vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · pdf filevector chromatic number –...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Vector chromatic number – where graphtheory meets semidefinite programming
Robert Šámal
Computer Science Institute, Charles University, Prague
UNCE seminar — Apr 26, 2012
![Page 2: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Outline
1 Intro – SDP, def’s
2 Why
3 My point of view
![Page 3: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Semidefinite programming (SDP)
X < 0⇔ X is positive semidefinite (PSD)⇔ there are vectors v1, . . . , vn so that Xi,j = vT
i vj (X is Grammatrix)
SDP: inf C • X : (∀i) Ai • X = bi ,X < 0,X ∈ Rn×n
when all matrices are diagonal, we get classical linearprogrammingeffectively solvable – for every ε > 0 one can in timepolynomial to the size of the input and log 1
ε approximatesolution with precision ε.in most cases, duality holds, similarly as for LP
![Page 4: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Semidefinite programming (SDP)
X < 0⇔ X is positive semidefinite (PSD)⇔ there are vectors v1, . . . , vn so that Xi,j = vT
i vj (X is Grammatrix)
SDP: inf C • X : (∀i) Ai • X = bi ,X < 0,X ∈ Rn×n
when all matrices are diagonal, we get classical linearprogrammingeffectively solvable – for every ε > 0 one can in timepolynomial to the size of the input and log 1
ε approximatesolution with precision ε.in most cases, duality holds, similarly as for LP
![Page 5: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Semidefinite programming (SDP)
X < 0⇔ X is positive semidefinite (PSD)⇔ there are vectors v1, . . . , vn so that Xi,j = vT
i vj (X is Grammatrix)
SDP: inf C • X : (∀i) Ai • X = bi ,X < 0,X ∈ Rn×n
when all matrices are diagonal, we get classical linearprogrammingeffectively solvable – for every ε > 0 one can in timepolynomial to the size of the input and log 1
ε approximatesolution with precision ε.in most cases, duality holds, similarly as for LP
![Page 6: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Semidefinite programming (SDP)
X < 0⇔ X is positive semidefinite (PSD)⇔ there are vectors v1, . . . , vn so that Xi,j = vT
i vj (X is Grammatrix)
SDP: inf C • X : (∀i) Ai • X = bi ,X < 0,X ∈ Rn×n
when all matrices are diagonal, we get classical linearprogrammingeffectively solvable – for every ε > 0 one can in timepolynomial to the size of the input and log 1
ε approximatesolution with precision ε.in most cases, duality holds, similarly as for LP
![Page 7: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Vector coloring
– usual coloring of C51
2
12
3
– vector coloring of C5We are trying to assign unit vectors to vertices of the graph,so that that adjacent vertices are far apart.– (variant: strict vector coloring – all edges have to be of thesame length)
![Page 8: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Vector coloring
– usual coloring of C5– vector coloring of C5
We are trying to assign unit vectors to vertices of the graph,so that that adjacent vertices are far apart.– (variant: strict vector coloring – all edges have to be of thesame length)
![Page 9: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Vector coloring
– usual coloring of C5– vector coloring of C5
We are trying to assign unit vectors to vertices of the graph,so that that adjacent vertices are far apart.– (variant: strict vector coloring – all edges have to be of thesame length)
![Page 10: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Vector coloring – definition
Definition (Karger, Motwani and Sudan, 1998)
Given: graph G with n verticesFind: minimal t < 0 s.t. ∃f : V (G)→ Rn
|f (v)| = 1 ∀v ∈ V (G) and〈f (u), f (v)〉 ≤ t ∀uv ∈ E(G).
t(G) := minimal such t .χv (G) := 1− 1
t(G) . . . vector chromatic number
t(G) is defined by a semidefinite program =⇒ the minimumexists and can be approximated with an absolute error < ε intime polynomial in n and log 1
ε .
![Page 11: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Vector coloring – definition
Definition (Karger, Motwani and Sudan, 1998)
Given: graph G with n verticesFind: minimal t < 0 s.t. ∃f : V (G)→ Rn
|f (v)| = 1 ∀v ∈ V (G) and〈f (u), f (v)〉 ≤ t ∀uv ∈ E(G).
t(G) := minimal such t .χv (G) := 1− 1
t(G) . . . vector chromatic number
t(G) is defined by a semidefinite program =⇒ the minimumexists and can be approximated with an absolute error < ε intime polynomial in n and log 1
ε .
![Page 12: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Vector coloring – definition
Definition (Karger, Motwani and Sudan, 1998)
Given: graph G with n verticesFind: minimal t < 0 s.t. ∃f : V (G)→ Rn
|f (v)| = 1 ∀v ∈ V (G) and〈f (u), f (v)〉 = t ∀uv ∈ E(G).
t(G) := minimal such t .χsv (G) := 1− 1
t(G) . . . strict vector chromatic number
t(G) is defined by a semidefinite program =⇒ the minimumexists and can be approximated with an absolute error < ε intime polynomial in n and log 1
ε .
![Page 13: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Vector coloring – definition
Definition (Karger, Motwani and Sudan, 1998)
Given: graph G with n verticesFind: minimal t < 0 s.t. ∃f : V (G)→ Rn
|f (v)| = 1 ∀v ∈ V (G) and〈f (u), f (v)〉 = t ∀uv ∈ E(G).
t(G) := minimal such t .χsv (G) := 1− 1
t(G) . . . strict vector chromatic number
χsv (G) = ϑ(G) =: ϑ(G)
![Page 14: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Original motivation – Θ
Definition (Shannon, 1940’s)Shannon capacity – communication capacity of a channel
Θ(G) = limn→∞
n√α(G �G � · · ·�G)
Problem: Θ(C5) =?.
