uv-c leds at the time of covid-19 - piséo - sample

UV-C LEDSat the time of COVID-192020 Application and Technical Report

Table of contento General introduction P 6

o Objective of the report P 7

o About Piséo P 8

o Authors of the report P 9

o Glossary P 10

o Limitations P 12

o Companies cited in this report P 13

o Executive summary P 15

o UV radiation P 47

• UV spectrum

• Propagation and biological effects of UV radiation

• Main applications and niche markets

o Main applications of UV-C radiation P 51

• Disinfection / purification of water

• Application segmentation

• Examples of potential new applications using UV-C LEDs

• Disinfection / purification of air



• Disinfection of surfaces and objects



• Applications requiring increased precautions

• Analytical instruments

• Applications

• Spectrofluorimetry: principle

• Application: protein analysis Application: D.N.A. analysis

• UV-visible spectroscopy: principle

• UV-visible spectroscopy: water purity

• Chromatography: principle

• Chromatography: liquid chromatography

• Chromatography: gas chromatography

• Other application of UV-C radiation

o Disinfection by UV-C radiation P 71

• UV-C radiation disinfection mechanism

• D.N.A. and R.N.A. deterioration

• Nucleotides: the building block of D.N.A. and R.N.A.

• Fundamental quantities

• Base pair

• Irradiance

• Dose

• Inactivation constant

• Log reduction

• S.A.L. (Sterility Assurance Level)

• Dose calculation

• Dose: influence of the nature of the micro-organism

• Dose: influence of the contamination level

• Dose: influence of the wavelength

• Dose: influence of the environment

• Dose: what standards?

• Dose: UV transmittance of water

• Dose: SARS-CoV-2

©PISEO 2020 | www.piseo.fr | Rapport LED UV-C 2

Table of content• Wavelengths v. germicidal effect

• Wavelengths v. germicidal effect : SARS-CoV-2

• Benefits of disinfection by UV-C radiation

• Environmental impact and harmfulness

• Sustainability in the face of the evolution of microorganisms

• Completeness and smell

• Risks of disinfection by UV-C radiation

• Precautions to be taken for people and materials

• Target exposure and shading phenomenon

• Impact of the durability of UV-C sources

o UV-C light sources P 102

• Different UV-C source technologies

• The 3 main types of UV-C lamps

• Low pressure mercury vapor lamps

• Principle of low pressure mercury vapor lamp

• Low pressure mercury vapor lamp systems

• "Cold cathode" low pressure mercury vapor lamp

• The excimer lamp and the 222 nm wavelength

• Ozone and the 185 nm wavelength

o LED UV-C v. mercury vapor lamp P 116

• Benefits of LED UV-C v. mercury vapor lamp

• Environmental impact

• Ignition time

• Ignition / extinction cycles

• Lifetime

• Thermal behavior

• Integration flexibility

• Other benefits

• Weaknesses of LED UV-C v. mercury vapor lamp

• Fairly low UV-C radiation power

• High price, low efficacy and high energy to dissipate

• LED UV-C : perspectives

o LED UV-C technology P 129

• Superposition of 2 semi-conductors

• Photon emission

• Semi-conductor

• Substrate

• Manufacturing process

o Portfolio analysis of UV-C LED manufacturers P 135

• LED UV-C manufacturers

• Bolb : LED-UV portfolio

• Crystal IS : LED-UV portfolio

• Everlight : LED-UV portfolio

• Lite-On : LED-UV portfolio

• Luminus : LED-UV portfolio

• Nichia : LED-UV portfolio

• QD Jason : LED-UV portfolio

• RayVio: LED-UV portfolio

• San’an Optoelectronics : LED-UV portfolio

• Seoulviosys : LED-UV portfolio

• Stanley : LED-UV portfolio

• Violumas: LED-UV portfolio

• Violumas: thermal management

• The wavelength, different strategies

• A minimum of references

• Different types of packages


Table of content • Current optical powers

• Performance by type of package

• Current efficacy

• Performance by wavelength

• Focus on 265 nm wavelength

• Performance outlook

• Increasingly powerful UV-C LEDs

• A significant increase in yield that continues

• Price outlook

• A downward trend that seems to be accelerating

o Design of UV-C LED systems for disinfection P 159

• Design of UV-C LED systems

• Use and need: dose needed

• Use and need: exposure time

• Wavelength

• Step #1: calculation of the minimum optical emission power

• Step #2: choice of LED

• Step # 3: setting the density of LEDs and the power per LED

• Optical system

• Electronic power supply

• Design example

• Optical integration of UV-C LED: sensitivity of materials

• Behavior of materials exposed to UV-C radiation

• Degradation of plastics

• Blocking UV-C radiation

• Reflectivity to UV-C radiation

• Materials for optical systems

• Example of material for lenses and collimators: quartz glass

• Thermal integration of UV-C LED

• System performance impacted by current low efficacy

• Cooling systems

• Simulation and measurements

• Mechanical integration of UV-C LED

• UV-C LED welding

• Risk of solder joint breakage

• Electrical / electronic integration of UV-C LED

• Current control v. voltage control

• Direct current or pulse width modulation (PWM) control

• Series-parallel mounting

• E.S.D. (ElectroStatic Discharge)

• Photobiological risk

• Characterization of the spectrum and system efficiency

• Calculation of the germicidal efficiency

o Implementation of systems based on UV-C LEDs P 199

• Disinfection / purification of water by a UV-C LED system

• The reactor

• UV-C LED brings flexibility to reactor design

• Reactor: thermal behavior of UV-C LEDs

• Reactor: UV-C LED emission profile and power

• Reactor: parameters influencing the required optical power

• Reactor: homogenization of exposure to UV-C radiation

• Air disinfection / purification by a UV-C LED system

• System: the reactor

• UV-C and filter combination


Table of contento Overview of marketed products P 207

• Surface disinfection

• Stethoscope Disinfector (Stet Clean)

• Portable lamp (Surenhap)

• Object disinfection device ("Violeds", SeoulViosys)

• Space disinfection

• Philips brand interior disinfection device

• Lighting and disinfection luminaire ("Optimo UV-C Lediz", Dietal)

o UV-C LED market P 218

• Examples of UV-C LEDs based products

• History

• Market trend and main applications

• Current price of UV-C LED and trend

• UV-C market and breakdown by application

• Market players

• Acquisition strategies for market players

• Position of the main LED manufacturers

• Expected LED manufacturers

• Players withdraw or do not enter UV-C LED market

• Water disinfection / purification applications

• Air and surface disinfection applications

o Regulation and standardization P 236

• Overview

• European legislation

• Norms

• Maximum permissible UV-C exposure for 254 nm radiation

• Scientific publications

• Dose

• Risk analysis: effectiveness of disinfection

• Risk analysis: photobiological risk

• ICL position statement on UV-C radiation

• Belgium bans the use of UV-C lamps

• Initiatives

o Conclusions P 251

o References P 253

o Piséo P 257

• About

• Our markets

• Our services

• Our technical means

• What characterizes us

• Contact


General introduction

Photonic components develop at fast pace and as such enable innovations at system level. Application fieldsare huge, and photonics is nowadays used in every business sector : general lighting, automotive andtransportation lighting, manufacturing and process control, space, defense and security, healthcare and well-being, consumer and professional electronics, communication infrastructure, watchmaking and much more.

However, being able to take benefit of new component offers and keeping track with performances increaserequires a deep understanding of application requirements and technology characteristics, and very goodsystem design capabilities as well.

Application and technical reports from Piséo aim at providing readers with unique insights from the integratorand system designer perspective. Thanks to their comprehensive content, such reports are fuel for thoughtfor making appropriate technical and business strategic decisions.

In this difficult time of Covid-19, we thought it was necessary and urgent to provide deep insights on howUV-C LED’s could contribute to slow down the epidemic spread.


Objectives of the report

In the current context of health crisis due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the need to prevent contagion throughdisinfection has become a major issue. Like other coronaviruses, this new virus can be destroyed by UV-Cradiation. Also, with the emergence of UV-C LEDs, the question of the relevance of using this technology tostop the current epidemic arises. This report provides answers to this question by comprehensivelyaddressing the following points.

• Applications of artificial UV-C radiation.

• Principles of disinfection by UV-C radiation.

• State of the art of UV-C LED technology and the outlook for performance changes, compared totraditional UV-C sources.

• Identification and analysis of the offer of UV-C LED manufacturers.

• Principles for integrating UV-C LEDs and designing systems for disinfection, in relation to the requireddoses.

• Doses achievable today and tomorrow by disinfection systems using UV-C LEDs, in conjunction withSARS-CoV-2.

• Presentation of devices currently marketed for different applications.

• UV-C LEDs market and their trends.

• Regulation and standardization in Europe.


About PISEO

The company which already exists for 9 years specializes in the design, realization and characterization ofillumination, detection and imaging systems that integrate advanced photonic technologies such as LED’s,VCSELs, laser diodes, photodiodes, imaging sensors, material for optics...

Piséo offers application and technical analysis, optical and system design, prototyping and characterizationservices for devices using UV, VIS and IR radiations.

Piséo runs analyses in partnership with System Plus Consulting and Yole Développement which is one of thecompany’s main shareholders.


