VALUE ENGINEERING

A PRACTICAL APPROACH FOR

OWNERS DESIGNERS AND

CONTRACTORS

G A PRACTICAL APPROACH

FOR

OWNERS DESIGNERS AND

CONTRACTORS

LARRYW ZIMMERMANPE Certified Value Specialist

GLEN D HART Certified Value Specialist

CBS

CBS PULISHERS amp DIS fRIBUTORS PVT LTD New Delhi bull Bengaluru bull Chemiddotnnai bull Kochmiddot Mu b middot p bull m a1 bull une

ISBN 978-81-239-1877-8

First Indian Edition 1988

Copyright O 1982 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc

This edition has been reprinted in India by arrangement with Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc USA

ALI rights reserved No part of this book may be remicroroduced or transmitted in 1ny form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher

Sales Area India only

Published by Satish Kumar Jain for CBS Publishers amp Distributors Pvt Ltd CBS Plaza 4819Xl Prahlad Street 24 Ansari Road Daryaganj New Delhi - 110002 India bull Website wwwcbspdcom e-mail delhicbspdcom cbspubsairtelmailin Ph 23289259 23266861 23266867 bull Fax 011-23243014

Branches

bull Bengaluru Seema House 2975 17th Cross KR Road Bansankari 2nd Stage Bengaluru - 560070 bull Ph +91-80-2677167879 bull Fax +91-80-26771680 bull E-mail cbsbnggmailcom bangalorecbspdcom

bull Pune Bhuruk Prestige Sr No 52122+ I+ 32 arhe Haveli (Near Katraj-Dehu Road By-pass) Pune - 411041 middotth +91-20-6470405859 020-32392277 bull E-mail punecbspdcom jmiddotk 3614 Kalluvilakam Lissie Hospital Road bull Fax +sect2018 Kerala bull Ph +91-484-4059061-65

bull Lnennai middott-4059065 bull E-mail cochincbspdcom 1oh +9 l-44-26t Park Road Shenoy Nagar Chenna1 - 600030 bull E-mail chennait

26208620 bull Fax +91-44-42032115 Mrmbai 83-C Ist Flldco

m Maharashtra Ph +gl-smiddot

Moses Road Worli Mumbai-400 018 o E-1 nail mumbaicbspdcom933 022-249023402490234 I

Printed at

Nikunj Print Process Delhi

G A PRACTICAL APPROACH

FOR

OWNERS DESIGNERS AND

CONTRACTORS

LARRYW ZIMMERMANPE Certified Value Specialist

GLEN D HART Certified Value Specialist

CBS

CBS PULISHERS amp DIS fRIBUTORS PVT LTD New Delhi bull Bengaluru bull Chemiddotnnai bull Kochmiddot Mu b middot p bull m a1 bull une

ISBN 978-81-239-1877-8

First Indian Edition 1988

Copyright O 1982 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc

This edition has been reprinted in India by arrangement with Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc USA

ALI rights reserved No part of this book may be remicroroduced or transmitted in 1ny form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher

Sales Area India only

Published by Satish Kumar Jain for CBS Publishers amp Distributors Pvt Ltd CBS Plaza 4819Xl Prahlad Street 24 Ansari Road Daryaganj New Delhi - 110002 India bull Website wwwcbspdcom e-mail delhicbspdcom cbspubsairtelmailin Ph 23289259 23266861 23266867 bull Fax 011-23243014

Branches

bull Bengaluru Seema House 2975 17th Cross KR Road Bansankari 2nd Stage Bengaluru - 560070 bull Ph +91-80-2677167879 bull Fax +91-80-26771680 bull E-mail cbsbnggmailcom bangalorecbspdcom

bull Pune Bhuruk Prestige Sr No 52122+ I+ 32 arhe Haveli (Near Katraj-Dehu Road By-pass) Pune - 411041 middotth +91-20-6470405859 020-32392277 bull E-mail punecbspdcom jmiddotk 3614 Kalluvilakam Lissie Hospital Road bull Fax +sect2018 Kerala bull Ph +91-484-4059061-65

bull Lnennai middott-4059065 bull E-mail cochincbspdcom 1oh +9 l-44-26t Park Road Shenoy Nagar Chenna1 - 600030 bull E-mail chennait

26208620 bull Fax +91-44-42032115 Mrmbai 83-C Ist Flldco

m Maharashtra Ph +gl-smiddot

Moses Road Worli Mumbai-400 018 o E-1 nail mumbaicbspdcom933 022-249023402490234 I

Printed at

Nikunj Print Process Delhi

ISBN 978-81-239-1877-8

First Indian Edition 1988

Copyright O 1982 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc

This edition has been reprinted in India by arrangement with Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc USA

