PRESENTATION REPORT ON

V12 Engine

Submitted By:

Sreejith Babu (ME/11/742)

Department of Computer Science Engineering and Information Technology

SHRI BALWANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYApproved by AICTE, Min of HRD, Govt of India & DTE, Govt of Haryana

Affiliated to DCR University of Science and Technology, Murthal, SonepatMeerut Road (Pallri), Near DPS, Sonepat-131001, Haryana

Abstract

A V12 engine is a V engine with 12 cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two banks of six cylinders, usually but not always at a 60° angle to each other, with all 12 pistons driving a common crankshaft.

Since each cylinder bank is essentially a straight-6, this configuration has perfect primary and secondary balance no matter which V angle is used and therefore needs no balance shafts. A V12 with two banks of six cylinders angled at 60°, 120° or 180° (with the latter configuration usually referred to as a flat-12) from each other has even firing with power pulses delivered twice as often per revolution as a straight-6. This allows for great refinement in a luxury car. In a racing car, the rotating parts can be made much lighter and thus more responsive, since there is no need to use counterweights on the crankshaft as is needed in a 90° V8 and less need for the inertial mass in a flywheel to smooth out the power delivery. In a large displacement, heavy-duty engine, a V12 can run slower than smaller engines, prolonging engine life.

The first V12 engines were made by sunbeam (in the UK) and Renault (in France) they were first used in cars in 1916 on the Packard Twin-Six production V12

The straight-six engine or inline-six engine (often abbreviated I6 or L6) is an internal combustion engine with the cylinders mounted in a straight line along the crankcase with all the pistons driving a common crankshaft. The bank of cylinders may be oriented at any angle, and where the bank is inclined to the vertical, the engine is sometimes called a slant-six. The straight-six layout is the simplest engine layout that possesses both primary and secondary mechanical engine balance, resulting in much less vibration than engines with fewer cylinders.

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Seminar Topic entitled as V12 Engine and submitted by

Sreejith Babu having Roll No ME/11/742, embodies the bonafide work done by

his/her under my supervision.

Place: Delhi

Signature of the Supervisor

Date: 10th October,2012

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….2

2. DESCRIPTION ………………………………………...……………………..4

3. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………….10

4. REFERENCES………………………………………………………………..11

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INTRODUCTION

A V12 engine is a V engine with 12 cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two banks of six cylinders, usually but not always at a 60° angle to each other, with all 12 pistons driving a common crankshaft.

Since each cylinder bank is essentially a straight-6, this configuration has perfect primary and secondary balance no matter which V angle is used and therefore needs no balance shafts. A V12 with two banks of six cylinders angled at 60°, 120° or 180° (with the latter configuration usually referred to as a flat-12) from each other has even firing with power pulses delivered twice as often per revolution as a straight-6. This allows for great refinement in a luxury car. In a racing car, the rotating parts can be made much lighter and thus more responsive, since there is no need to use counterweights on the crankshaft as is needed in a 90° V8 and less need for the inertial mass in a flywheel to smooth out the power delivery. In a large displacement, heavy-duty engine, a V12 can run slower than smaller engines, prolonging engine life.

Figure 1: V12 engine

V12 engines were used in aviation sector during the world war I era .They became immensely popular after the war for the fighter and bomber aircrafts. After World War II, V12 engines became generally obsolete in aircraft due to the introduction of turbojet and turboprop engines that had more power for their weight, and fewer complications in large aircraft.

