vdl mode 4 airborne architecture study (vm4aas)

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WGM 8 meeting / 24-28 November 2003 1 EUROCONTROL VDL Mode 4 Airborne Architecture Study (VM4AAS) Study Overview and Conclusions Nikos Fistas Nikos Fistas EATMP / EUROCONTROL EATMP / EUROCONTROL Communications & Surveillance Management Communications & Surveillance Management ACP WG-M/8 Appendix J

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ACP WG-M/8 Appendix J. VDL Mode 4 Airborne Architecture Study (VM4AAS). Study Overview and Conclusions. Nikos Fistas EATMP / EUROCONTROL Communications & Surveillance Management. Presentation Overview. PART I: General information Scope, Objectives, Plan, Structure PART II: Study Summary - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: VDL Mode 4 Airborne Architecture Study (VM4AAS)

WGM 8 meeting / 24-28 November 2003 1

EUROCONTROL

VDL Mode 4Airborne Architecture Study

(VM4AAS)

Study Overview and Conclusions

Nikos FistasNikos Fistas

EATMP / EUROCONTROLEATMP / EUROCONTROL

Communications & Surveillance ManagementCommunications & Surveillance Management

ACP WG-M/8 Appendix J

Page 2: VDL Mode 4 Airborne Architecture Study (VM4AAS)

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Presentation Overview

PART I: General information Scope, Objectives, Plan, Structure

PART II: Study Summary Overview of work achieved (Work Packages 1 to 4) Conclusions Recommendations Next Steps

Page 3: VDL Mode 4 Airborne Architecture Study (VM4AAS)

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PART I:

GENERAL INFORMATION

Page 4: VDL Mode 4 Airborne Architecture Study (VM4AAS)

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VM4AAS scope

Investigate airborne integration issues for VDL Mode 4, considering:

COM / SUR / COM and SUR applications

Large / Small / Light a/c

Forward-fit / Retrofit (digital and analogue) a/c

Page 5: VDL Mode 4 Airborne Architecture Study (VM4AAS)

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VM4AAS Objectives (cont’d)

To provide answers to questions identify potential problems make recommendations contribute to decision making provide input/guidance to manufacturers

considering current status and future trends

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Study Background Information

Performed by Honeywell

Started in June 2002

Finished October 2003

Informal external review group (open to interested “volunteers” )

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D1

WP1.3

Definitions, Assumptions and

Baselines

WP1.3

Definitions, Assumptions and

Baselines

WP3.2

Radio Frequency

Interference

D3.2

WP2.2

Architecture Requirements &

Constraints

WP2.1

Applications Data Requirements

WP2.2

Architecture Requirements &

Constraints

WP2.1

Applications Data Requirements D2

WP3.1

Avionics Architectures

WP3.1

Avionics Architectures

D3.1

WP4

Implementation Plan

WP5

Draft Final Report

WP4

Implementation Plan

29/10/03

VM4 AirborneIntegrationMeeting

VM4AAS Deliverables

WP4

Implementation Plan

WP4

Implementationand Transition

D4

WP4

Implementation Plan

WP5

Final Report

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EUROCONTROL

Deliverable Review Process

Final Deliverableon Web

Final Deliverableon Web

CommentResolutions

on Web

CommentResolutions

on Web

External Reviewgroup

(“volunteers”)

AirbusAvtech SwedenBritish Airways

BoeingCNSSDittel

EasyJetPMEI

Rockwell-CollinsSAS

SCAA

Honeywell/EUROCONTROL

Resolution

External Draft Deliverable

Internal Draft

Deliverable

Honeywell/EUROCONTROL

Resolution

EUROCONTROLReview

Page 9: VDL Mode 4 Airborne Architecture Study (VM4AAS)

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EUROCONTROL

PART II

STUDY SUMMARY

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VM4AAS Work Structure

Preparatory work WP1 - D1: Assumptions and Baselines

WP2 - D2: Identifications of Requirements

Investigations WP3 - D3.2: RF Interference Analysis

WP3 - D3.1: Avionics Architectures

WP4 - D4: Implementation and Transition

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Work Package 1: Assumptions and Baselines

