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Valentina LAZAROVASUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT
Member of French ISO Mirror Committee, Member of International Water Academy and
International Desalination Academy
June 25th, 2015
ISO STANDARDS ON WATER REUSE FOR IRRIGATION
Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 2
A standard is a reference document approved by a recognized standardization institute (international, e.g. ISO, CEN or national, e.g. AFNOR, DIN…)It defines the characteristics and rules applicable to voluntary activitiesIt is developed by consensus of all stakeholders in a market or industry sector
A standard allows to define a common language between economic parties (producers, users and consumers) to clarify and unify practices, and to define the level of quality, safety, compatibility and acceptable environmental impact of products, services and practices
It facilitates trade, both domestic and international and contributes to harmonizing the market and unifying business practices
Standard: voluntaryRegulation (law, decree, directive): mandatory application
Standardization: what are we talking about?
Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 3
National delegations
AFNORFrance
DINGermany
ANSIUnites States
BSIUnited Kindom
ISOInternational level
CEN European level
… (Other National Standardization
Institutes)
Standardization authority
ExpertsBusinesses, consumers, NGOs, laboratories, public authorities;
Research Centers, Trade Unions, monitoring organizations;Public customers, local authorities, teachers
90% of standardization
activities are international
Overview of standardization process
Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 4
ISO 16075 (2015) Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation
Part 1. The basis of a reuse project for irrigation (FDIS validated)
Part 2. Development of the project (FDIS validated)
Part 3. Components of a reuse project for irrigation (FDIS validated)
Part 4. Monitoring (CD, committee draft)
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Basic principles for development of the ISO Water Reuse Guidelines for Irrigation
Safe water reuse practices (e.g., California 2000)Health-based approach (WHO 2006, Australia 2006)Regulation enforcement (e.g., water
quality monitoring should be practical and economically affordable)
California Code of RegulationsTitle 22, Division 4, Chapter 3
Water Recycling Criteria (2000)
WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in
agriculture (2006)
Australian National Water Reuse Regulations
(2006)
Israeli Regulations
for agricultural
irrigation(1978, 1999, 2005)
Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 6
Water reuse regulations for unrestricted irrigation
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
Cal
iforn
ia,
2000
Fran
ce, 2
014
WH
O 2
006
Col
iform
s, c
fu/1
00 m
L
1000
250
2,2
Pollution of secondary effluents from 1000 to 1 000 000 E.coli/100 mL
Cyp
rus
(no
rest
rictio
n)
Gre
ece
Isra
el
Italy
, 200
3
Spai
n, 2
007
(land
scap
e)
Spai
n, 2
007
(cro
ps e
aten
raw
)
Cyp
rus
(land
scap
e)
200100
101015
100
0
Spai
n, 2
007
(priv
ate
gard
ens)
100 Bathingwater
WHO
Escherichia Coli Fecal coliforms Total coliforms
Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 8
Australian Water Reuse RegulationsPhase 1: Wastewater and Greywater (2006)
Type of use
Log reduction
Treatment process
Water quality
Dual reticulation(toilet flushing, irrigation)
4,5 to 6
Filtration/Disinfection, membranes,
UV disinfection+cross connection
E.coli<1/100
mL
Municipal use (open spaces, golf courses)
3,5 to 5
Filtration/Disinfection, membranes,
UV disinfection
E.coli<1/100
mL
Municipal use (restricted access)
1 to <6
Secondary + disinfection
E.coli<100/100 mL
Commercial food crops consumed raw
5to 6
Filtration/Disinfection, membranes,
UV disinfection
E.coli<1/100
mL
Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 9
Type of use
Log reduction
Treatment process
Water quality
Dual reticulation(toilet flushing, irrigation)
4,5 to 6
Filtration/Disinfection, membranes,
UV disinfection+cross connection
E.coli<1/100
mL
Municipal use (open spaces, golf courses)
3,5 to 5
Filtration/Disinfection, membranes,
UV disinfection
E.coli<1/100
mL
Municipal use (restricted access)
1 to <6
Secondary + disinfection
E.coli<100/100 mL
Commercial food crops consumed raw
5to 6
Filtration/Disinfection, membranes,
UV disinfection
E.coli<1/100
mL
Theoretical credit for process
performance(multi-barrier
approach)
Similar to CaliforniaTreatment withadvanced disinfection
Australian Water Reuse RegulationsPhase 1: Wastewater and Greywater (2006)
Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 10
Basic principles for development of the ISO Water Reuse Guidelines for Irrigation
How to achieve adequate health protection and prevent potential adverse environmental impacts?