V12 engines is widely used in road cars or in short we say those expensive luxury cars or sports car popular for their power, smooth operation and distinct sound

Ferrari has traditionally reserved their top V12 engine for their top-of-the line luxury sports coupes since 1949. Ferrari's closest rival, Lamborghini has also used the V12 configuration for many of its road cars since the company's inception in 1963. In 1972, Jaguar came out with the XJ12, equipped with a 5.3 litre V12, which continued (after revisions in 1993) until the 1996 model year, after

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which the marque discontinued the twelve-cylinder engine.V12 engines are also widely used in heavy trucks, auto racing, large diesel engine, tanks and other and other armoured fighting vehicles

Figure 2: V12 engine diagram

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DESCRIPTION

V12 engines had wide range of uses and were not used in just one place but in many types or categories of vehicles and industries like in aviation sector, super luxury high end road cars, heavy trucks, auto racing, large diesel engines, tanks and AFVs (armoured fighting vehicles)

All these categories are described in brief on how, why and where V12 engines has provided a boon for these industries:

Aviation:-

Figure 3:Rolls-Royce Merlin engine in an Avro York

The first V12 engines were used in aircraft. By the end of World War I, V12s were popular in the newest and largest fighters and bombers

and were produced by companies such as Renault and Sunbeam. Many Zeppelins had 12-cylinder engines from German manufacturers Maybach and Daimler. Various U.S. companies produced the Liberty L-12; the Curtiss NC Flying boats, including the four V12 engine powered NC-4, the first aircraft to make a transatlantic flight.

V12 engines reached their apogee during World War II. Fighters and bombers used V12 engines such as the British Rolls-Royce Merlin and Griffon, the Soviet Klimov VK-107, the American Allison V-1710, or the German Daimler-Benz DB 600 series and Junkers-Jumo. These engines generated about 1,000 hp (750 kW) at the beginning of the war and above 1,500 hp (1,100 kW) at their ultimate evolution stage. The German DB 605D engine reached 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) with water injection. In contrast to most Allied V12s, the engines built in Germany by Daimler-Benz, Junkers-Jumo, and Argus (As 410 and As 411) were primarily inverted, which had the advantages of lower centers of gravity and improved visibility for single-engined designs. Only the pre-war origin BMW VI V12 of Germany was an "upright" engine. The United States had the experimental Continental IV-1430 inverted V12 engine under development, with a higher power-to-weight ratio than any of the initial versions of the German WW II inverted V12s, but was never developed to production status, with only 23 examples of the Continental inverted V12 ever being built.

The Rolls-Royce Merlin V12 powered the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters that played a vital role in Britain's victory in the Battle of Britain. The long, narrow configuration of the V12 contributed to good aerodynamics, while its smoothness allowed its use with relatively light and fragile airframes. The Merlin was also used in the Avro Lancaster and de Havilland Mosquito

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bombers. In the United States the Packard Motor company was licensed by Rolls-Royce to produce the Merlin as the Packard V-1650 for use in the North American P-51 Mustang. It was also incorporated into some models of the Curtiss P-40, specifically the P-40F and P-40L. Packard Merlins powered Canadian-built Hurricane, Lancaster, and Mosquito aircraft, as well as the UK-built Spitfire Mark XVI, which was otherwise the same as the Mark IX with its British-built Merlin.

The Allison V-1710 was the only indigenous U.S.-developed V12 liquid-cooled engine to see service during World War II. A sturdy design, it lacked an advanced mechanical supercharger until 1943. Although versions with a turbosupercharger provided excellent performance at high altitude in the Lockheed P-38 Lightning, the turbosupercharger and its ductwork were too bulky to fit into typical single-engine fighters. While a good performer at low altitudes, without adequate supercharging, the Allison's high-altitude performance was lacking.

After World War II, V12 engines became generally obsolete in aircraft due to the introduction of turbojet and turboprop engines that had more power for their weight, and fewer complications in large aircraft.

V12 road cars:-

In automobiles, V12 engines have not been common due to their complexity and cost. They are used almost exclusively in expensive sports cars and luxury cars because of their power, smoother operation, and distinctive sound.

Figure 4: Ferrari 250 GTO V12 engine

Ferrari has traditionally reserved their top V12 engine for their top-of-the line luxury sports coupes since 1949. Ferrari's closest rival, Lamborghini has also used the V12 configuration for many of its road cars since the company's inception in 1963. In 1972, Jaguar came out with the XJ12, equipped with a 5.3 litre V12, which continued (after revisions in 1993) until the 1996 model year, after which the marque discontinued the twelve-cylinder engine.

