valovi i zvuk - unios...can detect is about 1x10-12w/m2. this intensity is called the threshold of...
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Valovi i zvuk
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16.1 The Nature of Waves
1. A wave is a traveling disturbance.
2. A wave carries energy from place to place.
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16.1 The Nature of Waves
Transverse Wave
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16.1 The Nature of Waves
Longitudinal Wave
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16.1 The Nature of Waves
Water waves are partially transverse and partially longitudinal.
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16.2 Periodic Waves
Periodic waves consist of cycles or patterns that are produced over and over again by the source.
In the figures, every segment of the slinky vibrates in simple harmonicmotion, provided the end of the slinky is moved in simple harmonicmotion.
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16.2 Periodic Waves
In the drawing, one cycle is shaded in color.
The amplitude A is the maximum excursion of a particle of the medium fromthe particles undisturbed position.
The wavelength is the horizontal length of one cycle of the wave.
The period is the time required for one complete cycle.
The frequency is related to the period and has units of Hz, or s-1.
Tf
1
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16.2 Periodic Waves
fT
v
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16.2 Periodic Waves
Example 1 The Wavelengths of Radio Waves
AM and FM radio waves are transverse waves consisting of electric andmagnetic field disturbances traveling at a speed of 3.00x108m/s. A stationbroadcasts AM radio waves whose frequency is 1230x103Hz and an FM radio wave whose frequency is 91.9x106Hz. Find the distance between adjacent crests in each wave.
fT
v
f
v
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16.2 Periodic Waves
AM m 244Hz101230
sm1000.33
8
f
v
FM m 26.3Hz1091.9
sm1000.36
8
f
v
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16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String
The speed at which the wave moves to the right depends on how quicklyone particle of the string is accelerated upward in response to the net pulling force.
Lm
Fv
tension
linear density
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16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String
Example 2 Waves Traveling on Guitar Strings
Transverse waves travel on each string of an electric guitar after thestring is plucked. The length of each string between its two fixed endsis 0.628 m, and the mass is 0.208 g for the highest pitched E string and3.32 g for the lowest pitched E string. Each string is under a tension of 226 N. Find the speeds of the waves on the two strings.
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16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String
High E
sm826
m 0.628kg100.208
N 2263-
Lm
Fv
Low E
sm207
m 0.628kg103.32
N 2263-
Lm
Fv
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16.4 The Mathematical Description of a Wave
What is the displacement y at time t of a particle located at x?
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16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves
LONGITUDINAL SOUND WAVES
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16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves
The distance between adjacent condensations is equal to the wavelength of the sound wave.
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16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves
Individual air molecules are not carried along with the wave.
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16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves
THE FREQUENCY OF A SOUND WAVE
The frequency is the number of cyclesper second.
A sound with a single frequency is calleda pure tone.
The brain interprets the frequency in termsof the subjective quality called pitch.
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16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves
THE PRESSURE AMPLITUDE OF A SOUND WAVE
Loudness is an attribute ofa sound that depends primarily on the pressure amplitudeof the wave.
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16.6 The Speed of Sound
Sound travels through gases, liquids, and solids at considerablydifferent speeds.
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16.6 The Speed of Sound
Conceptual Example 5 Lightning, Thunder, and a Rule of Thumb
There is a rule of thumb for estimating how far away a thunderstorm is.After you see a flash of lighting, count off the seconds until the thunder is heard. Divide the number of seconds by five. The result gives theapproximate distance (in miles) to the thunderstorm. Why does thisrule work?
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16.7 Sound Intensity
Sound waves carry energy that can be used to do work.
The amount of energy transported per second is called the power of the wave.
The sound intensity is defined as the power that passes perpendicularly through a surface divided by the area of that surface.
A
PI
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16.7 Sound Intensity
Example 6 Sound Intensities
12x10-5W of sound power passed through the surfaces labeled 1 and 2. Theareas of these surfaces are 4.0m2 and 12m2. Determine the sound intensityat each surface.
