vedic culture
DESCRIPTION
mTRANSCRIPT
-
General Studies Manualfor
UPSC and State Public Services Examinations
2014
Indian HistoryModule-2: Vedic Culture
www.gktoday.in
First Published in 2010
Last Updated: November 2013
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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State HHistory--22:: Vedic Culture
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CContentsChapter 1. Origin of Vedic Culture ..........................................................................................4
Aryans: A race or Linguistic Group? ............................................................................4Aryans a Linguistic Group ....................................................................................................4Sanskrit was the language of Aryans ..................................................................................4
The Original Home Controversy..................................................................................5Consensus of the Opinion ....................................................................................................5Boghazkoi Inscriptions .........................................................................................................5Sapta Sindhu .......................................................................................................................6The names and identity of the 7 rivers ................................................................................6Archaeological Evidences in context with Aryans ................................................................6
Chapter 2. Vedic Literature.....................................................................................................7Shruti and Smriti ........................................................................................................7The Shruti Literature: Rig-Veda..................................................................................7Yajurveda ...................................................................................................................8Sam Veda ...................................................................................................................8Atharva Veda .............................................................................................................9Brahmanas.................................................................................................................9Aranyakas ................................................................................................................10The Upanishads ........................................................................................................10
Aitareya Upanishad ...........................................................................................................11Bhadrayaka Upanishad ................................................................................................11Taittirya Upanaishad ........................................................................................................11Chndogya Upanishad.......................................................................................................11Kena Upanisahda ..............................................................................................................11vetvatara Upanishad ...................................................................................................11Kathopnishad ....................................................................................................................12Muktika..............................................................................................................................12Mandkya ........................................................................................................................12Prana ...............................................................................................................................12
The Smriti Literature.................................................................................................12Vedanga ............................................................................................................................12Samkhya............................................................................................................................15Dharma, Karma and Rta ...................................................................................................16Vedanta.............................................................................................................................17Advaita: .............................................................................................................................17Vishishtadvaita..................................................................................................................17Dvaita................................................................................................................................17Dvaitdvaita ......................................................................................................................17Shuddhdvaita ..................................................................................................................18Achintya Bhedbheda........................................................................................................18Purndvaita or Integral Advaita........................................................................................18Modern Vednta ................................................................................................................18
Epics .........................................................................................................................18Ramayan ...........................................................................................................................18Mahabharta.......................................................................................................................18
Puranas ....................................................................................................................18Upaveda ...................................................................................................................19
Chapter 3. Vedic Political, Social and Economic Life ............................................................19The Geography in Vedic Texts ............................................................................................19The country of Aryans........................................................................................................20The Rivers ..........................................................................................................................20The Mountains ...................................................................................................................20The Seas ............................................................................................................................20The Deserts ........................................................................................................................20Name of the Places, Cities and Towns ...............................................................................20The Rig-Vedic Polity ..........................................................................................................20
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Tribes and the Dasarajana Yudha .....................................................................................20Jana , Rajana and Aspects of Land Territory .....................................................................21The Grama and the Vajrapati ............................................................................................21Taxation : The Bali.............................................................................................................21Military & Spy functionalities.............................................................................................22The Earliest Tribal Assembly - Vidhata .............................................................................22Sabha & its Sabhavati .......................................................................................................22Samiti ................................................................................................................................22The differentiations between Sabha and Samiti ................................................................22The Gana or the Republic ..................................................................................................22The Parishad......................................................................................................................23Rig Vedic Society................................................................................................................23Patriarchy ..........................................................................................................................23The Evolution of Varna System..........................................................................................23Marriage and women ........................................................................................................23Education ..........................................................................................................................24Institution of Gotra ............................................................................................................24Amusements and entertainments......................................................................................24House holding ...................................................................................................................24Eating Habits .....................................................................................................................24Dress code .........................................................................................................................25Health and hygiene ...........................................................................................................25
