v3 iagri - sas - sophy - cc- conference 4th june 2015 final

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND MULTI-DIMENSIONAL SUSTAINABILITY IN AFRICAN AGRICULTURE


Its causes, consequences and management efforts

International Conference on Climate Change and Multi-dimensionalSustainability in African Agriculture

June 3 – 5, 2015

Sophia Kashenge – Killenga (PHD), MAFSC - ARI – CHOLIMA, Dakawa - Morogoro



OUTLINE

1. Introduction - Rice production potential and needs

2. Rice production agro-ecologies and associated challenges

3. Spatial distribution of salt affected soils in Tanzania

4. What causes salt accumulation in soils (Tz context)

5. Consequences of salt affected soils in Tanzania

6. salt affected soils mitigation efforts

7. Summary


Rice is everywhere in the country ( 2010)

Mali877

Guinea900

C,dIvoir1150

Nigeria3542

DRC 315

Mzq 201

Mdgsc3030

TZ 1.3Mt

NRDS, 2010

720 ha under

rice, 2010



Rice Production in ESA in 2010Country Production Area Yield

Madagascar 4,737,970 1,350,000 3.51

Tanzania 1,485,305 720,000 2.30

Uganda 218,111 140,000 1.56

Mozambique 180,000 185,000 0.97

Malawi 144,200 58,500 2.47

Burundi 83,019 21,900 3.79

Kenya 80,042 20,181 3.97

Rwanda 67,253 12,975 5.18

Zambia 51,656 26,000 1.99

Ethiopia 25,200 13,300 1.89

Sudan 23,350 6,400 3.65

Somalia 14,600 3,600 4.06


About 1.7 million households engaged in rice farming in 2012

Total area under rice cultivation has increased from 557,991 Ha in 2007 to 799,361 Ha in 2012.

The production of paddy has also increased by about 22.8%

from 1,341,846 tons to 1,800,551 tons (FAO Statistics on Crop Production

(http://faostat3.fao.org); referred on 28 June 2014)

The national average productivity is 2.5 t /Ha The increments in cultivated area and total production of rice

suggest that the yield has not been increasing and therefore recent advances made in rice production in Tanzania reflect changes in area under rice cultivation rather than productivity.

Paddy Production and area harvested

http://faostat3.fao.org/



Evolution of rice consumption and production in SSA (million tonnes)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

PRODUCTION (MT) TOTAL CONSUMPTION

SSA - Production VS Consumption



Production-Consumption GapThe demand for rice consumption is also growing fast in Tanzania at a per capita consumption rate of 25.4 Kg

Tanzania’s local rice production falls short of the rice consumption with a rice self sufficiency ratio of about 91% in 2010.

Currently , the gap between local production and consumption has widened from about 178,097 tons of milled rice in 2007 to about 321,883 tons in 2012

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) predicts that at the present consumption trends, the national rice consumption would triple and that the deficit could grow into 2.84 million tons by 2020.



Production ecologies and associated challenges

71% Production

20% Production

9%

Salt affected soils


Salt affected soil problem

(SASs)

(An increasing silent killer threatening

irrigated rice productivity in Tanzania

and Sub-Saharan Africa


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

(some species)Salt bush

PiccinelliaCottonWheat

Tall wheat grassTriticale

Rice TomatoesSunflower

SorghumPotatoes

MaizeFaba beans

CloverBeans

Salinity (dS/m)

Cro

ps

an

d p

ast

ure

s

a b c

Relative tolerance of crops and pasture to soil salinity; a) Sensitive, b) Tolerant c) Highly tolerant (Adapted from Maas, 1990)


Description of Salt affected soils Classification Electrical

Conductivity(ECe)

(mmhos/cm)

Sodium

Adsorption

Ratio (SAR)

pH

Saline > 4.0 < 13 < 8.5

Sodic < 4.0 > 13 > 8.5

Saline - Sodic > 4.0 > 13 < 8.5

11

Saline - sodic in Ndungu; 2014(Ece 8.9 dS/m2; pH 9; SAR 23)

Saline area in Mombo, 2012(Ece 7.6 dS/m2; pH 6.2)