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16.7 Sound Intensity
252
5
11 mW100.3
4.0m
W1012
A
PI
252
5
22 mW100.1
12m
W1012
A
PI
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16.7 Sound Intensity
For a 1000 Hz tone, the smallest sound intensity that the human earcan detect is about 1x10-12W/m2. This intensity is called the thresholdof hearing.
On the other extreme, continuous exposure to intensities greater than 1W/m2 can be painful.
If the source emits sound uniformly in all directions, the intensity dependson the distance from the source in a simple way.
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16.7 Sound Intensity
24 r
PI
power of sound source
area of sphere
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16.8 Decibels
The decibel (dB) is a measurement unit used when comparing two soundintensities.
Because of the way in which the human hearing mechanism responds tointensity, it is appropriate to use a logarithmic scale called the intensitylevel:
oI
IlogdB 10
212 mW1000.1 oI
Note that log(1)=0, so when the intensity of the sound is equal to the threshold of hearing, the intensity level is zero.
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16.8 Decibels
oI
IlogdB 10
212 mW1000.1 oI
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16.8 Decibels
Example 9 Comparing Sound Intensities
Audio system 1 produces a sound intensity level of 90.0 dB, and system2 produces an intensity level of 93.0 dB. Determine the ratio of intensities.
oI
IlogdB 10
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16.8 Decibels
oI
IlogdB 10
oI
I11 logdB 10
oI
I22 logdB 10
1
2
1
21212 logdB 10logdB 10logdB 10logdB 10
I
I
II
II
I
I
I
I
o
o
oo
1
2logdB 10dB 0.3I
I
0.210 30.0
1
2 I
I
1
2log0.30I
I
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16.9 The Doppler Effect
The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or pitchof the sound detected byan observer because the soundsource and the observer havedifferent velocities with respectto the medium of sound propagation.
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16.9 The Doppler Effect
MOVING SOURCE
Tvs
sssso fvfv
v
Tv
vvf
vvff
sso 1
1
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16.9 The Doppler Effect
vvff
sso 1
1source movingtoward a stationaryobserver
source movingaway from a stationaryobserver
vvff
sso 1
1
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16.9 The Doppler Effect
Example 10 The Sound of a Passing Train
A high-speed train is traveling at a speed of 44.7 m/s when the engineersounds the 415-Hz warning horn. The speed of sound is 343 m/s. What are the frequency and wavelength of the sound, as perceived by a personstanding at the crossing, when the train is (a) approaching and (b) leavingthe crossing?
vvff
sso 1
1
vvff
sso 1
1
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16.9 The Doppler Effect
Hz 4771
1Hz 415
sm343sm7.44
of
approaching
leaving
Hz 3671
1Hz 415
sm343sm7.44
of
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16.9 The Doppler Effect
MOVING OBSERVER
v
vf
f
vf
vff
os
s
os
oso
1
1
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16.9 The Doppler Effect
v
vff oso 1
v
vff oso 1
Observer movingtowards stationarysource
Observer movingaway from stationary source
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16.9 The Doppler Effect
vvvv
ffs
o
so
1
1
GENERAL CASE
Numerator: plus sign applies when observer moves towards the source
Denominator: minus sign applies when source moves towards the observer
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16.10 Applications of Sound in Medicine
By scanning ultrasonic waves across the body and detecting the echoesfrom various locations, it is possible to obtain an image.
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16.10 Applications of Sound in Medicine
When the sound is reflected from the red blood cells, itsfrequency is changed in a kind of Doppler effect becausethe cells are moving.
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16.11 The Sensitivity of the Human Ear
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PITANJA ZA PONAVLJANJE
1. Val
2. Transverzalni val
3. Longitudinalni val
4. Perodični val
5. Veza valne duljine, frekvencije I brzine vala
6. Matematički opis periodičnih valova
7. Intenzitet vala
8. Prag čujnosti
9. Decibel
10. Dopplerov učinak
PITANJA ZA PONAVLJANJE