ALI rights reserved No part of this book may be remicroroduced or transmitted in 1ny form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher

Sales Area India only

Published by Satish Kumar Jain for CBS Publishers amp Distributors Pvt Ltd CBS Plaza 4819Xl Prahlad Street 24 Ansari Road Daryaganj New Delhi - 110002 India bull Website wwwcbspdcom e-mail delhicbspdcom cbspubsairtelmailin Ph 23289259 23266861 23266867 bull Fax 011-23243014

Branches

bull Bengaluru Seema House 2975 17th Cross KR Road Bansankari 2nd Stage Bengaluru - 560070 bull Ph +91-80-2677167879 bull Fax +91-80-26771680 bull E-mail cbsbnggmailcom bangalorecbspdcom

bull Pune Bhuruk Prestige Sr No 52122+ I+ 32 arhe Haveli (Near Katraj-Dehu Road By-pass) Pune - 411041 middotth +91-20-6470405859 020-32392277 bull E-mail punecbspdcom jmiddotk 3614 Kalluvilakam Lissie Hospital Road bull Fax +sect2018 Kerala bull Ph +91-484-4059061-65

bull Lnennai middott-4059065 bull E-mail cochincbspdcom 1oh +9 l-44-26t Park Road Shenoy Nagar Chenna1 - 600030 bull E-mail chennait

26208620 bull Fax +91-44-42032115 Mrmbai 83-C Ist Flldco

m Maharashtra Ph +gl-smiddot

Moses Road Worli Mumbai-400 018 o E-1 nail mumbaicbspdcom933 022-249023402490234 I

Printed at

Nikunj Print Process Delhi

Preface

Spiraling construction costs and an ever-increasing tightening of money have fostered a need for controlling and managing costs Federal agencies through their various construction grants programs have adopted Value Engineering

means of construction and at the time improving performance reliability of product Constraints on spending

of investment dollars and desire to obtain maximum for each dollar spent have helped increase the acceptance of value engineering

The initial success of value engineering on construction projects within the General Services Administration (GSA) and the Environmental Protection

(EPA) has about an awareness of the of value engineer-architects and Initially studies were under the of a Certified Value Specialist (CVS) an accredited

professional value engineer certified by the Society of American Value Enshygineers (SAVE) Now engineers and architects are conducting value studies and often run into pitfalls not readily apparent

This book is a how-to-do-it book purpose is to the ins and involved in value study The is intended

the practical rather than the theoretical aspects value engineering Many books have been written about value engineering as it relates to the manufacturing field with emphasis on the theory behind it The authors have drawn freely from their experience in conducting value engineering seminars and studies in compiling the major contents of the book Every attempt has

made to address the key elements value and to of actual studies

The authors have attempted to exclude material of a general nature that appears in many value engineering texts and instead have concentrated on value engineering as it relates to the construction industry The key eleshyments the authors wish to cover are the background of value engineering in

construction the tool-kit value managing conducting a value engineering an in-depth explanation of

engineering with successful examples results Examples of actual value engineering cases provide the reader with a guide for applying value engineering in their own work It is hoped that the examples and the accompanying written description will giv the reader adequate comparison

al to serve for hisher

wt PRllfACE

During the past 22 yearn Qyer 5000 people have attended value engineershying seminars conducted by Glen Hart These seminars included people from the fields of manufacturing research construction procurement purchasing software hardware and the like Many of these people have encouraged Glen to summarize the contents of the VE seminar in book form A large portion of this book is based on Gleni 22 years of experience conducting VE semshyinars and leading value programs This material is augmented with technical data cost control techniques energy modeling life-cycle costing models and the management approach that the authors used in conducting value en- gineering studies in tlw eomtruction field

Much of the stimulus to write a text on value engineering has been genershyated by the results of the value engineering studies Time and time again upnecessary life-cycle costs have been drastically reduced resulting in subshystantial savings to the owner When comparing the savings for value engineershying studies to the study costs the results have been astonishing Return on investment ratio (savin11 divided by cost of study) have ranged from as high as 48 S l to 2 l Results of this nature applied throughout the construcshytion industry are impressive It is estimated that if 3 to S percent of the cost of construction were eliminated (within the realm of possibility with value engineering) the Environmental Protection Agency would be able to fund thousands of additional wastewater treatment construction projects as some projects cannot be funded due to a shortage of money

It is the hope of the authors that the contents of the book will benefit managers engineers architects contractors developers politicians and others responsible for ensuring that we receive the maximum value for our money and that teachers and students will find the book useful in their curriculums

