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NYC Vehicle Safety Manual

VEHICLE SAFETY MANUAL

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Table of Contents

Introduction 3

Driving 15 Passenger Vans 4

2006 Ford E-Series Busses 7

Safe Driving 10

Driving on Logging Roads 13

Driving on Snow and Ice 15

Backing a Trailer 16

Van Maintenance 18

Trouble Shooting 19

Handling a Vehicle Emergency 21

Keeping Records 24

Driving Competencies

Summary

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INTRODUCTION

Each NYC crew will drive approximately 2,500 miles during the course of a session. As a crew leader,

you will drive in a myriad of conditions, at night, on highways, and on primitive logging roads. Driving

poses a greater risk for serious accidents and major injuries than does any other NYC activity.

The purpose of this supplement is to present ways that you can maintain safety on the road and handle

emergencies competently. Perhaps the most important point in this manual is that ACCIDENTS ARE

AVOIDABLE! Safety is your responsibility. If you are alert, driving defensively and anticipating

dangerous situations, then even the unexpected should not result in an accident.

Also included in this manual are troubleshooting tips that will allow you to handle a vehicle breakdown.

Most of the time you will be driving in remote areas where there won't be a service station to solve your

problems. You will be challenged to create solutions and fix minor breakdowns yourself.

Please remember that many NYC vehicles are less than 2 years old and are valued at about $25,000

($35,000 including equipment). You and your crew will be required to perform routine maintenance on

your vehicle. If you and your crew are diligent in maintaining your rig, there is little chance of having it

break down. Do not take this responsibility lightly. Use it as an educational tool with your crew and

keep your rig clean and healthy.

In order to drive for NYC, you must pass a written driving test and several driving competencies. You

must also consistently demonstrate good judgment and responsibility when operating NYC vehicles.

You will continually be assessed on driving skills during the course of the summer and may be tested on

these skills at any time. If NYC staff demonstrate reckless driving behaviors, or are involved in any

accident, their driving privileges will be suspended until the incident is reviewed by NYC administrative

staff.

Please don't underestimate the level of responsibility that has been placed in your hands. Take the time

to closely examine the following material and refer to it regularly. Remember, safety is your number one

concern, BE SMART AND DON'T TAKE CHANCES!

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Driving 15 Passenger Vans

You’ll often hear that driving is one of the most dangerous things that you’ll do at NYC. Not only is this

true, armed with the knowledge that you are driving a rig that many people think is dangerous, you will

need to understand why. In recent years there has been a lot of bad press about driving 15 passenger rigs.

There have been several accidents involving van rollovers and deaths, particularly with youth and church

groups. Because of this, insurance companies, state legislations and the general public have begun to see

15-passenger vans as a safety hazard. This makes your job as a driver that much more difficult. It’s

imperative that you not only practice safe driving habits, but that you put forth a positive image in the

face of public scrutiny. As a driver of a 15-passenger van, you need to understand how your rig functions

differently from a passenger vehicle, how to safely load and unload it, how to drive safely, and public

perception of 15-passenger vans.

Rollover Crashes The danger involved in driving 15-passenger vans is that they have a high propensity to roll over.

Research conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has found that the

risk of a rollover crash is greatly increased when 10 or more people ride in a 15-passenger van. This

increased risk occurs because the passenger weight raises the vehicle’s center of gravity and causes it to

shift rearward. As a result, the van has less resistance to rollover and handles differently from other

commonly driven passenger vehicles, making it more difficult to control in an emergency situation.

Placing a heavy load on the roof, and weighting the back of the van, can also raise the center of gravity

and increases the likelihood of a rollover. Northwest Youth Corps’ policies and driving procedures

address these risks. Your drivers training is designed to brief you on these hazards and to help you to

feel more comfortable driving a 15-passenger rig.

What Situations Can Cause a Rollover?

A rollover crash is a complex event, heavily influenced by driver and road characteristics as well as the

design of the vehicle. In studies of single-vehicle crashes, NHTSA has found that more than 90 percent of

rollovers occur after a driver has lost control of the vehicle and has run off the road. Three major

situations can lead to a rollover in a 15-passenger van.

The van goes off a rural road. If this occurs, the van is likely to overturn when it strikes a ditch or

embankment or when it is tripped by an object or runs onto soft soil.

The driver is fatigued or driving too fast for conditions. A tired driver can doze off and lose

control. The driver can also lose control when traveling at a high speed causing the van to slide

sideways off the road. The grassy or dirt medians that line highways can often cause the van to

overturn when the tires dig into the dirt.

The driver overcorrects the steering as a panic reaction to an emergency or to a wheel dropping

off the pavement. Especially at freeway speeds, this situation can cause the driver to lose control,

resulting in the van sliding sideways and rolling over.

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Other Considerations in 15-passenger Van Safety 15-passenger vans are wider and longer than passenger cars. They require that you use your side mirrors

as well as a head check, and a larger space cushion when changing lanes. Your van will not respond as

well to abrupt steering maneuvers as a car will, and therefore will take more thought and time in planning

your routes, and evasive maneuvers. It will take more time to brake than a car, especially when towing a

trailer and with a load of passengers. You need to ensure that your following distance is at least 6-

seconds behind the vehicle in front of you. Your best strategy for safety is to be a defensive driver!

