variations of elemental concentration in pm 10 and pm 2.5. 12 june 2007,colombo. m.c. shirani...
TRANSCRIPT
Variations of Elemental Concentration in PM 10 and PM 2.5.
12 June 2007,Colombo.
M.C. Shirani SeneviratneHead , Nulear Analytical Services Sec.
Atomic Energy Authority SRI LANKA
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Project Team Members
Mrs. M.C.S. Seneviratne Mr. V.A. Waduge Mrs. H.L. Hadagiripathira Mrs. T.N. Attanayake Mr. C.K. Amaratunge(CEA) Mr.R.N.R Jayaratne (CEA)
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Contents
Introduction
Objectives
Activities under the Project (2006)• Sample collection and Analysis• Graphical Data Presentation Data Evaluation
Conclusion
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Introduction
Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) jointly with Central Environmental Authority (CEA) participates in the RCA sub project on “IAEA/RCA Subproject on Improved Urban Air quality Management through Isotope and related Techniques (RAS/7/013) since 2000.
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
National Objectives
To measure the elemental composition of the coarse and fine air particulates using the nuclear analytical technique ED-XRF in the selective sites to monitor the long-term trends.
Identifying the main Pollutant sources and qualifying the source contribution.
Identifying the direction of local point sources and long term pollutant dispersion.
Sample Collection And Analysis
Sampling Period: 2000 to up to date
Sampling sites: 1. Air Quality Monitoring Station
2. AEA Premises
Air Samplers : Gent PM 10 Air Sampler
Particulate Size: PM10-2.5 and PM2.5
Elemental Analysis : ED-XRF
Black Carbon : Stain Smoke Reflectometer.
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Gent PM 10 Air Sampler
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS
Well Established Fast Non destructive multi-Elemental analysis cost effective Method
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Time Series-PM 2.5 &PM10 (AEA)
Mean 57
Mean 24
PM 10 and PM 2.5 measurements of Air Samples at AEA site
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Date
PM
10 &
PM
2.5
(u
g/m
^3)
The average PM 2.5 and PM 10 values are 18g/m3 and 54 g/m3 which exceed the USEPA values. The average PM 2.5 particulates component of PM 10 is 42% at the AEA station. National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Time Series- Black Carbon (AEA)
Black Carbon measurements of Air samples of AEA site
0
5
10
15
20
25
6/1
8/2
003
7/1
6/2
003
9/1
2/2
003
10/7
/2003
11/1
8/2
003
12/4
/2003
12/2
4/2
003
2/1
1/2
004
6/2
9/2
004
9/1
0/2
004
23/1
2/2
004
8/3
/2005
7/6
/2005
12/8
/2005
25/1
1/2
005
22/1
2/2
005
21/0
2/2
006
17/0
3/2
006
23/0
5/2
006
27/0
7/2
006
4/1
0/2
006
14/1
2/2
006
Date
BC
(ug
/m3)
Variation of the black carbon measurements in the fine filters collected at AEA site is shown in above. The Average of BC is 10 g/m3.
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Time Series-PM 2.5 &PM10 (AQM)
Mean 75
Mean 29
PM 10 and PM 2.5 measurements of Air Samples at AQM site
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
No
091100f
220101f
101001f
270602f
091002f
170603f
081103f
270104f
070504f
300904f
030605f
041005f
091105f
050106f
070206f
120306f
030506f
040706f
230906f
Date
The annual averages of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were measured as 50glm3 and 17 g/m3 in 2006 respectively.
This Indicates about 38% of fine particulates are in PM 10 mass fraction. National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Time Series-Black Carbon (AQM)Black Carbon measurements of Air Samples at AQM site
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00N
o
091100f
220101f
101001f
270602f
091002f
170603f
081103f
270104f
070504f
300904f
030605f
041005f
091105f
050106f
070206f
120306f
030506f
040706f
140906f
Date
BC
valu
es (
ug
/m^3)
The average concentration of BC is 8g/m3 and it was nearly 1/2 of the total PM. 2.5 mass concentration. This indicates that the combustion source dominates in the fine fraction in this site.
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Summary of PM 10, PM 2.5 and BC in two sites
PM 10, pm 2.5 AND Black Carbon variations of Air Samples at AQM site
0
50
100
150
Year2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
PM 10, PM 2.5 and Black Carbon variations of Air Samples at AEA site
0
20
40
60
80
Year
2003 2004 2005 2006
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Comparison of Mass Concentration in two sites
Both size fractionated particle masses were lower in site 1 comparing the last few years.
