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Last updated March 2013

BEFORE you begin, please note: This brief guide is primarily for students doing assignments at Curtin University, not for those publishing using the Vancouver style.

If you are publishing in the Vancouver style, please consult:

AMA manual of style: a guide for authors and editors. 10th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2007.

For further information on this style please see: Citing Medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers.

Guide contents Overview:

Reference Examples:

What is referencing? Books (Print & Online)

Why reference? Journals (Print & Online)

Steps involved in referencing World Wide Web

Elements of a reference Government Publications

Sample reference list Other Sources Authors Citing Other Authors

It is important that you check the assignment guide of your Department or School as some details, such as punctuation, may vary from the guidelines provided in this guide. You may be penalised for not conforming to your School’s requirements. All referencing queries should be addressed to the appropriate lecturer or supervisor Academic integrity and plagiarism Plagiarism breaches academic integrity and is a serious accusation in academia. Make sure you avoid plagiarism by referencing your sources. Refer to the Curtin University student booklet Academic Integrity: Student Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism for definitions and University policies relating to academic integrity and plagiarism.

CURTIN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

VANCOUVER REFERENCING

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What is Referencing? Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works, must be referenced.

Why Reference?

Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited author’s arguments.

Steps involved in Referencing 1. Collecting Bibliographic Details

Note down the full bibliographic details from which the information is taken, including the relevant page number(s). This information is the basis of a citation or reference.

Book details include: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page (not all of these details will necessarily be applicable).

Journal article details include: author/s of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.

For all electronic information, in addition to the above details you should also include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if provided. If a DOI has not been provided, then include the web address (URL) of the database you found the article in. For more details see the DOI Information Sheet.

2. In-text Citations In the Vancouver style, a consecutive number is allocated to each reference as it is cited for the first time in the text of the assignment. This number becomes the unique identifier of that source and if the source is cited again the same number is repeated. Vancouver uses superscript numbers or standard numbers in brackets, in the text, e.g. 1-4,10,12 or (1-4,10,12). Enter in-text citations:

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Use double quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation. Use single quotation marks for quotations within quotations. If material quoted from texts or speeches is longer than 4 typewritten lines, the material should be set off in a block i.e. in reduced type and without the quotation marks. Space is often added both above and below these longer quotations. 3. Reference List A reference list includes books, journal articles etc. that you cite in the text of your essay. A bibliography is a list of relevant sources consulted but not cited. In the Vancouver style, references are listed at the end of your assignment in the numerical order in which they are cited in the text. Book and journal titles are not italicised or placed in quotation marks.

Journal titles are abbreviated in the Vancouver style. A list of abbreviations is available through PubMed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/. Click on “Journals in NCBI Databases” and enter the full journal title to view its abbreviation.

Example of a Reference List in the Vancouver Style

After the authors name (if included in the sentence)

Hoppert1 explains...

According to Langley and Belcher5...

To the right of commas and full stops

Although announcing funding for this initiative,21 the minister...

...physical education is important.3

To the left of colons and semi-colons

...lists the following6: motivation...

Multiple sources can be inserted at a single reference point separated by a comma. Consecutive numbers are joined with a hyphen:

...is important to many in the industry.1,3,5-7

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Elements of a Reference A reference or citation consists of elements that allow the reader to trace the original book, article or website you have consulted and cited. Book:

Journal article from a database:

Website:

Perrie, Y, Rades, T. Pharmaceutics: drug delivery and targeting. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2010.

Author Book title Place of publication

Publisher Year

NOTE: Place of publication: If the book is published in a well-known city, there is no need to indicate country in which this city is located. Examples of well-known cities are London, New York, Paris, Tokyo, Toronto, Melbourne and Sydney. If the book is published in a city or town that is not well-known, add the country where the city or town is located. Place the country in brackets, as shown in these examples: Kyoto (Japan), Chicago (USA), Winnipeg (Canada), Broome (Australia), Liverpool (England).

O’Connor M, Fisher C, French L, Halkett G, Jiwa M, Hughes J. Exploring the community pharmacist's role in palliative care: focusing on the person not just the prescription. Patient Educ Couns. 2011; 83(3):458-464. DOI:10.1016/j.pec.2011.04.037.

Authors Title of journal article

Volume number

Issue

Page numbers

DOI Title of journal (abbreviated)

Year

Diabetes Australia. Understanding diabetes [Internet]. c2010 [updated 2010 Jan 1; cited 2010 Mar 4]. Available from: http://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/en/Understanding-Diabetes/.