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German manufacturer BMW returned to V12 designs for its 7-Series sedan in model year 1986, forcing Mercedes-Benz to follow suit in 1991. While BMW sells far fewer V12-engined 7-Series vehicles than V8 versions, the V12 retains popularity in the US, China, and Russia, as well as maintaining the marque's prestige in the luxury vehicle market segment.[4] The BMW-designed V12 also appears in Rolls-Royce cars, while the Mercedes engine is also seen in Maybach cars. In their full-sized sedans sold in Canada and the USA, Mercedes and BMW have mid-displacement V8s for the entry-level trims, while having the V12 as the flagship vehicle of the brand.[5] For their most expensive Mercedes-Benz nameplates (S-Class, CL-Class, and SL-Class), there are V8-engined AMG models (55, 63) that have comparable power to their V12-powered cars (600).

List of some of the post war V12 engine equipped cars:

Aston Martin DB7 Vantage Aston Martin DB AR1

Aston Martin DB9

Aston Martin DBS (2007- )

Aston Martin V12 Vantage

Aston Martin One-77

Aston Martin Virage (2011- )

Aston Martin V12 Zagato

Audi Q7

BMW 750i/750iL (E32 & E38)/760i/760Li (E65 & F01)

Figure 5:Lamborghini murcielago

BMW 850i/Ci/CSi Bugatti EB110

Ferrari 166

Ferrari 195

Ferrari 250

Ferrari 365 California

Ferrari 365 GT 2+2

Ferrari 365 GTB/4 & 365 GTS/4 "Daytona"

Ferrari 365 GTC/4

Ferrari 365 GT4 2+2 Ferrari 400, 400i & 412

Ferrari F50

Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano/GTO

Ferrari F12berlinetta

Hongqi HQE

Jaguar E-Type V12

Lamborghini 400GT

Lamborghini Murciélago

Lamborghini Reventón

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Lamborghini Aventador Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR AMG

Mercedes-Benz G65 AMG

Pagani Zonda

Pagani Huayra

Rolls-Royce Silver Seraph/Silver Seraph Park Ward

Rolls-Royce Phantom (2003- )

Rolls-Royce Phantom Drophead Coupé (2007- )

Rolls-Royce Phantom Coupé (2008- )

Rolls-Royce Ghost

Heavy trucks:-

Figure 6: 1961 GMC Gasoline V12 702 cu in(11.50)

Tatra used a 17.6 L (1,070 cu in) air-cooled naturally aspirated V12 diesel engine in many of their trucks; for instance, the Tatra T813 and uses 19 L air-cooled naturally aspirated or turbo V12 diesel

engine in Tatra T815. Some large trucks have been fitted with twin V12s that drive a common shaft, although this is often advertised as a V24.

GMC produced a large gasoline-burning V12 from 1960 to 1965 for trucks, the "Twin-Six"; it was basically GMC's large-capacity truck 351 V6, doubled, with four rocker covers and four exhaust manifolds.[6] Fifty-six major parts are interchangeable between the Twin-Six and all other GMC V6 engines to provide greater parts availability and standardization. Its engine displacement was 702 cu in (11.50 L), and while power was not too impressive at 250 hp (190 kW), torque was 585 lb·ft (793 N·m). For firetrucks the rev limiter was increased to produce 299 hp (223 kW) at 3000 rpm and torque was increased to 630 lb·ft (850 N·m) at 1600-1900 rpm. It was possibly the last gasoline engine used in heavy trucks in the U.S.

Detroit Diesel produced their Series 53, 71, 92, and 149 engines as V-12s, among other configurations.