Preliminary work to form the foundations WP3

Establish assumptions

Establish baselines

Page 12: VDL Mode 4 Airborne Architecture Study (VM4AAS)

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WP1: Assumptions

VDL Mode 4 is acceptable to support applications CDL only SDL only combined CDL and SDL

15 other assumptions in 3 broad groups Group 1:

SSR Mode-S-based ACAS

Group 2: Simultaneous VHF Communications

Group 3: 8.33 kHz VHF Voice will be required throughout the study period

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WP1: Aircraft Classes

Large: take-off mass >15,000 kg (Citation X, G-IV, ERJ, Airbus, Boeing)

Small: 5700 kg < take-off mass < 15,000 kg (King Air 350, most Citation)

Light: take-off mass < 5700 kg (Cessna 172, King Air C90B)

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WP1: Equipment Baselines (1)

Communication VHF Voice (DSB-AM) x 2 ACARS or Mode 2 Simultaneous operation of voice and data link

Navigation GNSS ILS (Localizer and Glideslope) VOR

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WP1: Equipment Baselines (2)

Surveillance Mode S Transponder #1 Mode S Transponder #2 or Mode C ACAS Mode S Interrogator (Large & Small) CDTI

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Work Package 2:Identification of Requirements

Identify general functional requirements

Identify internal interfaces

Identify external interfaces

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WP2: Internal Interfaces

Interconnections VDLM4 to and from other avionics

Data Flow Diagrams

Data Dictionary

Precision Time Interface (PTI)

CONCLUSION:

Only PTI and baseband interface issues are unique to VDL Mode 4 compared to any

other CDL/SDL “modem” technology

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DATAGROUNDSYSTEM

VOICEGROUNDSYSTEM

OWN_SSR

OWN_SSR_REPLY

OWN_ADS

SSR_INTER

TIS_DATA

OTHER_SSR_INTER

OTHER_ADS

OWN_ADS

GRD_VOICE

OTHER_SSR_REPLY

OWN_SSR_INTER

OTHERAIRCRAFT

OWN_VOICE

OWN_VOICE

OWN_AIRCRAFT

OTHER_VOICE

SURVEILLANCEGROUNDSYSTEM

OWN_DATA

GRD_DATA

WP2: Context-Level DFD

An example: Level 1 - external interactions

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WP2: External Interface Issues

RF Interference to/from other avionics

Focus on same-aircraft or co-site

problems

Detailed study in WP3.2

Derived work on integrity, availability,

and continuity of service

Traffic Loading estimates for 2015 based

on MACONDO

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Work Package 3.2:Interference Analysis (1)

RF Interference Issues

VHF Communications Sources: DSB-AM, VDL Mode 2, VDL Mode 4 Communication Victims: DSB-AM, VDL Mode 4, VDL Mode

2 Navigation Victims: Localizer, VOR, VDB, Glideslope

Large, Small, Light Aircraft

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Work Package 3.2:Interference Analysis (2)

Same-side, Opposite-side antennas

Link-budget analysis using published standards or carefully documented assumptions

3 issues: Desensitization, Off-Channel Emissions, RF (front end) Saturation

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WP3.2: VHF COM I/f Problem

-180

-140

-100

-60

-20

+20P

ower

Spe

ctra

l Den

sity

dB

m/H

z

thermal noise

minimum signal level

receiver noise floorthermal noise

reference signal level

minimum digital transmitter output (16 W = +42 dBm)

-98 dBm-87 dBm-98 dBm

+129 dB (!)

-40 dB

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WP3.2: Key Assumptions

MOPS -87 dBm reference signal level

Emissions levels DO-186A (Voice), DO-281/ED-92 (Mode 2), ED108 (Mode 4)

Assumed noise floors

Using ARINC 716 isolations

MOPS adjacent channel rejection ACR is a desensitization spec

Figure of merit Es/N0 or S/P

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WP3.2: 3 VHF-on-VHF i/f scenarios

Voice on digital RF Saturation IF Desensitization Off-channel emissions (residual phase noise)

Digital on voice RF Saturation Squelch break Audio S/P concerns

Digital on digital RF Saturation Desensitization IF Off-Channel emissions (residual phase noise)

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WP3.2: Voice on digital i/f

Mechanism Primarily phase noise and RF saturation IF desensitization is lesser effect

Challenges 100% voice duty factor

Mitigations Better in-band filtering for digital receiver (IF) “Better-than-MOPS” phase noise of voice transmitter Increased isolation Channel separation Robust application protocols Clear continuity definitions Reduced use of AM voice as data use increases

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WP3.2: Digital on voice i/f

Mechanism Primarily phase noise and RF saturation IF desensitization is lesser effect

Challenges Better than MOPS sensitivity of most AT voice receivers

Mitigations Better than MOPS emissions for digital transmitter Increased isolation Channel separation Constrain protocols to short pulse widths (adverse impact

on “clicks”) Consider cooperative suppression during transmissions

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WP3.2: Digital on digital i/f

Mechanism Primarily phase noise and RF saturation IF desensitization is lesser effect

Challenges Multiplicity of antennas/limited isolation Low-noise figure designs with FM protection

Mitigations Better emissions for digital transmitter “Better-than-MOPS” adjacent channel rejection Increased isolation Channel separation Robust applications and protocols Clear continuity definitions

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WP3.2: Off-channel & Desensitization

Source Victim Interference Type Large Same Large, opp Small, same Small Opp Light Same Light Opp

DSB-AM VDLM4 off-channel noise limited 4,825 noise limited 5,325 noise limited noise limitedDSB-AM VDLM2 off-channel noise limited 3,250 noise limited 3,600 noise limited noise limited

VDLM4 DSB-AM off-channel noise limited 150 noise limited 275 noise limited noise limitedVDLM4 VDLM2 off-channel noise limited 725 noise limited 1,425 noise limited noise limited

VDLM2 DSB-AM off-channel noise limited 75 noise limited 125 noise limited noise limitedVDLM2 VDLM4 off-channel noise limited 1,050 noise limited 2,075 noise limited noise limited

DSB-AM VDLM4 desense 200 150 250 150 250 175DSB-AM VDLM2 desense 200 150 250 150 250 175

VDLM4 DSB-AM desense 25 25 25 25 25 25VDLM4 VDLM2 desense 200 150 250 150 250 175

VDLM2 VDLM4 desense 200 150 250 150 275 175VDLM2 DSB-AM desense 25 25 25 25 25 25

Required frequency separations in (KHz) to solve the interference problem(additional analysis is being finalised)

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Source Victim Interference Type Large Same Large, opp Small, same Small Opp Light Same Light OppDSB-AM VDLM4 RF saturation Very Probable Very Probable Certain Very Probable Certain Very ProbableDSB-AM VDLM2 RF saturation Very Probable Very Probable Certain Very Probable Certain Very Probable

VDLM4 DSB-AM RF saturation Very Probable Very Probable Certain Very Probable Certain Very ProbableVDLM4 VDLM2 RF saturation Very Probable Very Probable Certain Very Probable Certain Very Probable

VDLM2 VDLM4 RF saturation Very Probable Probable Certain Very Probable Certain Very ProbableVDLM2 DSB-AM RF saturation Very Probable Probable Certain Very Probable Certain Very Probable

Certain: In band signal > +10 dBm and within ~3 MHz

Very Probable: In band signal >-10 dBm and within ~3 MHz

Probable: In band signal >-25 dBm and within ~3 MHz

Possible: In band signal >-33 dBm (MOPS Specification)

None: In band signal <-33 dBm (MOPS Specification)

WP3.2: RF Saturation

New result (not in original WP3.2) Supported by Boeing/Honeywell testing

(Sept 2003 - data not yet released) May be the limiting factor!

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Work Package 3.1:Architecture Descriptions

11 different forward fit architectures

1 radio retrofit architecture

Recommendations Multi-function VHF radio

8.33 kHz, 25 kHz, VDLm2, VDLm4 Independent transmit and receive capabilities Baseband control and flexibility

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WP3.1: requirements and constraints

Integrity RMER 10-6 to 10-8

Continuity Loss of Continuity 1 x 10-5 to 5 x 10-4

Availability Communication system MTBF 1000 days

Surveillance system MTBF 1000 day

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NVDR

J1

J2

Rx RxTx Rx

NVDR

SPDTTransfer Sw.

J1

J2

J3

Rx

splitter

Rx RxTx Rx

NVDR

SPDTTransfer Sw.

J1

J2

J3

Rx

splitter

Rx RxTx Rx

NVDR

SPDTTransfer Sw.

J1

J2

J3

Rx

splitter

Rx RxTx Rx

NVDR

SPDTTransfer Sw.

J1

J2

J3

Rx

splitter

WP3.1: Architecture Candidate #5

ARINC 750 form factor New VHF Digital Radio (NVDR)

4R1T, half duplex transceivers (not available today)

High-speed baseband information sharing Independently reconfigurable R/T capabilities

Page 33: VDL Mode 4 Airborne Architecture Study (VM4AAS)

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NVDR

J1

J2

Rx RxTx Rx

NVDR (B/RA Gold)

SPDTTransfer Sw.

J1

J2

J3

Rx

splitter

Rx RxTx Rx

NVDR (B/RA Gold)

SPDTTransfer Sw.

J1

J2

J3

Rx

splitter

Rx RxTx Rx

NVDR (B/RA Gold)

SPDTTransfer Sw.

J1

J2

J3

Rx

splitter

Rx RxTx Rx

NVDR (B/RA Gold)

SPDTTransfer Sw.

J1

J2

J3

Rx

splitter

WP3.1: Architecture Candidate #9

Remote mount high-end B/RA New VHF Digital Radio (NVDR)

4R1T, half duplex transceivers (not available today)

High-speed baseband information sharing Independently reconfigurable R/T capabilities

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B/RASilver

(voice #1)

Top Tx/RxAntenna

Tx

NVDR

Top Tx/RxAntenna

Rx Rx

4:1 splitter

Rx RxRx Rx

4:1 splitter

Rx Rx

SPDT

WP3.1: Architecture Candidate #10

Retains existing analog voice radio for GA aircraft Small form factor (panel mount?) NVDR 4R1T, half duplex transceivers (not available

today) Independently reconfigurable R/T capabilities Somewhat limited under certain failure

conditions

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NVDR

J1

J2

Rx RxTx Rx

NVDR (GA Silver)

SPDTTransfer Sw.

J1

J2

J3

Rx

splitter

Rx RxTx Rx

NVDR (GA Silver)

SPDTTransfer Sw.

J1

J2

J3

Rx

splitter

Rx RxTx Rx

NVDR (GA Silver)

SPDTTransfer Sw.

J1

J2

J3

Rx

splitter

WP3.1: Architecture Candidate #11

Retains existing analog voice radio for GA aircraft Small form factor (panel mount?) NVDR 4R1T, half duplex transceivers (not available

today) Independently reconfigurable R/T capabilities Somewhat limited under certain failure

conditions

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WP3.1: Other Products

Allocation table showing how each transmitter and receiver is used

Availability/continuity analysis tables

Analytical Appendices

Page 37: VDL Mode 4 Airborne Architecture Study (VM4AAS)

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Work Package 4:Implementation and Transition

Relative normalized costs of installation in a variety of configurations

“Typical” and “Best-Case” schedules

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Operational Configuration

CDL Only SDL Only SDL

+ ADS-B Package

CDL + SDL CDL+ SDL + ADS-B Package

FORWARD FIT Large 7.79 7.79 7.79 7.79 7.79 Small 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 Light 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20