SAR 23.3

Sodic in Ndungu; Dec 2013(Ece 1.9 dS/m2; pH 9.0:

SAR 30)

International Conference on Climate Change and Multi-dimensional Sustainability in African Agriculture

June 3 – 5, 2015

OVERVIEW OF SALT AFFECTED SOIL IN RICE IRRIGATION SCHEMES OF TANZANIA

2014 SITUATION


Major rice growing irrigation schemes surveyed for salt affected soils

200,000+

160-200,000

120-160,000

80-120,000

40-80,000

0-40,000

Rice Production (MT)

Source: Ministries of Ag/Statistics Bureaus

East Uganda: 8%

Lake zone: 34%

Southern Corridor: 30%

Major rice Producing areas


Central corridor

5 region (ShinyangaTabora, Singida, Dodoma Morogoro),10 districts 27 rice growing schemes

Southern corridor

4 regions ( Katavi,Rukwa, Mbeya and Iringa) 8 districts19 irrigation schemes

Observation

> 100 % of visited schemes are salt affected showed symptoms

More effect observed in the Southern corridor than central corridor

Abandoned area (5 -50%)

Yield loss up 100% reported

No suitable management applied

Major rice producing areas were the main focus


Findings in southern rice growing corridorSAS effects observed in Mbeya>Rukwa>Iringa and Katavi in that order.

160 samples collected from 19 rice irrigation schemes all four regions of southern highland areas

64 samples (41%) had salt affected soils characteristics

Saline – Sodic soil were the dominant problem



The SAR, pH and ECe values for soils from rice irrigation schemes in Katavi Region

Scheme

Na

(meq/100g) SAR

pH

(water) ECe dS/m

Remarks

Mlele 0.26 1.25 6.6 0.08 Normal

Mlele 0.26 1.06 6.4 0.04 Normal

Kamsisi 0.12 0.91 6.3 0.03 Normal

Kamsisi 0.35 2.55 5.7 0.04 Normal

Mwalukulu 0.14 0.70 8.5 0.44 Slight Alkaline





Mwalukulu 0.09 0.24 8.2 12.15 Strong Saline

Mwalukulu 0.09 0.50 8.2 0.33 Normal

Ikaka 0.32 1.69 8.5 0.39 Slight Alkaline

Ikaka 0.24 1.25 5.6 0.07 Normal

Mwamapuli 40.78 151.91 8.2 12.80 Strong Saline - Sodic

Mwamapuli 13.02 50.04 8.4 5.50 Strong Saline - Sodic

Mwamapuli 2.51 13.17 8.5 4.98 Slightly Saline - Sodic

Mwamapuli 8.45 29.84 7.8 6.75 Saline - Sodic

Mwamapuli 12.55 49.22 8.5 9.43 Strongly Saline - Sodic

Mwamapuli 33.68 203.88 8.1 15.20 Strongly Saline - Sodic

Mwamapuli 4.24 27.70 7.8 6.43 Saline - Sodic

Mwamapuli 3.77 15.80 8.8 0.73 Slightly Sodic

Rice tolerate

up to 3 ECe dS/m



Mwamapuli – Mpanda – Katavi, 2014



Scheme

Na

(meq/100g) SAR

pH

(1:2.5)

