v3.00 61 – general navigation 61 – allgemeine navigation advanced ppl-guide band 3
TRANSCRIPT
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61 – General Navigation
61 – Allgemeine Navigation
Advanced PPL-GuideBand 3
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1 – Die Erde
Advanced PPL-GuideBand 3
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Erdrotation und -maße
Strecke DistanzErdumfang (Durchschnitt) 40.043 km 21.621 NM
Erdumfang (Pole) 40.009 km 21.603 NM
Erdumfang (Äquator) 40.077 km 21.639 NM
Radius (Durchschnitt) 6.367 km 3.438 NM
Radius (Pole) 6.357 km 3.433 NM
Radius (Äquator) 6.378 km 3.444 NM
𝐴𝑃𝐸𝑟𝑑𝑒=𝑅𝐸−𝑅𝑃
𝑅𝐸=6.378𝑘𝑚 – 6.357𝑘𝑚
6.378𝑘𝑚 ≈ 1300
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Rechenmodelle
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Breitenkreise
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Längenkreise
𝐴𝑏𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑔=Δ 𝜆 ∙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
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Berechnungen
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Berechnungen
Position A N 52° 25´ 46´´ E 112° 32´ 15´´
Position B N 45° 16´ 12´´ E 093° 02´ 55´´
Differenz S 07° 09´ 34´´ W 019° 29´ 20´´
Position A N 12° 41´ 22´´ W 030° 55´ 16´´
Position B N 33° 01´ 11´´ W 090° 10´ 11´´
Differenz N 20° 19´ 49´´ W 059° 14´ 55´´
Position A N 05° 10´ 05´´ E 179° 20´ 12´´
Position B S 77° 55´ 50´´ W 032° 30´ 22´´
Differenz S 83° 05´ 55´´ E 148° 09´ 26´´
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Orthodrome (Großkreis)
Der Mittelpunkt eines Großkreises ist mit dem Erdmittelpunkt identisch.
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Loxodrome (Kursgleiche)
Eine Loxodrome schneidet jeden Meridian unter demselben Winkel.
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Kleinkreis
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Bezugsrichtungen
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Rechtweisend Nord
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Missweisend Nord
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Entfernungen
• Horizontale Entfernungen– Nautische Meilen [NM]
• Horizontale Sichten– Bis 5 km in Metern, ab 5 km in Kilometern
• Vertikale Entfernungen– Fuß [ft], teilweise Meter [m]
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Geschwindigkeiten
• Horizontale Geschwindigkeiten– Knoten [kt]
• Vertikale Geschwindigkeiten– Fuß pro Minute [ft/Min.], teilweise Meter pro
Sekunde [m/s]
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Sonstiges
• Gewichte– Kilogramm [kg]– Englische Pfund [lbs]
• Treibstoff– Liter [l]– Kilogramm [kg]– Imperiale Galone [Imp. Gal.]
• Temperatur– Grad Celsius [°C]– Grad Fahrenheit [°F]
• Luftdruck– Hektopascal [hPa]– Zoll an der Queksilbersäule [inHg]
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Tageslänge
• Siderischer Tag• Sonnentag• Mittlere Zeit
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Der siderische Tag
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Jahreszeiten
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Wende- und Polarkreise
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Erddrehung
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Zeitzonen
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2 – Kartenkunde
Advanced PPL-GuideBand 3
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Kartenprojektionen
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Projektionsebenen
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Azimutalprojektion
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Projektionszentrum
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Azimutalprojektion
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Mercatorprojektion
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Mercatorprojektion
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Kegelprojektion
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Aufgeschnittene Kegelprojektion
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Wichtige Karteneigenschaften
• Flächentreue• Winkeltreue• Maßstabstreue / Längentreue• Darstellung der navigatorisch wichtigen Linien
als Gerade
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Standardbreitenkreis
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Kartengeraden
Breitengrad Kartenprojektion
0-30° Mercatorprojektion
30-70° Lambert´sche Schnittkegelprojektion
70-90° Polarstereographische Projektion
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Die Schnittkegelprojektion
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Maßstabsänderung
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Kartenkonvergenz und Kegelkonstante
𝑚𝑐=∆ 𝜆 ∙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 0
𝑐𝑐=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑1+𝜑2
2
𝑚𝑐=Δ𝜆 ∙𝑐𝑐
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Navigatorische Linien
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Die ICAO-Karte
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Das Koordinatennetz
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Eintragen von Koordinaten
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Koordinaten-Lineal
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Kurs- und Entfernungsbestimmung
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Maximum Elevation Figure
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Sichtflugkarten
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Flugplatzkarten
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Streckenkarte
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3 – Praktische Navigation
Advanced PPL-GuideBand 3
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Der Magnetkompass
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Kompassbeschriftung
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Deviation
Die Deviation ist der Winkel zwischen der Anzeigerichtung der Kompassnadel und missweisend Nord.
