,uuzz ;l;l hhkk; ; gguuttkk;; · 2018-10-08 · 8- jkpo; ,uz;lhk; gutk; ntw;wpf;f . top...

8- jkpo; ,uz;lhk; gUtk; ntw;wpf;F top

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kdg;ghlg;gFjp

Njd;Efh; tz;L kJjid cz;L jpaq;fpNa fple;jijf; fz;L jhd;mijr; rk;G tpd;fdp vd;W jlq;ifapy; vLj;JKd; ghu;j;jhs; thd;cW kjpak; te;njd;(W) vz;zp kyu;f;fuk; FtpAnkd;(W) mQ;rpg; NghdJ tz;Nlh gwe;jNjh goe;jhd; GJikNah ,Jvdg; Gfd;whs;.

m) Gwtatpdhf;fs; 1. nghUs; vOJf. tpilfs; 1. jpaq;fp - --------------- 1. kaq;fp 2. kjpak; - --------------- 2. epyT 3. rk;G - --------------- 3. ehty; 4. Gfd;whs; - --------------- 4. $wpdhs;

2. gpupj;J vOJf. 1. kyu;f;fuk; - ----------------- 1. kyh; + fuk; 2. FtpAnkd;W - ------------------ 2. FtpAk; + vd;W

3. Nru;j;J vOJf. 1. thd; + cW - ----------------- 1. thDW 2. gok; + jhd; - ----------------- 2. goe;jhd;

4. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. rk;Gtpd; fdp vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ ----------------- 1. ehtw;gok; 2. ngz;zpd; Kfj;jpw;F ---------------- xg;Gikahff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2. epyT

5. nghUj;Jf. tpilfs; 1. tz;L - jhkiu 1. tz;L - ehtw;gok; 2. kq;ifapd; Kfk; - ehtw;gok; 2. kq;ifapd; Kfk - thd;epyT 3. kyu;f;fuk; - thd;epyT 3. kyh;f;fuk; - jhkiu

M) FWtpdhf;fs; 1. tpNtfrpe;jhkzp – Fwpg;G vOJf. 1. tpNtfrpe;jhkzp vd;Dk; ,e;E}y; Gyth; gyuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ghf;fspd; njhFg;G E}y;. 2. ,e;E}iyg; ghba Gyth;fs; ngah;fSk;> njhFj;jth;fspd; ngaUk; njupatpy;iy.

2. NjidAz;l tz;L vt;thW Njhw;wkspj;jJ? kyu;j;NjidAz;l tz;lhdJ ehtw;gok; Nghy; Njhw;wkspj;jJ.

,) rpWtpdhf;fs;

1. tpNtfrpe;jhkzpg; ghlypy; mike;Js;s fw;gideaj;ij tpsf;Ff.

tpNtfrpe;jhkzpg; ghlypy; mike;Js;s fw;gideak;:

1. tz;L ehtw;gokhjy; 2. kq;ifapd; Kfk; epythjy; 3. kq;ifapd; if jhkiu kyuhjy; 4. tz;L gwe;jjhy; kq;ifapd; Fog;gk;

nra;Al;;;gFjp 1. tpNtf rpe;jhkzp ,ay; 1




1. tz;L ehtw;gokhjy; : Njid cz;Zk; tz;lhdJ jhkiu kyupy; ,Ue;j Njid cz;L kyupy; kaq;fpf; fple;jJ. fUepwj;jpy; Njhw;wkspj;j tz;bid ‘ehtw;goNkh’ vdf;fUjp kq;if jd; ifapy; vLj;Jg; ghh;j;jhs;.

2. kq;ifapd; Kfk; epythjy; : kyupy; cs;s NjidAz;l tz;lhdJ> kaf;fk; njspe;J kq;ifapd; Kfj;ij thd;epyT vdf;

fUjpaJ. 3. kq;ifapd; if jhkiu kyuhjy; : kq;if jd; cs;sq;ifapy; tz;il itg;gjw;fhf tpuy;fisf; Ftpj;jyhy;> mf;fUepw tz;lhdJ

mtspd; ifiaj; jhkiukyu; vd;Wk; epidj;J kaq;fpaJ. 4. tz;L gwe;jjhy; kq;ifapd; Fog;gk; :

tz;lhdJ epyT Njhd;wpdhy; jhkiu Ftpe;JtpLk;. kyu; Ftpe;J jd;id %btpLk; vd mQ;rp tz;lhdJ gwe;J nrd;wJ. Mjyhy; kq;if> gwe;jJ tz;lh> gokh? vd;d tpe;ijahf ,Uf;fpwNj vd kaq;fpf; $wpdhs;.

m) Gwtatpdhf;fs; 1. nghUs; vOJf. tpilfs; 1. tha;ik - ----------------- 1. cz;ik 2. Jyq;Fjy; - ---------------- 2. tpsq;Fjy; 3. fjputd; - ---------------- 3. #upad; 4. fisAk; - ---------------- 4. ePf;Fk; 5. Nra;ik - --------------- 5. njhiyT 6. jhs;kyu; - --------------- 6. ghjk; 7. tz;ik - ---------------- 7. ts;sy; jd;ik 8. fUiz - --------------- 8. ,uf;fk;

2. gpupj;J vOJf. 1. nrq;fjputd; - ---------------- 1. nrk;ik + fjputd; 2. jha;ikad;G - --------------- 2. jha;ik + md;G

3. Nru;j;J vOJf. 1. ghujk; + jha; - --------------- 1. ghujj;jha; 2. Nra;ik + cw;w - --------------- 2. Nra;ikAw;w

4. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. fhe;jpGuhzk; ,aw;wpath; ------------------ 1. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahh;

2. fhe;jpGuhzj;jpd; ghl;Lilj;jiyth; --------------- 2. kfhj;kh fhe;jp

M) FWtpdhf;fs; 1. fhe;jpGuhzk; - Fwpg;G vOJf. 1. fhe;jpabfisg; ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L ghlg;ngw;wJ ,e;E}y;. 2. ,e;E}y;> <uhapuj;J Kg;gj;Jehd;F ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

2. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahh; - Fwpg;G vOJf. ngah; : mryhk;gpif mk;ikahh; gpwe;j Cu; : jpz;btdk; mUfpy; cs;s ,ul;liz ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : Mj;jp#b> ntz;gh> jpyfh; Guhzk;> Foe;ij Rthkpfs; gjpfk;. rpwg;G : rpwe;j Ngr;rhsh;. jpU.tp.f mtu;fshy; ‘,f;fhy xsitahh;’ vd;W

ghuhl;lg;ngw;wth;. ,Wjpg;gilg;G : ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; ehD}w;W xd;gJ ghly;fisf; nfhz;l ‘,uhkypq;f

Rthkpfs; rupjk;’ vd;Dk; nra;As; E}iy ,aw;wpdhh;.

nra;Al;;;gFjp 2. ghujj;jha; ,ay; 1




,) rpWtpdh

1. fhe;jpabfspd; gz;Geyd;fisg; ghujj;jha; ghly;topf; Fwpg;gpLf. fhe;jpabfspd; gz;Geyd; :

1. cz;ik> mwk;> gpwUila Jd;gj;ij ePf;Fk; jpwik> jpahfk;> ,izapy;yhj xOf;fk;> Nghd;witfis ,f;fypfhyj;jpy; tsu;e;J tpsq;fr; nra;gth.;

2. jPik> Jd;gk;> Mfpatw;iw mfd;Nwhlr; nra;Ak; fUizf; fjputd; Nghd;w jha;ik cs;sk; nfhz;ltu; vd fhe;jpabfspd; gz;Geyd;fisg; ghujj;jha; ghly;top mryhk;gpif mk;ikahh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

m) Gwtatpdhf;fs; 1. gpupj;J vOJf. tpilfs; 1. Iahapuk; - ---------------- 1. Ie;J + Mapuk; 2. Ntlkzpe;J - --------------- 2. Ntlk; + mzpe;J 3. rpiwapyilj;j - ---------------- 3. rpiwapy; + milj;j 4. njd;dhL - --------------- 4. njw;F + ehL

2. Nru;j;J vOJf. 1. tpLjiy + czh;T - --------------- 1. tpLjiyAzu;T 2. mwk; + Nghuhl;lk; - --------------- 2. mwg;Nghuhl;lk; 3. njhopy; + gapw;rp - --------------- 3. njhopw;gapw;rp

3. Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf. 1. Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;J MAjk; Ve;jpg; Nghuhba Kjy; ngz;kzp ----------------- 1. NtYehr;rpahh; 2. NtYehr;rpahh; gpwe;j Mz;L ------------------- 2. fp.gp.1730 3. rptfq;ifia Mz;l kd;dh; ------------------- 3. Kj;JtLfehjh; 4. mQ;riyak;khs; kfSf;Ff; fhe;jpabfs; ,l;lngah; ----------------- 4. yPyhtjp 5. rPdpthr fhe;jp epiyak; mikj;jth; ------------------ 5. mk;G[j;jk;khs;

M) FWtpdhf;fs; 1. NtYehr;rpahh; - Fwpg;G vOJf. 1. ,uhkehjGuj;ij Mz;l kd;dh; nry;yKj;J NrJgjp – rf;fe;jp Kj;jhj;jhs; ,izaUf;Ff; fp.gp.

1730 Mz;L gpwe;jhh;. 2. tPuKk; Ez;zwpTk; xUq;Nf mikag;ngw;wth; NtYehr;rpahh;. 3. Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;J MAjk; Ve;jpg; Nghuhba Kjy; ngz;kzp NtYehr;rpahh;. 4. MAjg;gapw;rpKjy; midj;ijAk; fw;Wj;Nju;e;J Mz;thuprhf tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;.

2. ‘njd;dhl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp’ vd;W miof;fg;gLgth; ahh;? Vd;? 1. ‘njd;dhl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp’ vd;W miof;fg;gLgth; mQ;riyak;khs;. 2. fhe;jpabfs; flY}Uf;F te;jpUe;j NghJ> mtiur; re;jpf;fj; jil tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. 3. mQ;riyak;khs; mjidg; nghUl;gLj;jhky;> gu;jh Ntlkzpe;J Fjpiu tz;bapy; fhe;jpabfis

Vw;wpr;nrd;whh;. 4. mjdhy;> fhe;jpabfs; mQ;riyak;khisj; ‘njd;dhl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp’ vd;wioj;jhh;.

ciueilg;;;gFjp ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; jkpofg; ngz;fspd; gq;F ,ay; 1




,) rpWtpdhf;fs; 1. mQ;riyak;khs; elj;jpa Nghuhl;lq;fs; ahit? 1. 1921 – Mk; Mz;L fhe;jpabfshy; njhlq;fg;gl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; NghNj

mQ;riyak;khs; jdJ nghJ tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpdhh;. 2. mg;Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlu;e;J ePyd; rpiyia mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lk;> cg;Gf;fha;r;Rk; Nghuhl;lk;>

kwpay; Nghuhl;lk;> jdpahs; mwg;Nghuhl;lk;> nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; Mfpa midj;Jg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; fye;Jnfhz;lhh;.

2. mk;G[j;jk;khspd; Fzeyd;fis tptupf;f. 1. mk;G[j;jk;khs; trjpahd FLk;gj;jpy; 1899 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhh;. 2. jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> rk];fpUjk;> ,e;jp vdg; gynkhopfisAk; jpwk;glg; gapd;wtu;. 3. ,tu; trjpahd FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhYk; md;id f];J}upghapd; vspikahd Njhw;wj;jpdhy; <u;f;fg;gl;L vspikaha; tho;e;jhh;. 4. gl;L> gfl;L> Mq;fpyNkhfk; midj;ijAk; Jwe;jhh;. 5. fl;Lg;ghLfs; kpFe;j FLk;gj;jpypUe;J jk;ik tpLtpj;J ehl;L tpLjiyf;fhfg; ghLgl;lhh;. 6. Neu;ikahd ngz;kzpaha; tho;e;J fhl;bdhh; mk;G[j;jk;khs;.

<) neLtpdh 1. NtYehr;rpahh; rptfq;ifr; rPikia kPl;nlLj;j epfo;tpidj; njhFj;J vOJf. NtYehr;rpahh; rptfq;ifr; rPikia kPl;nlLj;j epfo;T :

1. rptfq;if kPJ Mq;fpNyah; gilnaLg;G : rptfq;if kd;dh; Kj;JtLfehjh; NtYehr;rpahiu kze;J nfhz;lhh;. Mq;fpNyah; 1772 Mk;

Mz;L rptfq;ifr; rPikapd; kPJ gilnaLj;jdh;. 2. rptfq;if kd;dh; kuzk; : rptfq;if kPJ gilnaLj;j Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk;> Kj;JtLfehjUf;Fk; ,ilNa fLikahd Nghu;

eilngw;wJ. mg;Nghupy; kd;dh; Kj;JtLfehjh; tPukuzkile;jhh;. 3. Ijh; mypapd; MjuT :

1. Kj;JtLfehjupd; kidtp NtYehr;rpahh;> ik#u; kd;dh; Ijh;mypiar; re;jpj;J> Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;g;gJ Fwpj;Jf; fye;J Ngrpdhh;.

2. NtYehr;rpahh;f;F cjt tpUk;gpa Ijh;myp> Iahapuk; giltPuh;fis mtUld; mDg;gpdhh;. 4. tPuh; gilf;Fj; jiyikNaw;w kq;;if :

1. kUJ rNfhjuh;fSld; tPuh; gilf;Fj; jiyikNaw;Wr; nrd;w NtYehr;rpahh; Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;Jg; Nghupl;lhh;.

2. mg;Nghhpy;> fztiuf;; nfhd;wth;fis ntd;W> 1780 Mk; Mz;by; rptfq;ifia kPl;lhh;.

neLtpdh 1. kuk; fz;zdplk; tpLj;j Ntz;LNfhisf; fl;Liuahf tptupf;f.

1. Kd;Diu. 2. G+j;Jf; FYq;Fk; gRikr; Nrhiy. 3. mopTf;Ff; fhuzk; kdpjh;fNs! 4. kf;fs; njhifg;ngUf;fj;jpd; tpisTfs;. 5. nefpopahy; tpisAk; jPikfs;. 6. kuj;jpd; Ntz;LNfhs;. 7. KbTiu.