Multi-barrier approach: guidance for water quality, treatment level, irrigation practices and other protection measuresDefinition of 5 water quality levels depending on health risks related to public access, type of irrigated crops, irrigation technologies…Recommended good practices and additional measures to avoidnegative impacts on soil, crops, groundwater and surface water
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Key criteria influencing the choice of water quality for irrigation
Public healthprotection
Environmentaland agronomic
impactsOther concerns
• Microbiologicalparametersshort-termhealth risk due toinfection
• Chemicalcompoundslong-termhealth risk due totoxicity
• Adverse impactson the environment
1) on aquifers2) on soils3) on flora and fauna
• Adverse agronomicimpacts
1) on crop production2) on soil properties
• Technicalchallenges
1) irrigation systems2) treatment trains
• Political oreconomic pressure
• Public perception1) aesthetics2) safety of use
3) storage&distribution
Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 12
ISO 16075-2 (2015) Part 2/Table 1. Suggested treated wastewater quality according to chemical, physical and biological parameters
Cat
Type of treated waste-water
BOD TSS TurbidityThermo-tolerant
coliformsIntestinal Nematode
Potential uses
without barriers
Potential correspon-
ding treatmentmg L-1 mg L-1 NTU no./100 ml Egg L-1
Ave Max Ave Max Ave Max 95%ile Max Ave Max
A
Very high quality treated wastewater
≤ 5 mg/
L
10 mg/L
≤ 5 mg/L
10 mg/L ≤ 2 5
≤ 10or below
the detection
limit
100 - -
Unrestricted urban irrigation and agricultural irrigation of food crops consumed raw
Secondary, contact filtration or membrane filtration and disinfection
B
High quality treated wastewater
≤ 10
mg/L
20 mg/L
≤ 10 mg/L
25 mg/L -
-≤ 200 1000 - -
Restricted urban irrigation and agricultural irrigation of processed food crops,
Secondary, filtration and disinfection
C
Good quality treated wastewater
≤ 20
mg/L
35 mg/L
≤ 30 mg/L
50 mg/L -
-≤ 1000 10000 ≤1 -
Agricultural irrigation of non-food crops,
Secondary and disinfection
D
Medium quality treated wastewater
≤ 60
mg/L
100 mg/L
≤ 90 mg/L
140 mg/L -
-- - ≤ 1 5
Restricted irrigation of industrial and seeded crops
Secondary or High rate clarification with coagulation, flocculation
E
Extensively treated wastewater
≤ 20
mg/L
35 mg/L - - -
-- - ≤ 1 5
Restricted irrigation of industrial and seeded crops
stabilization ponds and wetlands
Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 13
ISO 16075-2 (2015) Part 2/Table 2. Suggested types and accredited number of barriers (adapted from WHO 2006 and USEPA 2012)
Type of barrier ApplicationPathogen
reduction (log units)
Number of barriers
Irrigation of food crops
Drip irrigation
Drip irrigation of low-growing crops such as 25 cm ormore above from the ground 2 1
Drip irrigation of crops such as 50 cm or more above fromthe ground 4 2
Subsurface drip irrigation where water does not ascend bycapillary action to the ground surface 6 3
Spray and sprinkler irrigation
Sprinkler and Micro sprinkler irrigation of low-growingcrops such as 25 cm or more from the ground 2 1
Sprinkler and Micro sprinkler irrigation of crops such as 50 cm or more from the ground 4 2
Additional disinfection in fieldLow level disinfection 2 1High level disinfection 4 2
Sun resistant cover sheet In drip irrigation, where the sheet separates the irrigation from the vegetables 2-4 1
Pathogen die-off Die-off support through irrigation cessation or interruption before harvest
0.5-2 per day(1) 1-2(1)
Produce washing before selling to the customers
Washing salad crops, vegetables, fruits with drinking water 1 1
Produce disinfection before selling to the customers
Washing salad crops, vegetables, fruits with a weak disinfectant solution and rinsing with drinking water 2 1
Produce peeling Peeling of fruits and root crops 2 1
Produce cooking Immersion in boiling water or under high temperature until the product is cooked 6-7 3
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ISO 16075-2 (2015) Part 3. Components of water reuse projects for irrigation ─ Examples of recommendations
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Defining good practices for safe and beneficial water reuse
Critical step for health protection
Wastewater
Wastewater Treatment
Storage
Application, type of irrigation
Barrier to pathogens
Barrier to pathogens
Protection measure
Crop RestrictionHuman Exposure
ControlHarvesting Measures
Protection measureProtection measureProtection measure
Wastewater
Wastewater Treatment
Storage
Application, type of irrigation
Barrier to pathogens
Barrier to pathogens
Protection measure
Crop RestrictionHuman Exposure
ControlHarvesting Measures
Protection measureProtection measureProtection measure