Author Title Type of

publication Year

Date website was last updated Date you accessed

webpage

URL of webpage

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Examples of Referencing:

Books (Print & Online) In-text Example Reference List Example

Single author The theory was first propounded in 2003 by Hoppert1 that …

OR

…new techniques in biotechnology.1

1. Hoppert M. Microscopic techniques in biotechnology. Weinheim (Germany): Wiley-VCH; 2003.

Add country after place of publication if required (see note page 4)

2 – 6 authors … new practice in pharmaceutics.2

OR

Langley and Belcher2 have stated…

2. Langley CA, Belcher D. Applied pharmaceutical practice. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2009.

More than 6 authors Finite model theory…can be used.3

3. Gradel E, Kolaitis PG, Libkin L, Marx M, Spencer J, Vardi MY, et al. Finite model theory and its applications. Berlin: Springer; 2007.

No author …highlights why health and physical education are important.4

4. Health and physical education. Perth (Australia): Department of Education and Training; 2005.

Add country after place of publication if required (see note page 4)

Multiple works by same author

Research methods indicate that…is important.5,6

[If not previously cited]

5. Liamputtong P. Qualitative research methods. 3rd ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia and New Zealand; 2009.

6. Liamputtong P. Researching the vulnerable: a guide to sensitive research methods. London: Sage; 2007.

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Editor …is the most comprehensive work on the subject.7

7. Allsop S, editor. Drug use and mental health: effective responses to co-occurring drug and mental health problems. East Hawthorn (Australia): IP Communications; 2008.

Add country after place of publication if required (see note page 4)

Different Editions The latest preferred style…example of good writing technique.8

8. Renton NE. Compendium of good writing. 3rd ed. Milton (Australia): John Wiley & Sons; 2004.

An edition number is placed after the title of the work - this is not necessary for a first edition.

Encyclopaedia or Dictionary

Hemacrome is… 9 9. Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary. 30th ed. Philadelphia (USA): Saunders; 2003. Hemacrome; p. 823.

Include the definition looked up – in this case ‘Hemacrome’.

Article or chapter in a book

As discussed by Hanlon10 … 10. Hanlon GW. Fundamentals of microbiology. In: Aulton ME, editor. Aulton's pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines. 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2007. p. 182-204.

Article or chapter in a book – no author

…are important in a health setting.11

11. Values in public health. In: Pencheon D, Guest C, Mezler D, Gray J, editors. Oxford handbook of public health practice. Oxford (England): Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 112-7.

E-book Field’s12 work on the topic… 12. Field T, American Psychological Association. Complementary and alternative therapies research [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association; 2009 [cited 2010 Mar 3]. Available from: https://auth.lis.curtin.edu.au/cgi-bin/auth-ng/

database.cgi?url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fbooks%2F2008-15312-000.

Pamphlet According to the Department of Health13…

13. Department of Health. Food for kids [pamphlet]. Perth (Australia): Department of Health, Government of Western Australia; 2005.

Thesis As discussed by Dalwadi14 … 14. Dalwadi G. Development issues of polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery [dissertation]. Perth (Australia): Curtin University of Technology; 2008.

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Conference Proceeding This was also discussed at the conference.15

15. Simopoulos AP, editor. Nutrition and fitness: obesity, the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. International Conference on Nutrition and Fitness; 2004 Jun 9-12; Basel (Switzerland): Karger; 2005.

Image in a book ...“insulin secretion and membrane transport processes”.16

16. Silverthorn DU. Human physiology: an integrated approach. 4th ed. San Francisco (USA): Pearson Education; 2009.

Journals (Print & Online) In-text Example Reference List Example

Print journal article As mentioned by Ivanov, Swann and Illidge18 lymphoma is…

18. Ivanov A, Swann R, Illidge T. New insights into the mechanisms of action of radioimmunotherapy in lymphoma. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008; 60(8):987-998.

Print journal article – no author

The growing online medicines market highlights a new trend...19

19. The growing online medicines market. Health and Hyg. 2008; 29(3):11.

Print newspaper article – with author

“… focused only on the poor”.20 20. Cresswell A. Dentists favour focus on poor over a universal scheme. The Australian. 2009 Dec 7; 8.

Print newspaper article – no author

Researchers are now investigating...21

21. Woman with rare illness shuns world. The West Australian. 2010 Mar 3; 19.

Press release ...announced funding for this initiative.22

22. Morton H. Houses for NW people recovering from alcohol and drugs [press release]. Perth (Australia): Government of Western Australia; 2011 Dec 9.

