valence electrons and ionschemisd.com/honors_chem/chpt7-quanta/electrons_and_ions.pdf · 2020. 11....
TRANSCRIPT
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VALENCE
ELECTRONS
AND IONS
CHAPTER 5 CONTINUED
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Subatomic
Particle
Charge Mass Location in
atom
Other Information
Protons + 1 AMU nucleus # does not change / defines element
Neutrons 0 1 AMU nucleus # can change (isotope) / alters the mass
Electrons - 0 AMU shell/cloud # can change (ion) / determines how it will react
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Atoms are Neutral = no chargeBecause #p+ = #e-
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VALENCE ELECTRONS
• The electrons in the outermost shell
• The electrons that are involved in bonding
• The number of valence electrons is important for
atom stability – shells “want” to be full
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How many valence electrons?
Tin
Oxygen
Selenium
Tellurium
Lithium
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ATOMS “WANT” TO BE STABLE
• How do they get stable?
• By filling their valence shells (outermost shells) – octet rule
• By being like Noble gases – who do not react with other
elements because their valence shells are already full
• By gaining electron to fill a shell or by losing electrons to
get rid of a shell exposing a full one underneath
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VALENCE ELECTRONS AND
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES
We really only need to look at the valence
electrons – they are the only ones that interact
with the world. So, we use Lewis dot
structures.
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How many valence electrons?
Tin
Oxygen
Selenium
Tellurium
Lithium
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EXCEPTION
= group number
Shortcut!
They all “want” to be stable, which means have a full valence shell.
The octet rule says all shells are full with 8 electrons in them,
but the exception is when the valence shell is the first shell.
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IONSatoms that have a charge because they have
gained or lost electrons to become stable with a full valence shell
Moving electrons
changes the charge
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Cation Anion
Ionization
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Lose 1 e- Gain 1 e-
+1 charge -1 charge-1 charge
What ions do they form?
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Cation = ion with a positive charge because it lost one or more electron(s)
Lithium Magnesium Aluminum
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Anion = ion with a negative charge because it gained one or more electron(s)
PhosphorousSulfurChlorine
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