Rig Vedic Economy....................................................................................................25The importance of Cow......................................................................................................25Crafts and Metallurgy .......................................................................................................25
The Vedic Religion ....................................................................................................26The Worship of Nature.......................................................................................................26
Rig Vedic Gods ..........................................................................................................26Dyu, Mithra, Varuna ..........................................................................................................26Indra and Marut ................................................................................................................27Aditi, Sun, Savithri .............................................................................................................27Agni: ..................................................................................................................................27Vayu and Rudra.................................................................................................................28Soma & Brihaspati.............................................................................................................28Visvedevas.........................................................................................................................28Ashwins or Ashwinikumars ................................................................................................28Yama & Yami.....................................................................................................................29Usha ..................................................................................................................................29Other Rig Vedic Gods: ........................................................................................................29Apsaras .............................................................................................................................29Comparison of the Greek Dieties and Ancient Hindu Dieties ..............................................30
Changes in life in Later Vedic Age.............................................................................30General Changes ...............................................................................................................30Changes in Economy..........................................................................................................30The Four Varnas ................................................................................................................30Types of Marriages in later Vedic Ages: .............................................................................30Anuloma and Pratiloma Vivah: .........................................................................................31Four Purushartha ..............................................................................................................31Ashrama System:...............................................................................................................31Sacrifices & Rituals ............................................................................................................32Domestic Ceremonies.........................................................................................................32Some Notable points .........................................................................................................33
Comparison of the Harappa and Vedic Civilizations.................................................33Vedic India, Some more Observations ......................................................................34
A comparision of the Upanishada and Brahamanas .........................................................34Concept of Rita and Dharma .............................................................................................35The Concept of Sapta Rishi ................................................................................................36The story of Agastya and Lopamudra ...............................................................................36
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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State HHistory--22:: Vedic Culture
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The Abhi-seka or coronation .............................................................................................36The Metals .........................................................................................................................36Aryamnah Pantha or the Milky Way..................................................................................37Seasons in Rig-Veda..........................................................................................................37Sita: ...................................................................................................................................37The story of Manu & Shraddha.........................................................................................37The Manusmriti ..................................................................................................................38Dhratavatra.......................................................................................................................38
Chapter 1. Origin of Vedic Culture
-
- -Veda
AAryans: A race or Linguistic Group? Aryans a Linguistic Group
M Aryans b
Sanskrit was the language of Aryans
- --
home
archaeologically -
.
What is a Classical Language? High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years; A body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers; The literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community; The classical language and literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots.
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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State HHistory--22:: Vedic Culture
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th th-
TThe Original Home Controversy-
Pamirs
Bactria
neither I
Consensus of the OpinionTAsia
Boghazkoi Inscriptions
. borderi -
importan.
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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State HHistory--22:: Vedic Culture
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Sapta Sindhu- - -Sapta---
The names and identity of the 7 rivers
.
T
Rig-Vedic Name Modern Name Sindhu Indus Vitase Jhelum Askini Chenab Purushni Ravi Vipas Beas Sutudri Satluj Gumal Gomati Krumu Kurram Drishdvati Ghagghar
Archaeological Evidences in context with Aryans
.
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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State HHistory--22:: Vedic Culture
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Chapter 2. Vedic Literature transmission
nishads.
SShruti and Smriti
as
The Shruti Literature: Rig-VedaRig- - th - th th Rig- -
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Origin of the Varnas and the Rig-Veda-
Some facts about Rig-Veda The Famous Gayatri mantra is in Rig Veda Mandala 3. Each mandala consists of Suktas which are basically eulogies. Rig-Veda has two recensions or Branches. The major surviving branch is kalya. Another branch is Bskala or Vatkal. The first word of Rig-Veda is Agni. Hymn 1.1 is addressed to Agni. Mandala 9 is completely devoted to Soma. Nasadiya Sukta which talks about the origin of the Universe is in 10th Mandala. It begins by paradoxically stating "not the non-
existent existed, nor did the existent exist then" and has attracted large body of literature of commentaries both in Indian theology and in Western philology.
YYajurvedaYajus Adhvaryus
- - - -
Sam Veda Rvyan
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AAtharva Veda
Atharva-nologtically
Atharvan- tharv aunak
-
d
Brahmanas
ahmansRig- -
Kaushita-nkh
Panchavisha Shadvisha Jaiminiya
Rig-veda
Aitreya kaushitaki Samkhyana
Yajur-Veda
Kasthaka kapilsthakatha Maitrayani Taitriya
Sam veda
Panchvisha Shadvisha Jaiminiya
Atharvaveda
Gopath
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Kapisthalakatha
AAranyakas advocated.-Ve- -
-
The Upanishads
Veda.