Examples of realized projects and services:

Authors of the report

Matthieu VERSTRAETE – Innovation Leader and Electronics & Software Architect - Piséo

Matthieu Verstraete has more than 20 years of experience acquired mainly within the Philips group. In the early years,this experience led him to participate in the Netherlands in the development of set-top boxes for digital television andoptical DVD playback and burning systems. He was also responsible for the technical specification of the Philips group'sportfolio of drivers for LED lighting devices worldwide. Prior to joining Piséo, he was Global System Architect for LEDoutdoor lighting solutions from Signify (ex Philips Lighting). Within Piséo, he directs and participates in studies ofinnovative photonic systems for all fields of application. His role as a system architect leads him to analyze applicationsand propose technical solutions that integrate the most recent photonic and electronic components and software bricks.

Joel THOME- General Manager - Piséo

Joël Thomé has more than 25 years of industrial experience in the field of innovation. For many years, he heldinternational positions in R&D and business line management within the lighting division of the Philips group. He notablyparticipated in the transformation of the company’s product portfolio through the integration of LED technology andlighting control functions. Joël Thomé has been managing and developing Piséo since 2013 and regularly conductsmarket and state-of-the-art technological studies in collaboration with the company Yole Développement.


Introduction

• For more than 40 years UV-C light has been used for the disinfection ofwater, air and surface against pathologies dangerous to humans(microorganisms: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, etc.).

• So far it is mainly low-pressure mercury vapor lamps that have beenused in UV-based disinfection systems.

• With the technological advances of LEDs in recent years and theprospects, as well as regulations limiting the use of mercury in lamps(Minamata convention), UV-C LEDs are becoming a potentiallyinteresting source for disinfection systems based on UV.

UV-C LED is a recent player in the field of UV disinfection.


Under the same UV-C exposure conditions, and toachieve an identical level of disinfection, eachmicroorganism requires a different dose.

Thus, there is no single dose value, dose indicationsare provided in the form of tables covering differentmicro-organisms.

To interpret these tables, it is essential to know theexposure conditions which made it possible toobtain these values.

Note: the values given in the tables are the result oflaboratory experiments, for the same micro-organism there can therefore be different valuesdepending on the protocol and the conditions usedby the laboratory which carried out the experiment.

source: extract of ILC 155:2003

Each micro-organism requires a different dose.

Fundamental quantitiesDose: influence of the nature of the micro-organism


Until now the doses needed to inactive SARS-CoV-2 were estimated using thesimilarity of SARS-CoV-2 with other Coronaviruses known for several years,and for which the doses had been determined by microbiological laboratories.

2 recent studies carried out by laboratories now allow to rely on the results ofexperiments on SARS-CoV-2.

Dose values are starting to be available for SARS-CoV-2.


Fundamental quantitiesDose: SARS-CoV-2 (1/3)

The table opposite shows the results of the 2 studiesrecently carried out on SARS-Cov-2 as well as theresults of experiments carried out previously on otherCoronaviruses.

Source: Kowalski [2020 COVID-19 CoronavirusUltraviolet Susceptibility]

The dose, or energy density, is the temporal integral of the irradiance :

D = E * T

D: dose, expressed in Joules / m²

E: irradiance (in Watts / m²)

T: exposure time (in seconds)

If the irradiance is constant over the exposure time, the UV dose is defined asthe product of the irradiance and the exposure time.

In the field of disinfection, the UV dose is used to define the UV energy densityto which a microorganism must be exposed in order for it to become inactive.

The dose, a key input for the design of a system based on UV-C radiation.


Fundamental quantitiesDose

Recently, the 222 nm wavelength has been mentionedas a germicidal wavelength which would have theadvantage of not being dangerous for humans (thelower the wavelength, the less it penetrates deeply intofabrics).

Proteins absorb and are damaged by 205-230nmwavelengths radiation (wavelength 265nm is absorbedby the nucleic acids of D.N.A. and R.N.A.).

Ushio and Sterilway are American companies thatdevelop excimer lamps and systems based on excimerlamps emitting at the wavelength 222 nm. UV-C lampplayers, such as Signify and Acuity, are exploring thepossibility of entering this market.

The 222 nm wavelength could be harmless to humans.

14

UV-C sourcesThe excimer lamp and the wavelength 222 nm

©PISEO 2020 | www.piseo.fr | Rapport LED UV-C

This graph represents the optical powers by type of package of current UV-C LEDs. The data wascalculated by taking for each LED the typical optical power at the operating point correspondingto 80% of the maximum current that the LED can accept.

Source: data provided by LED manufacturers.

Current optical powersPerformance by package type


The low optical powerprovided by current UV-CLEDs is a barrier to theadoption of the technologyby the market.

However, this technology isnot yet mature.