ECe

mS/cm

Remarks

Ngongo 0.42 2.12 7.8 4.72 Slightly Saline

Ngongo 0.07 0.25 8.0 0.77 Normal

Ngongo 0.33 1.12 8.0 4.6 Slightly Saline

Ng'ongo 0.01 0.02 8.2 0.46 Normal

Sakalilo 0.29 0.67 8.2 0.45 Normal

Sakalilo 4.72 17.71 8.2 5.32 Slight Saline-Sodic

Sakalilo 12.86 101.88 8.4 7.81 Saline -Sodic

Sakalilo 21.72 196.54 8.0 > 19 Strongly Saline-Sodic

Sakalilo 28.16 201.54 8.5 10.45 Strongly Saline-Sodic

Sakalilo 7.08 17.51 8.7 8.43 Saline-Sodic

Sakalilo* 4.25 17.70 8.7 > 19 Strongly Saline-Sodic

Mpete 102.29 396.48 8.2 11.67 Strongly Saline-Sodic

Mpete 66.86 170.93 8.1 12.04 Strongly Saline-Sodic

Mpeta 10.00 44.49 8.7 11.71 Saline-Sodic

Mpeta 0.84 7.24 7.9 0.50 Normal

Mpeta 0.25 1.60 8.0 0.47 Normal

Mpeta 0.06 0.15 7.9 0.27 Normal

Mpeta 0.53 2.59 7.0 0.86 Normal

Mpeta 1.46 8.75 8.1 5.65 Saline

Mpeta 1.46 9.07 8.3 4.65 Saline

The SAR, pH and ECe values for soils from rice irrigation schemes Rukwa Region


Sakalilo - SumbawangaSakalilo – Sumbawanga – Rukwa, 2014


Abandoned rice field in Mpeta – Rukwa, 2014



District Scheme

Na

(meq/100g) SAR

pH

(water)

ECe

mS/cm Remarks

Kyela Ngana 3.72 23.25 7.8 0.42 Normal

Ngana 0.08 0.08 8.0 0.28 Normal

Ngana 16.27 29.40 9.0 0.70 Sodic

Tenende 0.69 0.81 8.1 0.30 Normal

Tenende 0.58 0.70 5.4 0.04 Normal

Mbarali Gwiri 90.15 208.82 8.4 >19 Strongly Saline-Sodic

Gwiri 39.54 114.77 8.2 7.61 Saline-Sodic

Gwiri 14.23 71.05 8.8 0.44 Sodic

Gwiri 11.22 74.07 8.7 0.64 Sodic

Ruanda Majenje 7.65 51.59 8.5 5.45 Saline-Sodic

Ruanda Majenje 37.60 434.15 7.8 8.22 Saline-Sodic

Ruanda Majenje 1.43 14.33 82 6.73 Saline-Sodic

Luanda -Majenje 2.93 7.54 8.2 8.78 Saline-Sodic

Luanda -Majenje 0.22 14.50 8.5 0.26 Slightly Sodic

Bethania 35.53 63.11 10.3 0.17 Strongly Sodic

Bethania 400.06 1156.35 8.7 >19 Extremely Saline-Sodic

Bethania 0.48 0.70 7.8 0.49 Normal

The SAR, pH and ECe values for soils from rice irrigation schemes Mbeya Region



District Scheme Na SAR pH ECe Remarks

Mbarali Mbarali 20.19 33.33 9.8 15.8 Strongly Saline-Sodic

Mbarali 37.58 117.03 8.1 8.92 Strongly Saline-Sodic

Mbuyuni 20.15 20.29 7.4 6.51 Saline-Sodic

Mbuyuni 35.36 125.04 8.3 7.76 Strongly Saline-Sodic

Mbuyuni 20.75 47.85 9 5.88 Saline-Sodic

Mbuyuni 5.66 6.42 6.8 0.10 Normal

Mbuyuni 22.19 44.76 8.4 6.01 Saline - Sodic

Mbuyuni 1.10 2.53 6.7 0.45 Normal

Mbeya Manyanga 3.34 14.10 8.9 0.52 Slightly Sodic

Manyanga 3.60 16.71 8.4 6.76 Slightly Sodic

Manyanga 9.43 47.63 8.5 5.56 Saline-Sodic

Manyanga 0.38 0.30 8.2 0.09 Slightly Alkaline

Manyanga 0.11 0.04 8.6 0.18 Slightly Alkaline

Manyenga 1.37 3.92 6.2 0.06 Normal

Manyenga 1.34 3.73 6.4 0.11 Normal

Madibira 26.23 152.91 9.5 0.76 Sodic

Madibira 4.76 40.21 8.7 5.64 Saline-Sodic

Madibira 21.63 83.54 9.6 0.79 Sodic

Madibira 2.64 14.48 8.3 5.87 Slightly Saline-Sodic

Madibira 13.84 22.03 10 0.52 Sodic

Madibira 18.22 122.99 8.5 5.98 Saline-Sodic

Madibira 73.56 453.76 7.6 14.88 Extremely Saline Sodic

Madibira 11.28 264.53 7.9 >19 Extremely Saline Sodic

The SAR, pH and ECe values for soils from - Mbeya Region


Madibira water drainage canal – Mbeya, 2014


Bethania - Mbarali, Mbeya -2014 Salt accumulation close to the source of irrigation water