The following factors can be stated for negative trends for particulates pollution.
Better management practice for motor traffic control.
Introducing the standards of vehicular emissions and on spot emission testing.
Improving the Public transportation. Phasing out the old vehicles from the main
roads with regards to quality of emissions.
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Box plot for Elemental Concentration in Fine Filters (AEA)
BC S K Si FeNa Cl Al ZnCaCu Br Pb Sr Cr Ti Ni
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n(u
g/m
3)
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Box plot for Elemental Concentration in Fine Filters (AQM)
BC S K Si FeNa Cl Al ZnCaCu Br Pb Sr Cr Ti Ni
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n( u
g/m
3)
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Summary of Elemental Concentration
Sulphate and BC are dominant elements in the fine fraction collected from both sites.
K and Zn are significant in the fine particles when compared with the other anthropogenic elements.
Zn is released and is often observed as a white smoke coming from the two strokes engine exhausts.
Pb is not significant in the fine fraction when compare with the other elements., ( unleaded fuel was introduced in 2001 to improve the air quality.)
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Source Apportionment of the Fine particulate matter collected from AEA Station
The elemental Concentration measured on 100 fine filters from AQM Station were used for PMF Analysis.
- 28 key elements analyzed by ED-XRF were selected for
PMF.
- Data Quality control using Box & whisker of Statgraphics.
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Source Identification (PMF)
Soil
40%
Sea
Salt+Vehi
cular
33%
Sulfer
12%
AEA –Fine Fraction (Average RCM 26ug/m3)
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Identified Sources and Finger Print Elements from PMF –AEA Site
PMF Factors
High loading Mass contribution
Main sources
Potential source
location
1 S, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sn, Ti
40% Soil Point source and long term dispersion are not identified.
2 V, Sc, K, S, P 27% Sulphate /Smoke
3 BC, Cl, K, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, La,Pb
33% Vehicular Emission/R
efineries
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Sea Salt
33%
Soil
8%
Sulfer
29%
Vehicular
30%
AQM- Fine Fraction
(Average RCM 29 ug/m3)
Source Identification (PMF)
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Identified Sources and Finger Print Elements from PMF –AQM Site
PMF Factors
High loading Mass contribution
Main sources
Potential source
location
1 Al, Si, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, Fe
8% Soil Point source and long term dispersion are not identified.
2 Na, Mg, Cl 33% Seaspray
3 P, S, V 29% Sulphate
4 BC, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb,Sr, Cd, Sn, Cs, Ba, La, Pb
30% Vehicular Emission
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Air data with local meteorology
The local meteorological information could be useful in interpreting source apportionment results.
Multiple methods (CPF and NPR) are available to combine the compositional data with meteorological data to explore the directionality of possible sources or source areas that are contributing to the PM Concentrates observed at the sampling site.
PM 2.5 and EC concentration were treated with meteorological data to identify the source direction.
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Comparison between CPF and NPR plots for the BC in AQM site
NPR CPF
These plots indicate actual direction of a fuel burning electricity production plant and emissions from the direction of the central railway station in Colombo city.
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Use of HYSPLIT-4 Back Trajectory Model.
Dispersion models describe the transport of the particles from a source to the sampling location and it can be used to examine the motion of the atmosphere forward or backward in time.
One of the uses for the trajectories is to examine the origins of observed spike in the time series of element or source species.
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Time series plot of S at AEA site
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Date
S (ug
/m^3
)
Time Series of S measured in AEA.
It can be suggested that both event are associated with ship’s emissions from this major shipping route due to large ocean- going ships burning low grade residue oils which have influence on long term sulphate in PM 2.5
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Conclusions
I This project continues positively in Sri Lanka for the last few years in Collaboration with the End-user Institution.
I Data of PM 10, PM 2.5 and elements and results of the Source Apportionment Technique can be utilized for:
the identification of long-term trends of pollution contribution of major pollutants local and long term transport pathways of specific
sources. I The findings will be helpful to implement the air quality
management strategies by the relevant Authorities.. I The participation of AEA in this project complements the on
going national air quality monitoring programme effectively.
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Acknowledgement
The Technical Assistance provided by IAEA and in kind contribution to analyze our samples by EDXRF at Prof. Hopke’s laboratory are acknowledged.
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007
Thank you
National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007