1. Kd;Diu : ,aw;ifiag; Nghw;wpg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. ‘,aw;ifr; rkepiy’ ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ehk; kwe;J nray;gl;ljhy;> ehk; ,d;W gytpj ,d;dy;fis mDgtpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;.

2. G+j;Jf; FYq;Fk; gRikr; Nrhiy. : kuk; fz;zdplk;> rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dhy; ,e;j ,lk; G+j;Jf; FYq;Fk; Nrhiyahf ,Ue;jJ. vq;Fk; gRik epiwe;j kuq;fSk;> nrb nfhbfSk;> gytpjg; gwitfspd; ‘fPr;> fPr;’ vd

Jizg;ghlg;;;gFjp 3. kuj;jpd; Ntz;LNfhs; ,ay; 1




jk; ,dpa xypahy; vq;Fk; ,ir ,d;gj;ijj; je;jd. ed;F tsu;e;j kuq;fspd; fpisfspy; CQ;ry; fl;b MLk; rpWth; rpWkpah;fs; vd ,dpikahf ,Ue;jJ vd;wJ kuk;.

3. mopTf;Ff; fhuzk; kdpju;fNs! : ed;Fj; jioj;J tsu;e;j ngUkuq;fspd; epoypy;; kf;fSk;> fhy;eilfSk; jq;fp Xa;ntLj;jdh;. Mdhy; ,d;W> gRikNa ,Ue;j ,lNk njupahky; mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. ehd; kl;Lk; jhd; jdpj;J epw;fpNwd;. mt;topTf;Ff; fhuzk; kf;fNs! vdf; $wp fz;zPu; tbj;jJ kuk;.

4. kf;fs; njhifg;ngUf;fj;jpd; tpisTfs; : ,aw;if moptpw;fhd fhuzq;fspy; Kjd;ikahdJ kf;fs;njhifg; ngUf;fk; MFk;. kf;fs; njhifahdJ mjpfupf;f mjpfupf;f ,lg;gw;whf;Fiwahy; tpisepyq;fs;; vy;yhk; tPLfshf;fg;gl;ld. mJkl;Lkpd;wp fhLfSk; mopf;fg;gl;Lf; FbapUg;Gfsha; Mfptpl;ld.

5. nefpopahy; tpisAk; jPikfs; : ,aw;if moptpw;fhd kw;nwhU fhuzk; nefpopfs;(gpsh];bf;) MFk;. ,it kz;NzhL kz;zhf kf;fpg;Nghtjw;F neLq;fhyk; MFk;. kf;fs; nefpopfshy; Md nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jptpl;L kz;zpy; NghLfpd;wdh;. mjdhy; Ntu;fspd; tsu;r;rp jilg;gl;L mopa NeupLfpwJ. nefpopahy; kuk; nrb> nfhbfs; tsh;tjw;Fj; Njitahd fhw;Wk; ePUk; Nghjpa mstpy; fpl;Ltjpy;iy. ,jdhy; vq;fSf;F mopT Vw;gLfpwJ.

6. kuj;jpd; Ntz;LNfhs; : ,aw;ifiag; Nghw;Wq;fs;; ,aw;ifia mopg;gij epWj;j Ntz;Lk;; kf;fs; njhifg;ngUf;fj;jpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jq;fs;; fhl;L tsq;fisg; ngUf;f Ntz;Lk;; Rw;Wg;Gwr;#oy; khrilahky; fhj;jpl Ntz;Lk; vd kuk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jJ.

7. KbTiu : ,aw;ifahdJ mopf;fg;gLtjhy; mtw;wpw;F ,d;W mopT: ehis ekf;F NguopT” vd;gij kdjpy; nfhz;L kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; ,aw;ifapid mopg;gij epWj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;ifr; rkepiyia Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;ifiag; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.

m) Gwtatpdhf;fs; 1. cupa tpiliaj; Nju;e;njOJf. tpilfs; 1. tsu;gpiw vd;gJ 1. tpidj;njhif m) gz;Gj;njhif M) tpidj;njhif ,) Ntw;Wikj;njhif 2. nrk;nkhop vd;gJ 2. gz;Gj;njhif m) gz;Gj;njhif M) Ntw;Wikj;njhif ,) tpidj;njhif 3. fay;tpop vd;gJ 3. ctikj;njhif m) Ntw;Wikj;njhif M) ctikj;njhif ,) gz;Gj;njhif 4. kh> gyh> thio vd;gJ 4. ck;ikj;njhif m) tpidj;njhif M) ck;ikj;njhif ,) ctikj;njhif

2. nghUj;Jf. tpilfs; 1. tpidj;njhif - ehypuz;L - nra;njhopy; 2. ctikj;njhif - nra;njhopy; - kjpKfk; 3. ck;ikj;njhif - gtstha; Ngrpdhs; - ehypuz;L 4. md;nkhopj;njhif - kjpKfk; - gtstha; Ngrpdhs; 3. gpd;tUk; nrhw;fs; vt;tifj; njhifepiyj;njhlh;fs;? 1. fUq;fz; - gz;Gj;njhif 2. ntw;wpiy ghf;F - ck;ikj;njhif 3. Gj;jfk; gbj;jhd; - Ntw;Wikj;njhif 4. tsh;Gfo; - tpidj;njhif 5. kyh;Kfk; - ctikj;njhif 6. nghw;nwhb te;jhs; - md;nkhopj;njhif

,yf;fzg;;;gFjp 3. njhifepiyj;njhlh; ,ay; 1 http://kalviamuthu.blogspot.com



M) FWtpdhf;fs;

1. njhifepiyj;njhlh; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? njhifepiyj;njhlh; tiffs; : MW tifg;gLk;. mitahtd> 1. Ntw;Wikj;njhif 2. tpidj;njhif 3. gz;Gj;njhif

4. ctikj;njhif 5. ck;ikj;njhif 6. md;nkhopj;njhif

2. tpidj;njhifiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff. tpidj;njhif : fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyAk; nganur;r tpFjpAk; kiwe;J tUk; nganur;rk; tpidj;njhif vdg;gLk;. mr;nrhw;fis tpupj;jhy; %d;W fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;jp tUk;. rhd;W : cz;fyk;> CWfha; tpsf;fk; : cz;fyk; - cz;lfyk;> cz;fpd;wfyk;> cz;Zk; fyk; vd Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk;gb tpupe;J nghUs; jUfpd;wd. Mjyhy; ,it

tpidj;njhifahFk;.

3. gz;Gj;njhifiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff. gz;Gj;njhif : 1. gz;igf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;> mg;gz;ig cila nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; Mfpa

,Unrhw;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ‘Mfpa’ vd;Dk; gz;GUG kiwe;J tUtJ gz;Gj;njhifahFk;.

2. nrhw;fisg; gpupf;Fk;nghOJ epiynkhop <w;wpy; ‘ik’ tpFjp ngw;W tUk;. rhd;W : fUq;Ftis - fUikahd Ftis> rJuf;fy; - rJukhd fy; tpsf;fk; : fUik> rJuk; vd;gd gz;Gg;ngah;fs;. Ftis> fy; Mfpad mg;gz;ig cila

nghUs;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;fs;. ,ilapy; Mfpa> Md vd;Dk; gz;GUGfs; kiwe;J te;Js;sd.

4. ck;ikj;njhifiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff. ck;ikj;njhif : ,Unrhw;fSf;F ,ilapYk; <w;wpYk; ‘ck;’ vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; kiwe;J te;J nghUs;

jUtjhy; ‘ck;ikj;njhif’ vdg;gLk;. rhd;W : fgpyguzh;> cw;whh; cwtpdh;

ck;ikj;njhif tpupthd nrhy; fgpyguzh; fgpyUk; guzUk; cw;whh; cwtpdh; cw;whUk; cwtpdUk;

tpsf;fk; :- ,it fgpyUk; guzUk;: cw;whUk; cwtpdUk; vd tpupAk;. ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; ‘ck;’ kiwe;Js;sikahy; ,it ‘ck;ikj;njhif’ vdg;gLk;.

5. ctikj;njhifiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff. ctikj;njhif :- ctikf;Fk;> ctkpf;fg;gLk; nghUSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Nghy> Nghd;w> epfu> md;d vd;Dk; ctk

cUGfSs; xd;W njhf;F epw;f tUk; njhlh; ‘ctikj;njhif’ vdg;gLk;. rhd;W :- fay;tpop tpsf;fk; :- fay; Nghd;w tpop. fay; - ctik> if – ctkpf;fg;gLk; nghUs; (ctNkak;)>

,t;tpuz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa ‘Nghd;w’ vd;Dk; ctkcUG kiwe;J te;Js;sJ.

6. md;nkhopj;njhifiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff. md;nkhopj;njhif :-

Ntw;Wik> tpid> gz;G> ctik> ck;ik Mfpa njhiffis mLj;J <w;wpy; NtW xU nrhy; kiwe;J tUkhW njhlu;tJ ‘md;nkhopj;njhif’ MFk;.

rhd;W :- nghw;nwhb te;jhs; tpsf;fk; :- 1. nghw;nwhb - nghd;dhy; Md tisay; vd;gJ nghUs;.

2. ,J %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhifahFk;. 3. ,j;njhlh; ‘te;jhs;’ vd;Dk; tpidr;nrhy;iyj; jOtp epw;gjhy; ‘nghd;dhy; Md

tisaiy mzpe;j ngz te;jhs;;’ vdg; nghUs; jUfpwJ. 4. vdNt> ,j;njhlh; Ntw;Wikj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg;gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif vdg;gLk;.




m) Gwtatpdhf;fs;; 1. nghUj;Jf. tpilfs; 1. tpidKw;Wj;njhlh; - cile;j ehw;fhyp - te;jhd; ,uhkd; 2. tpspj;njhlh; - te;J epd;whd; - fz;zh th 3. nganur;rj;njhlh; - fz;zh th! - cile;j ehw;fhyp 4. tpidnar;rj;njhlh; - te;jhd; ,uhkd; - te;J epd;whd;

2. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. kuf;fpis -------------- vd Kupe;jJ. 1. klkl 2. jq;fk; -------------- vd kpd;DfpwJ. 2. gsgs 3. th th th vd;gJ ---------------- MFk;. 3. mLf;Fj;njhlh; 3. cupa tpiliaj; Nju;e;njOJf. 1. kw;Wg;gpw vd;Dk; njhlupy; ‘kw;W’ vd;gJ ----------------- 1. ,ilr;nrhy; m) cupr;nrhy; M) ,ilr;nrhy; ,) ngah;r;nrhy; 2. rhyg; grpj;jJ vd;gJ ------------------- njhlh;. 2. cupr;nrhy; m) ,ilr;nrhy; M) cupr;nrhy; ,) tpidr;nrhy; 3. $bg; Ngrpdh; vd;Dk; njhlh; ----------------- MFk;. 3. tpidnar;rj;njhlh; m) tpidKw;Wj;njhlh; M) nganur;rj;njhlh; ,) tpidnar;rj;njhlh;

FWtpdhf;fs; 1. njhfhepiyj;njhlh; vd;why; vd;d? njhfhepiyj;njhlh; :- ,uz;L nrhw;fs; njhlUk; NghJ ,ilapy; gpwnrhy;Nyh> cUNgh kiwahJ nghUis

czu;j;JtJ ‘njhfhepiyj;njhlh;’ vdg;gLk;.

2. mLf;Fj;njhlh; vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf. mLf;Fj;njhlh; :- 1. xU nrhy; ,uz;L> %d;W> ehd;F> Kiw mLf;fp tUtJ mLf;Fj;njhlh; vdg;gLk;. 2. tpiuT> ntFsp> kfpo;r;rp> mr;rk;> Jd;gk; Kjypa nghUs;fis czu;j;Jtjw;fhfTk;>

mirepiy> nghUs; epiy> nra;Aspy; ,ir epiwT Mfpa nghUs;fspy; tUk;.

rhd;W : tho;f! tho;f - kfpo;r;rp jP! jP! jP! - mr;rk; XL! XL! XL! - tpiuT INah! INah! - Jd;gk;

3. mLf;Fj;njhlh;> ,ul;ilf;fpstp ,uz;bw;FKs;s NtWghLfis vOJf.

mLf;Fj;njhlh; ,ul;ilf;fpstp 1. nrhw;fs; jdpj;jdpNa gpupe;J epw;Fk; nrhw;fs; xd;Wgl;L Nru;e;J epw;Fk;. 2. gpupj;jhy; xt;nthU nrhy;Yk; nghUs; jUk;. gpupj;jhy; nghUs; juhJ. 3. ,uz;L> %d;W> ehd;F Kiw mLf;fp tUk;. ,/J ,ul;ilr;nrhy;yhfNt tUk;. 4. tpiuT> mr;rk;> kfpo;r;rp> ntFsp Kjypa

nghUs;fs; gw;wp tUk;. tpidf;F milnkhopaha;f; Fwpg;Gg;nghUs; czu;j;jp tUk;.

,yf;fzg;;;gFjp 3. njhfhepiyj;njhlh; ,ay; 1




1. cupa vOj;Jtof;Fr;nrhw;fis mwpNthk;.

Ngr;Rtof;F vOj;J tof;F 1. Nfhu;j;J - Nfhj;J 2. Rtw;wpy; - Rtupy; 3. ehl;fs; - ehs;fs; 4. kdjpy; - kdj;jpy; 5. gjl;lk; - gjw;wk; 6. rpyT - nryT 7. mUfhikapy; - mUfpy;

2. gpioePf;fp vOJk; jpwd;:

fPOs;s gFjpiag; gbj;Jg; gpiofis gl;baypLf. Xu; khtl;lj;jpy; xU mikr;ru; mtuJ kfNdhL Rw;Wyh Nkw;f;nfhz;lhu;. me;j Rw;Wyhtpy; mtu; jhd; fz;lij $wNt> xU $l;lj;ijf; $l;bdhu;. tpil: xU khtl;lj;jpy; Xu; mikr;ru; mtUila kfNdhL Rw;Wyh Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. me;jr; Rw;Wyhtpy; mtu;jhk;; fz;ljidf; $wNt xU $l;lj;ijf; $l;bdhu;.

gapw;rp: ,d;iwa jpdk; Gjd;fpoik> fz;zd; New;W vd;dplk; thq;fpr; nrd;w IE}W &ghiaj; jpUg;gpj; jUtjhfr; nrhd;dhd;. Mdhy;> ehl;fs; fle;jJ. mtd; tutpy;iy. ehd; Vkhe;J NghNdd;.

tpil: : ,d;iwa jpdk; Gjd;fpoik> fz;zd; New;W vd;dplk; thq;fpr; nrd;w Ie;E}W &ghiaj; jpUg;gpj; jUtjhfr; nrhd;dhd;. Mdhy;> ehs;fs; fle;jd. mtd; tutpy;iy. ehd; Vkhe;J NghNdd;.

