Vanita, Robin, Jeannette, & Chris

*Production Paper Summary

*Background

*Social modeling for children with

Asperger’s

*Direction taken from usability testing

*Tutorials to support first-time users

*Clarify button names

*Design Decisions

*Animation

*Practical considerations

*Functional considerations

*Attract attention

*Engage learners

*Sustain motivation

*Reduction of extraneous cognitive load

*Design Decisions

*Animation – Research is inconclusive

*Ayres et al. identify 2 characteristics

* Information is transitory

*Animations are a series of successive elements

*To offset these characteristics:

* ‘tracing’ – leaving information on the screen

*Build in user-control

*Voice and Text

Objective of using voice–overs/ sound and text:

to enhance the experience.

to engage and catch the user’s attention.

Rationale:

Some Advantages revealed by Research ….

* “In contrast to print and audio comparisons, which generally reveal no advantage for dual over single presentations, studies show that adding pictures to print or audio generally increases learning” (Nugent, 1992)

A dual modality presentation improves user comprehension and retention.

*Voice and Text

*Objective of using voice–overs/ sound and text:

*To enhance user experience

*To engage and catch the user’s attention

*Rationale:

* “In contrast to print and audio comparisons, which generally reveal no advantage for dual over single presentations, studies show that adding pictures to print or audio generally increases learning” (Nugent, 1992)

*A dual modality presentation improves user comprehension and retention.

*“Flexibility is extremely important to system use since different users may require different degrees of support” (Sipior and Garrity, 1992)

*A mix of audio and visual components improves attributes such as perception, attention, comprehension, and retention.

*Research also revealed some Disadvantages

*“a special consideration for video (and spoken audio) is that any narration may lead to difficulty for international users as well as for users with a hearing disability” (Nielsen, 1995)

*Decision made:

*a combination of voice and

*use of simple text along with graphics and icons.

Text and Voice

Voice

Text

*Colour and Graphics

*Facilitate learning rather than distract

*Pick & use 1 or change

*This text is for a place holder

*Segment Length

*Episodic nature of memory – Mayes & Roberts (2001) – visual information most salient

*Optimal web video episode length – Nielsen (2005) - keep it short, less than one minute

*Google Sketchup and Adobe tutorials – one to eight minute lengths

*Czerwinski & Horvitz (2002) – let a previous task item fade from memory before introducing a new one

*An issue of length or amount of information required to perform a task?

*Assessment of Learning

*Usability testing

*Parallel designs

*Static graphical/textual presentation?

*Dynamic animated – with graphics, voice, text

*Test efficacy of learning with mock-up

*3-5 Users

*Iterative design

*Static Graphic/Text

*Animations

*Trial 1 – Stop Action Animation

*Trial 2 – Animating ‘Jings’

*Trial 3 … Word, Jing, PinPoint, Camtasia - final?

*Animating ‘Jings’

Back Back

*Stop Action Animation

Back

*Word, Jing, Pinpoint, Camtasia

*Questions?

*References

* Ayres, P., Kalyuga, S., Marcus, N., & Sweller, J. (2005). The conditions under which instructional animations may be effective. Paper presented at an International Workshop and Mini-conference, Open University of the Netherlands: Heerlen, The Netherlands. Retrieved from www.ou.nl/Docs/Expertise/OTEC/Nieuws/icleps%20conferentie/ Ayres.doc

* Czerwinski, M., & Horvitz, E. (2002). An investigation of memory for daily computing events. In Xristine Faulkner, Janet Finlay, & Françoise Détienne (Eds.). People and computers XVI – memorable yet invisible: Proceedings of HCI 2002 (pp. 229-245). London, ENG: Springer-Verlag.

* Mayes, A. R., & Roberts, N. (2001). Theories of episodic memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Bilogical Sciences, 356, 1395-1408. doi 10.1098/rstb.2001.0941

* Nielsen, J. (1995). Guidelines for multimedia. Jakob Nielsen's alertbox for December 1995. Retrieved from http://www.useit.com/alertbox/9512.html

* Nielsen, J. (2005). Talking-head video is boring online. Jakob Nielsen’s alertbox, December 5, 2005. Retrieved from http://www.useit.com/alertbox/video.html

* Nugent, G. (1982). Pictures audio and print: Symbolic representation and effect on learning. Educational Comm. Tech. J. 30, 3, 163-174.

* Sipior, J.C.& Garrity, E.J., (1992). Merging expert systems with multimedia technology. ACM SIGMUS Database, 23(1), 45-49. doi: 10.1145/134347.134359

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