sanitation [Page 7]

Material used for anal

cleansing taken as water

0.095 cum / capita

/ year

For Pit Under Wet

Conditions with

Desludging

interval of 2 years



0.067 cum / capita

/ year

For Pit Under Wet

Conditions with

Desludging

interval of 3 years



0.073 cum / capita

/ year -

NPTEL Course, IIT Kharagpur

Web Course [Page 3] -

0.254 litre / capita

/ day (92.7 litre /

capita / year)

For 1st 6 months

The Influence of Sludge

Accumulation Rate on Septic

Tank Design, N. F. Gray

-

0.178 litre / capita /

day (64.9 litre /

capita / year)

For after 60

months -

0.234 litre / capita

/ day (85.3 litre /

capita / year)

Mean Value -


41

Annexure 2: Considerations for Adoption of Septage Management Treatment

Technologies

There are many technology options to choose from across the sanitation value chain for implementation of

SM. Technologies available at the user interface, collection, transportation,and treatment of septage from

OSS to STP are detailed below.Urban Local Bodies can choose from a range of treatment options available in

the market, depending upon their needs and available finances.

Technology options for septage management in developing countries: Benefits and revenue

from reuse

Shubhra Singha,∗ , Riya Rachel Mohana,SujayaRathiA, N. Janardhana Raju [Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2017]


42

Annexure 3: Treatment Types and Economics (collated from different sources)

Treatment

Technology

Land

Requirement

Energy

Requirement

Climatic

condition

Examples Est. Capex

(Rs. lakhs/

cum)

Est. O&M

Cost (Rs.

lakhs/

Year)

Sludge drying bed

(SDB) + Oxidation

pond

High Nil-low Low - Medium

rainfall

Leh, Punjab, West

Bengal

0.75 - 1 10-12

Anaerobic Digester +

ABR+PGF

High Nil-low Low - Medium

rainfall

Devanahalli, Trichy 1.5-2 10-12

Dewatering unit+ co-

treatment with SWM

(windrow composting/

bio-methanation) +

Oxidation pond/PGF

for liquid treatment

High-

Medium

Medium Low - Medium

rainfall

Nashik, Ganga basin

cities (Mughalsarai,

Gangaghat), Ghana

1.5-2 12.3-12.8

Pyrolysis Low High All conditions Wai, Warangal,

Narsapur

2.5-3 10-20

UASB/MBBR/SBR Low High All conditions Sinnar, Kohima,

Cochin, Periyar-

Aickenpalayam

2.5-5 8-15

Geobag+ Oxidation

pond for liquid

treatment

Medium Medium Medium -

High rainfall

Malaysia 2-2.5 10-12

Dewatering + ASP -

Centralized Sludge

Treatment Facility

(250 cum/day)*

Low Medium All conditions Sungai Udang,

Melaka, Malaysia

NA 32

A typical treatment process of CSTF (Malcca, Malaysia)


43

Annexure 4: Roles and Responsibilities of different Stakeholders in SMLandscape

Stakeholders User Interface Collection &

containment

Emptying &

conveyance Treatment

Reuse &

disposal Others

State Urban

Development

Department

Policy formulation, roll

out, financing

ULBs

(completely

responsible

for SM)

User surveys WW infrastructure

surveys Scheduling

Emptying of

septage

(quality &

quantity

control)

Revenue

generation on

sale proceeds

Prepare SM Plan and

implementation,

incentive/subsidy

administration

Urban

Development

Authorities

Planning &

building

sanction for

new buildings

Supports in data

generation of septic

tanks and property

register for data

integration

Jal Kal

Operations of

STPs / co-

treatment

facilities

(NNs),

including

record

keeping

Operations of

STPs / co-

treatment

facilities (NNs),

including

record keeping

Jal Nigam

Implement co-

treatment in

existing and

proposed

STPs, monitor

performance

of STPs

Operations of

STPs / co-

treatment

facilities (all

districts except

NNs), including

record keeping

Pricing for services,

technical advice on the

different co-treatment

options in all districts

except NNs

Police Dept.