Early efforts at value engineering were directed toward the manufacturshying field where a savings in 11 uduct would be magnified by the number of times the product was produced Value engineering in construction came to the forefront in the 1960s when construction costs were changing faster than estimators could keep track of the fluctuating costs The enormous amount of construction money expended and the potential for cost savings has thrust value engineering to the forefront of the industry

The authors of the book have been fortunate to be involved in the develshyopment of many of the federal governments first endeavors into value enshygineering studies and to have conducted 40-hour value engineering workshops to train many of the architects and engineers in the field today Many of the ideas and concepts expressed in the book are the result of experience gained from these individuals to whom we owe our thanks In addition the requireshyments for value engineering of federal construction projects has stimulated the challenge to our profession to maximize the value of our product

Our thanks to Arthur Beard Engineers Inc and Smith Hinchman amp Grylls Associates Inc and especially to the participants in value engineering workshyshops who have been helpfui in providing much of the case history text material from studies conducted by the authors Writing any book requires

PREFACE vii

motivation and we thank our wives June and Sue and our colleagues for their support and ego-building during preparation of the manuscript Our thanks goes out to all of you

Larry W Zimmerman PE CVS Glen D Hart CVS

Contents

Preface

1 Introduction and Background of V aJue Engineering

Definition of Value Engineering All Designs Have Unnecessary Costs The Reasoos Poor Value Occurs Background and History of Value Engineering

2 Habits Roadblocks and Attitudes

HabitRuts Attitudes The ltitude Screen It Cant Be Done The Power of a Positive Attitude Realizing Our True Potential

3 The Value Engineering Job Plan

Introduction The Inventive lrocess Rmns for Using The lob Plan The Job Plan

4 Function Analysis

Funcion and Its Role in Achieving Value Crite1a Used to Evaiuate Value Function An Approach to Obtaining Value Quantifying Function in Terms of Its Cost and Worth Graphical Furlction Analysis Evaluate by Comparison Advantages of Function Analysis Approach Functional Analysis Systems Technique (FAST Diagramming)

v

7 6

10

19

20 23 27 29 30 31

32

32 32 32 34

60

60 62 63 67 71 71 73 74

ix

CONTENTS

S Creative Thinking

Introduction Definition of Creative Thinking

People Characteristics of Crea live

Processes Creativity) Psychological Basis of Creativi ty What Stimulates Creativity What Stifles Creativity

a Creative Creative Thinking

Creative Process Creative Problem-Solving Techniques

6 Managing the Value Engineering Study

Program Works Rcla tionship Between Owner-Designer lnfluences the Cost Project

Facility LifeCycle Prncess Who Influences the Cost of a Project When is the Owner Ready for Value Engineering Selecting a VE Consultant Staffing and Structuring Teams for a VE Study Conducting a VE Project Study

Modeling

Validation Estimating

Cost Models Matrix Cost Model Functional Cost Models

or Project Models

Costing

Definition of Life-cycle Costing Purpose and Implications of Life-cycle Costing Economic Principles Used in Life-cycle Costing

for Escalation

Tool

9 Energy

Introduction Resources and Consumption Cost Escalation ofEnergy of Energy

Energy Embodiment of Construction Materials

Engineering Consultant

83

83 84

9 1

93 94

97

1 00

1 03

1 1 2 1 2 1

1 2 1

1 23

1 24

1 29

1 44 1 44

1 45

1 47

1 50

1 5 1

1 5 2 1 52

1 73

173 1 73

CONT ENTS xi

Transportation Systems 1 82

Water and Wastewater Treatment 1 8 5

Building and Energy Design 1 87 Factors Affecting Energy Consumption 1 90

Models 1 93 Analyzing Building Energy Use 193 The Building as a Heat Body 196 Factors Impacting Consumption 1 96 Key Factors Affecting Energy Consumption in Buildings 208 Impact of Maintenance on Energy Savings 2 1 2

Demand for Electrical 2 1 2

Energy Prospectus 2 1 3

Areas of Potential Energy Savings in Plant Design 2 1 3

10 Value Engineering Case Study No 1 Wastewater Treatment Plant 2 16

Introduction 2 1 6 Trea ment Plan t Service Area 2 1 6 Project Requirements 2 1 7 Description of Project 2 1 7

Organization and Staffing o f VE Teams 2 1 7 Description of V E Workshop 2 1 8 Information Phase 2 1 8

Creative Phase 22 1

Judgment Phase 22 1

Development Phase 22 1

Recommendation Phase 222

1 1 Value Engineering Case Study No 2 Wastewater Treatment Plant 235

Requirements 235 Description of Project 236 Organizing and Staffing of VE Teams 237 Description VE Workshop 238