RETROFIT DIGITAL Large 7.52 4.84 10.52 4.84 10.52 Small 5.34 3.24 7.49 3.24 7.49 Light 4.82 2.84 9.52 2.84 9.52

RETROFIT ANALOG Large 12.44 4.84 21.59 9.76 26.51 Small 10.02 3.24 16.35 7.91 21.02 Light 4.82 2.84 21.92 2.84 21.92

WP4: Summary of Relative Costs

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WP4: Serial Task Schedule

Date of Mandate( T0 )

Fleet Equipage (48 mo)

Eqmt Dev. & Cert (24 mo. )

STC & TCDev. (12 mo)

Initial Production

MOPS & SARPsFinalization

TSOPrep (12 mo)

Worst case start-to-finish ( 102 mo. )

Revised MOPS published

ICAO Tech Manual published

SARPs Updated

Typical 7 year Implementation Window ( 84 mo. )

Decisionto

Proceed

ARINC 75X Development30 months

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WP4: Aggressive Schedule

Date of Mandate( T0 )

Fleet Equipage (36 mo)

STC & TCDev. (12 mo)

Initial Production

Eqmt Dev. & Cert (15 mo. )

TSOPrep (12 mo)

Best case start-to-finish ( 60 mo. )

Worst case start-to-finish ( 102 mo. )from Figure 2

ARINC 75X Development (18 months)

Decisionto

Proceed

MOPS& SARPs

Finalization

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Work Package 5: Final Report & Summary

Summarize WPs 1, 2, 3.2, 3.1, and 4

Review external comments

Conclusions

Recommendations

Open Items and Future Work

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WP5: Review of External Comments

Comments critical of WP 3.2 VHF Voice assumptions were too severe

Worst-case and not statistical analysis

Not supported by field data and/or trial experience

Comments about cost analysis with lack of benefit analysis

Comments about intermodulation

Comments about saturation

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WP5: Study Conclusions (1)

Interference Problem:

VHF-on-VHF interference will exist

VHF-on-VHF interference may prevent simultaneous voice and data usage provided by separate systems (valid for all VDLs)

Voice-on-VDL interference is more critical

Only half-duplex is achievable

Uplink data applications must be made sufficiently robust to sustain transfer delay due to downlink voice

Technical mitigations seem insufficient

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WP5: Study Conclusions (2)

Aircraft Integration Problem:

Recommended architectures are based on multi-function half-duplex VHF transceiver with 1 TX and 4 RXs

Recommended architectures require interconnected transceivers

VDL Mode 4 specific integration issues limited to PTI and baseband connections

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WP5: Study Conclusions (3)

General

VDL Mode 4 installation plans should be coordinated with

ADS-B and/or advanced data link upgrades

Simultaneous operation of multiple VDLs and voice should

be avoided

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WP5: Study Recommendations Investigate operational impact of VDL Mode 4 interference to

voice and vice versa to determine if and which applications can be supported

Complete feasibility analysis (safety, ..) of recommended architectures and facilitate as appropriate the development of multi-function 4R1T transceiver with 8.33/25 kHz analog voice, VDL Mode 2, VDL Mode 4

common baseband coordination

quasi-independent R/T functions

Use VMAAS results as input to other efforts to complete VDL Mode 4 specific cost/benefit analysis (CBA) to support link decision

Coordinate any aircraft upgrades with ADS-B and advanced CDL application upgrades

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WP5: Open Items/Future Work (1)

Assess operational impact of voice-on-data interference

Adopt GFSK BER analysis as part of a standard for reference

Adopt VDL Mode 4 link budget to level of detail comparable with other VDL data links

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WP5: Open Items/Future Work (2)

Perform or refine system-level cost benefit analysis based on relative costs provided by WP4

Perform, publish, and publicize additional measurements of VHF-on-VHF interference effects

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VM4AAS

Remarks & Questions

More info and available draft deliverables:www.eurocontrol.int/vdl4/architecture.html

Comments and input [email protected]@[email protected]