MukhyaUpnishad VedaAitareya Rig-VedaBhadrayaka Shukla YajurvedaTaittirya Krishna YajurvedaChndogya Sam VedaKena Sam Vedaa Shukla Yajurvedavetvatara Krishna YajurvedaKaha Krishna YajurvedaMuaka Atharva VedaMkya Atharva VedaPrana Atharva Veda
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Aitareya Upanishad "P
The Four Mahavakyas of Vedas
a
Prajnanam Brahma - "Consciousness is Brahman" (Aitareya Upanishad of the Rig Veda) Ayam Atma Brahma - "This Self (Atman) is Brahman" (Mandukya Upanishad of the Atharva Veda) Tat Tvam Asi - "Thou art That" (Chandogya Upanishad of the Sama Veda) Aham Brahmasmi - "I am Brahman" (Brhadaranyaka Upanishad of the Yajur Veda)
Bhadrayaka Upanishad
\ [
` 1.3.28. Q \ N
Taittirya Upanaishad
Chndogya UpanishadTh
Kena Upanisahda saUpanishad
vetvatara Upanishad -
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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State HHistory--22:: Vedic Culture
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Kathopnishad
Muktika
.
Mandkya
PranaPippalada
TThe Smriti Literature
Vedanga
Shiksha (Phonetics)
Kalpa (Ritual Canon)
ti
rautastras
Smartastras,
Grh
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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State HHistory--22:: Vedic Culture
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Baudhha.dharma
Vyakaran (Grammar)
dhyy ivas Aadhyy Dhtup Gaap
Nirukta (explanation)
Chhanda (Vedic meter) coAnustup
Jyotisha (Astrology) Jyotish.
Shatdarshana:
School Author Beginning Main Book Nyaya Gautama 6th Century BC NyayasutraVaisheshika Kanaad 6th century BC Vaisheshik Sutra Sankya Kapil 6th century BC Sankya Sutra Yoga Maharishi Patanjali 2nd century BC Yog Sutra Poorva Mimansa Jaimini 4th Century BC Poorva Mimansa Sutra Uttar Mimansa or Vedanta Badrayan or Maharishi Vyas 4th century BC Uttar Mimansa Sutra
Nyaya
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(anum
Vaisheshika
.
padartha thv
vkak tas (Panchabhutas)
Gu sakhyim astap kof
k
Smsmnya
Vieeeas
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Samav astap
abh-
Samkhya
budhyapekcategories
Kapil. PurushaPrakriti
Jivapuru
moksha.
a.
Yoga
reality.
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--
Ashtanga Yoga - - - - on--possessiveness).
-
meditation.
y
tion.
Hathayoga thought- Body.
Mimansa dharma
Dharma, Karma and Rta
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Dharma.ms hit hma - wh orders.Pu - interpretators
Vedanta
Vedanta.
Sub-schools of Vedanta:Advaita:
Vishishtadvaita
"."
mv
Dvaita ch d - v
Dvaitdvaita v
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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State HHistory--22:: Vedic Culture
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ishna.
Shuddhdvaita Sat-Chid-Aananda
Achintya Bhedbheda
- -
Purndvaita or Integral Advaita
Modern Vednta
EEpicsRamayan
-
Mahabharta
Puranas
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which
Purana
UUpaveda
yur G
Chapter 3. Vedic Political, Social and Economic LifeThe Geography in Vedic Texts
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The country of AryansSaptaSaindhavas latter
-India
The RiversSaraswatithirty-twenty--
The Mountains
-
The Seas
The Himalayas.
-
The Deserts
Name of the Places, Cities and Towns -
The Rig-Vedic Polity
-
Tribes and the Dasarajana Yudha
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Yudha
I
-Sudas - - Vishanin -
Purus -
Panchjanah)-Veda.
Jana , Rajana and Aspects of Land Territory
-
JanaRajanRajan Jana - appears
-
The Grama and the Vajrapati- Vrajapati Gramani
Taxation : The Bali bali,i.e
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Military & Spy functionalitiesSpasa
The Earliest Tribal Assembly - Vidhata-Rig- -
Sabha & its Sabhavati- -
Samiti
--
- - -
The differentiations between Sabha and Samiti
The Gana or the Republic
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The Parishad
Rig Vedic Society
--
JanaclangramasSangrama.