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Deviationstabelle
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Inklination
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Kompassdrehfehler
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Kompassdrehfehler
Bei NOrdkursen muss die Kurve vOrher ausgeleitet werden.
Bei SÜdkursen muss der gewünschte Kurs zunächst Überkurvt werden.
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Beschleunigungsfehler
Bei einer Beschleunigung erfolgt die Drehung der Kompassanzeige in Richtung Norden.
Bei einer Verzögerung erfolgt die Drehung der Kompassrose in Richtung Süden.
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Steig- und Sinkflug
Für die Nordhalbkugel gilt folglich:Beim Sinkflug erfolgt eine Drehung der Kompassanzeige auf nördliche Kurse.
Beim Steigflug erfolgt eine Drehung der Kompassanzeige auf südliche Kurse.
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Das Kursschema
Deutsch Englisch Rechtweisender
Kurs True Course- Variation (VAR) Variation (VAR)
Missweisender Kurs Magnetic Course
- Deviation (DEV) Deviation (DEV) Kompasskurs Compass Course
Deutsch Englisch Abk.Rechtweisend True TMissweisend Magnetic MKompass Compass CKartenkurs Course CSteuerkurs Heading HKurs über Grund Track T
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Der Windeinfluss
Oper. Abk. Bezeichnung TC Rechtweisender Kurs
+ WCA Windvorhaltewinkel TH Rechtweisender Steuerkurs- VAR Variation MH Missweisender Steuerkurs- DEV Deviation CH Kompass Steuerkurs
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Der Navigationsrechner
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Die Vorderseite
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Längenumrechnungen
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Geschwindigkeiten
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Kraftstoffeinheiten
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Zeitberechnung
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Kraftstoffverbrauch
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TAS-Berechnung
TAS = CAS + 2 % pro 1.000 ft
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Wahre Flughöhe
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Dichtehöhe
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Das Winddreieck
Vektordarstellung Vektorrichtung VektorlängeSteuerkurs / Flugzeuglängsachse TASKurs über Grund / Track GSWindrichtung Windgeschwindigkeit
WW = WCA + WE
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Anteilige Windkomponenten
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼=𝐺𝐾𝐻𝑌⇔𝐺𝐾=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ∙𝐻𝑌
⇔𝑪𝑾𝑪=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑊𝑊 ∙𝑉𝑊
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼=𝐴𝐾𝐻𝑌⇔ 𝐴𝐾=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 ∙𝐻𝑌
⇔𝑯𝑾𝑪 /𝑻𝑾𝑪=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑊𝑊 ∙𝑉𝑊
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Die erste Grundaufgabe
Gegeben: TC (060), TAS (120 kt), Wind (330/30)Gesucht: WCA, TH, GS
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Die zweite Grundaufgabe
Gegeben: TH (120), TAS (120 kt), TT - tatsächlich geflogener (und nicht eingezeichneter) Kurs über Grund (090), GS (110 kt)Gesucht: Wind
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Die dritte Grundaufgabe
Gegeben: TH (210), TAS (120 kt), Wind (360/25)Gesucht: DA (Abdrift), GS
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Koppelnavigation
Symbol Bedeutung
Fix
Air Position
DR-Position
Darstellung Richtung LängeSteuerkurs Air DistanceTatsächlicher Kurs über Grund GS
Windrichtung Windgeschwindigkeit
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Koppeln
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1:60 Regel
601 eHypothenusteGegenkathe sin
sin
Strecke geflogeneVersatz seitlicher60 Drift
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Kurskorrekturen