3. muG vz;fSf;F Vw;w jkpnoz;fis vOJf.

1. 10 - f0 2. 20 - c0 3. 19 - f$ 4. 15 - fU 4. fl;Liu gapw;rp: fhfpjk; jd;tuyhW $Wjy;

1. Kd;Diu 2. fhfpjk; fz;Lgpbg;G 3. fhfpjk; cUthf;Fk; Kiw 4. fhfpjk; Gj;jf tbtk; ngWjy; 5. fhfpjk; gad;gLk; ,lq;fs; 6. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu: jw;NghJ kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahj Njitahf khwptpl;l ehd;jhd; fhfpjk; NgRfpNwd;. vd;id J}aj;jkpopy; jhs; vd;Wk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; Ngg;gh; vd;Wk; miog;ghh;fs;. ,d;iwa 21Mk; E}w;whz;by; ehd; kpfTk; Kf;fpa nghUsha;g; gad;gLfpd;Nwd;.

2. fhfpjk; fz;Lgpbg;G: vfpg;jpah;fs; 5000Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; Ngg;u]; vd;Dk; kuj;jpd; gl;iliag; gad;gLj;jp vdf;F Kjd;Kjyha; tbtk; nfhLj;jhh;fs;. gpd;dh; rPdh;fs; vd;id cUthf;fpdhh;fs;.

3. fhfpjk; cUthf;Fk; Kiw; vd;id cUthf;f %q;fpy; kug;gl;ilfis xU jz;zPh;j;njhl;bapy; Cw itg;ghh;fs;. mjpypUe;J xU gir cUthFk;. Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s gir Nghd;w nghUis JzpNky; Cw;wp tbfl;Lth;. gpd;dh; mg;giria gphpj;njLj;J mjpYs;s <ug;giria ePf;fpg; gjg;gLj;Jth;. mg;NghJ ehd; fhfpjkha; cUthfpNwd;.

4. fhfpjk; Gj;jf tbtk; ngWjy;: $ld;gh;f; vd;gth; mr;Rf;fiyia fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. mjd;gpwF jhd; jhs; tbtpy; ,Ue;j ehd; Gj;jf tbtk; ngWfpNwd;. jw;NghJ gy tz;zq;fspYk;> totog;ghd ml;ilfspYk; vd;id cUthf;fpapUf;fpwhh;fs;.

nkhopj;jpwd;;gFjp tof;Fr; nrhw;fs; ,ay; 1




5. fhfpjk; gad;gLk; ,lq;fs;: gs;spfs;> mYtyfq;fs;> kUj;Jtkidfs; cs;spl;l Vuhskhd ,lq;fspy; ehd; gad;gLfpd;Nwd;. &gha; Nehl;Lfs;> gj;jpuq;fs;> muR Mizfs; Nghd;w Mtzq;fs; vd;id rKjhaj;jpy; kjpg;G kpf;ftdhf khw;Wfpd;wd.

6. KbTiu: ehd; jw;NghJ midtUf;Fk; ,d;wpaikahj nghUshf khwptpl;Nld;. vdNt Njitf;F jFe;jhw;Nghy; vd;idg; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;. ehd; midtUf;Fk; gad;gLtJ Nghy; ePq;fSk; ek; ehl;Lf;F cq;fshy; Kbe;j cjtpfis nra;J gad;gl Ntz;Lk;.

5. gz;G: 1. G+q;Foypapd; gz;ig eP Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhah? Mk;. 2. cq;fs; tPl;bw;F ahuhtJ te;jhy; vt;thW tuNtw;gha;?

Kfk; kyu tuNtw;Ngd;.NkYk; tPl;bw;F te;jth;f;Fg; gUf ePh; jUNtd;. 3. G+q;Foypiag;Nghy eP ahiuahtJ ghh;j;jJz;lh?

G+q;Foypiag;Nghy gz;Gilats; vd; Njhop fhh;Kfpy;. 4. G+q;Foypiag;Nghy ePAk; vy;yhhplKk; goFfpwhah? Mk; goFfpNwd;.

tsuwp nray;ghLfs;

6. tpsk;guq;fs; mwptpg;Gfisg; Ghpe;J nfhz;L tpilaspj;jy;: tpdhf;fs;: 1. ,t;tpsk;guk; vjidg; gw;wpaJ? etuhj;jphp nfhY nghk;ik tpw;gidf;fz;fhl;rp 2. ,t;tpsk;guj;jpy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fs; ahit?

nfhy;fj;jh> Nfhyhg;G+h; nghk;ikfs; 3. tpw;gid vq;F eilngWfpwJ? 33> muq;fehjd; njU> jp efh;> nrd;id. 4. tpw;gidr;nra;ag;gLk; fhy msitf; Fwp;g;gpLf. fhiy 9 kzp Kjy; ,uT 9 kzp tiu 5. ,t;tpsk;guj;ij ntspapLNthh; ahh;? nrd;id rh;Nthja rq;fk; fhjp fpuhNkhj;ahf; gtd;

7. ghliyg; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f. tPL NjhWk; fiuapd; tpsf;fk;

tPjp NjhWk; ,uz;nlhU gs;sp ehL Kw;wpYk; cs;sd T+u;fs;

efu;f nsq;Fk; gygy gs;sp NjL fy;tpap yhjbnjhUiuj;

jPap Df;fpiu ahf kLj;jy; NfL jPu;f;Fk; mOjnkd; md;id

Nfz;ik nfhs;s topapiy fz;Bu;. tpdhf;fs; 1. tPLNjhWk; vd;d Njit? tPLNjhWk; fiyapd; tpsf;fk; Njit. 2. tPjpNjhWk; vj;jid gs;spfs; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;? tPjpNjhWk; xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L gs;spfs; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. 3. ehL Kw;wpYk; cs;sd ahit? ehL Kw;wpYk; cs;sit Cu;fs;. 4. NfL jPu;g;gts; ahu;? NfL jPu;g;gts; mKjnkd;Dk; md;idahths;. 5. ,g;ghlYf;F Vw;w jiyg;G? Kd;Ndw;wk; Ntz;Lk;




fw;wyilTr; rpWkjpg;gPL

m) nghUs; jUf. 5x1=5

1. Efu; - ................ cz;Zjy; 2. fdp - ................ gok; 3. fuk; - ................ if 4. jhs;kyu; - ................ ghjk; 5. fUiz - ................ ,uf;fk; M. epug;Gf. 5x1=5

1. tpNtfrpe;jhkzpg; ghlypy; ehtw;goj;jpw;F xg;Gikg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s capup…………. tpil : tz;L 2. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahu; jpz;btdj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s ……… vd;Dkplj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.

tpil : ,ul;liz 3. ghujj;jha; ghlypy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; jha;ikAs;sk; nfhz;ltu;………..

tpil : fhe;jpabfs; 4. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa cUG ………..

tpil : I 5. ghk;G ghk;G vd;gJ …………. njhlu;

tpil : mLf;Fj;njhlu;




________

kdg;ghlg;gFjp

clk;ghu; mopapd; capuhh; mopth; jplk;gl nka;Q;Qhdk; NruTk; khl;lhh;

clk;ig tsh;f;Fk; cghak; mwpe;Nj clk;ig tsh;j;Njd; caph;tsh;j; NjNd. - jpU%yh;

m) Gwtatpdhf;fs;

1. nghUs; vOJf. tpilfs; 1. jplk; - -------------- 1. cWjp 2. cghak; - --------------- 2. toptif 3. nka;Q;Qhdk; - --------------- 3. nka;awpT

2. gpupj;J vOJf. 1. nka;Q;Qhdk; - --------------- 1. nka; + Qhdk; 2. clk;ghu; - --------------- 2. clk;G + Mu;

3. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. jpUke;jpuj;ij ,aw;wpath; --------------- 1. jpU%yu;

2. jpUke;jpuj;jpy; Gfo;ngw;w njhlh; ------------- 2. xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;

M) FWtpdhf;fs; 1. jpUke;jpuk; Fwpg;G vOJf. 1. irtj; jpUKiwfspy; gj;jhtJ jpUKiwaha; mike;Js;sJ jpUke;jpuk;. 2. ,e;E}y; %thapuk; ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. 3. ,e;E}Yf;F „jkpo; %thapuk;‟ vd;Dk; NtW ngaUk; cz;L. 4. „xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;‟ vd;gJ ,e;E}ypd; Gfo;ngw;w njhluhFk;.

2. caph; mopaf; fhuzk; vd;d? Neha; Kjypa fhuzq;fshy; clk;G mopAkhapd; capUk; mopAk;.

,) rpWtpdhf;fs; 1. jpU%yu; - Fwpg;G vOJf.

1. jpU%yh; Kjy; rpj;jh; vd;W Nghw;wg;gLgth;. 2. ,th; mWgj;J%d;W ehad;khh;fSs; xUth;. 3. %yd; vd;Dk; ngah;> jpU vd;Dk; ngauil ngw;W> mj;Jld; mu; vd;Dk; kupahijg;gd;ikAk;

ngw;W> jpU%yu; vd Mapw;W. 4. ,th; Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; tho;e;jth;.

2. mwpT tsu jpU%yu; $Wk; toptif ahJ? 1. Neha; Kjypatw;why; cly; mope;jhy; capUk; ePq;Fk;. 2. cly; typik Fd;wpNahh; cWjpjUk; nka;awpit mila KbahJ.

3. nka;awpT tsu clk;gpidg; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kdg;ghlg;gFjp

eifnra; jd;ikap dk;ngoP ,j; jha;Jfs; gifnra; neQ;rKk; gw;wY nkhd;Ww Kifnra; Nkdp jOtpKj; jpl;lYq; Fifnra; apd;ngof; Nfhykpl; nlhj;jNj - tPukhKdpth;

nra;Al;;;gFjp 1. jpUke;jpuk; ,ay; 2

nra;Al;;;gFjp 2. Njk;ghtzp ,ay; 2




m) Gwtatpdhf;fs; 1. nghUs; vOJf. tpilfs; 1. eif - ------------- 1. Gd;dif 2. Kif - -------------- 2. nkhl;L 3. Nkdp - -------------- 3. cly; 2. gpupj;J vOJf. 1. xd;Ww - ----------- 1. xd;W + cw 2. Kj;jply; - ------------ 2. Kj;J + ,ly; 3. Nfhykpl;L - -------------- 3. Nfhyk; + ,l;L 3. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. Njk;ghtzp E}ypd; Mrpupah; ------------------- 1. tPukhKdpth;

2. tPukhKdptupd; ,aw;ngah; ---------------- 2. fhd;];lhz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp 3. tPukhKdpth; ------------- ehl;ilr; rhu;e;jth;. 3. ,j;jhyp

M) FWtpdhf;fs; 1. Njk;ghtzp - Fwpg;G vOJf. 1. Njk;ghtzp – Njk;gh + mzp = thlhj G+khiy Nghd;w ghkhiy. 2. ,e;E}y;> ,NaR ngUkhdpd; tsu;g;Gj; je;ijahfpa #irag;giuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L

ghlg;gl;lJ. 3. ,e;E}y; fpwpj;jtr; rkaj;jhupd; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 4. ,J %d;W fhz;lq;fSk;> Kg;gj;jhW glyq;fSk; cs;sd. %thapuj;J mWE}w;Wg; gjpide;J

ghly;fs; cs;sd.

2. tPukhKdpth; mwpe;j nkhopfs; ahit? tPukhKdpth; mwpe;j nkhopfs; :- ,j;jhypak;> ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;fk;> vgpNuak;> jkpo;> njYq;F> rkw;fpUjk; MfpadthFk;.

3. tPukhKdpth; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit? tPukhKdpth; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; :- QhNdhgNjrk;> gukhu;j;j FUfij> rJufuhjp> jpUf;fhtY}u;f; fyk;gfk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;

Kjypa E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhh;.

,) rpWtpdhf;fs; 1. tPukhKdpth; - Fwpg;G vOJf. ngau; : tPukhKdpth; ,aw;ngah; : fhd;];lhz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp ngw;Nwhh; : nfhz;ly; Nghng];fp – vyprngj; gpwe;j Cu; : ,j;jhyp ehl;by; fh];jpf;fpspNahd; mwpe;j nkhopfs; : ,j;jhypak;> ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;fk;> vgpNuak;> jkpo;> njYq;F> rkw;fpUjk; rpwg;G : Kg;gjhtJ tajpy; jkpo; gapd;W fhg;gpak; gilj;jth;. fhyk; : 1680 – 1747 ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : QhNdhgNjrk;> gukhu;j;j FUfij> rJufuhjp> jpUf;fhtY}u;f; fyk;gfk;>

njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;. 2. jha; kupahs;> Foe;ij ,NaRtplk; fhl;ba md;G> vjidg; Nghd;W ,Ue;jJ?

1. Foe;ij ,NaR Gd;dif G+j;jhu;. mjidf; fz;l jhahfpa kupahs; cs;sj;jpy; kfpo;r;rp nghq;fpvOe;jJ.

2. jPtpidiag; gifj;j jd; kdj;jpy; Mu;tKk; kfpo;r;rpAk; fye;jJk;> G+g;Nghd;w NkdpAila jpUkfid mizj;J Kj;jkpl;lhs;.

3. ,f;;fhl;rpahdJ md;G Nkyplf; Fifnahd;W Fdpe;J Nfhykpl;lJ NghypUe;jJ.




m) Gwtatpdhf;fs; 1. gpupj;J vOJf. tpilfs; 1. muq;Nfw;wk; - ----------------- 1. muq;F + Vw;wk; 2. fijaoF - ----------------- 2. fij + moF 3. Vl;byf;fpak; - ----------------- 3. VL + ,yf;fpak; 4. ehlff;fiy - ---------------- 4. ehlfk; + fiy 5. E}w;whz;L - ----------------- 5. E}W + Mz;L

2. Nru;j;J vOJf. 1. jkpo; + gz;G - -------------- 1. jkpo;g;gz;G 2. ngUik + Mrpupah; - -------------- 2. Nguhrphpah; 3. vl;L + njhif - ------------- 3. vl;Lj;njhif 4. rpwg;G + ,lk; - ------------- 4. rpwg;gplk; 5. epoy; + ghit - ------------- 5. epow;ghit

3. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. „ehlfNkj;Jk; ehlff;fzpif‟ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLgth; ----------- 1. khjtp 2. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F ciu vOjpath; --------------- 2. mbahu;f;F ey;yhh; 3. kiwkiyabfs; vOjpa ehlfk; ------------------- 3. rhFe;jyk;

M) FWtpdhf;fs; 1. jkpopd; Kg;ngUk; ghFghLfs; ahit? jkpopd; Kg;ngUk; ghFghLfs; :- ,aw;wkpo;> ,irj;jkpo;> ehlfj;jkpo; vd;gd jkpopd; Kg;ngUk; ghFghLfs; MFk;.

2. ehlfk; - Fwpg;G vOJf. 1. ehlfk; - ehL + mfk; vdg; gpupAk;. ehl;il mfj;jpy; nfhz;lJ ehlfk;. 2. ehl;bd; fle;jfhyk;> epfo;fhyk;> tUq;fhyk; Mfpatw;iwj; jd; mfj;Nj fhl;Ltjhy; ehlfk; vdg;

ngah; ngw;wJ. 3. ehlfk; vd;gJ cyf epfo;r;rpfisf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhb MFk;.

3. ehlfk; Njhd;w mbg;gilahf mike;jJ vJ? 1. ehlfk; Njhw;wkhdJ ‘Nghy nra;jy;’ vd;Dk; gz;G mbg;gilapy; mike;jijf; fhzyhk;. 2. gpwh; nra;tijg; Nghyj; jhKk; nra;J ghu;f;fNtz;Lk; vd;w kdpj czu;r;rpjhd; ehlfk; Njhd;wf;

fhuzkhdJ.

4. ehlfj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;j E}y;fs; ahit? ehlfj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;j goe;jkpo; E}y;fspy; KWty;> rae;jk;> nrapw;wpak;> kjpthzh;

ehlfj;jkpo; E}y;> tpsf;fj;jhh; $j;J> FzE}y;> $j;JE}y; Kjypad MFk;.

5. nehz;b ehlfk; - Fwpg;G vOJf. 1. gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy;> nehz;b ehlfq;fs; Njhd;wpd.

2. nry;tf;Fbapy; gpwe;j xUtd;> xOf;fq;nfl;L> NehAk; tWikAk; cw;W ,Wjpapy; jpUe;jp tho;tjhf ,t;tif ehlfq;fs; mike;jd.

,) rpWtpdhf;fs; 1. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehlfk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfisg; Gyg;gLj;Jf. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehlfk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; :- 1. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;> ehl;bakhLk; khjtpia „ehlfNkj;Jk; ehlff;fzpif‟ vd;W

Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. 2. jdpg;ghly;fSf;F nka;g;ghL Njhd;w MLtij ‘ehl;bak;‟ vdTk;> xU fijiaj; jOtp

Ntlk;Gide;J MLtij ‘ehlfk;’ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;L te;Js;sdh;.

ciueilg;gFjp 3. ehlff; fiy ,ay; 2




3. ‘ehl;bak;’> ‘ehlfk;’ ,uz;bw;Fk; nghJthf $j;J vd;w nrhy;Ny tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ. 4. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F ciu vOjpa mbahh;f;F ey;yhh;> $j;J tiffisg; gw;wpAk; ehlf E}y;fs;

gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

2. ‘ehlftpay;’ Fwpg;G vOJf. ehlftpay; :- 1. gupjpkhw;fiyQh; ehlftpay; vd;Dk; E}ypidf; nra;As; tbtpy; ,aw;wpdhh; 2. ,e;E}ypy; ehlfk;> mjd; tpsf;fk;> tiffs;> ehlfk; vOjg;gl Ntz;ba Kiwfs;> ebg;Gf;Fupa

,yf;fzk;> ebg;gtu;fSf;Fupa ,yf;fzk; Nghd;wtw;iw ,e;E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

3. ‘kNdhd;kzpak;’ Fwpg;G vOJf. kNdhd;kzpak; :- 1. kNdhd;kzpak; vd;Dk; ehlff; fhg;gpaj;ijf; fp.gp.1891 Mk; Mz;by;> Nguhrphpah; Re;judhh;

ntspapl;lhh;. 2. ,e;E}y; ‘yhu;l; ypl;ld;‟ vOjpa kiwtop vDk; Mq;fpyf; fijiaj; jOtpaJ. 3. Mq;fpyf; fijiaj; jOtpajhapUe;jhYk; tbtj;jhYk;> ghj;jpu mikg;ghYk;> #oyhYk;

jkpo;g;gzpapy; Xq;fpapUe;jJ.

4. tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lf; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ehlfq;fs; ahit? 1. ek; ehl;bd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lf; fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW Njrpa ehlfq;fs; muq;Nfw;wg;gl;lJ. 2. jkpo;ehl;by; Kjd; Kjyhf elj;jg;gl;l „fjupd; ntw;wp‟ Njrpa rKjha ehlfkhFk;. 3. ,e;ehlfq;fisj; njhlu;e;J Njrpaf;nfhb> Njrgf;jp Kjypa ehlfq;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld. 4. ehlf Nkilfspy; Njrpag;ghly;fSk; Koq;fg;gl;ld.

5. ehlfj;jpd; thapyhf ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;td ahit? ehlfj;jpd; thapyhf mwpe;J nfhs;td :- capu;fsplj;jpy; md;G> cWjpahd neQ;R> nja;tgj;jp> cau;e;j vz;zq;fs;> Mfpatw;iw ehlfj;jpd; thapyha; ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;

<) neLtpdh 1. gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh; ehlff;fiyf;F Mw;wpa njhz;bid tptupj;J vOJf. gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh; ehlff;fiyf;F Mw;wpa njhz;L :- 1. „jkpo; ehlfj; je;ij’ vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;ltu; gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh; Mthh;. 2. gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh; njhz;Z}Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shh;. 3. Nrf;Rgpaupd; Mq;fpy ehlfq;fis nkhopngau;j;Js;shh;.

4. jkpo; ehlf Nkilapy; ,tuJ „kNdhfud;‟ vd;Dk; ehlfk; vOgJ Mz;Lfsha;g; Gfo;ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ.

ehlff;fiyf;Fg; gad;gLk; E}y;fs; :- 5. jk; ehlf mDgtq;fisnay;yhk; „ehlfNkil epidTfs;‟ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; vOjpAs;shh;. 6. „ebg;Gf;fiyapy; Nju;r;rp ngWtJ vg;gb?‟ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ehlfj;Jiwf;Fg; gad;gLk; tifapy;

E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;.

2. ehlfj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk; Fwpj;J vOJf. 1. ehlfk; :- 1. ehlfk; - ehL + mfk; vdg; gpupAk;. ehl;il mfj;jpy; nfhz;lJ ehlfk;. 2. ehl;bd; fle;jfhyk;> epfo;fhyk;> tUq;fhyk; Mfpatw;iw jd; mfj;Nj fhl;Ltjhy;

ehlfk; vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. ,jid ‘$j;Jf;fiy’ vd;Dk; ngah; cz;L. 3. ehlfk; vd;gJ cyf epfo;r;rpfisf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhb MFk;. 2. ehlfj;jpd; Njhw;wk; :- 1. jkpopd; njhd;ikahd fiy tbtk; ehlfk; MFk;. 2. ehlfk; Njhw;wkhdJ ‘Nghy nra;jy;’ vd;Dk; gz;G mbg;gilapy; mike;jijf; fhzyhk;. 3. gpwh; nra;tijg; Nghyj; jhKk; nra;J ghu;f;fNtz;Lk; vd;w kdpj czu;r;rpjhd; ehlfk;

Njhd;wf; fhuzkhdJ. 3. ghitf;$j;jpd; tsu;r;rp :- 1. gz;ila kug;ghitf;$j;J nghk;kyhl;lkhf tsu;r;rp mile;jJ.

2. mjd; gpd;dh;> Njhy;ghitf; $j;J> epow;ghitf; $j;J Mfpad KiwNa ghitf;$j;jpd; tsu;r;rp epiyfshf kf;fspilNa tof;fpypUe;jd.




4. ehlfj;jpd; tsu;r;rp :- 1. capuw;w nghUs;fis itj;J tpisahba tpisahl;L gbg;gbahf tsu;r;rp mile;jJ. 2. mjd; tsu;r;rp capUs;s kdpjh;fisNa Ntlk; Gidar;nra;J Mbg;ghb ebf;f itj;jJ. 3. ghitf;$j;J Kjy; gy;NtW epiyfspy; tsu;r;rp mile;j ehlfk; ehl;bakhfp> ehl;ba

ehlfkhfp Gjpa ehlf cyfpy; mbnaLj;J itj;Js;sJ.

neLtpdhf;fs; 1. ‘fz;jpwe;jJ’ ehlfj;jpd; fijiar; RUf;fp vOJf.

1. Kd;Diu 2. ftpjh gs;spf;F tutpy;iy 3. ftpjhtpd; tUj;jk; 4. gs;spf;F tu ,ayhikf;fhdf; fhuzk; 5. Njhopfspd; ghrk; 6. ftpjh mk;khtpd; tpsf;fk; 7. fy;tpahy; cau;e;j ngz;fs; 8. jkpo; Mrpupahpd; vjpu;ghu;g;G 9. ViofSf;F murpd; rYiffs; 10. ftpjhtpd; ngw;Nwhh; kde;jpUk;gpdh; 11. KbTiu.

1. Kd;Diu :- „fz;jpwe;jJ‟ vd;w ,f;fijapd; thapyhfg; ngz;fy;tp ngWtJ xt;nthUtupd; flik vd tpsf;FfpwJ. “ngz;fs; fy;tp fw;whnyhopa r%f khw;wq;fs; Vw;glh” vd;Dk; ngupahhpd; tha;nkhopf;Nfw;g ,f;fijahdJ mike;Js;sJ.

2. ftpjh gs;spf;F tutpy;iy :- xd;gjhk; tFg;gpy; gbf;Fk; ftpjh vd;Dk; khztp gs;sp jpwe;Jk; gj;J ehshfpAk; mts; gs;spf;Fr; nry;ytpy;iy. mtisf; fhz;gjw;Fg; gs;spj;Njhopfs; Ngfk;> Nkup Mfpa ,UtUk; mts; tPl;bw;F tUfpwhh;fs;.

3. ftpjhtpd; tUj;jk; :- ftpjhtplk; Njhopfs;> gs;spf;$lk; jpwe;J gj;J ehSf;F Nkyhfptpl;lJ. ghlq;fs; epiwa elj;jptpl;lhh;fs;> njupAkh? vdf; Nfl;lhh;fs;. njupAk;> Nkup. Mdhy; ehd; ,dpNky; gs;spf;F tu tha;g;Ng ,y;iy. cq;fSld; ehDk; gj;jhk; tFg;G gbf;f Ntz;bats;. vd; epiyik ,g;gb Mfptpl;lNj! vd tUe;jpdhs;.

4. gs;spf;F tu ,ayhikf;fhd fhuzk; :- ftpjh> jhd; ,d;Dk; xU thuj;jpy; ngw;NwhUld; jd; CUf;Fg; NghftpUg;gjha;f; $wpdhs;. ftpjhtpd; jha;> jq;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa tUkhdk; ,y;yhjjhy; cLg;gNjh fe;jyhil> cz;gNjh xUNtis NrhW> Vioahd vq;fSf;F vjw;Fg; gbg;G? Mjyhy; gpwe;j CUf;Fg; Nghtjha;f; $wpdhs;.

5. Njhopfspd; ghrk; :- ftpjhtpd; mk;kh $wpaijf; Nfl;lJk;> ftpjhtpd; Njhop Ngfk;> “vq;fs; tPl;by; ftpjh jq;fpg; gbf;fl;Lk;. ehq;fs; ftdkha;g; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;>” vd;whs;. mjidf; Nfl;l ftpjhtpd; mk;kh> “mnjy;yhk; elf;fpw fhupakh!” ePq;f rpd;dg;gps;isfs; cq;fSf;F tptuk; gj;jhJk;kh vd;fpwhs;.

6. ftpjh mk;khtpd; tpsf;fk; :- ftpjhtpd; jkpo; Mrpupah;> ftpjhtplk; kWehs; gs;spf;F tur;nrhy;fpwhh;. ftpjhtpd;mk;khNth>

ftpjhit Nkw;nfhz;L gbf;f itf;f trjpapy;iy vd;Wk;> “nghz;Zq;f gbj;J vd;d nra;a? ngl;ilf;Nfhop $tpg; nghOJ tpbAkh? ngz;Gj;jp gpd;Gj;jp jhNdq;f Iah? vd;Wk; $wpdhs;.

7. fy;tpahy; cau;e;j ngz;fs; :- ftpjhtpd; mk;kh $wpaijf; Nfl;l jkpo; Iah> “mk;kh> ngz;Nzh MNzh fy;tpahy;

kl;LNk cauKbAk;. me;jf;fhy xsitahupypUe;J ,e;jf;fhy ,e;jpuh fhe;jp> fy;gdh rht;yh Nghd;w khjurpfs; tiu fy;tpahy; cau;e;j Nkijfs;. mk;kh! gbj;jhy; ftpjhTk; mg;gbgl;l rhjidahsh;fspd; tupirapy; tuKbAk; vd;whh;. mg;NghJ ftpjhtpd; mg;gh mq;F te;J> “ftpjhitg; gbf;f itf;f trjpapy;iy” vd;whh;.

Jizg;ghlg;gFjp 4. fz; jpwe;jJ ,ay; 2




8. jkpo; Mrpupahpd; vjpu;ghu;g;G :- jkpo; Iah> ftpjhtpd; ngw;Nwhh;fsplk;> cq;fs; kfs; ftpjh xd;gjhk; tFg;G ,Wjpj;Nju;tpy; gs;spapy; Kjy; khztpahfj; Nju;T ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;. gj;jhk; tFg;gpy; khepyj;jpNyNa Kjy; khztpahf mts; cWjpahf tUths; vd;whh;.

9. ViofSf;F murpd; rYiffs; :- jkpo; Iah> “mk;kh> trjpgilj;jtu;fs; jhd; gbf;fitf;f KbAk; vd;gnjy;yhk; me;jf;fhyk;! cq;fs; vz;zj;ij khw;wpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,ytrr; rPUil> ghlE}y;fs;> Nehl;Lg;Gj;jfq;fs;> kjpa czT> ,ytrg; NgUe;J trjp> kpjptz;b vdg; gy rYiffs; ,d;W cs;sd” vd;Wk;> “ftpjhtpd; jpwikf;F xspkakhd vjpu;fhyk; fhj;jpUf;fpwJ” vd;Wk; $wpdhh;.

10. ftpjhtpd; ngw;Nwhh; kde;jpUk;gpdh; :- ftpjhtpd; je;ij> jkpo; Iahtplk;> “Viokf;fSf;F ,t;tsT tha;g;Gfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gijj; jhq;fs; $wpa gpwFjhd; njupe;Jnfhz;Nld;. vd; kfs; ehis Kjy; gs;spf;F tUths;>” vd;W $wpdhh;. mts; mk;khTk; “cq;fs; tpUg;gg;gb vd; kfs; gbj;Jg; ngupa Msha; tul;Lk;” vd;whs;.

11. KbTiu :- ,f;fijapd; %yk; “Mz; xUtd; fy;tp fw;why; m/J xUtd; kl;Lk; fw;Fk; fy;tp. ngz; xUj;jp fy;tp fw;why;> mtisr; rhu;e;j FLk;gk; KOtJf;FNk mts; xsp tpsf;fha; jpfo;ths;> vd;gij ,f;fijapd; thapyhf mwpayhk;.

m) Gwtatpdhf;fs;

1. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. tpilfs; 1. Cu; cwq;fpaJ vd;gJ -------------- MFngah;. 1. ,l 2. ePyk; #bdhs; ------------- MFngah;. 2. gz;G 2. cupa nrhy;iyj; Nju;e;njOJf. 1. tWty; jpd;whd; vd;gJ 1. njhopyhFngah; m) KjyhF ngah; M) ,lthFngah; ,) njhopyhFngah; 2. rpj;jpiu te;jhs; vd;gJ 2. fhythFngah; m) rpidahF ngah; M) fhythF ngah; ,) njhopyhFngah;

M) FWtpdhf;fs; 1. MFngah; vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf. MFngah; :- xd;wd; ,aw;ngah; jd;idf; Fwpf;fhky;> jd;NdhL njhlu;Gila NtnwhU nghUSf;Fj;

njhd;Wnjhl;Lg; ngauhfp tUtJ „MFngah;‟ MFk;. rhd;W : kapy; Mbdhs; tpsf;fk; : „kapy;‟ vd;gJ gwitiaf; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. „Mbdhs;‟ vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy;> kapy; Nghd;w rhaiyAila ngz;Zf;Fg; ngauha; epw;fpwJ.,JNt MFngauhFk;.

2. MFngah; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? MFngah; gjpdhW tifg;gLk;.

3. rpidahF ngah; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff. rpidahF ngah; rhd;W : ntw;wpiy el;lhd; tpsf;fk; : ,j;njhlupy; „ntw;wpiy‟ vd;gJ rpidahfpa ,iyiaf; Fwpf;fhky; mjd;

Kjy;nghUshfpa nfhbf;Fg; ngauhfp tUjyhy; m/J rpidahFngauhFk;.

4. njhopyhF ngah; vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf. njhopyhF ngah; :- xU njhopd; ngah; mj;njhopyhy; ngwg;gLk; nghUSf;Fg; ngauhfp tUtJ

njhopyhFngauhFk;. rhd;W : tWty; itj;jdh; tpsf;fk; : „tWty;‟ vd;w njhopiyf; Fwpf;fhky; mj;njhopypdpd;Wk; fpilj;j fpoq ;F

tiffisf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. MfNt> ,J njhopyhF ngau; MFk;.

,yf;fzg;gFjp 5. MFngau; ,ay; 2




1. fPo;fhZk; njhlu;fspy; mike;Js;s tOf;fis ePf;fp vOJf. 1. Gytu; te;jhu;fs;.

tpil: Gytu;fs; te;jhu;fs;. 2. kapy; $t Fapy; mftpaJ.

tpil: kapy; mft Fapy; $tpaJ. 3. jhkiu glk; tiue;jhd;.

tpil: jhkiu glk; tiue;jhs;. 4. ahidfs; te;jJ.

tpil: ahidfs; te;jd. 5. ngUkio nga;jikahy; kuq;fs; tPo;e;jJ.

tpil: ngUkio nga;jikahy; kuq;fs; tPo;e;jd. 6. taypy; Ml;Lf;fd;W Nka;fpwJ.

tpil: taypy; Ml;Lf;Fl;b Nka;fpwJ. 7. gR Fl;b Nghl;lJ.

tpil: gR fd;W <d;wJ. 8. khl;il yhaj;jpy; fl;L.

tpil: khl;il njhOtj;jpy; fl;L. 9. ntw;wpiyj; Njhg;Gf;Fr; nrd;W ntw;wpiy gwpj;J th.

tpil: ntw;wpiyj; Njhl;lj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W ntw;wpiy gwpj;J th. 10. ahid Koq;Fk;.

tpil: ahid gpspWk;.

2. nghUj;Jf. 1. rpq;fk; fidj;jJ - vz;tO - kuGtO 2. fz;zd; gbj;jhs; - fhytO - jpiztO 3. ,d;W tUthd; - jpiztO - ghy;tO 4. fgpyd; NgrpaJ - kuGtO - fhytO 5. gwitfs; gwe;jJ - ghy;tO - vz;tO 3. jkpnoz;fisf; $l;Lf. 1. f0 + f - ……….. tpil : ff 2. c + ff - ………. tpil : fq 3. f0 + f0 - ………. tpil : c0 4. fl;Liu gapw;rp : ehd; kUj;Jtuhdhy;......

kUj;Jtk; vd;gJ rKjhak; eyk; ngwr;nra;Ak; gzpahFk;. ehd; kUj;Jtuhdhy; rKjha kf;fspd; ey;tho;tpw;fhf Kidg;Gld; gzpahw;WNtd;. NkYk; ehd; kUj;Jtuhdhy; vt;thnwy;yhk; gzpahw;WNtd; vd cq;fsplk; vLj;Jiuf;f tpUk;GfpNwd;.

ehd; kUj;Jtuhdhy; Vio vspa kf;fSf;F ,ytrkhf rpfpr;iraspg;Ngd;. NkYk; Neha;j;njhw;W Vw;glhjthW vt;thW jq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w Kd;ndr;nrhpf;if eltbf;iffisAk;> topKiwfisAk; mth;fs; vspjpy; Ghpe;J filg;gpbf;Fk; mstpw;Ff; $WNtd;. ehd; kUj;Jtuhdhy; tUtha; xd;iwNa Kjyha;f; nfhz;L nrayhw;whky;> kdpj Neaj;Jld; gzpahw;WNtd;. vspjpy; guTk; Neha;fs;;> guth Neha;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;JNtd;. jw;fhyj;jpy; nlq;F cs;spl;l gy kh;kf;fha;r;ry; gutp tUfpd;wd. ,jidj; jLf;f vd;dhyhd Kaw;rpfs; vLj;J nray;gLj;JNtd;.

kUj;Jtg;gzpia kf;fSf;Fr; nra;Ak; mwg;gzpahfr; nra;Ntd;. Nehahspfsplk; md;ghfTk; MjuthfTk; gofp mth;fspd; Neha;j;Jd;gj;ijg; Nghf;f cjTNtd;. mth;fsplk; ntWg;igNah Nfhgj;ijNah fhl;lhky; nghWik kw;Wk; rfpg;Gj;jd;ikAld; gzpahw;WNtd;. „Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk;‟ vd;gij kdjpw;nfhz;L vd;dhyhd Nritfis kf;fSf;Fj; njhlh;e;J nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Ug;Ngd;.

nkhopj;jpwd;gFjp 6. tOf;fs; ,ay; 2




5. gd;dpU jpUKiwfspd; ngah;fisAk; mtw;iw vOjpath;fspd; ngah;fisAk; njhFj;jy;:

1. Kjy; jpUKiw 2. ,uz;lhk; jpUKiw3. %d;whk; jpUKiw

- jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;

4. ehd;fhk; jpUKiw 5. Ie;jhk; jpUKiw 6. Mwhk; jpUKiw

- jpUehTf;furh;

7. Vohk; jpUKiw - Re;juu; 8. vl;lhk; jpUKiw(jpUthrfk;) - khzpf;fthrfh; 9. xd;gjhk; jpUKiw - jpUkhspifj;Njth; 10. gj;jhk; jpUKiw(jpUke;jpuk;) - jpU%yh; 11. gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiw - ef;fPuNjt ehadhh; KjypNahh; 12. gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiw - Nrf;fpohh; 6. gilg;ghw;wy; md;G vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; KbAk; ghly; xd;wid vOJf.

,irapd; ,dpik! ,aypd; ngUik! jirAk; jUfpd;w jd;ik! – jpirnaq;Fk; Nghw;wpLk; nja;tk;Nghy; epd;WjTk; jd;ikapd; Mw;wNy md;idapd; md;G!!

7. MFngah;fis fz;lwpe;J vOJjy;. 1. CNu khwptpl;lJ - ,lthFngah; 2. fPiu tpijj;jpUf;fpNwhk; - KjyhFngah; 3. Nuhrh el;Ls;Nsd; - rpidahFngah; 4. gl;L mzpe;jpUf;fpwPu;fNs - KjyhFngah; 8. ghliyg;gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.

ngz;fl;Ff; fy;tp Ntz;Lk; cyfpidg; NgZ jw;Nf

ngz;fl;Ff; fy;tp Ntz;Lk; fy;tpiag; NgZjw;Nf

fy;tpapy;yhj ngz;fs; fsu;epyk; me;epyj;jpy;

Gy;tpise;jplyhk;;;;;; ey;y Gjy;tu;fs; tpisjy; ,y;iy. tpdhf;fs; : 1. ahUf;Ff; fy;tp Ntz;Lk;? ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp Ntz;Lk; 2. ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp Vd; Ntz;Lk;? cyfpidg; NgZjw;Nf ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp Ntz;Lk; 3. fy;tpapy;yhj ngz;fs; vjw;F xg;ghtu;? fy;tpapy;yhj ngz;fs; fsu;epyj;jpw;F xg;ghdtu;. 4. fsu;epyj;jpy; vJ tpisAk;? fsu;epyj;jpy; Gy; tpisAk; 5. ghlYf;Nfw;w jiyg;G ,Lf. ngz;fy;tp

fw;wyilTr; rpWkjpg;gPL

I. fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhj;njhlupidg; gbj;J Mk; ,y;iy vd tpil vOJf. 5x1=5 1. jpUke;jpuk; irtj; jpUKiwfspy; gj;jhtJ jpUKiwah? Mk; 2. #irag;gu; ,aw;wpa E}y; Njk;ghtzpah? ,y;iy 3. rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; jkpo;ehlfj; jiyikahrpupauh? Mk; 4. kjq;f#shkzp E}ypid Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; vOjpdhuh? Mk; 5. ntw;wpiy el;lhd; vd;gJ rpidahF ngauh? Mk;




II.nghUe;jhjdtw;iwj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. 5x1=5

1. QhNdhgNjrk;> jpUke;jpuk;> gukhh;j;j FU fij> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;

tpil: jpUke;jpuk;

2. gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh;> xsit rz;Kfdhh;> rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;> ghpjpkhw;fiyQh;

tpil: xsit rz;Kfdhh;

3. nrapw;wpak;> KWty;> ed;D}y;> rae;jk;

tpil: ed;D}y;

4. gtsf;nfhb> ,ytFrh> kNdhfud;> gpufyhjd;

tpil: kNdhfud;

5. nghhpay;> mtpay;> rpj;jpiu> Rz;ly;

tpil: rpj;jpiu


8- jkpo; ,uz;lhk;; gUtk; ntw;wpf;F top


kdg;ghlg;gFjp

jhJF Nrhiy NjhWk; rz;gff; fhL NjhWk; Nghjtpo; ngha;if NjhWk; GJkzj; jlq;fs; NjhWk; khjtp Ntypg; G+f tde;njhWk; tay;fs; NjhWk; Xjpa clk;G NjhWk; capnud cyha jd;Nw - fk;gu;

m) Gwtatpdhf;fs;

1. nghUs; vOJf. tpilfs; 1. jhJ - ------------- 1. kfue;jk; 2. ngha;if - -------------- 2. ,aw;ifahd ePh;epiy 3. Nrhiy - -------------- 3. G+q;fh 4. tdk; - --------------- 4. fhL 5. NghJ - -------------- 5. kyu; 2. gpupj;J vOJf. 1. rz;gff;fhL - ---------------- 1. rz;gfk; + fhL 2. tde;njhWk; - ---------------- 2. tdk; + njhWk; 3. Nghjtpo; - ---------------- 3. NghJ + mtpo; 4. capnud - ---------------- 4. capu; + vd 3. Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf.

1. fk;gh; gpwe;j Cu; --------------- 1. NjuOe;J}u; 2. fk;giu Mjupj;j ts;sy; -------------- 2. rilag;g ts;sy; 3. fk;guhkhazj;jpy; mike;Js;s fhz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ----3. MW

M) FWtpdhf;fs; 1. fk;gh; - Fwpg;G vOJf.

1. fk;gh; ehifkhtl;lk; kapyhLJiwf;F mUfpYs;s NjuOe;J}upy; gpwe;jhh;. 2. thy;kPfp tlnkhopapy; vOjpa ,uhkhazj;ijj; jkpopy; ,aw;wpath;. 3. ,tiu Mjhpj;jth; rilag;g ts;sy; Mthh;.