Theorem (Lovász, 1979)
There is a graph parameter ϑ(G), such thatϑ(G) ≥ α(G)
ϑ(G � H) = ϑ(G)ϑ(H) ⇒ ϑ(G) ≥ Θ(G)
ϑ(C5) can be computed easily
. . . in fact ϑ(G) can be computed for any G in a polynomial time
![Page 15: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Original motivation – Θ
Definition (Shannon, 1940’s)Shannon capacity – communication capacity of a channel
Θ(G) = limn→∞
n√α(G �G � · · ·�G)
Problem: Θ(C5) =?.
Theorem (Lovász, 1979)
There is a graph parameter ϑ(G), such thatϑ(G) ≥ α(G)
ϑ(G � H) = ϑ(G)ϑ(H) ⇒ ϑ(G) ≥ Θ(G)
ϑ(C5) can be computed easily
. . . in fact ϑ(G) can be computed for any G in a polynomial time
![Page 16: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Approximating chromatic number
Theorem (Karger, Motwani, Sudan, 1998)
χv (G) ≤ k ⇒ χ(G) ≤ ∆1−2/k+o(1)
assuming k constant, ∆ = ∆(G).Moreover, such coloring can be found in a polynomial time.
Theorem (Feige, Langberg, Schachtman, 2004)This is basically best possible.
![Page 17: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Approximating chromatic number
Theorem (Coja-Oghlan, 2005)
Existence of a k-coloring of G(n,p) can be tested in averagepolynomial time (provided pn ≥ ck2).
Idea: The probability that χv will not provide the desired boundis exponentially small. Thus in such case we can use somealgorithm with exponential running time.Required ingredience: understanding of the behaviour ofχv (G(n,p)) and ϑ(Gn,p).
![Page 18: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Approximating chromatic number
Theorem (Coja-Oghlan, 2005)
Existence of a k-coloring of G(n,p) can be tested in averagepolynomial time (provided pn ≥ ck2).
Idea: The probability that χv will not provide the desired boundis exponentially small. Thus in such case we can use somealgorithm with exponential running time.Required ingredience: understanding of the behaviour ofχv (G(n,p)) and ϑ(Gn,p).
![Page 19: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Approximating cubical chromatic number
Theorem (Š., 2010+)For every graph G we have
χv (G) ≤ χq(G) ≤ π
2χv (G) .
Here χq is the cubical chromatic number.
![Page 20: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Vector chromatic number as a worthy graph parameter
Observation
G→ H ⇒ χv (G) ≤ χv (H)
(And the same is true for χsv = ϑ.)
Thus χv is a “coloring-type” parameter and we may understandit as a mean to understand the homomorphism structure ofgraphs.Compared to other such parameters (χ, χc , χf , . . . ) this one iscomputationally tractable (there is a polynomial-time algorithmto approximate it).
![Page 21: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Example 1: values for random graph
Coja-Oghlan – concentrated on an interval of width oneComputational evidence: converges to a normal distribution, ifp = const .χsv (G(100, .5))
8 9 10 11 120
0.5
1
1.5
2
However, if p = o(1), it seems that χv (G(n,p)) converges to atwo-point distribution, rather surprising phenomenon.
![Page 22: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Example 1: values for random graph
Coja-Oghlan – concentrated on an interval of width oneComputational evidence: converges to a normal distribution, ifp = const .
However, if p = o(1), it seems that χv (G(n,p)) converges to atwo-point distribution, rather surprising phenomenon.χsv (G(200, .1))
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 70
1
2
3
4
5
![Page 23: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Example 2: product (Hedetniemi) conjecture
Observation
G × H → G
G × H → H
Thus: χ(G × H) ≤ min{χ(G), χ(H)}.
Conjecture (Hedetniemi, 1966)
χ(G × H) = min{χ(G), χ(H)}.
Note: a simple exercise is to show thatχ(G�H) = max{χ(G), χ(H)}: we have G,H → G�H and it isnot hard to actually provide the coloring.
![Page 24: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Example 2: product conjecture for ϑ
Observation
G × H → G
G × H → H
Thus: ϑ(G × H) ≤ min{ϑ(G), ϑ(H)}.
Conjecture (Š., 2011)
ϑ(G × H) = min{ϑ(G), ϑ(H)}.
![Page 25: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Example 2: product conjecture for ϑ – approach
Compared to the normal chromatic number, we can use SDPduality – so that we have a certificate for χv (G) ≥ c (whereasfor normal coloring one only has certificate for χ(G) ≤ c –namely a coloring using c colors).
Using this idea and some variants of ϑ, one can find that
ϑ(G�H)ϑ(G × H) ≥ ϑ(G)ϑ(H) .
As ϑ(G�H) ≥ max{ϑ(G), ϑ(H)}, it’s enough to show also thereverse inequality for ϑ(G�H).
![Page 26: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Example 2: product conjecture for ϑ – matrixcompletion
. . . it’s enough to show also the reverse inequality for ϑ(G�H)(this was trivial for χ).It leads to the following conjecture about matrices:
Conjecture (Š., 2012)Let A, B be PSD matrices with 1’s on diagonals. Then
I ⊗ B + A⊗ I − I ⊗ I
can be completed to a PSD matrix.
![Page 27: Vector chromatic number where graph theory meets · PDF fileVector chromatic number – where graph theory meets semidefinite programming Robert Šámal Computer Science Institute,](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022422/5a96449e7f8b9ad96f8cd0fc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Intro – SDP, def’s Why My point of view
Example 3 – graphs on surfaces?
Can you show that χv (G) < 5 for every planar graph G?Can you show version of the Hadwiger conjecture?