varieties of chinese
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Edgar Tobias C
4970H268
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Language is not static. It is under constantchange.
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The language changes when the society hassome changes
Emergence of new concepts and disappearance
of old things
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Pronunciation and grammar change slowerthan vocabulary
New words emerge
kleenex, xerox New meaning is added to the old words
The meaning changes (shrinks)
Foreign words
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Variables:
age
sex
profession
social economical status
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Mandarin - Guanhua, an official languageused in the court, the language of officials
Guoyu - National language.
Putonghua - Common Speech, CommonLanguage
Huayu or Huawen Singapore or overseas
Hanwen used in Korea and Japan
Zhongguohua Languages in China Zhongwen alternative to Hanyu, focusing
on written language
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Hanyu is used by 720 million people
70% of the population of China speak Hanyu
One fifth of world population speak Hanyu (885
million ) 12.18.1973, U.N. General Assembly, 28th Session
resolution: Chinese is one of the workinglanguages of U.N.
Mandarin belongs to the Sino-Tibetan languagefamily
Mandarin will become the major language in Asiain the 21 century.
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Northern (Mandarin)-Beijing
Wu-Shanghai
Min Southern - Fuzhou
Min Northen - Xiamen
Yue (Cantonese)- Guangzhou
Kejia (Hakka)
Xiang - Changsha
Gan - Nanchang
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The number of syllables are limited: 432. Thereare 1376 syllables if all tonal variation is takeninto account. (Liu, 1957)
Vowels are predominant. There are four tones in Mandarin.
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The total number of syllables is 432 if tones arenot taken into consideration.
There are 1376 syllables if all tonal variation is
taken into account Examples:
a, ma, ba, ren, nong, ti, shang
(See Xiandai Hanyu Cidan, the syllable table, pp. 7-12)
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Vowels are predominant lo, mio, li
One syllable has at most two consonants
nng consonants: [n] and [ng] There are no consonant clusters
[sp] speak
[st] steak
[kst] text
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m m m m
mother hemp horse to scold
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There are five tones in Shanghai dialect.
There are nine tones in Cantonese dialect.
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(1980. p.149)
Sh sh shsh shsh, sh sh, sh sh sh sh. Shsh sh sh sh sh sh. Sh sh, sh sh shsh sh.
Sh sh, sh Shsh sh sh. Sh sh sh sh sh, shsh sh, shsh sh shsh sh. Sh sh sh sh shsh, sh sh sh. Sh sh sh, sh shsh sh sh sh.Sh sh sh, sh shsh sh sh sh sh. Sh sh, shsh sh sh shsh, sh sh sh. Sh sh sh sh.
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The poet Mr. Shi who lived in a stone house likedto eat lions. He swore that he would eat ten lions.He went to the market often to look for lions. Atten oclock, it happened that ten lions were in the
market. At that time, Mr. Shi happened to arrive inthe market too. Mr. Shi looked at the ten lions andhe shoot the ten lions with arrows. He picked thedead bodies of the ten lions and returned to hisstone house. The stone house was wet. He madethe servant to clean the room. After the room wascleaned, he began to try to eat these ten lions. Onlyby the time of eating, he found that these deadbodies of lions were actually stone lions. Try toexplain this story.
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losh xux xuxio yyun bozh
teacher to study school hospital newspaper
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y, clothing, to dress ch, vehicle rn, person r, sun jin, to see zh, er zhof
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bn
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When new words were introduced to Chinese,most words were translated into Chinese andthe new words were coined based on themeaning of each character.
telephone dinhu electric speech television dinsh electric vision computer dinno electric brain laser jgungactivated beam railway til iron road
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radar lid
model mtr
pound bng
shock xik
humor yum
cola kl
sofa shf
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