District Scheme

Na

(meq/100g) SAR

pH

(Water)

ECe

mS/cm Remarks

Mlenge Pawaga 138.49 2472.97 8.2 >19 Extremely Saline-Sodic

Mlenge Pawaga 3.89 16.27 8.5 9.21 Saline - Sodic

Mlenge Pawaga 25.78 142.11 8.4 >19 Strongly Saline-Sodic

Mlenge Pawaga 12.15 129.82 8.9 >19 Strongly Saline-Sodic

Iringa Idodi 66.67 377.07 8.7 >19 Strongly Saline-Sodic

Iringa Idodi 0.48 1.78 5.3 6.78 Saline

The SAR, pH and ECe values for soils from rice irrigation schemes -Iringa Region



SAS status in Pawaga irrigation scheme Iringa 2014



Ro

ot

Zon

e


How to Manage the Salt-affected Areas ?

1. Environment modifying approach : Change the environment for the normal growth of plants

2. Crop based approach : Select or develop crop variety which can withstand the salt stress

3. Hybrid Approach : is the combination of environment modifying and plant based approach.

We need ST

cultivars !

Rice hasenormous variability

ST cultivars


June 3 – 5, 2015

IMPROVEMENT OF FARMERS PREFERRED RICE VARIETIES FOR SALT TOLERANCE

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND MULTI-DIMENSIONAL SUSTAINABILITY IN AFRICAN AGRICULTURE 31

Genotype Source Characteristics

Pokkali (IR – 4595-4-1-

1-3)

IRRI - A traditional donor for saline tolerance – developed by pedigree

breeding method. Saline tolerant, local pureline, early maturing

(Chaubey and Senadhira, 1994).

IR67076-2B-21-2 IRRI Moderately salt tolerant & aromatic pureline

CSR 27 (CSR 88IR-7) IRRI A fine grained high yielding variety developed from Nona

Bokra/IR 5657-33-2, , tolerant to saline and sodic soil

environment, and known to tolerate pH 9.6 – 9.9 and adaptation

of ECe(dSm-1) < 10. Released variety (Chaubey and Senadhira,

1994).

TXD 306 (SARO 5) NRI Semi-aromatic cultivated variety, resistant to lodging, medium

maturing, high vigour, good milling and cooking qualities, released

,

IR 64 NRI Local preferred cultivar (highly grown in Mombo irrigation

schemes), tolerant to P and Zn deficiency, iron and boron toxicity,

Early maturing, high yielding.

IR 56 NRI - Local preferred cultivar (highly grown in Mkomazi and Moshi)

irrigation schemes High yielding, medium maturing variety.

Thailand NRI Local preferred cultivar (highly grown in Mkomazi and Moshi)

irrigation schemes High yielding, medium maturing variety.

Seven parents use to develop salt tolerant population


x

RYMV & Salt – stress

50 Promising lines

Planted Mombo/Mkomazi/Dakawa

5lines selected for RYT

DUS Breeder’s trial

F1

F3

F4

F5

F6

F7

Parents

F2

Generations Year

Y1

Y2

Y3

2012

2015

2009

34 Promising lines

Planted Mombo/Mkomazi/Dakawa

13 saline 10 sodic 7 Saline-sodic 1 4 Yield 5 Earliness

4 lines- PVS Scientists/Farmer26 Mombo/Ndungu/dakawa

On the pipe line for

Release request

3 lines under NPT –TOSCI TRIALS Y4



Ndungu screening site after harvesting

Ndungu screening site during harvesting

Some good performing lines selected


0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00

TXMs1TXMs2TXMs3TXMs4TXMs5TXMs6TXMs7TXMs8TXMs9

TXMs11TXMs14TXMs15TXMs16TXMs17TXMs18TXMs20TXMs21TXMs22TXMs23TXMs24TXMs27TXMs26TXMs19TXMs12TXMs37