4. ,thpd; fhyk; fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L MFk;. 2. fk;guhkhazk; - Fwpg;G vOJf. 1. fk;guhkhazk; MW fhz;lq;fis cilaJ. 2. tlnkhopapy; toq;fpa ,uhk fijiaf; fk;gu; ,uhkfhij vdg; ghbdhh;. mJ fk;guhkhazk; vd

toq;fg;gLfpwJ. 3. fk;guhkhazk; gj;jhapuj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l ghly;fisAilaJ.

rpW tpdhf;fs;

1. ruA ejp vt;thW cytpaJ vdf; fk;gh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;? 1. ruA ejpahdJ kfue;jg;nghbfis cjpu;f;fpd;w Nrhiyfs; NjhWk; nrd;W cytpaJ. 2. rz;gf kuq;fs; epiwe;j fhLNjhWk; nrd;W cytpaJ. 3. jhkiukyu;fs; kyu;e;jpUf;Fk; Fsq;fis epug;gpAk; nrd;W cytpaJ. 4. Gjpa kzk; tPrf;$ba Fse;NjhWk; nrd;W cytpaJ. 5. FUf;fj;jpf;nfhbfis Ntypfsha;f; nfhz;l ghf;Fkuj; Njhl;le;NjhWk; nrd;W cytpaJ. 6. tay;fisr; nropf;fr; nra;Jk; gha;e;J nrd;W cytpaJ.

nra;Al;;;gFjp 1. fk;g ,uhkhazk; ,ay; 3




kdg;ghlg;gFjp

J}yk;Nghy; tsu;fp isf;F tpOJfs; J}z;fs;! J}z;fs; Mypidr; Rw;wp epw;Fk; mUe;jpwy; kwtu;! NtNuh thypidj; jiuapy; tPo;j;jp kz;ba ghk;gpd; $l;lk;! ePythd; kiwf;Fk; My;jhd; xw;iwf;fhy; neba ge;jy;! - ghujpjhrd;

m) Gwtatpdhf;fs; 1. nghUs; vOJf. tpilfs; 1. jpwy; - --------------- 1. typik 2. kwth; - --------------- 2. tPuk; 2. gpupj;J vOJf. 1. mUe;jpwy; - ----------------- 1. mUik + jpwy; 2. xw;iwf;fhy; - ------------------ 2. xw;iw + fhy; 3. Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf. 1. „mofpd; rpupg;G‟ E}iy vOjpatu; -------------------- 1. ghujpjhrd; 2. ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngah; --------------------- 2. fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk; 3. ghujpjhrd; gpwe;j Cu; --------------------- 3. GJr;Nrup

M) FWtpdh

1. mofpd;rpupg;G – Fwpg;G vOJf. mofpd;rpupg;G :- 1. mofpd; rpupg;G ghujpjhrd; ,aw;wpa E}y;fSs; xd;whFk;. 2. ,e;E}y; ,aw;if moFk;> fw;gideaKk;> ctik eaKk; epiwe;j ghly;fspd; njhFg;G MFk;.

,) rpWtpdhf;fs;

1. ‘ghujpjhrd;’ – Fwpg;G vOJf. 1. ghujpjhrd; GJr;Nrupapy; fdfrig - ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahUf;F 29.04.1891 md;W kfdha;g; gpwe;jhh;. 2. ,thpd; ,aw;ngah; fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk; MFk;. 3. ,th; ghz;bad; gupR> FLk;gtpsf;F> ,Uz;ltPL> mofpd; rpupg;G Nghd;w gy E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhh;. 4. ghujpjhrdpd; rpwg;Gg;ngah;fs; ghNte;jh;> Gul;rpf;ftpQh; MFk;. 5. ,th; 21-04-1964 md;W ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.

2. Mykuj;jpd; tpOJk; NtUk; vtw;iwg;Nghd;W ,Ue;jjhfg; ghujpjhrd; ghLfpd;whh;? 1. Mykuj;jpd; tpOJ (ctik) :-

tPl;bd; tpl;lk; Nghy; tsu;e;Js;s Mykuj;jpd; tpOjhfpa J}z;fs; Mykuj;ijr; Rw;wp epw;Fk; ngUk; typikkpf;f tPuh;fs; Nghy; ,Ue;jd.

2. Mykuj;jpd; Ntu;fs; (ctik) :- Mykuj;jpd; Ntu;fs;> jiuapy; thy;fis Cd;wpj; Njhd;Wk; neUq;fpa ghk;Gf;$l;lq;fs; Nghyj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd vdg; ghujpjhrd; ghLfpwhh;.

nra;Al;;;gFjp 2. tpOJk; NtUk; ,ay; 3




m) Gwtatpdhf;fs; 1. gpupj;J vOJf. tpilfs; 1. fhl;Lapupfs; - ---------------- 1. fhL + capupfs;

2. rpw;whW - -------------- 2. rpWik + MW 3. xd;iwnahd;W - -------------- 3. xd;iw + xd;W 4. Ik;G+jq;fs; - ------------- 4. Ie;J + G+jq;fs; 5. Gfyplk; - --------------- 5. Gfy; + ,lk;

2. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. goe;jkpo; ,yf;fzE}y; ------------- 1. njhy;fhg;gpak; 2. kuk; -------------- capu; 2. XuwpT 3. cyfpNyNa mjpf kiongWk; ,lk; --------------- 3. rpuGQ;rp 4. tdtpyq;Fg; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; ----------- Mz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. 4. 1972 – Mk;

M) FWtpdhf;fs; 1. vopYf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l fl;Liug; Nghl;bapd; jiyg;G vd;d? vopYf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l fl;Liug; Nghl;bapd; jiyg;G „fhl;Lapupfs;‟ MFk;.

2. ePu; khriltjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d? 1. ePu; khriltjw;F ehNk Kjy; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpNwhk; 2. mUtpfspy; %ypiffs; fye;J tPOk; ePupy; ,aw;ifahff; Fspf;fhky;> nraw;if

Ntjpg;nghUs;fshd Nrhg;G> \hk;G Kjypatw;iwf; Fspf;fg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. 3. ,jdhy; mq;F thOk; tpyq;FfSk; ,aw;if ePiuf; Fbf;f Kbahky; ePh; khrilfpwJ.

3. ek;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s nghUs;fs; ahit? ek;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s nghUs;fs; :- 1. Ik;G+jq;fs;> capUs;s kw;Wk; capuw;w nghUs;fSk; cs;sd. 2. Ik;G+jq;fs; : epyk;> ePu;> jP> fhw;W> thdk; 3. capUs;s kw;Wk; capuw;w nghUs;fs; : XuwpT Kjy; MwwpT tiu mlq;Fk;.

4. ,aw;ifr; rkepiy vd;why; vd;d? ,aw;ifr; rkepiy :- tpyq;fpdq;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; xd;iwnahd;W mjpfkhfNth my;yJ FiwthfNth fhzg;glhky;

rkepiyapy; ,Ug;gNj „,aw;if rkepiy‟ vdg;gLk;.

5. czTr;rq;fpyp vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf. czTr;rq;fpyp :- 1. capupdq;fs; tho;tjw;fhf czit cl;nfhs;fpd;wd. cztpy; Mw;wy; cs;sJ. 2. Xu; capupapypUe;J kw;nwhU capupf;F czT %yk; Mw;wy; rq;fpypj; njhlh;Nghyf; fpilg;gJ

czTr;rq;fpyp vdg;gLk;. 3. czTr;rq;fpyp jhtuq;fspypUe;Nj Kjypy; njhlq;FfpwJ. rhd;W : khd;> Gy;iy czthff; nfhs;fpwJ. rpq;fk; khid czthff; nfhs;fpwJ. 6. tdtpyq;F thuk; vg;NghJ Kjy; nfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUfpwJ? tdtpyq;F thuk; :- mf;Nlhgu; Kjy; thuj;ij muR tdtpyq;F thukhff; nfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

,) rpWtpdhf;fs; 1. XuwpTKjy; MwwpTtiu cs;s capu;fshfj; njhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLtd ahit? XuwpTKjy; MwwpTtiu cs;s capu;fshfj; njhy;fhg;gpau; $Wtd :- 1. XuwpT capu;fs;:

nka;apdhy; mwpaf;$ba capu;fs; midj;Jk; XuwpT capu;fs; MFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Gy;> kuk;

ciueilg;;;gFjp 3. fhl;Laphpfs; ,ay; 3




2. <uwpT caph;fs;: nka;> tha;> fz; Kjypatw;why; mwpAk; capu;fs; midj;Jk; <uwpT caph;fs; MFk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ej;ij> rq;F 3. %twpT capu;fs;:

nka;> tha;> %f;F Kjypatw;why; mwpAk; capu;fs; midj;Jk; %twpT capu;fs; MFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vWk;G> fiuahd;> ml;il

4. ehywpT capu;fs;: nka;> tha;> %f;F> fz; Mfpatw;;;why; mwpAk; capu;fs; ehywpT capu;fs; MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ez;L> Jk;gp> tz;L 5. IawpT capu;fs;:

nka;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp Kjypatw;why; mwpAk; caph;fs; IawpT capu;fs; MFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: tpyq;F> gwit 6. MwwpT capu;fs;:

nka;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp> kdk; Kjypatw;why; mwpAk; capu;fs; MwwpT capu;fs; MFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kdpju;fs;. ,t;thwhfj; njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

2. fhLfshy; tpisAk; ed;ikfs; ahit? fhLfshy; tpisAk; ed;ikfs; :- 1. kio nga;tjw;Ff; fhLfs; fhuzkha; cs;sd. 2. tdtpyq;FfSf;Fg; GfyplkhfTk; fhLfs; gad;gLfpwJ. 3. kz; mupg;igj; jLf;fTk; fhLfs; fhuzkhf cs;sd. 4. rpw;whWfs; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhf cs;sJ. 5. njhopy; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ngupJk; fhLfs; gad;gLfpwJ. 6. %ypiffs;> kUe;Jg; nghUs;fs; vd vz;zw;w ed;ikfs; ekf;Ff; fhLfshy; tpisfpd;wd. 7. fhl;L tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J je;jk;> Njhy;> eWkzg;nghUs;> Njd; Kjypa gy;tifg; nghUs;fs;

fpilf;fpd;wd.

3. tdtpyq;Fg; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; vg;NghJ ,aw;wg;gl;lJ? mr;rl;lf; fUj;Jfis vOJf. tdtpyq;Fg; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; :- tdtpyq;Fg; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1972 – Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. fUj;Jfs; :- 1. tdtpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLtijj; jLf;fpwJ. 2. mope;J tUk; tpyq;Ffis Kw;woptpypUe;J ghJfhf;f toptifr; nra;fpwJ.

<) neLtpdhf;fs; 1. czTr;rq;fpyp> czTtiy Fwpj;J vOJf. czTr;rq;fpyp :- 1. capupdq;fs; tho;tjw;fhf czit cl;nfhs;fpd;wd. cztpy; Mw;wy; cs;sJ.

2. Xu; capupapypUe;J kw;nwhU capupf;F czT %yk; Mw;wy; rq;fpypj; njhlh;Nghyf; fpilg;gJ czTr;rq;fpyp vdg;gLk;.

3. czTr;rq;fpyp jhtuq;fspypUe;Nj Kjypy; njhlq;FfpwJ. czT tiy :- 1. Gy;iy khd;> czthff; nfhs;fpwJ. khid rpq;fk; czthff; nfhs;fpwJ.

2. G+r;rpiaj; jtis czthff; nfhs;fpwJ. jtisiag; ghk;G nfhy;tJk; me;je;j capupfspd; ,ay;ghFk;.

3. capupfs; czTf;fhf xd;iwnahd;W rhu;e;J tho;fpd;wd. ,itNa czT tiy vd;gu;.

2. tpyq;Ffisg; ghJfhf;f Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jpl;lq;fs; ahit? 1. tpyq;Ffisg; ghJfhf;f Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jpl;lq;fs; :- 1. tpyq;Ffisg; ghJfhf;f ,e;jpaf; fhl;Ltho; capupfs; thupak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 2. tdtpyq;F thukhf muR mf;Nlhgu; Kjy; thuj;ijf; nfhz;lhb tUfpwJ. 3. tdtpyq;Fg; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1972 - Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. 4. cyf tdtpyq;F ehs; mf;Nlhgh; jpq;fs; ehd;fhk; ehs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUfpwJ. 2. jpl;lq;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; :- 1. tdtpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLtijj; jLf;fpwJ. 2. mope;J tUk; tpyq;Ffis Kw;woptpypUe;J ghJfhf;f toptifr; nra;fpwJ.




3. tdtpyq;FfSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G ,lq;fs; :- 1. ekJ ehl;by; gjpNdO tdtpyq;Fg; ghJfhg;G ,lq;fs;; cs;sd. 2. mWgj;jhW Njrpa tdtpyq;Fg; G+q;fhf;fSk; cs;sd. 3. Ke;E}w;W mWgj;njl;Lg; Gfyplq;fSk; cs;sd. 3. ,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhf;f ehk; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;? ,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhf;ff; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;bait :- 1. ,aw;if rkepiy Ntz;Lk; :- 1. capupfspd; Mw;wYf;F mbg;gilaha; tpsq;Fk; jhtuq;fisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2. jhtuq;fSk;> tpyq;FfSk; vz;zpf;ifapy; xd;iwnahd;W rkepiyapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 2. ePu; epiyfisg; ghJfhj;jy; Ntz;Lk; :-

1. jhtuq;fis;> kdpju;fs;> tpyq;FfisAk; ghJfhf;f ePu;epiyfis khRgLj;jhky; fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

2. %ypiffs; fye;J tUk; mUtp ePu;epiyfspy; nraw;if Ntjpg;nghUs;fisf; (Nrhg;G> \hk;G) Fspf;fg; gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

3. fhLfisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; :- 1. kdpju;fspd; NjitfSf;fhff; fhLfis mopg;gijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. 2. fhl;Lj;jP Vw;glhky; ,Uf;f mjpf mstpy; kuq;fis tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. 3. gy;NtW ed;ikfs; juf;$ba fhLfisg; ghJfhf;f eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 4. tdtpyq;F ehspy; tsq;fisg; ghJfhjjy;;;;;; ;; ;; :- 1. ,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; vd;gJ jdpnahU kdpjdhy; nra;a ,ayhJ. 2. cyf tdtpyq;F ehs; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; NghJ me;ehspy; tdtpyq;FfisAk;> fhLfisAk;

mopf;fhky; ghJfhf;f ehk; cWjpnkhop Vw;f Ntz;Lk;.

neLtpdhf;fs; 1. nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafk; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu vOJf.

