variety and summary
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
REVISIONVARIETY
![Page 2: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
INFECTION CONTROL
What does this symbol mean?
![Page 3: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
INFECTION CONTROL
INTERNATIONAL SYMBOL FOR BIO HAZARD
![Page 4: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Infection control
Define “aerosol”
![Page 5: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Infection control
A fine mist of tiny air-borne particles that may contain bacteria, viruses & fungi.
Dispersed by air currents, may be inhaled or contaminate work surfaces.
![Page 6: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Infection control
Vacuum steam steriliser 29 Minute cycle for Wrapped
instruments
![Page 7: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Infection control
Biofilm
What is it? Where would it be found in the dental
surgery?
![Page 8: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Infection control
Biofilm is a naturally occurring slime producing bacteria and fungi which form into complex communities on wet surfaces
Biofilms form in the water mains and on the walls of small bore plastic tubing in dental units
![Page 9: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Infection control
Define “contamination”
![Page 10: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Infection control
Contamination is the introduction of micro-organisms to sterile or non-sterile instruments, equipment or living things
![Page 11: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
infection control
How would you describe the word
“decontamination”
![Page 12: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Infection control
Decontamination is the processes required to make a re-useable dental instrument fit for use on another patient
This will include cleaning, inspection for cleanliness, sterilisation or disinfection if sterilisation is not possible
![Page 13: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Infection control
Draw the symbol for single use items
![Page 14: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Infection control
Single use item
![Page 15: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
anatomy
![Page 16: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Heart
The heart and the blood vessels are part of the ___________ system
Blood _________ carry blood away from the heart
Veins carry blood to the ______ from the rest of the body. The blood circulates, carrying oxygen and nutrients
![Page 17: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
anatomy
The heart and the blood vessels are part of the CIRCULATORY system
Blood VESSELS carry blood AWAY from the heart
Veins carry blood TO the HEART from the rest of the body. The blood circulates, carrying oxygen and nutrients
![Page 18: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Circulatory system
![Page 19: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
anatomy
There are _____ separate chambers in the heart
Two _____ and two ______
![Page 20: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
anatomy
There are FOUR separate chambers in the heart
Two ATRIA and two VENTRICLES
![Page 21: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
anatomy
How is oxygen transported around the body?
What percentage of oxygen is in an expired breath?
![Page 22: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
anatomy
Erythrocytes transport oxygen around the body
(RED BLOOD CELLS)
![Page 23: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
anatomy
Constituents of blood are:
RED BLOOD CELLS, ALSO KNOWN AS…..?
THROMBOCYTES, ALSO KNOWN AS ……?
LEUCOCYTES ALSO KNOWN AS ………? PLASMA …………..associated with the
defence mechanism, also known as ……..?
![Page 24: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
anatomy Constituents of blood are:
RED BLOOD CELLS, ALSO KNOWN AS erythrocytes
THROMBOCYTES, ALSO KNOWN AS blood platelets
LEUCOCYTES ALSO KNOWN AS white blood cells defend against infection
PLASMA - associated with the defence mechanism, also known as BLOOD CLOTTING AND ANTI BODY PRODUCTION
![Page 25: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
anatomy
Expired air contains 16% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide
Inspired air contains 20% oxygen required for metabolism
![Page 26: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
anatomy
The atria receive blood returning to the heart and the ventricles pump the blood out from the heart.
Each of these chambers has a one way valve to ensure that the blood flow is always in one direction.
With each beat, the right ventricle pumps de-oxygenated blood to the lungs while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
This happens approximately every 2.5 BILLION times in an average life time.
![Page 27: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Oral diseases – periodontal disease
This is the second most commonest disease affecting the oral cavity
The first being dental caries “periodontal disease” covers a group
of diseases which affect the supporting structures of the teeth
THE PERIODONTUM
![Page 28: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Oral diseases – periodontal disease
The gingivae
The periodontal ligament
The alveolar bone
PERIODONTITIS IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF TOOTH LOSS IN ADULTS
![Page 29: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Oral diseases – periodontal disease
THE SOLE CAUSE OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE IS THE PRESENCE AND ACCUMULATION OF DENTAL PLAQUE AROUND THE GINGIVAL MARGINS OF THE TEETH
WHAT IS DENTAL PLAQUE?
![Page 30: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Oral diseases – periodontal disease
PLAQUE- is a combination of saliva and oral bacteria which form a sticky film on the surface of the tooth and allows food debris to become incorporated into its structure
It tends to form initially at the gingival margin because this area is not self-cleansed by salivary flow or by the tongue and soft tissue movements
![Page 31: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Oral diseases – periodontal disease
![Page 32: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Oral diseases – periodontal disease
![Page 33: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Oral diseases – periodontal disease
![Page 34: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Oral diseases – periodontal disease
Bacteria within plaque use food debris to nourish themselves and allow the bacteria to colonise and grow
Bacteria produce TOXIC BY-PRODUCTS as they digest food
These irritate the gingivae and cause inflammation
(CHRONIC GINGIVITIS)
![Page 35: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Oral diseases – periodontal disease
The inflamed gingivae become red and swell to form a FALSE POCKET around the neck of the tooth
False pockets allow more plaque to develop as self cleansing becomes impossible
Plaque now extends below the gingival margin The continued action of saliva on plaque allows
inorganic ions to be incorporated into the plaque structure
CALCULUS is now formed
![Page 36: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Oral diseases – periodontal disease
Calculus formation above the gum margin is called SUPRA GINGIVAL CALCULUS it is yellow in colour
Calculus formation below the gum margin is called SUB GINGIVAL CALCULUS it is brow/black in colour due to the blood pigments
Its surface is rough allowing more plaque to form over it and irritating the gingivae further
![Page 37: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Oral diseases – periodontal disease
The abrasion of the calculus and the chemical action of the toxins cause PAINLESS micro-ulceration of the gingivae, leading to bleeding to touch or dental probing
The visible appearance and bleeding on probing of the gingivae are the classic diagnostic signs of CHRONIC GINGIVITIS
![Page 38: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Events leading to periodontitis
Non-treatment of chronic gingivitis allows TOXINS to build up and eventually enter the underlying gingival tissues through the MICRO-ULCERATION areas
TOXINS destroy the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT TRUE POCKETS form The attachment is lost from the neck of the tooth and
down the root of the tooth Further plaque MINERALISES causing irritation and
more toxin infiltration The tooth is now mobile as the alveolar bone is
destroyed leading to tooth loss.
![Page 39: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Periodontal abscess
![Page 44: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Removable Prosthetics
Why do we provide patients with removable prosthetics?
![Page 45: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Removable Prosthetics
Prevents masticatory forces on remaining teeth
Prevent overeruption of opposing teeth Prevents tilting of adjacent teeth Prevents soft tissue trauma due to mastication Prevents digestion problems Allows adequate mastication Provides good aesthetics especially anterior
teeth
![Page 46: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Removable Prosthetics
What are the retention factors in removable prosthetics?
![Page 47: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Removable Prosthetics
Saliva – a film of saliva developing between the denture and the patients soft tissues
A post dam along the back border of the denture An accurate design and fit of denture to allow the
film to develop adequately Use of natural undercuts such as the alveolar
ridges or natural teeth Use of clasps around natural teeth to increase
retention
![Page 48: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Removable Prosthetics
![Page 49: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Removable Prostheticsdenture construction
1st imps – taken in either edendtulous stock tray or dentate stock tray using alginate
Lab – models cast in plaster, special trays made from shellac, wax occlusal rims are made
2nd appt – final imps in special trays using alginate, bite registration
Lab – final models cast, articulator used to show movement then construct wax try ins shade chosen by dental team and patient
![Page 50: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Removable Prostheticsdenture construction
3rd Appt – try in of accuracy of occlusion, shade and fit. Any adjustments can be made at this stage, major adjustment would require a re-try
Lab – try in and models are flasked, wax removed with boiling water to leave the teeth in position, filled with acrylic, clasps added at this point if necessary, clean and polish dent for fit
Fit – inserted & checked for comfort, accuracry and retention & appearance. Instructions given on their wear, final adjustments made with straight handpiece and acrylic trimming bur, articulating paper, miller forceps
![Page 51: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
List the information required for the dental technician to construct a removable prosthetic at each stage
![Page 52: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Chrome cobalt partial dentures
Used as the base of the denture Complicated design & longer to construct More expensive Much thinner palatal coverage is possible
allows more tolerance for pts with gag reflex Less likely to break Skeleton design gives minimal coverage hygienic
![Page 53: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Removable Prosthetics
![Page 54: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Fixed prosthetics
Why would we provide a patient with a crown?