The VE Workshop 239

Cost Model 239

Functional Analysis 24 1

Creative Phase 243

Judgment Phase 243

Development Phase 243

middot Recommendation Phase 243

Examples of Implemented VE Recommendations 248 Designers Response 248

1 2 Value Engineering Case Study No 3 Engineering Management Building 257

Building Requirements 258 Description Project 258 VE Project Team 26 1 Description of VE Workshop 26 1 Examples o f Recommendations 267

xii CONTENTS

13 40-hour VE Workshop Seminars

What do Participants Need to Bring to a 40-hour Workshop Seminar

Bibliography Index

27 1

273

275 277

VALUE ENGINEEbull

A PRACTICAL APPROACH

OWNERS DESIGNERS AND

CONTRACTORS

Value Engineering A PracticalApproach For Owners Designers and

Constructions

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123918778Author Zimmerman Lwand Gilen Hd

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10377

Get this eBook

wt PRllfACE

During the past 22 yearn Qyer 5000 people have attended value engineershying seminars conducted by Glen Hart These seminars included people from the fields of manufacturing research construction procurement purchasing software hardware and the like Many of these people have encouraged Glen to summarize the contents of the VE seminar in book form A large portion of this book is based on Gleni 22 years of experience conducting VE semshyinars and leading value programs This material is augmented with technical data cost control techniques energy modeling life-cycle costing models and the management approach that the authors used in conducting value en- gineering studies in tlw eomtruction field

Much of the stimulus to write a text on value engineering has been genershyated by the results of the value engineering studies Time and time again upnecessary life-cycle costs have been drastically reduced resulting in subshystantial savings to the owner When comparing the savings for value engineershying studies to the study costs the results have been astonishing Return on investment ratio (savin11 divided by cost of study) have ranged from as high as 48 S l to 2 l Results of this nature applied throughout the construcshytion industry are impressive It is estimated that if 3 to S percent of the cost of construction were eliminated (within the realm of possibility with value engineering) the Environmental Protection Agency would be able to fund thousands of additional wastewater treatment construction projects as some projects cannot be funded due to a shortage of money

It is the hope of the authors that the contents of the book will benefit managers engineers architects contractors developers politicians and others responsible for ensuring that we receive the maximum value for our money and that teachers and students will find the book useful in their curriculums

Early efforts at value engineering were directed toward the manufacturshying field where a savings in 11 uduct would be magnified by the number of times the product was produced Value engineering in construction came to the forefront in the 1960s when construction costs were changing faster than estimators could keep track of the fluctuating costs The enormous amount of construction money expended and the potential for cost savings has thrust value engineering to the forefront of the industry

The authors of the book have been fortunate to be involved in the develshyopment of many of the federal governments first endeavors into value enshygineering studies and to have conducted 40-hour value engineering workshops to train many of the architects and engineers in the field today Many of the ideas and concepts expressed in the book are the result of experience gained from these individuals to whom we owe our thanks In addition the requireshyments for value engineering of federal construction projects has stimulated the challenge to our profession to maximize the value of our product

Our thanks to Arthur Beard Engineers Inc and Smith Hinchman amp Grylls Associates Inc and especially to the participants in value engineering workshyshops who have been helpfui in providing much of the case history text material from studies conducted by the authors Writing any book requires

PREFACE vii

motivation and we thank our wives June and Sue and our colleagues for their support and ego-building during preparation of the manuscript Our thanks goes out to all of you

Larry W Zimmerman PE CVS Glen D Hart CVS

Contents

Preface

1 Introduction and Background of V aJue Engineering

Definition of Value Engineering All Designs Have Unnecessary Costs The Reasoos Poor Value Occurs Background and History of Value Engineering

2 Habits Roadblocks and Attitudes

HabitRuts Attitudes The ltitude Screen It Cant Be Done The Power of a Positive Attitude Realizing Our True Potential

3 The Value Engineering Job Plan

Introduction The Inventive lrocess Rmns for Using The lob Plan The Job Plan

4 Function Analysis

Funcion and Its Role in Achieving Value Crite1a Used to Evaiuate Value Function An Approach to Obtaining Value Quantifying Function in Terms of Its Cost and Worth Graphical Furlction Analysis Evaluate by Comparison Advantages of Function Analysis Approach Functional Analysis Systems Technique (FAST Diagramming)

v

7 6

10

19

20 23 27 29 30 31

32

32 32 32 34

60

60 62 63 67 71 71 73 74

ix

CONTENTS

S Creative Thinking

Introduction Definition of Creative Thinking

People Characteristics of Crea live

Processes Creativity) Psychological Basis of Creativi ty What Stimulates Creativity What Stifles Creativity

a Creative Creative Thinking

Creative Process Creative Problem-Solving Techniques

6 Managing the Value Engineering Study

Program Works Rcla tionship Between Owner-Designer lnfluences the Cost Project

Facility LifeCycle Prncess Who Influences the Cost of a Project When is the Owner Ready for Value Engineering Selecting a VE Consultant Staffing and Structuring Teams for a VE Study Conducting a VE Project Study

Modeling

Validation Estimating

Cost Models Matrix Cost Model Functional Cost Models

or Project Models

Costing

Definition of Life-cycle Costing Purpose and Implications of Life-cycle Costing Economic Principles Used in Life-cycle Costing

for Escalation

Tool

9 Energy

Introduction Resources and Consumption Cost Escalation ofEnergy of Energy

Energy Embodiment of Construction Materials

Engineering Consultant

83

83 84

9 1

93 94

97

1 00

1 03

1 1 2 1 2 1

1 2 1

1 23

1 24

1 29

1 44 1 44

1 45

1 47

1 50

1 5 1

1 5 2 1 52

1 73

173 1 73

CONT ENTS xi

Transportation Systems 1 82

Water and Wastewater Treatment 1 8 5

Building and Energy Design 1 87 Factors Affecting Energy Consumption 1 90

Models 1 93 Analyzing Building Energy Use 193 The Building as a Heat Body 196 Factors Impacting Consumption 1 96 Key Factors Affecting Energy Consumption in Buildings 208 Impact of Maintenance on Energy Savings 2 1 2

Demand for Electrical 2 1 2

Energy Prospectus 2 1 3

Areas of Potential Energy Savings in Plant Design 2 1 3

10 Value Engineering Case Study No 1 Wastewater Treatment Plant 2 16

Introduction 2 1 6 Trea ment Plan t Service Area 2 1 6 Project Requirements 2 1 7 Description of Project 2 1 7

Organization and Staffing o f VE Teams 2 1 7 Description of V E Workshop 2 1 8 Information Phase 2 1 8

Creative Phase 22 1

Judgment Phase 22 1

Development Phase 22 1

Recommendation Phase 222

1 1 Value Engineering Case Study No 2 Wastewater Treatment Plant 235

Requirements 235 Description of Project 236 Organizing and Staffing of VE Teams 237 Description VE Workshop 238

The VE Workshop 239

Cost Model 239

Functional Analysis 24 1

Creative Phase 243

Judgment Phase 243

Development Phase 243

middot Recommendation Phase 243

Examples of Implemented VE Recommendations 248 Designers Response 248

1 2 Value Engineering Case Study No 3 Engineering Management Building 257

Building Requirements 258 Description Project 258 VE Project Team 26 1 Description of VE Workshop 26 1 Examples o f Recommendations 267

xii CONTENTS

13 40-hour VE Workshop Seminars

What do Participants Need to Bring to a 40-hour Workshop Seminar

Bibliography Index

27 1

273

275 277

VALUE ENGINEEbull

A PRACTICAL APPROACH

OWNERS DESIGNERS AND

CONTRACTORS

Value Engineering A PracticalApproach For Owners Designers and

Constructions

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123918778Author Zimmerman Lwand Gilen Hd

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10377

Get this eBook

PREFACE vii

motivation and we thank our wives June and Sue and our colleagues for their support and ego-building during preparation of the manuscript Our thanks goes out to all of you

Larry W Zimmerman PE CVS Glen D Hart CVS

Contents

Preface

1 Introduction and Background of V aJue Engineering

Definition of Value Engineering All Designs Have Unnecessary Costs The Reasoos Poor Value Occurs Background and History of Value Engineering

2 Habits Roadblocks and Attitudes

HabitRuts Attitudes The ltitude Screen It Cant Be Done The Power of a Positive Attitude Realizing Our True Potential

3 The Value Engineering Job Plan

Introduction The Inventive lrocess Rmns for Using The lob Plan The Job Plan

4 Function Analysis

Funcion and Its Role in Achieving Value Crite1a Used to Evaiuate Value Function An Approach to Obtaining Value Quantifying Function in Terms of Its Cost and Worth Graphical Furlction Analysis Evaluate by Comparison Advantages of Function Analysis Approach Functional Analysis Systems Technique (FAST Diagramming)

v

7 6

10

19

20 23 27 29 30 31

32

32 32 32 34

60

60 62 63 67 71 71 73 74

ix

CONTENTS

S Creative Thinking

Introduction Definition of Creative Thinking

People Characteristics of Crea live

Processes Creativity) Psychological Basis of Creativi ty What Stimulates Creativity What Stifles Creativity

a Creative Creative Thinking

Creative Process Creative Problem-Solving Techniques

6 Managing the Value Engineering Study

Program Works Rcla tionship Between Owner-Designer lnfluences the Cost Project

Facility LifeCycle Prncess Who Influences the Cost of a Project When is the Owner Ready for Value Engineering Selecting a VE Consultant Staffing and Structuring Teams for a VE Study Conducting a VE Project Study