Full text from an electronic database – DOI available

...is a common issue.23 23. O’Connor M, Fisher C, French L, Halkett G, Jiwa M, Hughes J. Exploring the community pharmacist's role in palliative care: focusing on the person not just the prescription. Patient Educ Couns. 2011; 83(3):458-464. DOI:10.1016/j.pec.2011.04.037.

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Full text from an electronic database – DOI not available

The efficacy of donepezil…24 24. Wilkinson D, Róman G, Salloway S, Hecker J, Boundy K, Kumar D, et al. The long-term efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in patients with vascular dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2010 Mar 4]; 25(3):305. Available from: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/journal/122518402/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0.

Full text from an electronic database – no author

Hepatitis B can affect… 25

25. Hepatitis B vaccination in prisons: a much-needed targeted universal intervention. Addiction [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2010 Mar 4]; 105(2):189. Available from: http://proquest.umi.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/pqdweb?did=1939070011&Fmt=7&clientId=22212&RQT=309&VName=PQD

For long URLs, break the URL at a slash if necessary.

Full text newspaper, newswire or magazine from an electronic database

...change is needed.26 26. Tillett A. Pharmacies need change of script. The West Australian [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2012 Feb 9] Feb 4. Available from: http://thewest.smedia.com.au/Default/Skins/WANA/Client.asp?skin=WANA&enter=true&AW=1328767841153&AppName=2.

Full text from the internet Local health planning can be used to…27

27. Coelho A. Integrating local health planning: using partnerships to address health inequalities. Aust J Prim Health [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2010 Mar 9]; 15(4):272-273. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/261.htm?nid=262&issue=5217.

Article from Curtin E-Reserve

...play an important in role in the promotion of health.28

28. Joyce AW, Sunderland VB, Burrows S, McManus A, Howat P, Maycock B. Community pharmacy's role in promoting healthy behaviours. J Pharm Prac Res [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2011 Feb 9]; 37(1):42-43. Available from http://eres.lis.curtin.edu.au/cgi-bin/gw?url=dc60266727.

Cochrane Review Intervention is important for…29 29. Haynes RB, Ackloo E, Sahota N, McDonald HP, Yao X. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2010 Mar 4]. Available from: http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD000011/

frame.html.

For long URLs, break the URL at a slash if necessary.

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World Wide Web In-text Example

Reference List Example

Document on WWW Diabetes can affect… 30 30. Diabetes Australia. Understanding diabetes [Internet]. Canberra (Australia): Diabetes Australia; c2010 [updated 2010 Jan 1; cited 2010 Mar 4]. Available from: http://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/en/Understanding-Diabetes/.

Document on WWW – no article title

… Curtin University of Technology31 launched their new homepage.

31. Curtin University of Technology [Internet]. Perth: Curtin University of Technology; c2010 [updated 2009 Jan 30; cited 2010 Mar 4]. Available from: http://www.curtin.edu.au.

Document on WWW – No author

…are warning signs of heart attack.32

32. Heart attack [Internet]. Melbourne: Better Heart Channel; 2010 [updated 2010 Mar 1; cited 2010 Mar 4]. Available from: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/

pages/Heart_attack_explained.

For long URLs, break the URL at a slash if necessary.

Document on WWW – No date

A link between these conditions has been noted by McCook33.

33. McCook A. Pre-diabetic condition linked to memory loss [Internet]. Mississiauga (Canada): PreventDisease.com; [cited 2010 Mar 4]. Available from: http://preventdisease.com/news/articles/pre-diabetic_memory_loss.shtml.

Image on the web The image of the bacteria cell structure shows…34

34. Florida State University, Davidson MW. Cells alive [Internet]. Tallahassee (USA): Florida State University; c2010 [updated 2009 May 31; cited 2010 Mar 4]. Available from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.html.

Government Publications

In-text Example Reference List Example

Acts of Parliament The Misuse of Drugs Act

highlights…35

35. Misuse of Drugs Act 1981 [statute on the Internet]. 2011 [cited 2011 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.slp.wa.gov.au.

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Cases State-federal relations in this issue were tested in court as far back as 1915…36

36. The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR 5.

Australian Bureau of Statistics Bulletin

… change from the figures published in 2003 by the Australian Bureau of Statistics37.

37. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Disability, ageing and carers, Australia: summary of findings. Canberra (Australia): ABS; 2003. ABS publication 4430.0.