SARRoIR 91477-1-1-1IR 91477-5-1-1IR 91477-6-1-1

IR 91477-12-1-1IR 91477-48-1-1IR 91477-51-1-1IR 91477-56-1-1IR 91477-61-1-1IR 91477-85-1-1IR 91477-94-1-1IR 91477-105-1

IR 91477-107-1-1IR 91477-118-1-1IR 91477-124-1-1IR 91477-125-1-1IR 91477-137-1-1IR 91477-148-1-1IR 91477-164-1-1IR 91477-176-1-1IR 91477-190-1-1IR 91477-202-1-1IR 91477-235-1-1IR 91477-236-1-1IR 91477-241-1-1

ton/ha



SAS management experiments

Three different experiments were set:

1 – Use of different rates of gypsum in combination with FYM

2 - Use of different rates of rice husks

3 - Use of different rates of sawdust

+ flooding


Abandoned field Ec 8-14dS/m, pH = 9.5 and SAR = 26



EXP 1: Eight treatments with three replication using 2 varieties

Treatments combinations for Sodic condition

Treatments Common variety

TXD 306

Tolerant variety

(SATO 1)

TR1: (0FYM+0GYP) V1 V2

TR2:(0FYM+50%GR) V1T1 V2T1

TR3:(0FYM+75%GR) V1T2 V2T2

TR4:(0FYM+100%GR) V1T1T2T3 V2T1T2T3

TR5: (2.5FYM+0GYP) V1 V2

TR6:(2.5FYM+50%GR) V1T1 V2T1

TR7:(2.5FYM+75%GR) V1T2 V2T2

TR8:(2.5FYM+100%GR) V1T1T2T3 V2T1T2T3



Field layout


Plant survival under GR + FYM experiment(2WAP)

Gypsum and FYM were characterized to understand its quality

The GR were calculated based on the amount of sodicity(SAR) available in the soil

Rate of 0, 4, 6 and 8 t/ha incorporated with 2.5t/ha FYM were used

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

SARRO 5

SATO 1


Abandoned field brought into use ( gypsum rates + FYM)

EC up to 14dS/m

EC 4-6 dS/m

EC 3-4 dS/m



EXP 2&3: Use of different rates of rice husks and sawdust + Flushing

Two treatments (saw dust and rice husks) were set at Ndunguirrigation scheme to establish suitable rates for soil structure and infiltration improvement.

Rice husks treatments:(0, 6, 12 and 18 t/ha)

Saw dust treatment:( 0, 2, 4 and 6t/ha) under a complete randomised block design and three replications


Rice husk (2 WAP)

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Control (0 t/ha) 6 t/ha 12 t/ha 18 t/ha

Plant Survival

EC 8 – 14 dS/m

EC 1.2 – 2.7dS/m


Sawdust experiment (2 WAP)

80.0

85.0

90.0

95.0

100.0

105.0

Control (0 t/ha) 2 t/ha 4 t/ha 6t/ha

Plant Survival


June 3 – 5, 2015

PRESENTER: MR B. MFUPE

Awareness creation on salt affected soils and the use of tolerant varietiesFarmers exchange visits


Farmer field school, March 2014 at Ndungu irrigation scheme, Same district


Creating awareness – Training MATI students(Ilonga, KATRIN, Mlingano and KATC) and SUA students



Conclusion and Recommendations • Studies shows the magnitude of the problem and the urgency to develop technologies that can improve rice productivity in areas affected by soils salts.

• Poor irrigation infrastructures contributes to the problem

• Can turn into a disaster if not addressed properly and very soon

Recommendations:

• Joint efforts needed in mitigation of the problem

• Strong awareness creation at all levels and especially to Policy makers


Situation can be changed

and prevented, it needs joint efforts and

strong commitments

ASANTENI

v3 iagri - sas - sophy - cc- conference 4th june 2015 final

Documents