Modeling

Validation Estimating

Cost Models Matrix Cost Model Functional Cost Models

or Project Models

Costing

Definition of Life-cycle Costing Purpose and Implications of Life-cycle Costing Economic Principles Used in Life-cycle Costing

for Escalation

Tool

9 Energy

Introduction Resources and Consumption Cost Escalation ofEnergy of Energy

Energy Embodiment of Construction Materials

Engineering Consultant

83

83 84

9 1

93 94

97

1 00

1 03

1 1 2 1 2 1

1 2 1

1 23

1 24

1 29

1 44 1 44

1 45

1 47

1 50

1 5 1

1 5 2 1 52

1 73

173 1 73

CONT ENTS xi

Transportation Systems 1 82

Water and Wastewater Treatment 1 8 5

Building and Energy Design 1 87 Factors Affecting Energy Consumption 1 90

Models 1 93 Analyzing Building Energy Use 193 The Building as a Heat Body 196 Factors Impacting Consumption 1 96 Key Factors Affecting Energy Consumption in Buildings 208 Impact of Maintenance on Energy Savings 2 1 2

Demand for Electrical 2 1 2

Energy Prospectus 2 1 3

Areas of Potential Energy Savings in Plant Design 2 1 3

10 Value Engineering Case Study No 1 Wastewater Treatment Plant 2 16

Introduction 2 1 6 Trea ment Plan t Service Area 2 1 6 Project Requirements 2 1 7 Description of Project 2 1 7

Organization and Staffing o f VE Teams 2 1 7 Description of V E Workshop 2 1 8 Information Phase 2 1 8

Creative Phase 22 1

Judgment Phase 22 1

Development Phase 22 1

Recommendation Phase 222

1 1 Value Engineering Case Study No 2 Wastewater Treatment Plant 235

Requirements 235 Description of Project 236 Organizing and Staffing of VE Teams 237 Description VE Workshop 238

The VE Workshop 239

Cost Model 239

Functional Analysis 24 1

Creative Phase 243

Judgment Phase 243

Development Phase 243

middot Recommendation Phase 243

Examples of Implemented VE Recommendations 248 Designers Response 248

1 2 Value Engineering Case Study No 3 Engineering Management Building 257

Building Requirements 258 Description Project 258 VE Project Team 26 1 Description of VE Workshop 26 1 Examples o f Recommendations 267

xii CONTENTS

13 40-hour VE Workshop Seminars

What do Participants Need to Bring to a 40-hour Workshop Seminar

Bibliography Index

27 1

273

275 277

VALUE ENGINEEbull

A PRACTICAL APPROACH

OWNERS DESIGNERS AND

CONTRACTORS

Value Engineering A PracticalApproach For Owners Designers and

Constructions

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123918778Author Zimmerman Lwand Gilen Hd

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10377

Get this eBook

Contents

Preface

1 Introduction and Background of V aJue Engineering

Definition of Value Engineering All Designs Have Unnecessary Costs The Reasoos Poor Value Occurs Background and History of Value Engineering

2 Habits Roadblocks and Attitudes

HabitRuts Attitudes The ltitude Screen It Cant Be Done The Power of a Positive Attitude Realizing Our True Potential

3 The Value Engineering Job Plan

Introduction The Inventive lrocess Rmns for Using The lob Plan The Job Plan

4 Function Analysis

Funcion and Its Role in Achieving Value Crite1a Used to Evaiuate Value Function An Approach to Obtaining Value Quantifying Function in Terms of Its Cost and Worth Graphical Furlction Analysis Evaluate by Comparison Advantages of Function Analysis Approach Functional Analysis Systems Technique (FAST Diagramming)

v

7 6

10

19

20 23 27 29 30 31

32

32 32 32 34

60

60 62 63 67 71 71 73 74

ix

CONTENTS

S Creative Thinking

Introduction Definition of Creative Thinking

People Characteristics of Crea live

Processes Creativity) Psychological Basis of Creativi ty What Stimulates Creativity What Stifles Creativity

a Creative Creative Thinking

Creative Process Creative Problem-Solving Techniques

6 Managing the Value Engineering Study

Program Works Rcla tionship Between Owner-Designer lnfluences the Cost Project

Facility LifeCycle Prncess Who Influences the Cost of a Project When is the Owner Ready for Value Engineering Selecting a VE Consultant Staffing and Structuring Teams for a VE Study Conducting a VE Project Study