Auto racing:-

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figure 7:Lamborghini V12 formula one engine

1965 to 1980, Ferrari, Weslake, Honda, BRM, Maserati, Matra, Delahaye, Peugeot, Delage, Alfa Romeo, Lamborghini and Tecno used 12-cylinder engines in Formula One, either V12 or Flat-12, but the Ford (Cosworth) V8 had a slightly better power-to-weight ratio and less fuel consumption, thus it was more successful despite being less powerful than the best V12s. During the same era, V12 engines were superior to V8s in endurance racing, reduced vibrations giving better reliability. In the 1990s, Renault V10 engines proved their superiority against the Ferrari and Honda V12s and the Ford V8. The last V12 engine used in Formula One was the Ferrari 044, on the Ferrari 412T2 cars driven by Jean Alesi and Gerhard Berger in 1995.

In the late 1960s Nissan used a V12 in the Japanese Grand Prix and again in the early 1990s Group C races.

At the Paris motor show 2006 Peugeot presented a new racing car, as well as a luxury saloon concept car, both called 908 HDi FAP and 908 RC and fitted with a V12 Diesel engine producing around or even surpassing 700 PS (515 kW; 690 hp). This took part in the 24 Hours of Le Mans

2007 race, with a podium finish and very competitive performance, coming in second place after the similarly conceived Audi R10 TDI V12 Diesel originally developed for the 2006 season.

Large diesel engines:-

Figure 8:Two large V12 marine diesel engines

V12 is a common configuration for large diesel engines; most are available with differing numbers of cylinders in V configuration to offer a

range of power ratings. Many diesel locomotives have V12 engines. Examples include the 3,200 hp (2.39 MW) 12-710 from Electro-Motive Diesel and the 4,400 hp (3.28 MW) GEVO-12 from GE Transportation.

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Large V12 engines are also common in ships. For example Wärtsilä, offers V12 engines with various cylinder bore diameters between 26 and 50 centimetres (10 and 20 in) with power output ranging from 4,080 kW (5,470 hp) to 14,400 kW (19,300 hp). These engines are commonly used especially in cruise ships, which may have up to six such main engines. In the past the largest medium-speed diesel engine in the world, Wärtsilä 64, was also offered in V configuration, and a single 12V64 prototype with an output of 23,280 kW (31,220 hp) was produced for an experimental power plant in the late 1990s.

Tanks and other AFVs

Figure 9:Chrysler V12 Tank Engine

The V12 is a common configuration for tank and other armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs). Some examples are:

German Maybach HL120TRM gasoline engine, used on World War II Pz Kpfw III and Pz Kpfw IV tanks.

British Rolls-Royce Meteor gasoline engine, derived from the Merlin aero-engine, used on World War II Cromwell and Comet tanks and the post-WWII Centurion and Conqueror tanks.

Russian V-2 (В-2) V-12 diesel engine, used on World War II T-34, KV-1, KV-2 and IS-2 tanks. Most modern Russian diesel engines for MBT's goes back to V-2 base design.

American Continental AV1790 engine, produced in gasoline and diesel variants, used on all versions of the Patton tank and on the M103 heavy tank. One of these engines was used to power a hot rod style car called the Blastolene Special.

The 26.6 litre Perkins diesel engine in the Challenger 2 main battle tank and its variants.

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CONCLUSION

Hence we hereby learn that how much of importance does V12 engine stands for us, its history and its uses in so many field ranging from aviation, road cars, large diesel engines, tanks and AFVs and in auto racing but with the development of more advanced engines like V14, V16, V18, V20, V22, V24 engines dependence on V12 engines is gradually decreasing.

But the speed, power and sound of V12 engines in sports cars like Lamborghini murcielago, Lamborghini aventedor, and its other models and most of the best known Ferrari sports cars like Ferrari California Ferrari F12 berlinetta etc and many other models. These engines don’t come cheap but are a matter of pride for the owner who owns it.

V12 engines are just one of a kind of its engine with a state of art technology and an exceptional power. And when it comes to power it beats all other engines like V-twin, V-3, V-4, V-6, V-8, V-10 engines. With this excellent power it is highly useful in tanks, large scale diesel engines, aviation(during the world war era) etc.

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REFERENCES

Wikepedia.com/V12 engines

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/jaguar-xke-series-3-v-122.htm

http://www.euroasians.net/2009/02/14/list-of-v12-powered-cars-750i-and-850i-included/

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