Australian Bureau of Statistics from ABS website

… as is highlighted by the ABS38 in their 2004-05 figures.

38. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Diabetes in Australia: a snapshot 2004-05 [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2010 Mar 4]; ABS publication 4820.0.55.001. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au.

Census Information … information is reflected in the 2006 census.39

39. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Census of population and housing: B01 selected characteristics (First release processing) postal area 6050 [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2010 Mar 4]. Available from: http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/.

Government Reports … a new strategic framework.40 40. Health Department of Western Australia. Western Australian health promotion strategic framework 2007-2011. Perth (Australia): Health Department of Western Australia; 2007.

Patent …US Patent 60960367.41 41. Mulier PMJ, Hoey MF, inventors; Medtronic, Inc., assignee. Tissue sealing electrosurgery device and methods of sealing tissue. United States patent 6096037. 2000 Aug 1.

Online Standard …from Standards Australia42. 42. Standards Australia. Medicine measures - glass [standard online]. 2009 [cited 2010 Mar 4]; AS 2224.1-2009. Available from: http://www.saiglobal.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/online/

autologin.asp.

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Other Sources In-text Example Reference List Example

Personal communication, e-mail, discussion lists (no web archive)

This was later confirmed (Savieri S 1999, personal communication, April 24) that an outbreak occurred in London at this time.

Not included in reference list as they cannot be traced by the reader.

Lecture notes

This concept was discussed by Smith45...

45. Smith K. Nature and scope of knowledge [unpublished lecture notes]. 12159: Knowledge Management Principles 513, Curtin University; lecture given 2010 Mar 4.

Films and videorecordings

… as seen in Jenkins46 film, The Savages.

46. Jenkins T, director. The Savages [motion picture]. Pyrmont (Australia): Roadshow Entertainment; 2008.

Television and radio programmes

…the issue of stem cells is investigated.47

47. Stem cells in the brain [television broadcast]. Catalyst. Sydney: ABC; 2009 Jun 25.

Podcast ….is highlighted in Breast cancer and chemicals.48

48. Breast cancer and chemicals [podcast on the Internet]. Sydney: ABC Radio National; 2010 [cited 2010 Mar 4]. Available from: http://www.abc.net.au/rn/healthreport/stories/2010/

2831089.htm

For long URLs, break the URL at a slash if necessary.

Blog post and reply

…an issue which is discussed on Bernstein’s49 blog.

…is commented on in the blog. 50

49. Bernstein M. Bioethics discussion blog [Internet]. Los Angeles: Maurice Bernstein. 2004 Jul - [cited 2010 May 27]. Available from: http://bioethicsdiscussion.blogspot.com/.

50. Elizabeth. Comments on: “The choice for your professional career: nurse vs doctor” 2010 Apr 22 [cited 2010 May 27]. In: Bernstein M. Bioethics discussion blog [Internet]. Los Angeles: Maurice Bernstein. 2004 Jul – . Available from: http://bioethicsdiscussion.blogspot.com/.

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Video blog post

(e.g. You Tube)

The video produced by Curtin University of Technology51 highlights…

51. Curtin University of Technology. Sona: pharmacy at Curtin University [video on the Internet]. 2010 May 5 [cited 2010 May 27]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkNkqqJGN01.

Web streaming video …this relationship is crucial.52

52. Silverstein O. Mothers and sons: the crucial connection [web streaming video]. Hanover (USA): Microtraining Associates; 2005 [cited 2010 May 27]. Available from: http://ctiv.alexanderstreet.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/View/536289.

CD-ROM …in Anderson’s electronic atlas of hematology. 53

53. Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson's electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia (USA): Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2002.

Discussion list

As stated by Ramirez54… 54. Ramirez AG. NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [discussion list on the Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan 14].

Authors Citing Other Authors

In-Text Example Reference List Example

Book Guy43 discusses Newman’s research in his work…

43. Guy JS. Pharmacology for the prehospital professional. St. Louis (USA): Mosby/Elsevier; 2010.

Record the book that you actually used.

Journal article Harty44 refers to the work of Bray and Murphy in his article…

44. Harty RN. No exit: targeting the budding process to inhibit filovirus replication. Antiviral Res [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2010 Mar 4]; 81(3):189-197. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/

science/article/B6T2H-4V7KFM4-1/2/6a8671759c2bb679e6d25aa858a9bc8b.

Record the journal that you actually used.

It is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details, e.g. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements.