various tests in transportation engineering lab

8/17/2019 Various tests in Transportation Engineering Lab

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LABORATORY MANUAL

TRANSPORTATION

LAB

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RGUKT APIIIT

Nuzvid, A.P.-52120 2

Lis !" P#$%i%$&s


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1' D((#)i*$i!* !" +$#i%&( siz( dis#iui!*

2'+(%i"i% #$vi/ $*d $(# $s!#+i!*

' A#($( i)+$% v$&u( (s

' D((#)i*$i!* !" &!s $*(&s $#$si!* v$&u(

5' A#($( %#us3i* v$&u( (s

4' F&$i*(ss $*d (&!*$i!* i*d(6 (s

7' D((#)i*$i!* !" s#i++i* v$&u( !" #!$d $#($(

8' Du%i&i/ (s

9' F&$s3 +!i* $*d "i#( +!i* (s !" iu)(*

10' Penetration test

11' !"(*i* +!i* (s

12' +(%i"i% #$vi/ (s !" iu)(*

1' +! +((d ud/ Usi* R$d$# +((d Gu*

1'T#$v(& i)( $*d v!&u)( sud/ usi* M!vi* Os(#v(# M(3!d.

15' Mid- :&!% T#$""i% V!&u)( $*d +((d ud/ / Vid(! R(%!#di*

1.DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION


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1.1 IntroductionG#$i* siz( is 3( )!s "u*d$)(*$& +#!+(#/ !" s(di)(* +$#i%&(s, $""(%i* 3(i# (*#$i*)(*,

#$*s+!# $*d d(+!sii!*. G#$i* siz( $*$&/sis 3(#("!#( +#!vid(s i)+!#$* %&u(s ! 3( s(di)(*

+#!v(*$*%(, #$*s+!# 3is!#/ $*d d(+!sii!*$& %!*dii!*s. T3( v$#i!us (%3*i;u(s ()+&!/(d i*

#$i* siz( d((#)i*$i!* i*%&ud( di#(% )($su#()(*, d#/ $*d ( si(vi*, s(di)(*$i!*, A*d

)($su#()(* / L$s(# G#$*u&!)((#,


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Fi-1 I- i(v(s Fi-2 (i3i* M$%3i*(

Fi- M(%3$*i%$&

i(v( 3$(# i3 I- i(v(s

1.# Sa$"%e Pre"aration

T3( (i3 !" s$)+&( $v$i&$&( s3$&& ( *! &(ss 3$* 3( (i3 iv(* i* T$&(-I. T3( s$)+&( "!#

si(vi* @s(( T$&( I' s3$&& ( +#(+$#(d "#!) 3( &$#(# s$)+&( (i3(# / ;u$#(#i* !# /

)($*s !" $ s$)+&( divid(#.

T3( (i3 !" s$)+&( $v$i&$&( s3!u&d *! ( &(ss 3$* 3( (i3 iv(* (&!?-

1.#.1. Ta&%e'I Mini$u$ (ei)*t o+ sa$"%e is +or sie,e ana%-sis

M$6i)u) siz( +#(s(* i*

sus$*i$& +#!+!#i!*s@))'

Mi*i)u) (i3 !" s$)+&(

dis+$%3(d "!# (si*@K'

4

50

0 !# 1.5

25

20 !#14

12.5

10.0

50

5

15

5

2

1

0.5


5/57

4.

.75

2.4

0.2

0.2

0.1

1.. Test Procedure

1. T3( s$)+&( s3$&& ( #!u3 ! $* $i#-d#/ %!*dii!* ("!#( (i3i* $*d si(vi*.

2. T3is )$/ ( $%3i(v(d (i3(# / d#/i* $ #!!) ()+(#$u#( !# / 3($i* $ ()+(#$u#(

!" 100 ! 110℃ .

3. T3( $i#-d#/ s$)+&( s3$&& ( (i3(d $*d si(v(d su%%(ssiv(&/ !* 3( $++#!+#i$( si(v(s

s$#i* i3 3( &$#(s.

4. C$#( s3$&& ( $(* ! (*su#( 3$ 3( si(v(s $#( %&($* ("!#( us(.


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5. T3( s3$i* s3$&& ( d!*( i3 $ v$#i(d )!i!*, $%-$#ds $*d "!#$#ds, &(" ! #i3,

%i#%u&$# %&!%is( $*d $*i-%&!%is(,.

6. M$(#i$& s3$&& *! ( "!#%(d 3#!u3 3( si(v( / 3$*d +#(ssu#(, u !* si(v(s %!$#s(# 3$*

20)), +&$%i* !" +$#i%&(s is +(#)i(d.

7. Li3 #us3i* i3 $ Fi*( C$)(& $i# :#us3 )$/ ( us(d !* 3( 150-)i%#!* $*d 75-

)i%#!* I i(v( ! +#(v(* $#($i!* !" +!d(# $*d &i*di* !" $+(#u#(s.

8. P#(ssu#( s3$&& *! ( $++&i(d ! 3( su#"$%( !" 3( si(v( ! "!#%( +$#i%&(s 3#!u3 3(

)(s3

9. O* 3( %!)+&(i!* !" si(vi*, 3( )$(#i$& #($i*(d !* ($%3 si(v(, !(3(# i3 $*/

)$(#i$& %&($*(d "#!) 3( )(s3, s3$&& ( (i3(d.

10.I* !#d(# ! +#(v(* i*di* !" 3( si(v( $+(#u#(s / !v(#-&!$di*, 3( $)!u* !"

$#($( +&$%(d !* ($%3 si(v( s3$&& ( su%3 3$ 3( (i3 !" 3( $#($( #($i*(d !*

3( si(v( $ %!)+&(i!* !" 3( !+(#$i!* is *! #($(# 3$* 3( v$&u( iv(* "!# 3$ si(v(

i* T$&(-II.

1..1. Ta&%e'II Ma/i$u$ 0t. to &e retained at t*e co$"%etion o+ sie,in)

1.5O&ser,ations ca%cu%ations


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I.S sie,enu$&er orsi2e in $$

0t. Retained ineac* sie,e 3)$4

Percenta)e oneac* sie,e

Cu$u%ati,e 5retained on eac*sie,e

Percenta)e+iner

0

1.881.8

2.5

1.14

.49

1.87

0.50

5.87

7.90

12.41

.84

0.4

0.0

1.6. Discussion

1.7. Re+erences

1. I? 284? P$# I? 194 M(3!d !" (s "!# $#($( "!# %!*%#((-+$# I P$#i%&( siz( $*d

s3$+(.

2. M. . 3(/, C!*%#(( T(%3*!&!/, Edii!* 2005, +$(-49.


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3. K3$**$..K, us!.C.E.G, i3$/ E*i*((#i*, Ei33 Edii!* -2001, +$(-29.

4. ATM 18-04 $*d$#d )(3!d "!# d((#)i*$i!* !" +$#i%&( siz( dis#iui!*.

!. SPECIFIC 8RA9IT: AND 0ATER ABSORPTION

!.1. Introduction

T3( s+(%i"i% #$vi/ !" $* $#($( is %!*sid(#(d ! ( $ )($su#( !" s#(*3 !# ;u$&i/ !" 3(

)$(#i$&. +(%i"i% #$vi/ !" $#($( is 3( #$i! !" (i3 !" u*i v!&u)( !" )$(#i$& ! 3(

(i3 !" (;u$& v!&u)( !" $(# $ $++#!6i)$(&/ 20 C.


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A#($(s 3$vi* )!#( $(# $s!#+i!* $#( )!#( +!#!us i* *$u#( $*d $#( (*(#$&&/

%!*sid(#(d u*sui$&( u*&(ss 3(/ $#( "!u*d ! ( $%%(+$&( $s(d !* s#(*3, i)+$% $*d

3$#d*(ss (ss.

(v(#$& di""(#(* /+(s !" s+(%i"i% #$vi/ $#( %!))!*&/ us(d d(+(*di* u+!* 3! 3( v!&u)(

!" $(# +(#)($&( v!ids @!# +!#(s' i3i* 3( $#($( $#( $dd#(ss(d.

I. A++$#(* +(%i"i% #$vi/.

II. :u& +(%i"i% #$vi/. s3!* i* 3( "i-2

III. E""(%iv( +(%i"i% #$vi/.

IV. :u& I)+#(*$(d +(%i"i% #$vi/.

!.1.1. A""arent S"eci+ic 8ra,it-; 8sa. T3( v!&u)( )($su#()(* !*&/ i*%&ud(s 3( v!&u)( !"

3( $#($( +$#i%&( i d!(s *! i*%&ud( 3( v!&u)( !" $*/ $(# +(#)($&( v!ids. T3( )$ss

)($su#()(* !*&/ i*%&ud(s 3( $#($( +$#i%&(.

Fi)ure 1

!.1.!. Bu%< S"eci+ic 8ra,it- 3Bu%< Dr- S"eci+ic 8ra,it-4; 8s&. T3( v!&u)( )($su#()(*

i*%&ud(s 3( !v(#$&& v!&u)( !" 3( $#($( +$#i%&( $s (&& $s 3( v!&u)( !" 3( $(#

+(#)($&( v!ids. T3( )$ss )($su#()(* !*&/ i*%&ud(s 3( $#($( +$#i%&(. i*%( i i*%&ud(s

3( $(# +(#)($&( v!id v!&u)(, u& s+(%i"i% #$vi/ i&& ( &(ss 3$* $++$#(* s+(%i"i%

#$vi/.

Fi)ure !

!.1.#. Bu%< Saturated Sur+ace Dr- 3SSD4 S"eci+ic 8ra,it-. V!&u)( )($su#()(* i*%&ud(s 3(

!v(#$&& v!&u)( !" 3( $#($( +$#i%&( $s (&& $s 3( v!&u)( !" 3( $(# +(#)($&( v!ids. T3(


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)$ss )($su#()(* i*%&ud(s 3( $#($( +$#i%&( $s (&& $s 3( $(# i3i* 3( $(#

+(#)($&( v!ids.

!.1.. E++ecti,e S"eci+ic 8ra,it-; 8se. V!&u)( )($su#()(* i*%&ud(s 3( v!&u)( !" 3(

$#($( +$#i%&( +&us 3( v!id v!&u)( 3$ (%!)(s "i&&(d i3 $(# du#i* 3( (s s!$

+(#i!d )i*us 3( v!&u)( !" 3( v!ids 3$ $s!# $s+3$&. E""(%iv( s+(%i"i% #$vi/ &i(s (((*

$++$#(* $*d u& s+(%i"i% #$vi/.

T3#(( )$i* )(3!ds $#( s+(%i"i(d "!# us( $%%!#di* ! 3(3(# 3( siz( !" 3( $#($( is &$#(

3$* 10 )) @ M(3!d I ' (((* 0 )) $*d 10 )) @M(3!d I !# II )$/ ( us(d ' $*d s)$&&(#

3$* 10 )) @ M(3!d III' $s +(# I ? 284 @ P$# III ' 194.

T3is #(+!# )(3!d d((#)i*(s 3( s+(%i"i% #$vi/ !" "i*( $#($(s 3$ 3$v( ((*

s!$(d "!# $ +(#i!d !" 15-19 3#s. T3( d((#)i*$i!*s 3$ )$/ ( )$d( "#!) 3is +#!%(du#( $#(

id(*i%$& ! 3!s( )$d( u*d(# AATO T 8 @+(%i"i% G#$vi/ $*d As!#+i!* !" "i*(

A#($(' $*d ATM C 128 @+(%i"i% G#$vi/ $*d As!#+i!* !" Fi*( A#($('.

!.! A""aratus

i. A i#( $s( !" *! )!#( 3$* 4.)) )(s3 !# $ +(#"!#$(d %!*$i*(# !" %!*v(*i(* siz(

i3 3i* i#( 3$*(#s "!# sus+(*di* i "#!) 3( $&$*%(.

ii. A 3(#)!s$i%$&&/ %!*#!&&(d !v(* ! )$i*$i* ()+. O" 100C ! 110C.

iii. A %!*$i*(# "!# "i&&i* $(# $*d sus+(*di* 3( $s(.

iv. G&$ss V(ss(& !# $# id(-)!u3(d &$ss v(ss(& su%3 $s $ H$# !" $!u 1.5 &i#(s %$+$%i/.

Fiu#( .

v. A* $i#i3 %!*$i*(# !" %$+$%i/ si)i&$# ! 3$ !" 3( $s(.


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vi. A $&$*%( !" %$+$%i/ $!u 5 ! . $%%u#$( ! 0.5 $*d !" su%3 $ /+( $*d s3$+( $s

! +(#)i . !" 3( s$)+&( %!*$i*(# 3(* sus+(*d(d i* $(#.

vii. A s3$&&! #$/ $*d ! d#/ $s!#(* %&!3s *! &(ss 3$* 75 / 5 %).

Fiu#( I 284 P$# III @194'J

!.#. Sa$"%e "re"aration

A s$)+&( !" $!u 2 "!# 10 )) ! .75 )) !# 500 i" "i*(# 3$* .75 )), s3$&& ( +&$%(d i*

3( #$/ $*d %!v(#(d i3 disi&&(d $(# $ $ ()+(#$u#( !" 22 ! 2CA s$)+&( !" *! &(ss 3$*

2 !" 3( $#($( s3$&& ( (s(d.> A#($(s 3i%3 3$v( ((* $#i"i%i$&&/ 3($(d s3$&& *!

*!#)$&&/ ( us(d.

!.. Procedure

i. T3( s$)+&( siz( "!# 3is +#!%(du#( is $++#!6i)$(&/ 1 !" )$(#i$& +$ssi* 3( N!.

@.75 ))' si(v(.

ii. D#/ (s s$)+&(s ! %!*s$* (i3 i* $* !v(* #(u&$(d $ 110 5C. C!!& 3( s$)+&( $

#!!) ()+(#$u#( "!# 1 ! 3!u#s.


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iii. A %u##(* !" $#) $i# )$/ ( us(d ! $ssis d#/i* +#!%(du#(s 3!(v(#, "i*( +$#i%&(s

)$/ ( &!s i3 3is +#!%(du#( i" *! %$#("u&.

iv. C$&i#$( $ s+(%i"i% #$vi/ "&$s +/%*!)((# / "i&&i* i3 $(# $ 2 1.7C !

%$&i#$i!* &i*(. R(%!#d 3is (i3 $s 3( (i3 !" 3( +/%*!)((# "i&&(d i3 $(# !

3( *($#(s 0.1.

v. P&$%( 3( D $#($( i*! 3( +/%*!)((# $*d "i&& i3 $(# @#(u&$(d $ 2 1.7C

! 90 !" +/%*!)((# %$+$%i/. M$*u$&&/ #!&&, i*v(#, $*d $i$( 3( +/%*!)((# !

(&i)i*$( $i# u&(s.

vi. T3is +#!%(du#( s3!u&d ( #(+($(d s(v(#$& i)(s i* !#d(# ! (*su#( 3$ $*/ (*#$++(d $i#

is (&i)i*$(d. T3is +#!%(ss usu$&&/ $(s 3$&" $* 3!u# !$&. Ai$i!* !" +/%*!)((# d!(s

*! 3$v( ! %!*s$*.

vii. :#i* 3( +/%*!)((# ! is %$&i#$(d %$+$%i/ i3 $ddii!*$& $(#. P&$%( 3(

+/%*!)((# i* $ $(# $3 $ 3( #(u&$(d ()+(#$u#( $*d $&&! 3( s$)+&( !

(;u$&iz(.

!.=. Recordin) o+ O&ser,ation

A. O&ser,ation +or +ine a))re)ates

S%.No.

Descri"tion O&ser,ation

1 (i3 !" Ov(* D#/ +(%i)(* i* Ai#, A .

2 (i3 !" P/%*!)((# "i&&(d i3 $(#, : .

(i3 !" P/%*!)((# i3 s+(%i)(* $*d $(# !%$&i#$i!* )$#, C

D s+(%i)(*, D .


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B. O&ser,ation +or +i%%er $ateria%

S%.No.

Descri"tion O&ser,ation

1 (i3 !" D "i&&(#, 1 2 (i3 !" P/%*!)((# "i&&(d i3 $(#, 2

(i3 !" P/%*!)((# i3 s+(%i)(* $*d $(# !%$&i#$i!* )$#,

(i3 !" d#/ $#($(,

!.6. Ca%cu%ation

A. Ca%cu%ation +or +ine a))re)ates

1 :u& +(%i"i% #$vi/@"i-1' A @D-@C-:''

2 A++$#(* +(%i"i% #$vi/@"i-' A @A-@C-:''

$(# $s!#+i!* @D-A'< 100 A

B. Ca%cu%ation +or +i%%er

:u& +(%i"i% #$vi/ @1-@2-''

A++$#(* +(%i"i% #$vi/ @-@2-''

$(# $s!#+i!* @1-'< 100 1

!.7. Discussion

!.>. Re+erences

1. I? 284 ?P$# III? 194.$*d$#d T(s M(3!d !" D((#)i*$i!* !" +(%i"i% G#$vi/ $*d

$(# As!#+i!*.


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2. K3$**$..K, us!.C.E.G, i3$/ E*i*((#i*, Ei33 Edii!* -2001.

3. .*)s3d.s$(.*).usu+&!$di)$(s$(M$(#i$&...AATO T-255.+d"

4. AATO T 8 @D((#)i*( !" +(%i"i% G#$vi/ $*d $(# As!#+i!* !" Fi*( A#($('

5. ATM C 128 @D((#)i*( !" +(%i"i% G#$vi/ $*d $(# As!#+i!* !" Fi*( A#($('.

3. A))re)ate I$"act 9a%ue Test

3.1. IntroductionT3( +#!+(#/ !" $ )$(#i$& ! #(sis i)+$% is *!* $s !u3*(ss. Du( ! )!v()(* !"

v(3i%&(s !* 3( #!$d, 3( $#($(s $#( suH(%(d ! i)+$% #(su&i* i* 3(i# #($i* d!*

i*! s)$&&(# +i(%(s.

T3( =$#($( i)+$% v$&u(> iv(s $ #(&$iv( )($su#( !" 3( #(sis$*%( !" $#($( !

sudd(* s3!% !# i)+$%, 3i%3 i* s!)( $#($(s di""(#s "#!) is #(sis$*%( ! $ s&!

%!)+#(ssiv( &!$d. I* ($#i* %!u#s(, $#($(s $#( suH(%(d ! i)+$%, s! i* 3$ %$s( (

s3!u&d *! i)+$% v$&u( !" $#($(.

T3is (s is d!*( ! d((#)i*( 3( $#($( i)+$% v$&u( !" %!$#s( $#($(s $s +(# I?

284 @P$# IV' 194. T3is (s is $&s! %$* ( d!*( $%%!#di* ! : 812-112

3.2. A""aratus


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T3( $++$#$us us(d "!# d((#)i*i* $#($( i)+$% v$&u( !" %!$#s( $#($(s is

i)+$% (si* )$%3i*( %!*"!#)i* ! I? 284 @P$# IV'- 194, T3( $++$#$us s3$&& %!*sis

!" 3( "!&&!i*?

i. A* i)+$% (si* )$%3i*( !" 3( (*(#$& "!#) s3!* i* Fi 1 $*d %!)+&/i* i3 3(

"!&&!i*?

ii. T!$& (i3 !" 3( )$%3i*( *! )!#( 3$* 40 !# &(ss 3$* 5 .T3( )$%3i*( s3$&&

3$v( $ )($& $s( (i3i* (((* 22 $*d 0 i3 $ +&$*( &!(# su#"$%( !" *! &(ss

3$* 0 %) di$)((#, $*d s3$&& ( su++!#(d !* $ &(v(& $*d +&$*( %!*%#(( !# s!*( &!%

!# "&!!# $ &($s 5 %) 3i%. T3( )$%3i*( s3$&& ( +#(v(*(d "#!) #!%i* (i3(# /

"i6i* i ! 3( &!% !# "&!!# !# / su++!#i* i !* $ &(v(& $*d +&$*( )($& +&$( %$s i*!

3( su#"$%( !" 3( &!% !# "&!!#.

iii. A %/&i*d#i%$& s((& %u+ !" i*(#*$& di)(*si!*s? Di$)((# 102 )), D(+3 50 )).

$*d *! &(ss 3$* 4. )) 3i% i3 is i**(# su#"$%( %$s(3$#d(*(d, 3$ %$* ( #iid&/

"$s(*(d $ 3( %(*#( !" 3( $s( $*d ($si&/ #()!v(d "!# ()+/i*.

iv. A )($& u+ !# 3$))(# (i3i* 1.5 ! 1.0 , 3( &!(# (*d !" 3i%3 s3$&& (

%/&i*d#i%$& i* s3$+(, 100.0 )) i* di$)((# $*d 5 %) &!*, i3 $ 2-)) %3$)"(# $ 3(

&!(# (d(, $*d %$s(-3$#d(*(d.v. M($*s "!# #$isi* 3( 3$))(# $*d $&&!i* i ! "$&& "#((&/ (((* 3( v(#i%$& uid(s

"#!) $ 3(i3 !" 805.0 )) !* ! 3( (s s$)+&( i* 3( %u+, $*d )($*s "!# $dHusi*

3( 3(i3 !" "$&& i3i* 5 )).

vi. M($*s "!# su++!#i* 3( 3$))(# 3i&s "$s(*i* !# #()!vi* 3( %u+.

vii. i(v(s T3( I i(v(s !" siz(s 12.5, 10 $*d 2.4 )).

viii. M($su#( A %/&i*d#i%$& )($& )($su#(, $#(d ! 3( *($#(s #$), !" su""i%i(* #iidi/

! #($i* is "!#) u*d(# #!u3 us$(, $*d !" 3( "!&&!i* i*(#*$& di)(*si!*s? Di$)((#

75 )), D(+3 50 )).

ix. T$)+i* R!d A s#$i3 )($& $)+i* #!d !" %i#%u&$# %#!ss s(%i!* 10 )) i*

di$)((# $*d 20 )) &!*, #!u*d(d $ !*( (*d.

x. :$&$*%( A $&$*%( !" %$+$%i/ *! &(ss 3$* 500 , #($d$&( $*d $%%u#$( ! 0.1 .


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xi. Ov(* A (&&-v(*i&$(d !v(*, 3(#)!s$i%$&&/ %!*#!&&(d ! )$i*$i* $ ()+(#$u#( !"

100 ! 110QC.I i(v(s !" siz(s 12.5)), 10)) $*d 2.4)), A %/&i*d#i%$& )($&

)($su#( !" 75)) di$. $*d 50)) d(+3, A $)+i* #!d !" 10)) %i#%u&$# %#!ss s(%i!*

$*d 20)) &(*3, #!u*d(d $ !*( (*d $*d Ov(*.

Fiu#( 1? I)+$% (si* )$%3i*(

#.#. Pre"aration o+ Sa$"%e

T3( s$)+&( s3!u&d ( !v(*-d#i(d "!# 3#s $ $ ()+(#$u#( !" 100 ! 110 !C $*d %!!&(d.

T3( (s s$)+&( siz( s3!u&d ( i* (((* 12.5)) 10 )). T3$ )($*s s$)+&( s3!u&d +$ss

3u*d#(d +(#%(* 3#!u3 12.5)) I si(v( siz(s #($i*(d 3u*d#(d +(#%(* !* 10 )) I si(v(.

#.. Procedure

i. T3( )($su#( s3!u&d ( "i&&(d $!u !*(-3i#d !" is siz(s i3 3( +#(+$#(d

$#($(s $*d $)+(d i3 25 s#!(s !" 3( $)+i* #!d. Fu#3(# si)i&$# $#($(s $#(

$dd(d $)+(d i3 25 s#!(s !" $)+i* #!d. T3( )($su#( s3!u&d "i*$&&/ "i&& i3

$#($(s !v(# "&!i*, $)+(d / 25 i)(s su#+&us s#u% !"". M($su#(d is (i3(d

! *($#(s #$) @(i3 A'.

ii. T3( %u+ !" 3( i)+$% (si* )$%3i*( s3!u&d ( "i6(d "i#)&/ i* +!sii!* !* 3(

$s( !" 3( )$%3i*( $*d 3( 3!&( !" 3( (s s$)+&( +&$%(d i* i $*d %!)+$%(d / 25

s#!(s !" 3( $)+i* #!d.

iii. T3( 3$))(# s3!u&d ( #$is(d ! 80)) $!v( 3( u++(# su#"$%( !" 3(

$#($(s i* 3( %u+ $*d $&&!(d ! "$&& "#((&/ !*! 3( $#($(s. T3( (s s$)+&(

s3!u&d ( suH(%(d ! $ !$& !" 15 su%3 &!s, ($%3 (i* d(&iv(#(d $ $* i*(#v$& !" *!

&(ss 3$* !*( s(%!*d.

iv. T3( %#us3(d $#($( s3$&& 3(* ( #()!v(d "#!) 3( %u+ $*d 3( 3!&( !" i

si(v(d !* 3( 2.4-)) I i(v( u*i& *! "u#3(# si*i"i%$* $)!u* +$ss(s i* !*( )i*u(.

T3( "#$%i!* +$ssi* 3( si(v( s3$&& ( (i3(d ! $* $%%u#$%/ !" 0.1 @(i3 : '. T3(

"#$%i!* #($i*(d !* 3( si(v( s3$&& $&s! ( (i3(d @ (i3 C ' $*d, i" 3( !$& (i3 @


17/57

: S C ' is &(ss 3$* 3( i*ii$& (i3 @ (i3 A ' / )!#( 3$* !*( #$), 3( #(su& s3$&&

( dis%$#d(d $*d $ "#(s3 (s )$d(. T! (ss s3$&& ( )$d(.

#.=. Recordin) o+ o&ser,ation

T!$& (i3 !" d#/ (s s$)+&( A @.'

(i3 !" $#($(s 3i%3 is +$ssi* 2.4 )) I si(v( : @.'

(i3 !" $#($(s 3i%3 #($i*(d !* 2.4)) I si(v( C @.'

T3( #$i! !" 3( (i3 !" 3( "i*(s "!#)(d ! 3( !$& s$)+&( (i3 s3!u&d ( (6+#(ss(d $s

$ +(#%(*$(.

#.6. Ca%cu%ation

A#($( i)+$% v$&u( @:A' 6 100

#.7. Discussion

#.>. Re+erences

1. I? 284 @P$# IV' 194.$*d$#d (s )(3!d !" AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE’.

2. K3$**$..K, us!.C.E.G. , i3$/ E*i*((#i* Ei33 Edii!* -2001,+$(-298

3. (*.ii+(di$.!#ii I)+$% "$%!#

4. 3(%!*s#u%!#.!#...d((#)i*$i!*-!"-$#($(-i)+$%-v$&u( - U*i(d $(s


18/57

. DETERMINATION OF LOS AN8ELES ABRASION 9ALUE

.1. Introduction

T3( $#($( us(d i* su#"$%( %!u#s( !" 3( 3i3$/ +$v()(* $#( suH(%(d ! ($#i*

du( ! )!v()(* !" 3( #$""i%. 3(* v(3i%&(s )!v( !* 3( #!$d, 3( s!i& +$#i%&(s +#(s(*

(((* 3( +*(u)$i% /#(s $*d #!$d su#"$%( %$us(s $#$si!* !" 3( #!$d $#($(s. T3(#("!#(,

3( #!$d $#($( s3!u&d 3$#d (*!u3 ! #(sis 3( $#$si!*. R(sis$*%( ! $#$si!* !" $#($(is d((#)i*i* / L!s-A*(&(s (s )$%3i*(.

T3( +#i*%i+&( !" 3( L!s-A*(&(s $#$si!* (s is ! +#!du%( 3( $#$siv( $%i!* / us( !"

s$*d$#d s((& $&&s @%3$#('. T3(s( %3$#(s $#( )i6(d i3 3( $#($(s $*d #!$(d i* d#u)

"!# s+(%i"i% *!. !" #(v!&ui!*s. T3(s( %3$#(s $&s! %$us( i)+$% !* $#($(s. T3( +(#%(*$(

($# !" 3( $#($(s du( ! #ui* i3 s((& $&&s is *!* $s L!s-A*(&(s $#$si!* v$&u(.

A (s is s$*d$#diz(d / I? 284 +$#-IV $*d us(d ! d((#)i*( 3( $s L!s-A*(&(s

$#$si!* v$&u( !" $#($(s. $*d$#d (s )(3!d "!# #(sis$*%( / L!s-A*(&(s )$%3i*( is

$&s! iv(* i* ATM C55 "!# &$#( siz( %!$#s( $#($( $*d ATM C11 "!# s)$&& siz(

$#($(.

.!. A""aratus

T3( $++$#$us "!# 3( (s $s +(# I? 284-194@+$# IV' %!*sid(# !" 3( "!&&!i*.

i. L!s-A*(&(s (s )$%3i*(? I %!*sis !" $ 3!&&! s((& %/&i*d(# %&!s(d $ !3 3( (*d

i3 3( di$. !" 700)) $*d &(*3 500)). T3( %/&i*d(# s3$&& ( #!$(d $!u is

3!#iz!*$& $6is. O*( !+(*i* s3!u&d ( +#!vid(d i* 3( %/&i*d(# i is %!v(#(d / $ dus

i3 #()!v$&( %!v(#. A #()!v$&( s((& s3(&", +#!H(%i* #$di$&&/ 88)) i*! 3(

%/&i*d(# (6(*di* is "u&& &(*3. 3!* i* 3( Fiu#( 1.


19/57

ii. I i(v( !" siz( 1.7)).

iii. A#$siv( %3$#( C$s i#!* !# s((& s+3(#(s $++#!6i)$(&/ 8)) di$. $*d ($%3 (i3i*

(((* 90 $*d 5 (*su#i* 3$ 3( !$& (i3 !" %3$#( is 5000 S25

iv. :$&$*%( !" %$+$%i/ 5@$%%u#$%/ u+ ! 1'.

v. D#/i* !v(* - !v(* ! )$i*$i* ()+. !" 100C ! 110C.

vi. T#$/ .

Fi)ure 1 L!s-A*(&(s (s )$%3i*(

.#. Sa$"%e Pre"aration

T3( (s s$)+&( s3!u&d %!*sis !" %&($* $#($(s 3i%3 3$s ((* d#i(d i* $* !v(* $ 105 !

110℃ ! $ sus$*i$&&/ %!*s$* (i3 $*d s3!u&d %!*"!#) ! !*( !" 3( #$di* s3!* i* 3(

$&( (&!?

8radin) o+ Test sa$"%e 3 IS !#>6 "art I9'1?6#4

Sie,e si2es3$$4 0ei)*t in )ra$ +or test sa$"%e +or )radePassin)

Retained

A B C D E F G

>@ 6# 2500

6# =@ 2500

=@ @ 5000 5000

@ != 1250 5000 5000

!= !@ 1250 5000

!@ 1!.= 1250 2500

1!.= 1@ 1250 2500

1@ 6.# 2500

6.# .7= 2500.7= !.#6 5000

N.B. * means ± 2 percent t!erance are permitte".


20/57

. Procedure

a. (&(% 3( #$di* ! ( us(d i* 3( (s.

#. T$( 3( $)!u* !" $#($(s $s +(# #$di*. I" $#($(s #$di* A, :, C !# D 3$*

$( 5 $*d "!# #$di* F, E $*d G $( 10. ( 3$v( s(&(%(d #$di* D.

c. T$( 3( $#$si!* %3$#( $s +(# +#!+(# #$d(.

". O+(* 3( %!v(# $*d "((& 3( $#($(s $*d %3$#(s i* 3( %/&i*d(# $*d +#!vid( 3( %!v(#

i3&/.

e. R!$( 3( )$%3i*( $ $ s+((d !" 0 ! #(v!&ui!*s )i*u(.

$. F!# #$di* A, :, C $*d D, 3( )$%3i*( s3$&& ( #!$(d "!# 500 #(v!&ui!*s "!# #$di*

E, F $*d G, i s3$&& ( #!$(d "!# 1000 #(v!&ui!*s.

%. A 3( %!)+&(i!* !" 3( (s, 3( )$(#i$& s3!u&d ( dis%3$#(d $*d si(v(d 3#!u3

1.70)) I i(v(.

&. $s3 3( )$(#i$& %!$#s(# 3(* 1.70)) siz(.

i. A"(# d#/i* i* !v(* $( 3( . !" 3is )$(#i$& i3 $* $%%u#$%/ !" 1.

'. C$&%u&$( 3( !" &!ss !" )$(#i$&.

.5. R(%!#di* !s(#v$i!*?

R!$i!* !" 3( )$%3i*( is #+).

(&e ri%ina! samp!es )ei%&t +, -cn$rmin% t , t/pe samp!e in t&e ran%e $

2.36mm t 4.75mm.

(&e materia! carser t&an 1.70mm I ieve s&!" #e retaine" t. $ t&e

a%%re%ates retaine" n 1.7mm I sieve -ei%&t B,.


21/57

ss $ )t. -+ B

4.6. a!c!atin

ercenta%e )ear -+:B+ x 1

+%%re%ate a#rasin va!e

.7. Discussion

.>. Re+erences

1. I? 284 @P$# IV' 194.$*d$#d (s )(3!d !" AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE’.2. K3$**$..K, us!.C.E.G. , i3$/ E*i*((#i* Ei33 Edii!* -2001,+$(-298

3. .(*i*((#i*%ivi&.%!)$#($(-$#$si!*-v$&u(.3)

4. (*.ii+(di$.!#ii C!*s#u%i!* $#($(

5. .i**!v$iv( $#$si!* .%!)

6. 3+ 3(%!*s#u%!#.!#.

7. 3+?#$i*i*.%(.$s3i*!*.(dusd!)!du&(s0)$(#i$&s0-2!d/.3)

http://www.engineeringcivil.com/aggregate-abrasion-value.htmhttp://www.innovativeabrasion/http://www.innovativeabrasion/http://www.engineeringcivil.com/aggregate-abrasion-value.htm


22/57

=. A88RE8ATE CRUSIN8 9ALUE TEST

=.1. Introduction

T3( =A#($( C#us3i* V$&u(> iv(* $ #(&$iv( )($su#( !" 3( #(sis$*%( !" $*

$#($( ! %#us3i* u*d(# $ #$du$&&/ $++&i(d %!)+#(ssiv( &!$d .I is 3( +(#%(*$( / . !"

3( %#us3(d @!# "i*(#' )$(#i$& !$i*(d 3(* 3( (s $#($(s $#( suH(%(d ! $ s+(%i"i(d &!$d

u*d(# s$*d$#diz(d %!*dii!*s.

A#($( i3 &!(# %#us3i* v$&u( i*di%$( $ &!(# %#us3(d "#$%i!* u*d(# &!$d $*d

!u&d iv( $ &!* s(#vi%( &i"( ! 3( #!$d $*d 3(*%( $ )!#( (%!*!)i%$& +(#"!#)$*%(. ($(#

$#($(s i" us(d !u&d ( %#us3(d $*d u*d(# #$""i% &!$d !u&d +#!du%( s)$&&(# +i(%(s *!

%!$(d i3 i*d(# $*d 3(s( %!u&d ( ($si&/ dis+&$%(d !u #(su&i* i* &!ss !" 3( su#"$%(&$/(#.

I* s3!#, 3( $#($(s us(d i* #!$d %!*s#u%i!* )us ( s#!* (*!u3 ! i3s$*d %#us3i*

u*d(# #!&&(# $*d #$""i%. O*( !" 3( )!d(& i* 3i%3 +$v()(* )$(#i$& %$* "$i& is / %#us3i*

u*d(# %!)+#(ssiv( s#(ss.

A (s is s$*d$#diz(d / I?284 +$#-IV $*d us(d ! d((#)i*( 3( %#us3i* s#(*3 !"

$#($(s.

=.!. A""aratus

T3( $++$#$us "!# 3( s$*d$#d $#($( %#us3i* (s $s +(# I? 284-194@+$# IV'

%!*sid(# !" 3( "!&&!i*.

i. T3( (ss )!u&d $ 15.2%) di$. !+(* (*d(d s((& %/&i*d(# i3 s;u$#( $s( +&$( +&u*(#

3$vi* $ +is!* !" di$. 15%), i3 $ 3!&( +#!vid( $%#!ss 3( s() !" 3( +&u*(# s! 3$ $

#!d %!u&d ( i*s(#(d "!# &i"i* !# +&$%i* 3( +&u*(# i* 3( %/&i*d(#.


23/57

ii. A s#$i3 )($& $)+i* #!d !" %i#%u&$i!* %#!ss-s(%i!* 14%) i* di$. $*d 5 ! 40%)

&!*, #!u*d(d !*( (*d.

iii. A $&$*%( !" %$+$%i/ 5@$%%u#$( u+!1)'.

iv. I si(v(s !" siz( 12.5)), 10)), 2.4)).

v. A %!)+#(ssi!* (si* )$%3i*( %$+$&( !" $++&/i* &!$d u+ ! 0!* $ $ u*i"!#) #$( !"

!* +(# )i*u(. 3!* i* 3( Fiu#( 2.

vi. A %/&i*d#i%$& )($su#( 3$vi* i*(#*$& di$. !" 11.5 %) $*d 3(i3 18 %). Fiu#( 1

Fi)ure 1 (ss )!u&d Fi)ure ! C!)+#(ssi!* (si* )$%3i*(

=.#. Sa$"%e Pre"aration

T3( )$(#i$&s "!# 3( s$*d$#d (s %!*sis !" $#($(s siz( 10)) ! 12.5 )). T3(

$#($(s s3!u&d ( i* su#"$%( d#/ %!*dii!* ("!#( (si* .T3( $#($(s )$/ ( d#i(d /

3($i* $ 100-110C "!# *! )!#( 3$* 3!u#s $*d %!!&(d ! #!!) ()+ ("!#( (si* .

=.. Procedure

i(v( 3( )$(#i$& 3#!u3 12.5)) $*d 10)) I si(v(s. T3( $#($(s +$ssi* 3#!u3

12.5 )) i(v( $*d #($i*(d !* 10)) i(v( %!)+#is( 3( (s )$(#i$&.

i. T$(* $!u .25 !" 3is )$(#i$&.

ii. P!u# 3( $#($( ! "i&& $!u Hus $!u 1 #d d(+3 !" 3( )($su#i* %/&i*d(#.

iii. C!)+$% 3( )$(#i$& / ivi* 25 (*&( &!s i3 3( #!u*d(d (*d !" $)+i* #!d.

iv. Add ! )!#( &$/(# i* 3( si)i&$# )$**(#, su%3 3$ 3( %/&i*d(# is "u&&.

v. R()!v( 3( (6%(ss )$(#i$& i3 $ s#$i3 (d( .T3( ;u$*i/ %!*$i*(d i* 3(

)($su#i* %/&i*d(# is 3$ $)!u* !" $#($( 3i%3 i&& ( us(d ! +#(+$#( 3( (s

s+(%i)(*.

vi. E)+/ 3( %/&i*d(# $*d . 3( $#($(s, $%%u#$( u+ ! 1).


24/57

vii. T#$*s"(# 3( 3!&( !" 3is . ;u$*i/ ! 3( (s )!u&d / "i&&i* i i* 3( &$/(#s i* 3(

s$)( )$**(# $s "!# %/&i*d#i%$& )($su#(. T3( !$& d(+3 !" 3( s$)+&( is 3(* $!u

10%) $*d 3( su#"$%( $ &i&( (&! 3( !+ !" )!u&d.

viii. L(v(& !"" 3( su#"$%( $*d +&$%( 3( +&u*(# !v(# i s! 3$ i #(ss 3!#iz!*$&&/ !* 3(

su#"$%( !" 3( $#($(s.

ix. P&$%( 3is $ss()&/ !* 3( +(d(s$& !" %!)+#(ssi!* (si* )$%3i*(.

x. A++&/ 3( &!$d $ $ u*i"!#) #$( !" !* +(# )i*u( u*i& 3( !$& $++&i(d &!$d is 0 !*.

R(&($s( 3( &!$d.

xi. T$(* 3( $#($( !u !" %/&i*d(# $*d si(v( 3() 3#!u3 2.4)) I si(v(. (i3 3is

"#$%i!* +$ssi* 3#!u3 i ! $* $%%u#$%/ !" 0.1). T3is "#$%i!* is $ )($su#( !" &!ss

)$(#i$& du( ! %#us3i*.

xii. N!( d!* 3( !s(#v$i!*s i* 3( #(su& s3i $*d %!)+u( 3( $#($( %#us3i* v$&u(.

T3( )($* !" 3( 2 !s(#v$i!*, #!u*d(d ! *($#(s 3!&( *u)(# is #(+!#(d $s 3(

=A#($( %#us3i* v$&u(>.

=.=. Recordin) o+ o&ser,ation

T!$& (i3 !" d#/ (s s$)+&( A @.'

(i3 !" $#($(s 3i%3 is +$ssi* 2.4 )) I si(v( : @.'

=.6. Ca%cu%ation?

A#($( %#$s3i* v$&u( @:A' 6 100

=.7. Discussion

=.>. Re+erences


25/57

1. I? 284 @P$# IV' 194.$*d$#d (s )(3!d !" =A#($( C#us3i* V$&u(>.

2. K3$**$..K, us!.C.E.G. , i3$/ E*i*((#i* Ei33 Edii!* -2001,+$(-297ʽʽ

6. FLAINESS AND ELON8ATION INDE TEST

6.1 Introduction

P$#i%&( s3$+( $*d su#"$%( (6u#( $#( i)+!#$* "!# +#!+(# %!)+$%i!*,

d("!#)$i!*, #(sis$*%( $*d !#$i&i/. !(v(#, 3( id($& s3$+( "!# MA $*d PCC is

di""(#(* (%$us( $#($(s s(#v( di""(#(* +u#+!s(s i* ($%3 )$(#i$&. I* MA, si*%(

$#($(s $#( #(&i(d u+!* ! +#!vid( si""*(ss $*d s#(*3 / i*(#&!%i* i3 !*(

$*!3(#, %ui% $*u&$#-s3$+(d +$#i%&(s i3 $ #!u3 su#"$%( (6u#( $#( (s.

F&$/ $#($( is 3$ $#($( 3!s( &($s di)(*si!* is &(ss 3$ 5 3 !" is )($*

di)(*si!*. E6$)+&(? T3( )($* di)(*si!* !" $* $#($( +$ssi* 3#!u3 0)) si(v( $*d#($i*(d !* 20)) si(v( is @0S20'2 0)).N! i" 3( &($s di)(*si!* is &(ss 3$* 5 6

0 18)), 3( $#($( is "&$/. F&$i*(ss i*d(6 is 3( +(#%(*$( / (i3 !" "&$/

+$#i%&(s.

E&!*$(d $#($(s $#( 3!s( 3!s( &(*3 is 1.80 i)(s is )($* di)(*si!*. I"

3( )($* di)(*si!* is 0)) "!# $ &(*3 $!v( 5)), 3( $#($( i&& ( %&$ssi"i(d $s

(&!*$(d.

E&!*$i!* i*d(6 !" *!* "&$/ )$(#i$& is %$&&(d %!)i*(d "&$/ i*d(6 (&!*$i!*i*d(6. T3(s( (ss $#( d!*( $%%!#di* ! I? 284 @P$# IV' 194.ATM D98-00

@#($++#!v(d 2004' $&s! iv(s 3( s$*d$#d (s )(3!d !" +$#i%&( s3$+(.

6.! A""aratus


26/57

A++$#$us s3!u&d %!*sis !" 3( "!&&!i*.

a :$&$*%( 3( $&$*%( s3$&& ( !" su""i%i(* %$+$%i/ $*d s(*siivi/ $*d s3$&& 3$v( $*

$%%u#$%/ !" 0.1 +(#%(* !" 3( (i3 !" 3( (s s$)+&(.

# M($& G$u( "!# "&$i*(ss i*d(6 (s@ 3i%*(ss $u(' — 3( )($& $u( s3$&& ( !" 3(

+$(#* s3!* i* Fi. 1 i3 (&!*$(d s&!s !" di)(*si!*s i*di%$(d i* Fi. 1. T3(

!&(#$*%( !* di)(*si!*s s3$&& ( 0.20 )) "!# di)(*si!*s (;u$& ! !# )!#( 3$* 50 ))

$*d 0.10 )) "!# di)(*si!*s &(ss 3$* 50 )). T3is $u( i&& ( us(d "!# "&$i*(ss

%' i(v(s I i(v(s !" siz(s s3!* i* T$&( A.

d' M($& G$u( "!# (&!*$i!* i*d(6 (s @&(*3 $u(' 3( )($& $u( s3$&& ( !" 3(

P$(#* s3!* i* Fi. 2. T3is $u( i&& ( us(d "!# (&!*$i!* i*d(6 (s.

T3i%*(ss G$u( @Fi-1'

Fiu#( 2 I? 284 @P$#-I' 194J L(*3 $u( @P&$* E&(v$i!*'

A&& di)(*si!*s $#( i* ))

iz( !" 3( $#($(

P$ssi* 3#!u3I si(v(

@ 1 '

R($i*(d 3#!u3I i(v(

@ 2 '

T3i%*(ss G$u(@0.4 i)(s 3( )($*

siz(s' ))@ '

L(*3 $u( @1.8i)(s 3( )($*

siz(s' ))@ '

4 50 .9 -


27/57

50 0 27 81.0

0 1.5 19.50 58.5

1.5 25 14,95 -

25 20 1.50 0.5

20 14 10.80 2.

14 12.5 8.55 25.412.5 10 4.75 20.2

10 4. .89 1.7

6.!.1 Ta&%e'I Di$ensions o+ T*ic


28/57

id3 !" 3( s&! us(d i* 3( $u( !# si(v( s3$&& ( !" 3( di)(*si!*s s+(%i"i(d i* %!& !"

$&( A "!# 3( $++#!+#i$( siz( !" )$(#i$&.

. (i3i* !" F&$/ M$(#i$& - 3( !$& $)!u* +$ssi* 3( $u( s3$&& ( (i3(d ! $*

$%%u#$%/ !" $ &($s 0.1 +(#%(* !" 3( (i3 !" 3( (s s$)+&( .

. (+$#$i!* !" E&!*$(d M$(#i$&- ($%3 "#$%i!* s3$&& ( $u(d i*dividu$&&/ "!# &(*3 !*

$ )($& &(*3 $u( !" 3( +$(#* s3!* i* Fi.2. T3( $u( &(*3 us(d s3$&& ( 3$

s+(%i"i(d i* %!& !" $&( A "!# 3( $++#!+#i$( siz( !" )$(#i$&.

5. (i3i* !" E&!*$(d M$(#i$& - 3( !$& $)!u* #($i*(d / 3( &(*3 $u( s3$&& (

(i3(d ! $* $%%u#$%/ !" $ &($s 0.1 +(#%(* !" 3( (i3 !" 3( (s s$)+&(.

6.=. Recordin) o+ o&ser,ations

I* 3is (s, "&$i*(ss i*d(6 !" s$)+&( $*d %!)i*(d (&!*$i!*-"&$i*(ss i*d(6 !" s$)+&( is

d((#)i*(d. Os(#v$i!*s $#( $s "!&&!

6.=.1 Ta&%e II ' O&ser,ation ta&%e +or +%a


29/57

&. N!.

iz( !" $)+&(, ))

(i3 !" s$)+&(,

)

(i3 #($i*(d !*

(&!*$i!* $u(, )

P$ssi*

3#!u3

R($i*(d

!*

1 1.5

2 25

20

14.5

5 12

4 10

Tota%

6.6. Calculatio!"

T3( "&$i*(ss i*d(6 is 3( !$& (i3 !" 3( )$(#i$& +$ssi* 3( v$#i!us 3i%*(ss $u(s !#

si(v(s, (6+#(ss(d $s $ +(#%(*$( !" 3( !$& (i3 !" 3( s$)+&( $u(d.

T!$& (i3 !" )$(#i$& .

T!$& (i3 !" )$(#i$& +$ssi* 3i%*(ss $u(

F&$i*(ss I*d(6 @FI'

T3( %!)i*(d "&$/ i*d(6 (&!*$i!* i*d(6 is 3( !$& (i3 !" 3( *!* "&$/ )$(#i$&

#($i*(d !* 3( v$#i!us &(*3 $u(s, (6+#(ss(d $s $ +(#%(*$( !" 3( !$& (i3 !" 3(

s$)+&( $u(d.

T!$& (i3 !" )$(#i$& #($i*(d !* &(*3 $u(

T!$& (i3 !" *!* "&$/ )$(#i$&

E&!*$i!* I*d(6 @EI'


30/57

4.7. Discussions

6.>. Re+erences

1. I 284? P$# I? 194 M(3!ds !" T(s "!# A#($(s "!# C!*%#(( - P$# I? P$#i%&( iz(

$*d 3$+(.

2. M. . 3(/, C!*%#(( (%3*!&!/ 3(!#/ $*d +#$%i%(, #(visi!* 2005.

. +(%i"i%$i!* "!# #!$d #id( !#s @Mi*is#/ !" s3i++i*, R!$d, T#$*s+!# 3i3$/s'

"!u#3 #(visi!*.

7. DETERMINATION OF STRIPPIN8 9ALUE OF ROAD

A88RE8ATE7.1 Introduction

T3( (s is %!*du%(d ! d((#)i*( 3( (""(%s !" )!isu#( u+!* 3( $d3(si!* !" 3(

iu)i*!us "i&) ! 3( su#"$%( +$#i%&(s !" 3( $#($(. T3is (s is !" si*i"i%$* v$&u( !

$s%(#$i* 3( sui$i&i/ !" 3( ! )$(#i$&s viz. iu)(* @i*d(#' $*d $#($(s, (%$us(


31/57

!*( +$#i%u&$# $#($( )$/ ( s$is"$%!#/ i3 !*( i*d(# $*d u*s$is"$%!#/ i3 $*!3(#

$*d 3( s$)( (i* #u( "!# 3( i*d(#s.

Fiu#( 1? A#($( s$)+&( !* 3( #i3 su""(#s "#!) s(v(#( s#i++i*. $)( $#($( !* 3(

&(" u i3 $s+3$& i*d(#.

T3( s+(%i"i%$i!* !" Mi*is#/ !" T#$*s+!# $*d 3i++i* #(%!))(*d 3(

d((#)i*$i!* !" s#i++i* v$&u( / 3( s$i% i))(#si!* )(3!d i* $%%!#d$*%( i3 I?

421-1971. .T3( d((#)i*$i!*s 3$ )$/ ( )$d( "#!) 3is +#!%(du#( $#( id(*i%$& ! 3!s(

)$d( u*d(# AATO T 28? R(sis$*%( !" C!)+$%(d :iu)i*!us Mi6u#( ! M!isu#(-

I*du%(d D$)$(, ATM D 847? E""(% !" M!isu#( !* As+3$& C!*%#(( P$vi* Mi6u#(s.

7.2 A""aratus

1. T3(#)!s$i%$&&/ %!*#!&&(d $(# $3.

2. :($(#s !" %$+$%i/ 500 )&

7.3 Sa$"%e Pre"aration

T3( $#($( s$)+&(? 3( (s s$)+&( %!*siss !" $#($( !" siz( +$ssi* 20))

si(v( $*d #($i*(d !* 12.5)) si(v(.

7.4 Procedure

i. O$i* 3( )$(#i$& 3$ +$ssi* 3#!u3 20)) si(v( $*d is #($i*(d !* 12.5))

si(v(.


32/57

ii. D#/, %&($* $*d 3($ 3( i*d(# $*d $#($(s @200' ! 150C-175C $*d 120-150C

#(s+(%iv(&/ $*d )i6 i3 5 +(#%(* i*d(# / (i3 !" $#($(.

Fi -2? A#($(s i3 5 +(#%(* i*d(# / (i3 !" $#($(

iii. A"(# %!)+&(i* !" %!$i*, $&&! 3( )i6u#( ! %!!& $ #!!) ()+(#$u#( i* %&($*

d#/ ($(#.

iv. Add disi&&(d $(# ! i))(#s( 3( %!$(d $#($(s.

v. C!v(# 3( ($(# $*d ((+ i u*disu#(d i* $ 3(#)!s$i% $(# $3 $ $ ()+. !"

0C "!# 2 3!u#s.

vi. Esi)$( 3( (6(* !" s#i++i* / visu$& (6$)i*$i!* 3i&( 3( s+(%i)(* is si&&

u*d(# $(# $*d (6+#(ss $s 3( $v(#$( +(# %(* $#($ !" 3( $#($( su#"$%(

u*%!$(d.

7.5 Record o+ O&ser,ation

T3( #(su& is #(+!#(d $s 3( +(#%(*$( !" $#($( su#"$%( 3$ is s#i++(d !" $"(# 3( s+(%i"i(d

i)( +(#i!ds. ( !s(#v(d visu$&&/ 3$ 3(#( is *! &!ss !" %!$i* $"(# 2 3!u#s !" 3(

i))(#si!* !" 3( )i6 i* disi&&(d $(#.

7.6. Discussions

7.7. Re+erences

1. I 421? 1971M(3!d !" T(s "!# D((#)i*$i!* !" #i++i* V$&u( !" R!$d A#($(s.

2. ATM D 847? E""(% !" M!isu#( !* As+3$& C!*%#(( P$vi* Mi6u#(s.


33/57

. +(%i"i%$i!* "!# #!$d #id( !#s @Mi*is#/ !" s3i++i*, R!$d, T#$*s+!# 3i3$/s'

"!u#3 #(visi!*.

8 DUCTILIT: TEST

8.1Introduction

T3is (s )(3!d +#!vid(s !*( )($su#( !" (*si&( +#!+(#i(s !" iu)i*!us

)$(#i$&s $*d )$/ ( us(d ! )($su#( du%i&i/ "!# s+(%i"i%$i!* #(;ui#()(*s. :iu)(* is

(6(*siv(&/ us(d $s $ i*d(# i* "&(6i&( +$v()(*s. I is *(%(ss$#/ 3$ 3is i*d(# "!#)s $

!!d $*d &!* &$si* "i&) $#!u*d 3( $#($(s 3(* )i6(d i3 3( $#($(s. O*( !"

3( )!s i)+!#$* +#!+(#i(s !" 3( "i&) is 3$, i s3!u&d ( du%i&(. A du%i&( "i&) !" i*d(#

(*su#(s $* i)+#!v(d +3/si%$& i*(#&!%i* (((* iu)(* $*d $#($(s. I* $ddii!* !

3is, #$""i% #u**i* !v(# 3( +$v()(* i* "uu#(, %!*i*u!us&/ i)+$#s &!$d !* ! i. I" 3(


34/57

i*d(# )$(#i$& is *! su""i%i(*&/ du%i&(, i i&& %#$% $*d (v(*u$&&/ 3( #(su& i&& (

+$v()(* "$i&u#(. L(ss(# du%i&i/ #(su&s i* +!#!us +$v()(*s 3i%3 is *! $ $&& d(si#$&(.

A&s! ( %$* s$/ 3$ du%i&i/ is $ )($su#( !" (*si&( s#(*3 !" 3( iu)(*. A!v(

s$()(*s i*di%$( 3$ du%i&i/ is $* i)+!#$* +#!+(#/ !" iu)(*. (*%(, 3is (s is

%$##i(d !u ! Hud( sui$i&i/ !" iu)(* i* "i(&d.

Du%i&i/ !" $ iu)(* s$)+&( is )($su#(d i* &$!#$!#/ $s 3( dis$*%( !

3i%3 $ s$*d$#d #i;u(( !" iu)(* %$* ( s#(%3(d $ s+(%i"i(d s+((d $*d ()+(#$u#(

("!#( #($i*.

8.2A""aratus

a. M!u&d? A )!u&d )$d( !" #$ss $s s3!* i* Fiu#( 1 is #(;ui#(d "!# 3( (s. I s3!u&d

"!#) $ #i;u(( !" "!&&!i* di)(*si!*s s3!* i* T$&( 1.

Fiu#( 1

T$&( 1? Di)(*si!*s !" #i;u((?

T!$& &(*3 75))

Dis$*%( (((* %&i+s 0))

id3 $ )!u3 !" %&i+ 20))

id3 $ )i*i)u) %#!ss-s(%i!* 10))

T3i%*(ss 3#!u3!u 10))

#. $(# $3? A $(# $3 +#("(#$&/ i3 $ 3(#)!s$ )$i*$i*(d i3i* 0.10C !"

s+(%i"i(d (s ()+(#$u#( is #(;ui#(d. T3( $3 s3!u&d %!*$i* )i*i)u) 10 &i(#s !"

$(#. T3( d(+3 !" s+(%i)(* 3(* i))(#s(d i* $(# i* 3( $3 s3!u&d ( )i*i)u)


35/57

100)) $*d 3( s$)+&( s3$&& ( su++!#(d !* $ +(#"!#$(d +&$"!#) 3i%3 s3!u&d ( $

&($s 50)) "#!) 3( !!) !" 3( $3.

c. T(si* )$%3i*(? A )$%3i*( "!# +u&&i* 3( #i;u(( !" iu)(* is #(;ui#(d 3i%3 s3!u&d

( %$+$&( !" )$i*$i*i* #i;u(( u*d(# $(# du#i* (si*. A&s!, 3( +u&&i* #$(

s3!u&d ( %!*s$* $s s+(%i"i(d $&!* i3 $ +#!visi!* "!# si##i* ! )$i*$i* 3(

u*i"!#) ()+(#$u#(. A (si* )$%3i*( is s3!* i* Fiu#( 2.

Fiu#( 2

". T3(#)!)((#? A 3(#)!)((# !" #$*( 0 ! 0C is #(;ui#(d.

8.3. Procedurea. T3( (s is ! ( %$##i(d !u $ 270C u*&(ss $ di""(#(* ()+(#$u#( is s+(%i"i(d $*d

3( #$( !" +u&& !# s#(%3i* s3!u&d ( 50)) +(# )i*u(.

#. I*ii$&&/ 3($ 3( iu)(* ! $ ()+(#$u#( !" 75-1000C i.(. $++#!6i)$(&/ $!v(

3( s!"(*i* +!i* ! )$( is 3!#!u3&/ "&uid.

c. Ass()&( 3( )!u&d !* $ &$ss +&$( 3$vi* $ %!$i* !" (;u$& +$#s !" &/%(#i*(

$*d d(6#i*.

". P!u# 3( )$(#i$& i* ! 3( )!u&d $*d $&&! i ! %!!& $ #!!) ()+(#$u#( "!# 0-

0 )i*u(s. Pu 3( s$)+&( i* $(# $3 )$i*$i*(d $ 270C "!# 80-90 )i*u(s. T(s

3( s$)+&( i))(di$(&/.e. Fi6 3( #i;u(( i* 3( (si* )$%3i*( usi* s%#(s $*d s$# +u&&i* $ 3( #$(

!" 50)) +(# )i*u(. N!( d!* 3( &(*3 $ 3i%3 3( s+(%i)(* #($s. Fiu#(

(&! s3!s s$#i* $*d (*d +!i* !" 3( (s.


36/57

8.4O&ser,ations

T! #i;u(( s+(%i)(*s !" iu)(* (#( +#(+$#(d i* &$!#$!#/ $*d (s(d "!# du%i&i/. F!#

!3 3( s$)+&(s 3( du%i&i/ $s !s(#v(d ! ( "u&& s%$&( v$&u(.

8.5Discussion

8.6Re+erences

i. I? 1208-1978 M(3!ds "!# (si* $# $*d iu)i*!us )$(#i$&? D((#)i*$i!* !"

du%i&i/.

ii. ATM D11-07 $*d$#d (s )(3!d "!# E""(%s !" du%i&i/ !" iu)i*!us )$(#i$&s.

iii. T3( s3(&& iu)(* $*d !!-2007.

9 FLAS POINT AND FIRE POINT

TEST OF BITUMEN

?.1 IntroductionA 3i3 ()+(#$u#(s, iu)i*!us )$(#i$&s ()i 3/d#!%$#!* v$+!u#s 3i%3 $#(

sus%(+i&( ! %$%3 "i#(. T3(#("!#( 3( 3($i* ()+(#$u#(s !" iu)i*!us )$(#i$& s3!u&d (

#(s#i%(d ! $v!id 3$z$#d!us %!*dii!*s. A s!# !" !u*d$#/ &i*( !# s$"(/ &i*( %$* ( d#$* "!#

3( ()+(#$u#( !" 3( iu)(*. T3(s( !u*d$#i(s $#( "&$s3 +!i* $*d "i#( +!i*. F&$s3 +!i* $*d


37/57

"i#( +!i* (ss $#( us(d ! d((#)i*( 3( ()+(#$u#( ! 3i%3 iu)i*!us )$(#i$& %$* s$"(&/ (

3($(d. F&$s3 $*d "i#( +!i*s $#( d("i*(d $s "!&&!s.

T3( "&$s3 +!i* !" $ )$(#i$& is 3( &!(s ()+(#$u#( $ 3i%3 3( $++&i%$i!* !" (s

"&$)( %$us(s 3( v$+!u#s "#!) 3( )$(#i$& )!)(*$#i&/ %$%3(s "i#( i* 3( "!#) !" $ "&$s3 u*d(#

s+(%i"i(d %!*dii!*s !" (s.

T3( "i#( +!i* is 3( &!(s ()+(#$u#( $ 3i%3 3( $++&i%$i!* !" (s "&$)( %$us(s 3(

)$(#i$& ! i*i( $*d u#* $ &($s "!# 5 s(%!*ds u*d(# s+(%i"i(d %!*dii!* !" (s. T3is (s is

d!*( ! d((#)i*( 3( "&$s3 +!i* $*d 3( "i#( +!i* !" $s+3$&i% iu)(* $*d "&u6(d *$iv(

$s+3$&, %u$% iu)(* $*d &!* /+( iu)(* $s +(# I? 1209 1978.

?.!. A""aratus

T3( $++$#$us $s +(# I 1209-1978 %!*siss !"?

I. P(*s/-M$#(*s %&!s(d (s(# %!*sis !" di""(#(* +$#s?

a Cu+ I is )$d( !" #$ss. T3( i*sid( !" 3( %u+ )$/ ( u#*(d ! $ s&i3&/ &$#(#

di$)((# $!v( 3( "i&&i* )$# $*d 3( !usid( )$/ ( $+(#(d $!v( 3( "&$*(. T3(

"&$*( is $!u 12)) i* id3 $*d $++#!6. )) i* 3i%*(ss.

# Lid I i*%&ud(s $ si##i* d(vi%(, %!v(# +#!+(#, s3u(# $*d "&$)( (6+!su#( d(vi%(. T3(

si##i* d(vi%( %!*siss !" $ v(#i%$& s((& s3$" !" 2.5)) ! )) di$)((# $*d )!u*(d

i* 3( %(*#( !" 3( %u+. I %$##i(s ! &$d(d #$ss +#!+(&&(#s. C!v(# +#!+(# is )$d( !"

#$ss $*d "is 3( !usid( !" 3( %u+ %&!s(&/. I 3$s !+(*i*s.

3u(#- 2.5)) 3i%*(ss $*d )$d( !" #$ss. I is s! s3$+(d $*d )!u*(d 3$ i #!$(s !* 3(

$6is !" 3( 3!#iz!*$& %(*#( !" 3( &id.

c !v(- i %!*sis !" $* $i# $3 $*d $ !+ +&$( !* 3i%3 3( "&$*( !" 3( %u+ #(ss. Ai#

$3 3$s $ %/&i*d#i%$& i*(#i!# 1. !2.2)) i* d(+3.

" T3(#)!)((#s F!# &! #$*( v$&u(s, i 3$s )($su#()(* #$*( "#!) -7C ! 110C $*d

#($d$&( u+ ! 0.5C. F!# (6+(%(d 3i3(# v$&u(s !" "&$s3 +!i* $*d "i#( +!i*,

3(#)!)((#s 3$vi* $ #$*( !" 90C ! 70C #($d$&( ! 2C s3!u&d ( us(d.


38/57

P(*s/-M$#(*s %&!s(d (s(#

?.#. Sa$"%e Pre"aration

C&($* $*d d#/ $&& +$#s !" 3( %u+ $*d is $%%(ss!#i(s 3!#!u3&/. Fi&& 3( %u+ i3 3(

)$(#i$& ! ( $s(d u+! 3( &(v(& i*di%$(d / 3( "i&&i* )$#.

?.. Procedure

i. P&$%( 3( &id !* 3( %u+ $*d s( 3( &$(# i* 3( s!v(.

ii. I*s(# 3( 3(#)!)((#s.

iii. Li3 $*d $dHus 3( (s "&$)( s! 3$ i is !" 3( siz( !" ($d !" )) i* di$. A++&/ 3($

su%3 3$ 3( ()+(#$u#( #is(s $ $ #$( !" 5C ! 4C +(# )i*u(.

iv. Tu#* 3( si##(# $ $ #$( !" $++#!6i)$(&/ 40 #(v!&ui!*s +(# )i*u(.

v. A++&/ 3( (s "&$)( / !+(#$i* 3( d(vi%( "!# %!*#!&&i* 3( s3u(# $*d (s "&$)(

u#*(# s! 3$ 3( "&$)( is &!(#(d i* 0.5s(%!*ds, &(" i* is &!(#(d +!sii!* "!# 1

s(%!*d, $*d ;ui%&/ #$is(d ! is 3i3 +!sii!*. Dis%!*i*u( si##i* du#i* 3( $++&i%$i!*

!" "&$)(.

vi. A++&/ 3( (s "&$)( i*ii$&&/ $ $ ()+. 17C (&! 3( (6+(%(d "&$s3 +!i*. T3(#($"(#

3( (s "&$)( i*(#v$& !" 1C "!# #$*(s $!u 10C. F!# 3( ()+. #$*( $!u 10C

i*%#($s( 3is i*(#v$& ! 2C.


39/57

vii. N!( d!* 3( "&$s3 +!i* $s 3( ()+(#$u#( $ 3i%3 3( "&$)( $++&i%$i!* %$us(s $

disi*% "&$s3 i* 3( i*(#i!# !" 3( %u+.

?.=. O&ser,ations

T3( (s(d s$)+&( !" iu)(* 3$d $ "&$s3 +!i* $ $ ()+(#$u#( !" 00 0C. As 3( "&$s3

+!i* $s !s(#v(d $ 3is 3i3 ()+(#$u#(, i $s di""i%u& ! ! "!# si&& 3i3(# ()+(#$u#(

$*d "i*d 3( "i#( +!i*.

?.6. Discussion

?.7. Re+erences

1. I 1209?1978 M(3!ds "!# $si* "&$s3 "i#( +!i* !" iu)i*!us )$(#i$&.

2. T3( s3(&& iu)(* 3$*d !!.

1@ PENETRATION TEST10.1. Introduction


40/57

P(*(#$i!* (s )($su#(s 3( %!*sis(*%/ !" $ iu)(* s$)+&(. C!*sis(*%/ )$/ ( #("(##(d ! $s

3!)!(*(i/, "&uidi/ (%. I* si)+&( !#ds, +(*(#$i!* (s iv(s (6(* !" 3$#d*(ss !# s!"*(ss !" $

iu)(* s$)+&(. I* 3is (s, ( )($su#( 3( v(#i%$& +(*(#$i!* !" $ s$*d$#d &!$d(d *((d&( i*! $

iu)(* s$)+&( i* "iv( s(%!*ds. T3is +(*(#$i!* is (6+#(ss(d i* (*3s !" )i&&i)((#. F!# (6$)+&(, i"

+(*(#$i!* is 8)), +(*(#$i!* v$&u( !u&d ( 80. T3is +(*(#$i!* v$&u( !" iu)(* is us(d "!#

%&$ssi"/i* 3( iu)i*!us s$)+&(s. T3( +(*(#$i!* v$&u(s )$/ #$*( "#!) 20 ! 225. C&$ssi"i%$i!* is

d!*( $s 0-0, 80-100 iu)(* (%. I )($*s, +(*(#$i!* v$&u( &i(s (((* 80 $*d 100. (*%(, ! *!

3( /+( !" iu)(* ( $#( usi*, +(*(#$i!* (s is #(;ui#(d ! ( %$##i(d !u. T3( +(*(#$i!* (s is

%$##i(d !u $ 250C )!s !" 3( i)(s u*&(ss $ s+(%i"i% ()+(#$u#( 3$s ((* su(s(d.

P(*(#$i!* v$&u( is &$#(&/ $""(%(d / )$*/ +$#$)((#s su%3 $s +!u#i* ()+(#$u#(,

di)(*si!*s !" +(*(#$i* *((d&(, (i3 +&$%(d !* *((d&( $*d 3( ()+(#$u#( $ 3i%3 (s is %$##i(d

!u. (*%(, +#!+(# %$#( 3$s ! ( $(* 3i&( %!*du%i* 3( (s.

I* I*di$, u+ ! 2004 +(*(#$i!* #$d( %&$ssi"i%$i!* $s us(d. C&$ssi"i%$i!* $s(d !*

+(*(#$i!* v$&u(s d!(s *! i*di%$( 3( v$#i$i&i/ i* 3( +#!+(#i(s !" ($%3 %&$ss !" iu)(* $ 3i3(#

()+(#$u#(s. T3is v$#i$i!* i* +#!+(#i(s !" iu)(* is (""(%iv(&/ $dd#(ss(d / vis%!si/ v$&u(s $ 3i3(#

()+(#$u#(s. (*%(, i* 3( 3i#d #(visi!* !" I-7, vis%!si/ #$d( iu)(* %&$ssi"i%$i!* is $d!+(d.

10.2. A##a$atu!"

+. ntainer: + meta! r %!ass c/!in"rica! $!at #ttm cntainer $ essentia!!/ t&e

$!!)in% "imensins s&a!! #e se";a. apprximate!/ 3 mm in "iameter int )&ic& it is

immva#!/ $ixe". (&e taper s&a!! #e s/mmetrica! an" t&e pint s&a!! #e #!nte"

#/ %rin"in% t a trncate" cne.


41/57

. ater #at&:+ )ater #at& pre$era#!/ )it& a t&ermstat maintaine" at 250

cntainin% nt !ess t&an 10 !itres $ )ater t&e samp!e #ein% immerse" t a

"ept& $ nt !ess t&an 100 mm $rm tp = spprte" n s&e!$.

. (rans$er "is&: + sma!! "is& r tra/ prvi"e" )it& sme means )&ic& ensre a

$irm #earin% = prevent t&e rc>in% $ t&e cntainer an" sc& capacit/ as )i!!

ensre cmp!ete immersin $ t&e cntainer "rin% t&e test.

?. enetratin apparats: +n/ apparats )&ic& )i!! a!!) t&e nee"!e )it&t

apprecia#!e $rictin )&ic& is accrate!/ ca!i#rate" t /ie!" res!ts in tent&s $

mi!!imetre s&a!! #e a"pte".


42/57

enetrmeter

10.3. Sa,#l' #$'#a$atio" $ten t&e materia! t a prin% cnsistenc/ at a temperatre nt mre t&an

90 $r #itmen a#ve t&e apprximate s$tenin% pint an" stir it t&r%&!/

nti! it is &m%enes an" $ree $rm air ###!es an" )ater. r t&e me!t in t

t&e cntainer t a "ept& at !east 10 mm in excess $ expecte" penetratin.

rtect t&e samp!e $rm "st an" a!!) it t c! in an atmsp&ere at a

temperatre #et)een 15 t 300 $r 1.5 t 2 &r $r 45 mm "eep cntainer an"

1 t 1.5 &rs )&en 35 mm "eep cntainer is se". (&en p!ace it a!n% )it& t&e

trans$er "is& in t&e )ater #at& at 25 an" a!!) it t remain $r 1.5 t2 &r $r

45 mm "eep cntainer an" 1 t 1.5 &rs )&en 35 mm "eep cntainer.

repare" samp!e in cp

10.4. P$oc'*u$'"

i. e cntact

)it& t&e sr$ace $ samp!e.


43/57

ii. (&is ma/ #e accmp!is&e" #/ p!acin% t&e nee"!e pint in t&e cntact )it&

t&e ima%e re$!ecte" #/ t&e sr$ace $ t&e materia! $rm a sita#!/ p!ace"

srce $ !i%&t.

iii. a" t&e nee"!e &!"er )it& t&e re@ire" t ma>e a tta! mvin% )ei%&t

-t&at is t&e sm $ t&e )ei%&ts $ t&e nee"!e carrier sperimpse"

)ei%&ts $ 100±0.25 %m.

iv. Nte t&e rea"in% $ t&e "ia! r #rin% t&e pinter t Eer. Ae!ease t&e

nee"!e an" a"'st t&e pints i$ necessar/ t measre t&e "istance

penetrate". it& t&e &e!p $ t&e timer re!ease t&e nee"!e $r exact!/ 5

secn"s.

v. Aecr" t&e "ia! rea"in%. Aepeat t&e a#ve prce"re t&rice.

10.5. O&!'$vatio" (a#!e 1 s&)s #servatins $r penetratin test cn"cte" n t) #itmen

samp!es at 250 test temperatre.

1%.5.1 Ta&l' I ( O&!'$vatio! -o$ #''t$atio t'!t"

$)+&( Nu)(# P(*(#$i!* v$&u( 1 P(*(#$i!* v$&u( 2 P(*(#$i!* v$&u( M($*

1

2

10.6. Discussion

10.7. Re+erences

1. I; 1203 1978 "eterminatin t&e penetratin $ #itmen.2. 3(&& iu)(* $*d!!.

3. . K. K3$**$ C. E. G. us!, i3$/ E*i*((#i*, (i33 (dii!* 2005,+$( *! 0.

11. SOFTENIN8 POINT TEST


44/57

11.1. Introduction

T3( s!"(*i* +!i* !" 3( iu)(* is 3( ()+(#$u#( $ 3i%3 3( iu)(* $$i*s $

+$#i%u&$# d(#(( !" s!"(*i* u*d(# s+(%i"i(d (s %!*dii!*s. T3( s!"(*i* +!i* !" iu)(*

i*di%$(s ()+(#$u#( sus%(+ii&i/ !" iu)(*. As ( *!, iu)(* ! ( us(d i* #!$d

%!*s#u%i!* s3!u&d 3$v( &! ()+(#$u#( sus%(+ii&i/. i3(# s!"(*i* +!i* i*di%$(s &!(#

()+(#$u#( sus%(+ii&i/. (*%(, i is *(%(ss$#/ ! *! s!"(*i* +!i* !" iu)(* i* !#d(# !

Hud( sui$i&i/ !" iu)(* i* #!$d %!*s#u%i!*.

I* $ddii!*, 3( i*d(# s3!u&d 3$v( su""i%i(* "&uidi/ ("!#( is $++&i%$i!*s i* #!$d us(s. T3(

d((#)i*$i!* !" s!"(*i* +!i* 3(&+s ! *! 3( ()+(#$u#( u+ ! 3i%3 $ iu)i*!us i*d(#

s3!u&d ( 3($(d "!# v$#i!us #!$d us( $++&i%$i!*s. !"(*i* +!i* is d((#)i*(d / #i* $*d

$&& $++$#$us.

11.2. A""aratus

i. T3( #i* $*d $&& $++$#$us $s +(# I 1205-1978 %!*siss !" "!&&!i*?

a. ((& $&&s? T! i* *u)(# ($%3 !" 9.5 )) di$)((# $*d (i3i* .50.05 .

#. :#$ss #i*s? T! i* *u)(# ($%3 3$vi* d(+3 !" 4.)). T3( i*sid( di$)((# $

!!) $*d !+ is 15.9)) $*d 17.5)) #(s+(%iv(&/.

c. u++!#? I s3!u&d 3!&d #i*s i* +!sii!* $*d $&s! $&&! "!# sus+(*si!* !" $

3(#)!)((#. T3( dis$*%( (((* 3( !!) !" 3( #i*s $*d 3( !+ su#"$%( !" 3(

!!) +&$( !" 3( su++!# is 25)).

ii. T3(#)!)((#? L! ()+(#$u#( #$*( !" 2 ! 80!C $*d $%%u#$%/ !" 0.2!C. i3

()+(#$u#( #$*( !" 0 ! 200C $*d $%%u#$%/ 0.5!C is #(;ui#(d.

iii. :$3? A 3($ #(sis$* &$ss ($(# *! &(ss 3$* 85)) i* di$. $*d 1220)) i* d(+3.

iv. i##(#? A )$*u$& !# )(%3$*i%$& si##(# 3i%3 (*su#(s u*i"!#) 3($ dis#iui!* is

#(;ui#(d.


45/57

Ri* $*d $&& $++$#$us

11.3. reparatin $ samp!e;

Feat t&e materia! t a temperatre #et)een 75 an" 100 a#ve its

s$tenin% pint. tir it t remve air ###!es an" )ater. I$ necessar/ $i!ter it

t&r%& I ieve 30. !ace t&e rin%s previs!/ &eate" t a temperatre

apprximatin% t t&at $ m!ten materia! n a meta! p!ate )&ic& &as #een

cate" )it& a mixtre $ e@a! parts $ %!/cerine an" "extrin an" $i!! )it&

s$$icient me!t t %ive an excess a#ve !eve! $ t&e rin% )&en c!e". +$ter

c!in% $r 30 mintes in air t&e excess samp!e s&!" #e ct $$ #/ a >ni$e.

11.4. P#!%(du#(?

a. Ass()&( 3( $++$#$us i3 3( #i*s, 3(#)!)((# $*d $&& uid(s i* +!sii!*.

&. er )it& #i!e" "isti!!e" )ater t &ei%&t $ 50 mm a#ve t&e pper

sr$ace $ t&e rin%s. (&e temperatre $ )ater initia!!/ s&!" #e 5.0 ± 0.5

per minte.

c. In case i$ t&e s$tenin% pint $ t&e materia! n"er cnsi"eratin is mre t&an

800 instea" $ )ater #at& %!/cerine #at& is se" an" t&e initia! temperatre

$ %!/cerine is 350


46/57

*. +pp!/ &eat t t&e #at& an" stir t&e !i@i" s t&at t&e temperatre rises at a

ni$rm rate $ 5.0 ± 0.5 per minte.

'. +s t&e temperatre increases t&e #itmins materia! s$tens an" t&e #a!!

sin>s t&r%& t&e rin% carr/in% a prtin $ t&e materia! )it& it.

-. Aecr" t&e temperatre at )&ic& t&e samp!e srrn"in% #a!! tc&es t&e

#ttm )&ic& is nt&in% #t t&e s$tenin% pint $ t&at materia!.

11.5. O&!'$vatio!" (&e temperatre at )&ic& #itmen tc&es #ttm p!ate )as $n" t #e

GGGGG 0. Fence s$tenin% pint is GGGG 0.

11.6. i!cu!!io"

11.7. Re+erences

1. I? 1205 1978 d((#)i*$i!* 3( s!"(*i* +!i* !" iu)(*.

2.3(&& iu)(* $*d!!.

. . K. K3$**$ C. E. G. us!, i3$/ E*i*((#i*, (i33 (dii!* 2005, +$( *! 08


47/57

1! SPECIFIC 8RA9IT: TEST

12.1 Introduction

:iu)(* i*d(# is us(d i* 3( %!*s#u%i!* !" #!$ds. T3( )$i* i)+!#$* +#!+(#/ is 3( d(*si/

!" 3( iu)(*. T3is is s! (%$us(, 3(* 3( iu)(* is )i6(d i3 3( $#($(s i is %!*v(#(d

! v!&u)( u*is usi* 3( d(*si/ !" iu)(*. Pu#i/ !" iu)(* $""(%s 3( d(*si/ %!*sid(#$&/.

+(%i"i% #$vi/ is d("i*(d $s #$i! !" 3( (i3 !" u*i v!&u)( !" )$(#i$& ! 3( (i3 !"

(;u$& v!&u)( !" $(# !3 (i* )($su#(d $ s$)( ()+(#$u#(. T3is (s is d!*( ! d((#)i*(

3( s+(%i"i% #$vi/ !" s()i-s!&id iu)(* $s +(# I? 1202 1978. $*d$#d (s )(3!d !

)($su#( 3( d(*si/ s+(%i"i% #$vi/ !" iu)(* is $&s! iv(* i* : EN 1524?2007.

12.2 A""aratus T3( $++$#$us "!# 3( (s s3$&& %!*sis !" 3( "!&&!i*.

a. :$&$*%(? A $&$*%( $%%u#$( ! 0.5 is #(;ui#(d "!# 3( (s.

&. P/%*!)((#? A +/%*!)((# @i.(. s+(%i"i% #$vi/ !&(' !" 50)& %$+$%i/ is #(;ui#(d

"!# 3( (s. P/%*!)((# is s3!* i* 3( "iu#( (&!.

Fiu#( 1 P/%*!)((#J

1!.#. Procedure


48/57

i. C&($* $*d d#/ 3( s+(%i"i% #$vi/ !&( !(3(# i3 s!++(#. (i3 i i3 s!++(#.

(i3 AJ.

ii. Fi&& i %!)+&((&/ i3 disi&&(d $(# $ 270C. (i3 3( !&( !(3(# i3 s!++(#.

(i3 :J.

iii. ($ 3( iu)(* u*i& i $$i*s "&uidi/.

iv. D#/ 3( !&( $*d s!++(#. Fi&& $!u 3$&" !" 3( !&( i3 iu)(* s$)+&( $*d

(i3 i. (i3 CJ.

v. K((+ 3( !&( i3!u disu#i* "!# 3$&" $* 3!u# !# s! i&& 3( iu)(* s$)+&( is

%!!&(d ! #!!) ()+(#$u#(.

vi. A"(# %!!&i* "i&& 3( !&( i3 3( disi&&(d $(# $*d (i3 i $&!* i3 3(

s!++(#. (i3 DJ.

12.4. O&ser,ations Di""(#(* (i3s $(* du#i* (6+(#i)(* $#( )(*i!*(d i* T$&( 1(&!.

1!..1 Ta&%e 1 O&ser,ations +or s"eci+ic )ra,it- test o+ &itu$en.

Sa$"%e 0ei)*t o+ e$"t-"-


49/57

+(%i"i% #$vi/ !" !u# s$)+&( iu)(*

12.6. Discussion

12.7. Re+erences

1 I 1202?1978 M(3!ds "!# $si* $# iu)i*!us )$(#i$&.

2 T3( s3(&& iu)(* 3$*d !!.

3 : EN 1524?2007 $*d$#d (s )(3!d ! )($su#( 3( d(*si/ s+(%i"i% #$vi/ !"

iu)(*.

13. S"ot S"eed Stud- Usin) Radar S"eed 8un

13.1. O&/'ctiv'"

T3( $i) !" 3( (6+(#i)(* ! d((#)i*( 3( s+! s+((d dis#iui!* !" $ #$""i% s#($) $ $

s+(%i"i% &!%$i!* / #$d$# u*.

1#.!. Eui"$ent reuired

1 R$d$# s+((d )((#

2 N!( +$d

3 D$$ s3((

0i 1" Ra*a$ u

1#.#. Met*odo%o)-


50/57

R$d$# s+((d )((# $s us(d i* #$d$# u* )(3!d, 3i%3 $u!)$i%$&&/ #(%!#ds 3(

i*s$*$*(!us s+((d !" "$s )!vi* v(3i%&( 3$vi* s+((d #($(# 3$* 20 )+3 !* 3( #$%.

T3is is !*( !" 3( si)+&(s !" )(3!d "!# s+! s+((d d((#)i*$i!*. T3(s( )((# !# !*

3( D!++&(# +#i*%i+&( 3$ 3( s+((d !" $ )!vi* !d/ is +#!+!#i!*$& ! 3( %3$*( i* 3(

"#(;u(*%/ (((* 3( #$di! $v( #$*s)i(d ! 3( )!vi* !d/ $*d 3( #$di! $v( #(%(iv(d

$%. T3( (""(%iv( )($su#i* dis$*%( "!# #$d$# )((#s #$*(s "#!) 200 "(( u+ ! 2 )i&(s. A

#$d$# )((# #(;ui#(s &i*(-!"-si3 ! $%%u#$(&/ )($su#( s+((d $*d is ($si&/ !+(#$(d / !*(

+(#s!*.

T3( i*s#u)(*s di#(%&/ )($su#( 3( s+((d, $*d $* $%%u#$%/ !" $ &($s @S-' 1.5 !

)+3. T3( i*s#u)(* is $(#/ !+(#$(d $*d is +!#$&(. T3( s+((d )((# is s! (+ 3$ 3(

$*&( (((* 3( di#(%i!* !" #$v(& !" v(3i%&( $*d 3( $6is !" #$*s)issi!* !" 3( #$di! $v( is

$s &! $s +!ssi&(, s$/ i3i* 200. Di""(#(* siz(d v(3i%&(s $*d 3( d((%i!* !" 3( !s(#v$i!*

v(3i%&( )$/ $""(% #$d$# #($di*s. L$#( v(3i%&(s su%3 $s #u%s $*d us(s s(*d 3( s#!*(s

#(u#* si*$& ! 3( #$d$# )((#s $*d $s $ #(su& s)$&&(# v(3i%&(s )$/ *! ( d((%(d. I" 3(#( is $

+#(s(*%( !" &$#( v(3i%&(s, 3( !s(#v(# )$/ *((d ! #(%!#d 3( s+((ds !" v(3i%&(s 3$ $#( $&!*(.

T3( #$d$# u*i )$/ ( u#*(d !"" 3i&( *! i* us( s! #$d$# d((%!#s %$**! d((% i. T3(

i*s#u)(* is s( u+ *($# 3( (d( !" 3( %$##i$($/ $ $ 3(i3 !" $!u 1), $!v( 3( #!u*d

&(v(&. T3( s+((d !" v(3i%&(s i* !3 di#(%i!*s %$* ( !s(#v(d / 3is )(3!d.

1#.. Procedure

T3( d(vi%( 3$s ((* (6(*siv(&/ us(d "!# #$""i% (*i*((#i* sudi(s $s (&& $s "!#

(*"!#%()(* / #$""i% +!&i%(. T3( )(3!d !" %!*du%i* 3is #$d$# u* s+! s+((d (6+(#i)(*

"!&&!i* s(;u(*%( !" s(+s 3$s $(* ! %!)+&(( 3( +#!%(du#(.

1#..1 Ste" 1 Se%ection o+ "ro"er %ocation and "%ace$ent o+ radar $eter'


51/57

I is %#ii%$& ! s$/ $!u 3( +#!+(# +&$%()(* !" 3( #$d$# )((# $ 3( sud/ $#($. T3(

+!sii!*i* !" 3( #$d$# u*i is d((#)i*(d / 3( %$+$i&ii(s !" 3( #$d$# u*i. T3( u*i s3!u&d

$&s! ( %!*%($&(d "#!) 3( vi( !" )!!#iss. E""(%iv( #$*(s )$/ ( u+ ! 2 )i&(s, u $s 3(

dis$*%( i*%#($s(s 3( (""(%iv(*(ss !" 3( #$d$# )((# d(%#($s(s. T3( &($s $%%u#$( +!sii!*,

3i%3 is !$i*(d 3(* 3( )((# is $i)(d $ $ 90-d(#(( $*&( ! 3( #!$d$/ %(*(#&i*(. A*

$%%u#$( s(%3 !" 3( si( s3!u&d ( d!%u)(*(d, i*%&udi* *u)(# !" &$*(s, +!sii!* !"

!s(#v(#, $*d d(s%#i+i!* !" #("(#(*%( +!i*s.

1#..! Ste" ! A""ro"riate Se%ection Strate)- s*ou%d deter$ined'

I is i)+!#$* ! s(&(% 3( $#( v(3i%&(s 3$ #(+#(s(* 3( v(3i%&( +!+u&$i!* u*d(# sud/ .i is

$s %(#$i* 3$ 3$ /+( !" v(3i%&(s $#( %!*%(#*(d su%3 $s %$#s #u%s uss(s $*d !3(# /+( !"

LCV .3(* 3( v(3i%&( is d("i*(d $ s(&(%i!* s#$(/ is d(v(&!+(d ! +#!vid( $ #$*d!) $

s$)+&(. R$*d!) s$)+&( is #(du%i* 3( (*d(*%/ ! s(&(% s$*d!u v(3i%&(.

1#..#. Ste" # Record o&ser,ations on radar $eter s"eed data +or$ '

T3( !s(#v(# #(%!#ds 3( d$(, &!%$i!*s, +!s(d s+((d &i)i, ($3(# %!*dii!*s, s$# i)(, (*d

i)(, $*d d!* i)(. A s&$s3 is #(%!#d(d !* 3( d$(s "!#) %!##(s+!*di* ! !s(#v(d 3( s+((d

"!# ($%3 s(&(%(d v(3i%&( u*d(# 3( v(3i%&( /+( %&$ssi"i%$i!*s.

1#... Ste" ? 8enerate t*e +reuenc- distri&utions ta&%e and "ro&a&i%it- densit- cur,es.

T3( "#(;u(*%/ dis#iui!*, #(&$iv( "#(;u(*%/ dis#iui!* $*d 3( +#!$i&i/ dis#iui!* $#(

!$i*(d. P&!s ! %!)+$#( 3( &$(# ! $#( )$d(. T3( !!d*(ss !" "i is !s(#v(d "#!) %3i-

s;u$#(d (s.

1#.= Ca%cu%ations and Ana%-sis

T3( %$&%u&$i!*s $*d $*$&/sis $#( d!*( $*d $$%3(d. T3( s+! s+((ds @"#(( "&!' !s(#v(d 3$v(

((* +&!(d.


52/57

1#.= Resu%ts

T3( M($* $*d $*d$#d D(vi$i!* !" +((d "!# di""(#(* /+( !" v(3i%&(s $#( $u&$(d (&!?

Truc


53/57

14. Tra,e% ti$e and ,o%u$e stud- usin) Mo,in) O&ser,er Met*od.

1.1. O&ecti,e

T! sud/ #$v(& i)( $*d v!&u)( usi* M!vi* Os(#v(# M(3!d.

1.! Eui"$ent

1. #ii* +$d

2. u#v(/ P(#"!#)$

3. C!u*(#

4. !+ $%3

1.# Procedure

T3( )(3!d #(;ui#(s 3#(( !s(#v(#s. A (s %$# $s #u* ! $*d "#! $&!* 3( s(%i!* !#

s(%i!*s, $++#!6i)$(&/ #$v(&&i* $ $v(#$( #$""i% s#($) s+((d. O*( !s(#v(# #(%!#d(d 3(

*u)(# !" v(3i%&(s i* 3( !++!si* #$""i%. T3( s(%!*d !s(#v(# #(%!#d(d 3( *u)(# !"

!v(#$(* $*d !v(#$i* v(3i%&(s. T3( 3i#d !s(#v(# #(%!#d(d 3( H!u#*(/ i)( "#!) 3(

(i**i* ! 3( (*d !" ($%3 s(%i!* i3 3( 3(&+ !" $ s!+ $%3. i3 3( 3(&+ !" $*!3(# s!+

$%3 3( 3i#d !s(#v(# $&s! #(%!#d(d 3( s!++(d i)(s. ui$&( i)( +!i*s (#( %3!s(* !

#(%!#d 3( d$$.

F#!) 3( %!&&(%(d d$$ 3( "!&&!i* +$#$)((#s (#( %$&%u&$(d?

+Mo(MoaMoaTTA

TT(Mo(MP8+


54/57

9LT

3(#(

q= v!&u)( @v(33#.'

H)Nu)(# !" v(3i%&(s 3$ !v(#$(s 3( (s %$# 3(* (s %$# is )!vi*

i3

3( #$""i% s($).

Hp) *u)(# !" v(3i%&(s 3$ !v(#$(s 3( (s %$# 3(* (s %$# is )!vi* i3

3( #$""i% s#($).

T W #$v(& i)( i* 3!u#s 3(* 3( (s %$# is )!vi* i3 3( #$""i% s#($)

T a #$v(& i)( i* 3!u#s 3(* 3( (s %$# is )!vi* $$i*s 3( #$""i% s#($)

T Av(#$( #$v(& i)( i* 3!u#s

$v(#$( s+((d !" #$""i% s#($) i* )3#, L dis$*%( i* ).

1. Ca%cu%ations

T$&( s3!i* 3( (;uiv$&(* "cu v$&u(s?

MAV $u! us LCV %$# #u%T!

3((&(#OTER


55/57

14.=. Resu%t

T!$#ds ----------

V!&u)(

Av(#$( i)(

Av(#$( +((dM$*u$&&/#(%!#d(dv!&u)( $%#us3(#

F#!) -----------------

V!&u)(

Av(#$( i)(

Av(#$( +((d

M$*u$&&/

#(%!#d(dv!&u)( $%#us3(#

(#( i* &$* #i( 3( d(si*$i!* +!i*

1.6. Discussion

15. Mid' B%oc< Tra++ic 9o%u$e and S"eed Stud- &- 9ideo Recordin)

1=.1. O&ecti,e

T3( $i) !" 3( (6+(#i)(* is ! sud/ )id-&!% #$""i% v!&u)( $*d s+((d sud/ / vid(!

#(%!#di*.

1=.!. Eui"$ent reuired


56/57

1. Vid(! %$)(#$ $*d is $%%(ss!#i(s

2. T#i+!d

3. #ii* +$d

4. u#v(/ +#!"!#)$.

1=.#. Met*odo%o)-

Vid(! #(%!#di* is 3( si)+&( )(3!d ! !$i* 3( s+((d $*d v!&u)( $ $*/ %#!ss s(%i!* !" 3(

#!$d. Vid(! is #(%!#d(d $* $*$&/s(d 3$ 3! )u%3 i)( i is $i* ! %#!ss ! s(%i!*s $

*!* dis$*%( $*d 3(*%( s+((d is %$&%u&$(d.

15.4. Procedure

(&(% 3( sui$&( s(%i!* !* 3( #!$d $*d +&$%( 3( vid(! %$)(#$ $ $ &i&( dis$*%( "#!) 3(

*($#(s (d( !" 3( #!$d. T! )$# 3( d(si#$&( ! %#!ss s(%i!*s $ 0 )((# @1 )((# i* !u#

%$s(' $+$# !* 3( #!$d !* !s(#v(# 3$s ! )!v( !* 3(s( s(%i!*s $*d 3( +#!%(ss s3!u&d

#(%!#d(d. C$)(#$ +&$%()(* s3!u&d ( su%3 3$ !3 s(%i!*s s3!u&d ( visi&( si)u&$*(!us&/.

T3is #(%!#d(d s(%i!* i&& ( us(d $s $ #("(#(*%( s(%i!* du#i* 3( $*$&/sis !" vid(! d$$.

R(%!#d 3( #$""i% !* 3( s(%i!* "!# 1.5 3!u# @0 )i*u(s i* !u# %$s('. A&s! #(%!#d 3( *(%(ss$#/

i*"!#)$i!* #(&$(d ! #!$d (!)(#/ @i.(. #!$d id3, divid(d !# u*divid(d (%.'. L$(# +&$/ 3(

vid(! !* 3( %!)+u(# $*d d! 3( %&$ssi"i(d v!&u)( %!u* $*d s+((d $*$&/sis, 3!(v(# *!(

d!* 3( #($di*s "!# (v(#/ 5 )i*u(s "&!. +((d d$$ "!# "#(( "&! v(3i%&(s s3!u&d $&s! (

d((#)i*(d.

15.5. Ca%cu%ations and Ana%-sis

T3( %$&%u&$i!*s $*d $*$&/sis $#( d!*( $*d $$%3(d.


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15.6. Resu%ts

15.7. Disscusion

various tests in transportation engineering lab

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