Monitoring of

vacuum truck

operator’s

compliance

Labor Dept. Employee/labor

welfare and safety

Employee/labor

welfare and safety

Health Dept.

and / Mission

Livelihoods and

rehabilitation,

health benefits

and monitoring

Health

benefits and

monitoring

UP Board for

Development

of Municipal

Financial

Resources

Rationalization of

user charges in

line with property

taxes

Financing for capex for

ULBs

Private

sector

(render

different

services)

Refurbishment

Refurbish after

cleaning, collect

information

Cleaning,

collection of

charges, a deposit

of charges to ULB


44

Stakeholders User Interface Collection &

containment

Emptying &

conveyance Treatment

Reuse &

disposal Others

Citizens Construction /

refurbishment

Construction /

refurbishment,

provide information

Payment of

charges Planning @ ward level

State

Pollution

Control

Boards

Monitoring &

compliance

Monitoring &

compliance Treatment regulator

Ward

Protsahan

committees

Clarifying toilet

demand,

channelingince

ntives/subsidie

s

Clarifying cleaning

demand,

channelingincentive

s/subsidies for STs

Oversight on

untreated

emptying

Awareness creation

Motor

vehicles

Dept.

Clarification &

issue/ratify

licenses or

permits for

cleaning &

operation

Training

Institutions

Capacity building on

all themes


45

Annexure 5: Engagement Models for Levy of Charges for Septage Services

Option 1

When scheduled emptying is envisaged on predefined time frame (5 years), sanitation tax can be collected

from owners of OSSs, on the lines of sewragetaxe. Septage tax is collected by the local authority either as a

percentage of property tax or by the public utilities as a surcharge on water bills or sewerage bills. The

relationship and fund flow, in this case,are as follows (Source: Adapted from Maharashtra PAS project):

Option 2

Another option would be to set up a call center or a customer help center managed by ULB or outsourced.

The purpose is to link OSSs seeking cleaning with VTOs (public or private), typical of demand based cleaning.

The truck operators register with the call center for a fixed annual fee which can also double up as a license or

permit. Users of OSSs call the help center when their septic tanks or pits are full OR alternately informed that

VTOs shall come to clean. Irrespective of the arrangement, the principle of fund flow is applicable for

scheduled emptying.


46

Annexure 6: Typical Costs of Suction Vehicles (extracted from GEM Portal)

S

No.

Machine Name Tank Capacity (sludge

tank+water tank) litres

Cost (Rs.

lakh)

1 Sewer Suction Machine (QUALITY ENVIRO ENGINEERS)

(QEEVAC- 2LT)

2000 20.70

2 Truck Mounted Suction Machine (AMAN CLEANING

(ACE)) (SPEED & TMSM-2000L)b

2000 22.60

3 Truck Mounted Suction Machine 2000 LTR (HYDROTECH)

(HYDROTECH INTERNATIONAL HI -SM/2)

2000 NA

4 SEWER SUCTION MACHINE 3000 LITER CAPACITY

MOUNTED ON TATA 407 CHASSIS (NATURE

GREEN) (Nature Green)(SEWER SUCTION MACHINE 3000

LITER CAPACITY MOUNTED ON TATA 407 CHASSIS (

NATURE GREEN)

3000 13.80

5 SEWER SUCTION CUM JETTING UNIT TRUCK

MOUNTED(Automeck) (VACJET 3000)

3000 23.40

6 TRUCK MOUNTED SUCTION MACHINE 3000 LTR.

CAPACITY(HYDROTECH) (HYDROTECH INTERNATIONAL

HISM3)

3000 25.11

7 MINI SUPER SUCKER MACHINE ON TATA LPT 407 BS-IV

CHASSIS(GENESIS) (GENESIS MAKE MINI SUPER SUCKER

MACHINE ON TATA LPT 407 BS-IV)

3000 38.50

8 SEWAGE SUCTION TRUCK - 3000 LTR (NA) (U S

ENTERPRISES)

3000 18.75

9 Truck Mounted Suction Machine (NA) (Unbranded) 4000 32.40

10 Sewer Suction cum Jetting Machine (Nature

Green) (Nature Green NG-SCJM-4.0)