Modeling

Validation Estimating

Cost Models Matrix Cost Model Functional Cost Models

or Project Models

Costing

Definition of Life-cycle Costing Purpose and Implications of Life-cycle Costing Economic Principles Used in Life-cycle Costing

for Escalation

Tool

9 Energy

Introduction Resources and Consumption Cost Escalation ofEnergy of Energy

Energy Embodiment of Construction Materials

Engineering Consultant

83

83 84

9 1

93 94

97

1 00

1 03

1 1 2 1 2 1

1 2 1

1 23

1 24

1 29

1 44 1 44

1 45

1 47

1 50

1 5 1

1 5 2 1 52

1 73

173 1 73

CONT ENTS xi

Transportation Systems 1 82

Water and Wastewater Treatment 1 8 5

Building and Energy Design 1 87 Factors Affecting Energy Consumption 1 90

Models 1 93 Analyzing Building Energy Use 193 The Building as a Heat Body 196 Factors Impacting Consumption 1 96 Key Factors Affecting Energy Consumption in Buildings 208 Impact of Maintenance on Energy Savings 2 1 2

Demand for Electrical 2 1 2

Energy Prospectus 2 1 3

Areas of Potential Energy Savings in Plant Design 2 1 3

10 Value Engineering Case Study No 1 Wastewater Treatment Plant 2 16

Introduction 2 1 6 Trea ment Plan t Service Area 2 1 6 Project Requirements 2 1 7 Description of Project 2 1 7

Organization and Staffing o f VE Teams 2 1 7 Description of V E Workshop 2 1 8 Information Phase 2 1 8

Creative Phase 22 1

Judgment Phase 22 1

Development Phase 22 1

Recommendation Phase 222

1 1 Value Engineering Case Study No 2 Wastewater Treatment Plant 235

Requirements 235 Description of Project 236 Organizing and Staffing of VE Teams 237 Description VE Workshop 238

The VE Workshop 239

Cost Model 239

Functional Analysis 24 1

Creative Phase 243

Judgment Phase 243

Development Phase 243

middot Recommendation Phase 243

Examples of Implemented VE Recommendations 248 Designers Response 248

1 2 Value Engineering Case Study No 3 Engineering Management Building 257

Building Requirements 258 Description Project 258 VE Project Team 26 1 Description of VE Workshop 26 1 Examples o f Recommendations 267

xii CONTENTS

13 40-hour VE Workshop Seminars

What do Participants Need to Bring to a 40-hour Workshop Seminar

Bibliography Index

27 1

273

275 277

VALUE ENGINEEbull

A PRACTICAL APPROACH

OWNERS DESIGNERS AND

CONTRACTORS

Value Engineering A PracticalApproach For Owners Designers and

Constructions

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123918778Author Zimmerman Lwand Gilen Hd

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10377

Get this eBook

CONTENTS

S Creative Thinking

Introduction Definition of Creative Thinking

People Characteristics of Crea live

Processes Creativity) Psychological Basis of Creativi ty What Stimulates Creativity What Stifles Creativity

a Creative Creative Thinking

Creative Process Creative Problem-Solving Techniques

6 Managing the Value Engineering Study

Program Works Rcla tionship Between Owner-Designer lnfluences the Cost Project

Facility LifeCycle Prncess Who Influences the Cost of a Project When is the Owner Ready for Value Engineering Selecting a VE Consultant Staffing and Structuring Teams for a VE Study Conducting a VE Project Study

Modeling

Validation Estimating

Cost Models Matrix Cost Model Functional Cost Models

or Project Models

Costing

Definition of Life-cycle Costing Purpose and Implications of Life-cycle Costing Economic Principles Used in Life-cycle Costing

for Escalation

Tool

9 Energy

Introduction Resources and Consumption Cost Escalation ofEnergy of Energy

Energy Embodiment of Construction Materials

Engineering Consultant

83

83 84

9 1

93 94

97

1 00

1 03

1 1 2 1 2 1

1 2 1

1 23

1 24

1 29

1 44 1 44

1 45

1 47

1 50

1 5 1

1 5 2 1 52

1 73

173 1 73

CONT ENTS xi

Transportation Systems 1 82

Water and Wastewater Treatment 1 8 5

Building and Energy Design 1 87 Factors Affecting Energy Consumption 1 90

Models 1 93 Analyzing Building Energy Use 193 The Building as a Heat Body 196 Factors Impacting Consumption 1 96 Key Factors Affecting Energy Consumption in Buildings 208 Impact of Maintenance on Energy Savings 2 1 2