![Page 55: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Fixed prosthetics
Heavily restored tooth Repeated failure of restoration Root filled tooth tends to become brittle Aesthetics Shape change to make a more retentive
abutment tooth for a removable prosthetic
![Page 56: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Fixed prosthetics
Bridgework:
Name the variety of bridges available for patients giving a reason for providing a patient with a specific type
![Page 57: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Bridge types
Maryland
Cantelever
Spring cantelever
Fixed fixed
Semi fixed
![Page 58: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
State the reasons for providing a temporary crown
![Page 59: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
State the reasons for providing a temporary crown
Maintain space
Prevent sensitivity
Prevent gingival overgrowth
Prevent over eruption
Prevent food packing
Aesthetics
Prevent damage to prep
![Page 60: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
radiography
Why are x-rays taken in dentistry?
![Page 61: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
RadiographyX-rays are taken to:
Detect caries
Detect bone level
Detect overhangs/perforations
Determine tooth structure prior to xtn
Detect supernumary
Diagnose cysts, tumours, jaw fractures
Orthodontic treatment planning
Aid in endodontic tx
![Page 62: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Radiography – name this type of film
![Page 63: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Radiography - ceph being taken
![Page 64: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Radiography-developing machine
![Page 65: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Intra-oral unit
![Page 66: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Extra-oral unit OPG
![Page 67: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Why would this type of film be taken?
![Page 69: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Why would this type of film be taken?
![Page 70: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Why would this type of film be taken?
![Page 71: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Why would this type of film be taken?
![Page 72: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Name the components of an intra-oral film packet
![Page 73: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Name the components of an intra-oral film packet
Front of plastic envelope Black paper X-ray film Black paper Lead foil Back of plastic envelope
![Page 74: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Intra-oral film
A celluloid film coated with light-sensitive bromide salts in an emulsion
This is surrounded in black paper to protect it from unwanted light
Enclosed in a waterproof envelope one side of the film is a lead foil which prevents the emulsion coat being exposed twice by absorbing scatter during the exposure
When exposed the crystals form a hidden image The film must be processed to develop the image
![Page 75: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
In pairs discuss some faults which may occur during processing
What temperature should the chemicals reach to ensure clarity of the film?
For manual development of x-rays draw the tanks and label them
![Page 76: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Temp = 18-22 degrees Celsius
Faults: Too dark – overdeveloping Fogged film – Daylight exposure Blank film – placement in
fixer before developer Partly blank film – not fully
immersed in developer Scratches or fingerprints –
bad handling
Faint image – under developing, temp too low or time too short or dev too weak
Blank spot – contamination with splashes of fixer
Brown or green stains – incomplete fix
Black line across film – being folded during process
![Page 77: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Local anaesthetic
![Page 78: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
In pairs:
Discuss the different types of LA available in the dental surgery
Name the reasons for using the different types
Discuss the different types of syringes, needles and injection types
Discuss the nerves anaesthetised to carry out treatment througout the mouth
![Page 79: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
In groups
Compile 15 questions and answers on specific topics we have covered previously
When completed, deliver to the rest of the class to answer
![Page 80: Variety and summary](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070321/558eb9681a28ab7d778b467e/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
the end