1. Kd;Diu 2. mUq;fhl;rpafk; Njhw;wk; 3. mUq;fhl;rpafk; mikg;G 4. jiyikf; fl;llj;jpy; ,Ug;git. (fPo;j;jsk;) 5. jiyikf; fl;llk; Nky;jsj;jpy; ,Ug;git. 6. vYk;Gf;$Lfspd; mjprak; 7. Kd;fl;blj;jpy; ,Ug;git 8. ntz;fyf; fhl;rpf;$lk; 9. rpWtu; mUq;fhl;rpafk; 10. Njrpa Xtpaf; fhl;rpf;$lk; 11. KbTiu.

1. Kd;Diu :- „nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafk;‟ – vd;w ,f;fijapd; thapyhf ek; Kd;Ndhh;fspd; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpa nghUl;fSk;> jw;NghJ mope;Jtpl;l epiyapYk; mit ,Ue;jjw;fhd milahsq;fis mwptjw;F mUq;fhl;rpafk; cjtpGupfpwJ.

2. mUq;fhl;rpafk; Njhw;wk; :- “mUq;fhl;rpafk; vd;gJ mupjhd gok;nghUs;fisj; njhFj;J itj;Js;s ,lkhFk;.” nrd;id vOk;G+upy; mUq;fhl;rpafk; mike;Js;sJ. ,J fp.gp.1851 Mk; Mz;by; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhl;rpafk; Kjypy; ika mUq;fhl;rpafk; vd;W toq;fg;gl;lJ.

3. mUq;fhl;rpafk; mikg;G :- mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; gjpd;%d;W fhl;rpafq;fs; cs;sd. mit jiyikf; fl;llk;> Kd;

fl;llk;> ntz;fyf; fhl;rpf;$lk;> rpWth; mUq;fhl;rpafk;> Njrpa Xtpaf; fhl;rpf;$lk;> rkfhy Xtpaf; fhl;rpf;$lk; vd xt;nthU fl;llj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdpg; ngau;fs; #l;lg;gl;L MW fl;llq;fspy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Jizg;ghlg;gFjp 4. nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafk; ,ay; 3 http://kalviamuthu.blogspot.com



4. jiyikf; fl;llj;jpy; ,Ug;git. (fPo;j;;jsk;) :- jiyikf; fl;llk; ,uz;L gFjpfshf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit fPo;j;jsk;> Nky;jsk;

vd;gitahFk;. fPo;j;jsj;jpy; rpw;gq;fs;> mkuhtjp fw;rpiyfs;> jQ;rhT+u;j; jsthlq;fs;> jhkpuj;jfl;Lr; rhrdq;fs; cs;sd. NkYk; Cu;td> gwg;gd> ghY}l;bfs; Kjypa tpyq;fpdq;fs; capUld; ,Ug;gijg;Nghyg; gjg;gLj;jg;gl;Lf; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

5. jiyikf; fl;llk; Nky;jsj;jpy; ,Ug;git :- jiyikf; fl;llk; ,uz;lhk; gFjpahd Nky;jsj;jpy; mQ;ry;jiyfs;> jhtutpay;

njhlu;ghdit> gtsg;ghiwfs;> KJnfYk;gw;w capupdq;fs;> kPd;fs;> fy;ntl;bay; rpe;Jntsp ehfupfk; njhlh;ghdtw;iwf; fhzyhk;.

6. vYk;Gf;$Lfspd; mjprak; :- Mg;gpupf;f ahidapd; kpfg;ngupa vYk;Gf;$l;bd; khjpup tbtk;> cyfpNyNa kpfg;ngupa

tpyq;fhd jpkpq;fy vYk;Gf;$l;bd; khjpup tbtk; Kjypad tpag;ghd mjprakhFk;. 7. Kd;fl;blj;jpy; ,Ug;git :- ,f;fl;blj;jpy; khdpltpay; gFjp mike;Js;sJ. njhy;ypay; gFjpapy; Mjpfhy kdpjdpd;

Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp> mtd; gad;gLj;jpa fw;fUtpfs; Mfpad cs;sd. tuyhw;W kd;dh;fspd; gilf;fUtpfs;> goq;fhy ,irf;fUtpfs;> fiy> gz;ghl;il tpsf;Fk; nghUs;fs; Mfpad ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

8. ntz;fyf; fhl;rpf;$lk; :- ntz;fyf; fhl;rpf;$lj;jpy; njhy;ypay;> ehzatpay; gw;wpAk; mwpayhk;. Ntjpf;fhg;Gg;

gFjpfspy; irt> itzt> ngsj;j> rkz kjq;fSf;fhd ntz;fyr; rpw;gq;fisf; fhzyhk;. xt;nthU fhyj;jpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;j ehzaq;fs;> gjf;fq;fs; Mfpait ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

9. rpWtu; mUq;fhl;rpafk; :- rpWtu; mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; mwptpay;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhopy;El;gk;> gy;NtW tif

MilfSld; $ba nghk;ikfs; Kjyhdtw;iwg; ghh;f;fyhk;. 10. Njrpa Xtpaf; fhl;rpf;$lk; :- ,f;fhl;rpf;$lj;jpy; kpfr;rpwe;j Xtpaq;fs;> kuG Xtpaq;fs;> rpw;Nwhtpaq;fs;> jQ;rhT+h; Xtpak;

Kjyhdtw;iwAk; fhzyhk;. rkfhy Xtpaf; fhl;rpf;$lj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpa Xtpaq;fSk;> jw;fhy Xtpaq;fSk; fz;fSf;F tpUe;jspf;Fk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

11. KbTiu :- „nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafk;‟ – vd;w ,f;fijapd; thapyhf mUq;fhl;rpafk; gw;wpa midj;Jj;

jfty;fisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;Nlhk;. ,JNghd;w mUq;fhl;rpaq;fSf;Fr; nry;Nthk;. mupjhd gok;nghUs;fisf; Fwpj;J mjpfkha; mwpe;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;.

m) Gwtatpdhf;fs; 1. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. tpilfs; 1. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG -------------- vdTk; miof;fg;ngWk;. 1. nrag;gLnghUs; Ntw;Wik 2. fUtp> fUj;jh Mfpa nghUs;fspy; ------------- cUG tUk;. 2. My;> Md; 3. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikapy; tUk; „,y;‟ cUG --------------- nghUspy; tUk;. 3. VJg; 4. vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik --------------- nghUspy; tUk;. 4. tpspg; 5. thypf;Fg; giftd; Rf;uPtd; ,j;njhlupy; cs;s „F‟ cUG -------- vd;Dk; 5. gif

nghUspy; te;Js;sJ. 6. Kjy; Ntw;Wikf;F ------------------- ,y;iy. 6. cUG 2. nghUj;Jf. 1. fhl;il mopj;jhd; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;YUG - mopj;jy; 2. Gypiag; Nghd;wtd; - nghUl;L - xj;jy; 3. $ypapd; nghUl;L Ntiy - mopj;jy; - nghUl;L 4. vd;Dila tPL - xj;jy; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;YUG - vy;iy

,yf;fzg;gFjp 5. Ntw;Wik ,ay; 3




3. nghUj;Jf :- 1. Kjy; Ntw;Wik - fpisapd; fz; fhf;if - mtd; ahu;? 2. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik - fy;tpapy; ngupath; fk;gh; - kuj;jhy; nra;jJ 3. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik - kuj;jhy; nra;jJ. - fy;tpapy; ngupath; fk;gh; 4. Vohk; Ntw;Wik - mtd; ahh;? - fpisapd; fz; fhf;if - tPl;ilf; fl;bdhd;

M) FWtpdhf;fs; 1. Ntw;WikahtJ ahJ? mjd; tiffisf; $Wf. Ntw;Wik :- ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; nghUisr; nrag;gLnghUshfTk;> fUj;jhthfTk; NtWgLj;Jtij „Ntw;Wik‟

vdg;gLk;. Ntw;Wik tiffs;:- Ntw;Wik vl;L tifg;gLk;. 1. Kjy; Ntw;Wik 2. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik 3. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik 4. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik 5. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik 6. Mwhk; Ntw;Wik 7. Vohk; Ntw;Wik 8. vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik

2. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; vt;ntg;nghUspy; tUk;? 1. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG : ‘I’ 2. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUghdJ mWtifg; nghUspy; tUk;. mitahtd Mf;fy;> mopj;jy;>

miljy;> ePj;jy;> xj;jy;> cilik vd;w nghUspy; tUk;.

3. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit? %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; :- %d;whk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa cUGfs; “My;> Md;> xL> XL” vd;gdthFk;.

4. fUj;jh vj;jid tifg;gLk;? rhd;W jUf. fUj;jh tiffs; : fUj;jh ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. m. ,aw;Wjy; fUj;jh M. VTjy; fUj;jh

m) ,aw;Wjy; fUj;jh rhd;W : jr;ruhy; ehw;fhyp nra;ag;gl;lJ. tpsf;fk; : jr;rh; jhNk Kad;W fUtpfisf; nfhz;L> „ehw;fhyp nra;jhh;‟. – vdNt jr;rh;

,aw;Wjy; fUj;jh Mthh;. M) VTjy; fUj;jh rhd;W : Nfhtpy; murdhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. tpsf;fk; : Nfhtpiy murd; fl;ltpy;iy. cupa gzpahsu;fis Vtp „Nfhtpiyf; fl;bdhh;‟.

vdNt murd; „VTjw; fUj;jh‟ Mthh;.

5. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG ahJ? mJ vt;ntg;nghUspy; tUk;? 1. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG : F> Mf 2. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUghdJ nfhil> gif> el;G> jfT> mJthjy;> nghUl;L> Kiw> vy;iy vdg;

gy nghUspy; tUk;. „F‟ Tf;Fg; gjpyhfg; „nghUl;L> epkpj;jk;‟ vd;gd nrhy;YUGfshf tUk;.

6. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikapy; xUikf;F tUk; cUGfs; ahit? rhd;W jUf. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikapy; xUikf;F tUk; cUGfs; : mJ> MJ rhd;W : mJ – vdJ Gj;jfk;> MJ – vdhJ tPL

1. kuGj;njhlu;fis mikj;J vOJjy;.

1. fz;zDf;F Ntiy fpilf;ftpy;iy> czTf;Nf jhsk; NghLfpwhd;. jhsk; NghLjy; - kuGj;njhluhFk;. ,jd; nghUshtJ> Jd;gg;gLjy;. 2. KUfDf;F fapW jpupg;gNj Ntiyahfptpl;lJ. (,y;yhjijr; nrhy;Yjy;) 3. ghNte;ju; ghujpjhrd; jkpopyf;fpa thdpy; nfhbfl;bg; gwe;jhu;. ( jdpg;GfNohL tho;e;jhu;) 4. jhd; gzj;ijj; jpUltpy;iynad;W fz;zd; Kjiyf;fz;zPu; tbj;jhd;. (ngha;ahf mOjy;>Vkhw;Wjy;) 5. nra;jp njupAkh? NtyDf;F Miz te;Jtpl;lJ. (Ntiy fpilj;Jtpl;lJ)

nkhopj;jpwd;;;gFjp kuGj;njhlh;fs; ,ay; 3




2. fPo;f;fhZk; kuGj;njhlh;fis chpa ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jp vOJf.

(Gj;jfg;G+r;rp> thioabthioahf> kiyNawptpl;lJ> ngUQ;nrythzp> rPl;Lf;fpope;Jtpl;lJ)

m) mtd; FLk;gk; ……………. CUf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wp tUfpwJ. thioabthioahf M) mYtyfj;jpy; Ntiy Neuj;jpy; J}q;fpajhy; fe;jDf;F ………….. rPl;Lf;fpope;Jtpl;lJ ,) fjputDf;F cyfpy; elg;gJ vJTk; njupahJ. mtd; xU …………. Gj;jfg;G+r;rp <) rpWtajpNyNa ngz;fSf;Fj; jpUkzk; nra;tJ …………. kiyNawptpl;lJ c) KUfd; ifapypUe;j nghUis ,oe;Jtpl;lhd;. mtd; ………….. ngUQ;nrythzp

3. jkpnoz;fSf;F muG vz;fisg; nghUj;Jf. 1. c+ r = 14 2. m +c = 19 3.U +$ = 12 4. f0 +c = 10 5. fm +f = 6 4. tpsk;guq;fs; / mwptpg;Gfs; ghh;j;Jg; nghUSzh;e;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.

1. ,e;j tpsk;guk; vjidg;gw;wpaJ? Ntiytha;g;G 2. Ntiy tha;g;G toq;Fk; epWtdk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ? 67> mk;ikag;gd; njU> nrd;id 600 002 3. tpz;zg;gpg;Nghh; ngw;wpUf;fNtz;ba fy;tpj;jFjpfs; ahit?

KJfiy epUthftpay;> jkpo; kw;Wk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; Gyik 4. Neh;fhzy; vg;NghJ? 15-09-2015 fhiy 10 kzp 5. tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; gzpapd; ngah; vd;d? tuNtw;ghsh;

5. fl;Liu gapw;rp : vq;Fk; fzpdp vjpYk; fzpdp

1. Kd;Diu 2. fzpdpapd; Njhw;wk; 3. tsHr;rp 4. fzpdpapd; tiffs; 5. ,izak; 6. ,izajs trjp 7. fzpdptopf;fy;tp 8. gad;gLk; Jiwfs; 9. cyfk; cs;sq;ifapy; 10. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,izaw;w fz;Lgpbg;GfSs; Kjd;ikahdJ fzpdp. mwptpay; jhapd; mw;Gjf; Foe;ijahf tpsq;FtJ fzpdp. md;whl tho;tpd; midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; ePf;fkw epiwe;Js;sJ fzpdp. fzpdp gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhzyhk;.

2. fzpdpapd; Njhw;wk;:

mghf]; vdg;gLk; kzpr;rl;lf; fzf;fpLk; fUtpNa fzpdpapd; Kd;Ndhbahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. fp.gp.1883,y; rhHy]; ghg;Ng[; vd;Dk; Mq;fpNyaH Kjd;Kjypy; fzpdpia tbtikj;jhH. mtNu ‘fzpdpapd; je;ij’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhH.