Demand for Electrical 2 1 2

Energy Prospectus 2 1 3

Areas of Potential Energy Savings in Plant Design 2 1 3

10 Value Engineering Case Study No 1 Wastewater Treatment Plant 2 16

Introduction 2 1 6 Trea ment Plan t Service Area 2 1 6 Project Requirements 2 1 7 Description of Project 2 1 7

Organization and Staffing o f VE Teams 2 1 7 Description of V E Workshop 2 1 8 Information Phase 2 1 8

Creative Phase 22 1

Judgment Phase 22 1

Development Phase 22 1

Recommendation Phase 222

1 1 Value Engineering Case Study No 2 Wastewater Treatment Plant 235

Requirements 235 Description of Project 236 Organizing and Staffing of VE Teams 237 Description VE Workshop 238

The VE Workshop 239

Cost Model 239

Functional Analysis 24 1

Creative Phase 243

Judgment Phase 243

Development Phase 243

middot Recommendation Phase 243

Examples of Implemented VE Recommendations 248 Designers Response 248

1 2 Value Engineering Case Study No 3 Engineering Management Building 257

Building Requirements 258 Description Project 258 VE Project Team 26 1 Description of VE Workshop 26 1 Examples o f Recommendations 267

xii CONTENTS

13 40-hour VE Workshop Seminars

What do Participants Need to Bring to a 40-hour Workshop Seminar

Bibliography Index

27 1

273

275 277

VALUE ENGINEEbull

A PRACTICAL APPROACH

OWNERS DESIGNERS AND

CONTRACTORS

Value Engineering A PracticalApproach For Owners Designers and

Constructions

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123918778Author Zimmerman Lwand Gilen Hd

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10377

Get this eBook

CONT ENTS xi

Transportation Systems 1 82

Water and Wastewater Treatment 1 8 5

Building and Energy Design 1 87 Factors Affecting Energy Consumption 1 90

Models 1 93 Analyzing Building Energy Use 193 The Building as a Heat Body 196 Factors Impacting Consumption 1 96 Key Factors Affecting Energy Consumption in Buildings 208 Impact of Maintenance on Energy Savings 2 1 2

Demand for Electrical 2 1 2

Energy Prospectus 2 1 3

Areas of Potential Energy Savings in Plant Design 2 1 3

10 Value Engineering Case Study No 1 Wastewater Treatment Plant 2 16

Introduction 2 1 6 Trea ment Plan t Service Area 2 1 6 Project Requirements 2 1 7 Description of Project 2 1 7

Organization and Staffing o f VE Teams 2 1 7 Description of V E Workshop 2 1 8 Information Phase 2 1 8

Creative Phase 22 1

Judgment Phase 22 1

Development Phase 22 1

Recommendation Phase 222

1 1 Value Engineering Case Study No 2 Wastewater Treatment Plant 235

Requirements 235 Description of Project 236 Organizing and Staffing of VE Teams 237 Description VE Workshop 238

The VE Workshop 239

Cost Model 239

Functional Analysis 24 1

Creative Phase 243

Judgment Phase 243

Development Phase 243

middot Recommendation Phase 243

Examples of Implemented VE Recommendations 248 Designers Response 248

1 2 Value Engineering Case Study No 3 Engineering Management Building 257

Building Requirements 258 Description Project 258 VE Project Team 26 1 Description of VE Workshop 26 1 Examples o f Recommendations 267

xii CONTENTS

13 40-hour VE Workshop Seminars

What do Participants Need to Bring to a 40-hour Workshop Seminar

Bibliography Index

27 1

273

275 277

VALUE ENGINEEbull

A PRACTICAL APPROACH

OWNERS DESIGNERS AND

CONTRACTORS

Value Engineering A PracticalApproach For Owners Designers and

Constructions

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123918778Author Zimmerman Lwand Gilen Hd

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10377

Get this eBook

xii CONTENTS

13 40-hour VE Workshop Seminars

What do Participants Need to Bring to a 40-hour Workshop Seminar

Bibliography Index

27 1

273

275 277

VALUE ENGINEEbull

A PRACTICAL APPROACH

OWNERS DESIGNERS AND

CONTRACTORS

Value Engineering A PracticalApproach For Owners Designers and

Constructions

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123918778Author Zimmerman Lwand Gilen Hd

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10377

Get this eBook

VALUE ENGINEEbull

A PRACTICAL APPROACH

OWNERS DESIGNERS AND

CONTRACTORS

Value Engineering A PracticalApproach For Owners Designers and

Constructions

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123918778Author Zimmerman Lwand Gilen Hd

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10377

Get this eBook

Value Engineering A PracticalApproach For Owners Designers and

Constructions

Publisher CBS Publications ISBN 9788123918778Author Zimmerman Lwand Gilen Hd

Type the URL httpwwwkopykitabcomproduct10377

Get this eBook