Manufacturers continue toregularly increase thepower of their UV-C LEDs,notably by improvingefficacy.

Remove the roadblocks to market adoption of technology by increasing power and efficacy.


Performance outlookMore and more powerful UV-C LEDs

UV-C LED manufacturer's roadmaps in optical power.

Source: data provided by UV-C LED manufacturers.

3535 5050 6x6x 7272

Optical design:

Dose : 46 * mJ/cm²

Wavelength : 265 nm

Minimum irradiance on the target : 0.383 mW/cm²

Uniformity parameter (min / medium) : 75%

Average irradiance on the target : 0.51 mW/cm²

Optical power on the target : 306 mW

Optical efficiency (target / source) : 42%

Total optical power emitted by the sources : 729 mW

* This value is based on the results of the study by Inagaki (Japan) published in July 2020: [Rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with Deep-UV LED irradiation]). From these results, Piséo estimated the dose by taking into account the environment to be treated (surface) and the level of disinfection to be achieved.The dose used here is only an example. It does not engage the responsibility of Piséo.


Designing UV-C LED systemsDesign example Disinfection cabinet for medical equipment

Simulation carried out by Piséo with LightTools 9.0 software

Some materials block the transmission of UV-Cradiation.

This effect can be useful, for example for theprotection of the user against UV-C radiation, oron the contrary it can be a constraint, for examplefor the choice of materials of optical systems.

Traditional glasses and silicones do not passradiation with wavelengths shorter than 275 nm.

Depending on the type of glass and silicone thiscan vary, it is therefore necessary to check thetransmission spectrum when using this type ofmaterial.

Materials with low transmission and reflectivityrates convert energy into heat.

Transmission spectrum of several types of glasses developed for use in UV region.

Source: Kopp Glass

Traditional glasses and silicones block UV-C radiation.

Optical integration of UV-C LED: sensitivity of materialsBlocking UV-C radiation


Appropriate system design shall deliver predictableperformances against application requirements.

However, only accurate spectral distribution andirradiance measurement can lead to a reliablegermicidal efficiency calculation. Indeed, suchcalculation should only be performed based on reliabledata.

Test performed in an appropriate way with calibratedtest equipment such as spectroradiometers and opticalpowermeters will provide precise spectral distributionand irradiance, required to calculate germicidalefficiency.

Accurate system

performance

characterization is

key to demonstrate

germicidal

efficiency.


Characterization of the spectrum and system efficiency

Spectral distribution of a UV-C LED-based module embedded in an

disinfection systemTest performed in PISEO’s lab

A total market of around 17 M units A total market of around $ 306M

In 2019, the UV-C market was about 17M units and $ 306M.

Source: Yole Développement


UV-C LED MarketUV-C Market and Breakdown by Application

NormsDirectives(of the European Parliament and of the

Council)

Scientific publications

In order to protect individuals the Council of the European Union and the Parliament have adopteddirectives which UV-C products and their use must comply with. These directives refer to standardsallowing compliance with this regulation. Finally, the scientific community has written publicationsallowing the specification of UV-C systems in line with their application.


Regulation and standardizationDiagram

: standard explicitly notified in the directive: standard not notified in the directive but used by laboratories to verify compliance

Related report


UV LEDs – Market and Technology Trends 2020

Yole Développement

https://www.i-micronews.com/products/uv-leds-market-and-technology-trends-2020/

https://www.i-micronews.com/products/uv-leds-market-and-technology-trends-2020/

Contacts


Western US & Canada

Steve Laferriere - [email protected]

+ 1 310 600 8267

Eastern US & Canada

Chris Youman - [email protected]

+1 919 607 9839

Europe and RoW

Lizzie Levenez - [email protected]

+49 15 123 544 182

Benelux, UK & Spain

Marine Wybranietz - [email protected]

+49 69 96 21 76 78

India and RoA

Takashi Onozawa - [email protected]

+81 80 4371 4887

Greater China

Mavis Wang - [email protected]

+886 979 336 809 +86 136 6156 6824

Korea

Peter Ok - [email protected]

+82 10 4089 0233

Japan

Miho Ohtake - [email protected]

+81 34 4059 204

Japan and Singapore

Itsuyo Oshiba - [email protected]

+81 80 3577 3042

Japan

Toru Hosaka – [email protected]

+81 90 1775 3866

REPORTS, MONITORS & TRACKS

GENERAL

› Joël Thomé, General Manager

[email protected] - +33 (0) 6 68 62 49 06

› Marie-Eve Fraisse, Sales

[email protected] - +33 (0) 4 26 83 02 25

› General inquiries: [email protected] - +33 4 72 83 01 80

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uv-c leds at the time of covid-19 - piséo - sample

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