3. fzpdpapd; tsHr;rp epiyfs;

Kjd;Kjypy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fzpdp xU ngupa miwapd; msTf;F ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dH gy jiyKiwfisf; fle;J ,d;W ifalf;f mstpy; fzpdpfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. Kjy; jiyKiwf;fzpdpapy; ntw;wplf;Foha;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,uz;lhk; jiy Kiwf; fzpdpfspy; buhd;rp];lHfSk; %d;whk; jiyKiwf;fzpdpfspy; xUq;fpize;j kpd;Rw;WfSk; gad;gl;ld. jw;Nghija ehd;fhk; jiyKiwf;fzpdpfspy; ikf;Nuh gpuhrrH vdg;gLk; Ez;nraypfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.




4. fzpdpapd; tiffs;.

fzpdpfs; mtw;wpd; tbtj;ijAk; msitAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nkirf;fzpdp> kbf;fzpdp> ifalf;ff;fzpdp vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. tpz;ntsp Ma;T> nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; VTjy; Nghd;w nray;ghLfspy; kPj;jpwf;fzpdpfspd; nray;jpwd;fs; ek;ik tpag;gpy; Mo;j;Jfpd;wd.

5. ,izak; :

cyfpy; cs;s midj;Jf; fzpdpfisAk; nraw;iff; Nfhs;fspd; njhlHghy; ,izg;gNj ,izak; MFk;. cyfpd; ve;j %iyapy; cs;stUk; nra;jpfs; jkf;Fs; jfty; njhlHgpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s cjTtJ ,izak; MFk;. ,iza Kftupfs; www. vd;Dk; Mq;fpy vOj;Jfspy; njhlq;Ffpd;wd. itaf tpupT tiy vd;gjd; RUf;fNk ,t;thW Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

6. ,izaj;jsk;: ,izajsj;jpd; cjtpahy; gazr;rPl;L Kd;gjpT> tHj;jfk;> jfty; njhlHG> tq;fpr;Nritfs;> Nghd;wit vspjhfTk; tpiuthfTk; eilngWfpd;wd.

7. fzpdptopf;fy;tp

,izatopf;fy;tp> ,izatopj;NjHTfs; eilngWfpd;wd. fzpdptopf;fy;tpapd; mtrpaj;ij czHe;j jkpof muR Nky;epiy kw;Wk; fy;Y}up khztHfSf;F tpiyapy;yh kbf;fzpdp toq;fp tUtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. 8. gad;gLk; Jiwfs; :

midj;J muRj;JiwfSk; ,d;W fzpdp kakhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tq;fpfs;> jfty;njhlHGj;Jiw> gazr;rPl;L Kd;gjpT> kUj;Jtj;Jiw> tbtikg;Gj;Jiw> njhopy;Jiwfs;> tpz;ntspj;Jiw> thdpay;Ma;T> nraw;iff;Nfhs; xspgug;G Nghd;w Jiwfspy; fzpdpapd; gq;F msg;gupaJ. 9. cyfk; cs;sq;ifapy; :

jfty;njhlHgpd; tsHr;rp> ,izajs trjpfs;> kpd;dQ;ry; Mfpatw;why; fhyKk; J}uKk; ntFtha;f; Fiwe;J tpl;ld. fz; ,ikf;Fk; nghOjpdpy; fz;lq;fisf; fle;J Ngryhk;@ cs;sq;iffspy; cs;s miyNgrpfspYk; ifalf;ff; fzpdpfspYk; cyf elg;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. cyfk; ,d;W cs;sq;iffSf;Fs; RUq;fptpl;lJ. 10. KbTiu :

‘vq;Fk; fzpdp vjpYk; fzpdp;’ vd;W ehk; thOk; ,f;fhyk; fzpdp Afk; MFk;. ,dptUk; fhyq;fspy; fzpdpawptw;NwhH fz;zw;NwhuhfNt fUjg;gLtH. fhyj;ij nty;Yk; fzpdpf; fy;tpia midtUk; fw;Nghk;. fhyj;ij nty;Nthk;. 6. tho;f;if Fwpg;Gfis nfhz;L ciug;gFjpahf vOJf.

ghujpjhrd; ghujpjhrd; GJr;Nrhpapy; 1891Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; 29Mk; ehs; gpwe;jhh.; mthpd; ngw;Nwhh;

fdfrig> ,yf;Fkp Mth;. ghujpjhrDf;Fg; ngw;Nwhh; ,l;lg; ngah; Rg;Guj;jpdk; MFk;.

,th; ghujpahuplk; nfhz;l neUq;fpa njhlh;gpdhy; ghujpjhrd; vdj; jk; ngaiu khw;wpf;nfhz;lhh;. gpd;dh; nghpahhpd; rpe;jidahy; <h;f;fg;gl;l mth; nghpahhpd; gFj;jwpTNfhl;ghLfis gpd;gw;wpajy;yhky; ftpij tbtpYk; je;jhh;.

,thpd; Gul;rpfukhd ftpijfshy; Gul;rpftp> ghNte;jh; vdg; gyngah;fshy; ghuhl;lg;ngw;whh;. ghujpjhrd; ,Uz;ltPL> ghz;bad; ghpR> FLk;gtpsf;F> mofpd; rphpg;G> fz;zfp Gul;rpf;fhg;gpak;> jkpopaf;fk; Nghd;w gy E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhh;. ,th; 1964 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; 21Mk; ehs; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.




7. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ciug;gFjpiag; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.

glj;jpy; ePq;fs; fhZk; gwit kufjg;GwhthFk;. jkpo;ehl;bd; Njrpag; gwitahf mJ tpsq;FfpwJ. ,g;gwit kiof;fhLfspYk;> mlh;e;j <ukhd ,lq;fspYk; tho;fpd;wJ. ,g;gwitapd; ,wf;iffs; kufjg;gr;ir epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

kufjg;Gwh> gwg;gjidtpl epyj;jpy; elg;gjidNa kpfTk; tpUk;GfpwJ. ,g;gwit tpijfs;> goq;fs;> gy;NtW tifahd jhtuq;fis tpUk;gp cz;Zk;. ,g;gwit kuq;fspy; $Lfl;b> Kl;ilapLfpwJ. ,g;gwitapd; Kl;il kQ;rs; fye;j ntz;zpwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. ,g;gwit vspjhfg; goff;$ba tifapy; cs;sJ.

tpdhf;fs;: 1. jkpo;ehl;bd; Njrpag; gwit vJ? kufjg;Gwh 2. kufjg;Gwh vq;F tho;fpwJ? kiof;fhLfspYk; mlu;e;j <ukhd ,lq;fspYk; tho;fpwJ 3. kufjg;Gwh vjid tpUk;gp cz;fpwJ? tpijfs;> goq;fs;> gy;NtWtifahd jhtuq;fs;. 4. kufjg;Gwh Kl;ilapd; epwk; ahJ? kQ;rs; fye;j ntz;zpwk; 5. kufjg;Gwh> gwg;gjidtpl …………… tpUk;GfpwJ. tpil : elg;gijNa

8. fhl;Laphpfs; ghlj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghlg;nghUSf;Nfw;g vspa czTr;rq;fpyp xd;wid tiuf.

fw;wyilT rpWkjpg;gPL m. nghUs; jUf. 5x1=5

1. Nrhiy - ------------------ G+q;fh 2. tdk; - ------------------ fhL 3. jpwy; - ------------------ typik 4. kwtu; - ------------------ tPuh; 5. J}yk; - ------------------ cj;jpuk;> tpl;lk;

M. tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f. 5x1=5

1. mUtpePu; khrilaf; fhuzk; vd;d? kf;fs; nraw;if Ntjpg;nghUs;fisf; (Nrhg;G> \hk;G) Fspf;fg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; mUtpePu;

khrilaf; fhuzkhfpwJ. 2. ,e;jpahtpy; vj;jid klq;F fhLfs; cs;sd? ,e;jpahtpy; vl;by; xU klq;F fhLfs; cs;sd 3. jhtuq;fs; ekf;F vt;thW cjTfpd;wd? kz; mupg;igj; jLj;jy;> rpw;whWfs; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhf ,Uj;jy;> njhopy; tsu;r;rpf;F cjTjy;>

kUe;Jg; nghUs;fs;> %ypiffs; jUjy; Nghd;w vz;zw;w ed;ikfs; ekf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd. 4. fhl;Ltpyq;Ffspdhy; ekf;F tpisAk; ed;ikfs; ahit? je;jk;> Njhy; Kjypa gy;tifg; nghUs;fs; fhl;Ltpyq;Ffspdhy; ekf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd. 5. jhtuq;fs; ghJfhf;Fk; topKiwfSs; ,uz;lidf; $Wf. 1. kuq;fs; ntl;Ltijj; jtpu;j;jy;. 2. epyj;jpy; gapu;fisr; rhFgb nra;jy;. 3. Nka;r;ry; epyk;> jupRepyj;jpy; fhy;eilfs; Nka;j;jy;. 4. Njhl;lf;fiy nra;jy;




njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL ,uz;lhk; gUtj;Njh;T

8-k; tFg;G kjpg;ngz;fs; - 60 I. nghUs; jUf. 2x1=2

1. tha;ik - ……………….. 2. kwth; - ………………. II. gphpj;J vOJf. 2x1=2

3. Nfhykpl;L - ……………….. 4. Njrpag;ghly; - ……………….. III. Nrh;j;J vOJf. 2x1=2

5. vl;L+ njhif - ……………….. 6. mwk; + Nghuhl;lk; - ……………….. IV. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 5x1=5

7. Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;J MAjk; Ve;jpg; Nghuhba Kjy; ngz;kzp ………. 8. jpUke;jpuj;jpd; Gfo;kpf;fj; njhlh; …….. 9. fk;giu Mjhpj;j ts;sy; ……. 10. tPukhKdpth; ……..ehl;ilr; rhh;e;jth;. 11. cyfpNyNa mjpf kiongWk; ,lk; ………..

V. chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;J vOJf. 3x1=3

12. fay;tpop vd;gJ ……. m) Ntw;Wikj; njhif M) ctikj;njhif ,) gz;Gj;njhif 13. rpj;jpiu te;jhs; vd;gJ ……..

m) rpidahF ngah; M) fhythF ngah; ,) njhopyhFngah; 14. fpoikg;nghUspy; tUtJ ……

m) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik M) Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik ,) Mwhk; Ntw;Wik

VI. nghUj;Jf. 5x1=5 15. kyh;f;fuk; - fz;zh th 16. tpidj;njhif - kuG tO 17. rpq;fk; fidj;jJ - jhkiu 18. tpspj;njhlh; - kuj;jhy; nra;jJ 19. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik - nra;njhopy; VII. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilasp. 5x1=5 20. taypy; Ml;Lf;fd;W Nka;fpwJ. tO ePf;fp vOJf. 21. nghUj;jkhd MFngah;r; nrhw;fis epug;Gf.

m) cile;j Vhpiag; ghh;f;f ……..jpuz;L te;jJ. (kf;fs; / CNu) M) ijg;nghq;fYf;F ……… mbg;gh;. (Rz;zhk;G> nts;is)

22. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis ,ul;ilf;fpstpahy; epug;Gf. m) kuf;fpis ….. vd Kwpe;jJ. M) jq;fk;……….vd kpd;DfpwJ.




23. nghUe;jhj nrhy;iy vLj;J vOJ.

nghhpay;> mtpay;> rpj;jpiu> Rz;ly; 24. jkpo; vz;fisf; $l;Lf.

U + v – …………

VII. vitNaDk; ehd;F tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp. 4x2=8 25. Njid cz;l tz;L vt;thW Njhw;wkspj;jJ? 26. njd;dhl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp vd miof;fg;gLgth; ahh;? Vd;? 27. caph; mopaf; fhuzk; vd;d? 28. nehz;b ehlfk; -Fwpg;G vOJf. 29. ghujpjhrd; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit? 30. vopYf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l fl;Liug;Nghl;bapd; jiyg;G ahJ? IX. vitNaDk; ,uz;L tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp. 2x4=8 31. fhe;jpabfspd; gz;G eyd;fisg; ghujj;jha; ghly;top tpsf;Ff. 32. mwpT tsu jpU%yh; $Wk; top ahJ? 33. tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ehlfq;fs; ahit? 34. fhLfshy; tpisAk; ed;ikfs; ahit? X. mbgpwohky; vOJf. 3+3=6

35. „clk;ghh;‟ vdj;njhlq;Fk; jpUke;jpug;ghly;. 36. „J}yk; Nghy;‟ vdj;njhlq;Fk; tpOJk; NtUk; ghly;. XI. vitNaDk; ,uz;L tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp. 2x2=4 37. mLf;Fj;njhlh; vd;why; vd;d? 38. njhifepiyj;njhlh; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? 39. rpidahF ngaiur; rhd;Wld; tpsf;F. 40. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit? XII. VNjDk; xd;wDf;F kl;Lk; tpilasp. 1x6=6 41. kuj;jpd; Ntz;LNfhs; fijiar; RUf;fp vOJ. 42. fhfpjk; jd; tuyhW $Wjy; 43. vq;Fk; fzpdp vjpYk; fzpdp XIII. ciug;gj;jpiag; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp. 4x1=4

jkpo;ehl;bd; Njrpag;gwit kufjg; Gwh. ,it kiof;fhLfspYk; mlh;e;j <ukhd ,lq;fspYk; tho;fpd;wd. kufjg;Gwh gwg;gijtpl elg;gijNa tpUk;GfpwJ. mg;gwit tpijfs;> goq;fs;> gy;NtW jhtuq;fis tpUk;gp cz;Zk;. ,g;gwitapd; Kl;il kQ;rs; fye;j ntz;ik epwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. tpdhf;fs;:

1. jkpo;ehl;bd; Njrpag;gwit vJ?

2. kufjg;Gwh vq;F tho;fpwJ?

3. kufjg;Gwh vjid czh;j;JfpwJ?

4. kufjg;Gwh Kl;ilapd; epwk; ahJ?


,uuzz ;l;l hhkk; ; gguuttkk;; · 2018-10-08 · 8- jkpo; ,uz;lhk; gutk; ntw;wpf;f . top...

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