Patriarchy
naptri.
The Evolution of Varna System Aryans
Shudras
Dasa. Dahyu
Marriage and women
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-
Education --
-V
Institution of Gotra
Amusements and entertainments -Veda.
House holding --in-self-restraint -
Eating Habits-
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- bean-
Dress code-antariya.
Health and hygiene
RRig Vedic Economy
-
The importance of Cow
Gomat.
-
.
Crafts and Metallurgy
.
Cop
-
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TThe Vedic Religion
The Worship of Nature
-
- va s
Rig Vedic GodsDyu, Mithra, Varuna
Dyu Dyaus Zeus JupiterOuranos.
-
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Ju-piter.n-
Indra and Marut
Rig-
- - Vritra Panis,
-
Car-S Vritrahan y).
Aditi, Sun, SavithriHeliosSol,n
Agni:
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Th
Vayu and Rudra - -
Soma & Brihaspati prayer
Soma & Haomai -
Visvedevas -
Ashwins or Ashwinikumars
Agni Soma CultAprt from lightning the Holy Fire, the Soma-drinking was another mark of the Arya cult, which may therefore be called 'the Agni-Soma cult-' Soma is a product of the Himalayan regions, so that when the cult moved down to the plains, Kirata (huntress) girls from the Himalayan hills supplied it to Brahmanas. The use of Soma, like the worship of Agni indicates the Himalayan region as the place where the Agni-Soma cult first originated.
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-
Yama & Yami
Usha--Dawn,- view.
Other Rig Vedic Gods: Pus -
Apsaras -
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Comparison of the Greek Dieties and Ancient Hindu Dieties -
CChanges in life in Later Vedic Age
General Changes
Changes in Economy
sangrihitri.
The Four Varnas vaniks.
Types of Marriages in later Vedic Ages: Marriage Type DescriptionBrahma Vivah Marriage of a girl with the boy of same Varna with Vedic rites and ritualsDaiva Vivah When father donated his daughter to a priest as a part of Dakshina. Arsa Vivah A token bride-price of a Cow and a Bull was given Prajapati Vivah Marriage without dowry
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Gandharva Vivah It was a kind of love marriage or swyamavara type Asura Vivah Marriage by PurchasePaisach Vivah Seduction of a girl while sleeping or mentally unstable due to a drink. Rakshasha Vivah Marriage by abduction
Anuloma and Pratiloma Vivah:
Four Purushartha
Dharma:
Artha: Moksha:
Ashrama System:
-
-
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th
Sacrifices & Rituals
infant rd
Domestic Ceremonies1. 2.
3.
4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. studentship
11. marriage12.
Some Vedic TermsAghanya Not to be killedAgnyadheya ceremony which preceded the public rituals in Vedic Era. Akshavapa accounts officerAmaju Lifelong unmarried girl Bhagadugh carpenterBhishaka Doctor or VaidyaCharmana BlacksmithDatra SickleDuhitri Milker of cow and also a daughterGaura BuffaloGavishti a fight for cows. Gocarman a measure of distanceGotra A kinship unit Hiranyakara GoldsmithJansaya Gopa Tribal ChiefKinsmen of the King SajataKulala PotterPurapati responsible for defense. Rathakara Chariot makerSamgavan A measure of timeSarabha ElephantSatdaya Compensation for manslaughterSira Plough Sita Furrows Spas SpiesTakshan carpenterTakshan carpenterVaratra leather strap of the Plough Vrihi Rice
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Some Notable points
th-
T
Swastika - re-
-Veda
- Varaprada.
BrhadaranyakaUpanishad
CComparison of the Harappa and Vedic Civilizations
Th
later-
-
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-
-
--
-
The -
too.
-
VVedic India, Some more ObservationsA comparision of the Upanishada and Brahamanas
-subsidi
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muc
Concept of Rita and Dharma - i
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The Concept of Sapta Rishi Saptar texts
Bharadvv
v Bharadvyapa.
The story of Agastya and Lopamudra
The Abhi-seka or coronation
The Metals
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(alsocolor.
Aryamnah Pantha or the Milky Way "
Seasons in Rig-Veda-v-- -sisira.
Sita:
-Nishka -- -
The story of Manu & Shraddha
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The Manusmriti -datithi.
Dhratavatra Dhratavatra.