4000 28.15

11 ALITY ENVIRO ENGINEERS SEWER SUCTION MACHINE

(CAPACITY 4000 LTR) (QUALITY ENVIRO

ENGINEERS) (QUALITY ENVIRO ENGINEERS SEWER

SUCTION MACHINE (CAPACITY 4000 LTR))

4000 24.50

12 Mini Super Sucker 4000 Litter on Tata 709 BS-

IV (Usha) (Usha make Mini Super Sucker 4000 Litter on Tata

709 BS-IV)

4000 39.49

13 Truck Mounted Suction Machine of 4000 Liters capacity

mounted on Ashok Leyland Chassis (Kam-

Avida) (KAMVAC 4 L-AL-C-2H-4 (Without Derrick Arm))

4000 29.86

14 JETTING CUM SUCTION MACHINE 6000

LITERS (IOTA) (TOTA JSM 6000 LITER)

6000

15 Truck Mounted Suction Machine 6000 LTR.

CAPACITY(HYDROTECH) (HYDROTECH INTERNATIONAL

HISMH6)

6000 31.05

16 SEWER SUCTION CUM JETTING MACHINE 6000

LTR (QUALITY ENVIRO ENGINEERS) (QEESSJM - 6LCH

6000 45.50

17 Sewer Suction Cum Jetting Machine Capacity 8000 Liter 8000 63.00

18 JETTING CUM SUCTION MACHINE 8000 LITER (MARUTI

SALES CORPORATION) (MARUTI)

8000 52.00


47

Septage Conveyance Equipment Details

Type Purpose Tank Capacity (sludge

tank + water tank) litres

Quotes

listed

Avg. rate

(Rs. Lakh)

Range (Rs.

Lakh)

Truck mounted Suction 2000 2 21.7 20.7 - 22.6

Truck mounted Suction / Suction-

cum-jetting 3000 5 23.9 13.8 - 38.5


cum-jetting 4000 5 30.9 28.2 - 39.5


cum-jetting 6000 2 38.3 31.1 - 45.5

Truck mounted Suction-cum-

jetting 8000 2 57.5 52 - 63


48

Annexure 7: Technical Options for Septage Treatment

The technical options for Septage Treatment can be broadly divided based on the technologies involved in

them, namely - Mechanised and Non-Mechanised Technologies.

Mechanized technology involves automated handling and dewatering of septage with minimal intervention of

operators and is designed to optimize solid-liquid (bio-solids and filtrate) separation and enhance pollutant

removal in the downstream process. The preliminary treatment for this process involves removing inert solids

using septage acceptance units (screening and grit removal), followed by mechanized de-watering using

screw or belt press. The de-watered solids may be used as soil conditioner or landfill cover, while the filtrate is

further treated biologically using a high-rate aeration system, which is a process used for sewage treatment

prior to disposal into a receiving body of water.

Non-mechanized technology generally involves pond systems requiring relatively large footprints. The

preliminary treatment involves the removal of non-biodegradable inert components of the septage (i.e.,

mostly plastic materials). The septage is then allowed to stabilize in ponds for 30-45 days to further remove

organic contaminants. The accumulated sludge at the bottom of the pond is usually pumped out and

dewatered using drying beds. When sufficiently dried, the sludge may be used as soil conditioner or landfill

cover. The dewat technology or use of plants, microorganism and drying beds is also a low capex and low

opex system.

There are obviously pros and cons to the two technical options, most notably the land area required,

efficiency and ease in operation. Mechanized plants require smaller footprints compared to non-mechanized

systems (for example a plant with a 70 cubic meters capacity per day require a 1,100 square meter lot for a

mechanized system and 4,000 square meters for the non-mechanized system). Mechanized plants have more

reliable and consistent process in meeting effluent standards but require higher capital outlay for the

equipment compared to the mainly civil works component of the non-mechanized system. In terms of ease in

operation, mechanized plants require less human handling and intervention but will have higher operating

costs (e.g., for power, chemical, spare parts replacement).

1. Fully-Mechanized Septage Treatment Plant Components

Septage Acceptance Unit

The hose of the desludging truck is hooked to the septage

acceptance unit (SAU), where the solid waste and sludge are

automatically separated.

For semi-mechanized systems, the SAU is replaced with

mechanical screens.

Screw Press for de-watering/ separation of sludge and filtrate

The screw press is one example of a de-watering equipment. Other

options include centrifuge decanter, belt press or filter press

Conventional Activated Sludge system is perhaps the most popular

and widely-used for wastewater treatment.

Activated

Sludge/Aeration Tank

Oxidation Ditch is a modification of the Conventional Activated

Sludge.


49

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) combines the operation of aeration and solid settlement in a single system.

2.Non-Mechanized Septage Treatment Plant Components

Mechanical Screens

The mechanical screens are used to separate the solid waste from

the sludge. This is a cheaper alternative to the septage acceptance

unit, but will involve manual handling of the solid waste

Ponds

Pond systems typically comprise a treatment train, which involves a

series of ponds: anaerobic – facultative – aerobic – maturation, to

achieve BOD and pathogen reduction prior to discharge to the

environment.

Drying Beds

The drying beds are used for the treatment of the bio-solids, before

these can be used as landfill cover. The bio-solid can also be used as

soil conditioner but this will require further treatment prior to land

application, alkaline stabilization or composting.

Treatment and disposal facility for septage can be fully mechanized

or non-mechanized.

Mechanized technology involves automated handling and

dewatering of septage with minimal or no intervention of operator

and is designed to optimise solid-liquid (bio-solids and filtrate)

separation and enhance pollutant removal in downstream process.

The preliminary treatment for this process involves removing inert

solids using septage acceptance units (screening and grit removal),

followed by mechanized de-watering using for example screw or

belt press. The de-watered solids may be used as soil conditioner or

landfill cover, while the filtrate is further treated biologically using a

high rate aeration system, which is a process used for sewage

treatment prior to disposal into a receiving body of water.

Non - mechanized technology generally involves pond systems

requiring relatively large footprints. The preliminary treatment

involves the removal of non-biodegradable inert components of the

septage (i.e., mostly plastic materials). The septage is then allowed

to stabilize in ponds for 30-45 days to further remove organic

contaminants. The accumulated sludge at the bottom of the pond

is usually pumped out and dewatered using drying beds. When

sufficiently dried, the sludge may be used as soil conditioner or

landfill cover.

Fully Mechanized Septage Plant Components Non-mechanized septage plant components

Septage Accepting Unit: The hose of the desludging

truck is hooked to the septage acceptance unit

(SAU), where the solid waste and sludge are

The mechanical screens are used to separate the

solid waste from the sludge. This is a cheaper

alternative to the septage acceptance unit, but will


50

automatically separated. involve manual handling of the solid waste.

Dewatering Unit: The screw press is one example of

a de-watering equipment. Other options include

centrifuge decanter, belt press or filter press.

Pond systems typically comprise a treatment train,

which involves a series of ponds: anaerobic –

facultative – aerobic – maturation, to achieve BOD

and pathogen reduction prior to discharge to the

environment.

Waste Water Treatment Unit: Conventional

Activated Sludge system is perhaps the most

popular and widely-used for wastewater treatment.

Oxidation Ditch is a modification of the

Conventional Activated Sludge. Sequencing Batch

Reactor (SBR) combines the operation of aeration

and solid settlement in a single system.

The drying beds are used for the treatment of the

bio-solids, before these can be used as landfill

cover. The bio-solid can also be used as soil

conditioner but this will require further treatment

prior to land application, alkaline stabilization or

composting.


51

REFERENCES

1. Visakhapatnam City FSSM Policy, USAID-WSUP, 2017

2. National Policy on Faecal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM), 2017

3. Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, CPHEEO, MOUD, 2013

4. Guide to Septage Treatment and Disposal, Environmental Protection Agency, United States of

America

5. Faecal Sludge Management, Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation, IWA

Publishing

6. Faecal Waste Management in Smaller Cities across South Asia: Getting Right the Policy and

Practice, Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi

7. Sandec Training Module 1.0 – Module 5, Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)

uttar pradesh state septage management …...2 desludging process of cleaning or removing the...

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