A major cause of van rollovers is the failure of your tires to grip the surface that they are driving on. If

your tires’ tread is low, your traction will be even less. Likewise, tire pressure too high or too low can

present dangers. Inspect your tires regularly to ensure that they have decent traction. Worn tires can

cause your van to slide sideways on wet or slippery pavement. Improper inflation can cause handling

problems and can lead to catastrophic tire failures, such as blowouts.

80% of people killed in 15-passenger van rollover accidents were not wearing their seatbelt. NYC’s

policy states that seatbelts must be worn at all times. As a driver, with the lives of up to 11 other people

in your hands, it is your duty to enforce this policy—for your sake as well as theirs.

Safe Driving Techniques Specific to 15-Passenger Vans 15-passenger vans will require special attentions and skills to be driven safely. Above and beyond the

normal skills needed as a safe driver, practice the following:

1. Attentive Attitude: The rig that you are driving is longer, and wider than most, if not all cars.

You will stick out on all sides. Be aware of this as you are in traffic, backing, or driving in tight

areas. Think ahead and form escape routes when you notice potentially dangerous situations.

Brake well ahead of time, and observe the 6-second following distance rule.

2. Use your shotgun: If you tire as you drive, have your shotgun driver spell you, giving you a

chance to rest. If you need to get directions, have your shotgun deliver them to you, or pull over

to look at a map. If you need to eat or drink while driving, switch out with your shotgun—when

you are driving your full attention needs to be on the road!

3. Drive under or at the speed limit: It is much easier to go out of control when driving fast. 15-

passenger vans have a slower reaction time for sharp maneuvers; as you speed up, the ability to

steer out of a situation decreases.

4. Load rigs from the front to the back, with heavier people, gear, etc. up front. If there are

less than 12 passengers, have them sit as close to the front as possible. The propensity to roll

over increases with occupancy level and with added weight in the back.

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5. If you are loading anything heavy, load it close to the floor of the rig. This helps to keep the

center of gravity low. Do not store heavy loads in the back of the rig.

6. Don’t over-load the rigs. The Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) for F350 vans is 9,600 lbs. To

over load creates hazardous driving situations as center f gravity is raised.

7. Load trailers properly, so that the weight is centered over the axle—thus not pushing down

on the tongue, adding weight to the rear-end of the van.

8. Note that the vehicle that you are driving has the propensity to roll over when in an

overturn situation. If your tires do go off of the side of the road, gradually slow down, and

gradually direct your vehicle back on to pavement. Do not make any sharp or sudden turns. If

you go into a skid, steer out of it, but do not over steer.

9. Keep weight stored on the roof rack to a minim. This means only dolmars, empty water

containers and light gear such as empty backpacks or tarps stored on top. Use your trailer or the

rig itself to store other items.

10. Enforce the seatbelt rule. It’s been stated in other areas of this manual, but 80% of fatalities

due to 15-passenger van accidents are due to passengers being flung from the vehicle—they were

not wearing their seatbelts.

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2006/08 Ford E-Series Busses Driving is the most dangerous thing that you do at Northwest Youth Corps. Not only do you have the

lives of yourself and your crew in your hands, any poor decisions or unsafe actions will affect the image

of NYC at large—which can make it harder to get projects and participants. With that in mind, it’s

important to note that driving a bus is a bit different than driving a 15-passenger van. All of the safety

measures and precautions that apply to vans apply to the busses, but there are several additional safety

considerations to take into account:

Drivers Safety:

Width and Length: The bus will take up more space in the lane or in a parking spot. In

addition, the mirrors stick out even wider. This can be a hazard on a single lane forest service

road, as well as in a parking lot or when turning. You will need to pay extra attention to where

your rig is in time and space to ensure proper lane placement, turning corners and parking—these

will feel different at first. Take a moment to practice turns and parking in or around the shop

before actually taking the rig out. The extended bumper will make jackknifing a much more

likely possibility. Take care to back carefully, with an experienced backer (not a corpsmember!)

Clearance: These busses have lower clearance than the vans in the front door area. Be

especially aware of the triangular piece on the front side and the rear boxes as you are driving on

uneven and bumpy forest service roads and when pulling in and out of parking lots—both of

these areas are easily damaged. Trailers pulled by these busses seem to bottom out often when

pulling into and out of gas stations and parking areas—take ramps slowly, and make sure to

properly load your trailer with the weight over the axle to avoid too much weight on the tongue.

The busses are taller than the vans with roof racks! Be aware of this as you maneuver through

tight areas. If in doubt, go around or buck it out!

Center of Gravity: Busses and vans have a higher center of gravity and handle differently than

vehicles with a lower center of gravity. They are not designed for cornering at speeds as high as

passenger cars—avoid sharp turns, excessive speed and abrupt maneuvers. To keep the center of

gravity lower, as in a van, load the crew from front to back, keeping heavier people (if possible)

toward the front.

Braking: This rig is big—it takes longer to stop. Increase braking and following distances to

accommodate for the larger vehicle and heavy load. This is especially true with a fully loaded

bus, and/or when pulling a trailer.

Dual Rear Wheels: These provide added stability on the road, and greatly reduce roll-over

accidents. Make sure to check tire pressure in both tires (as in most rigs, the proper inflation psi

can be found in the drivers door well.)

o If you get a flat: Although there are dual rear wheels, you want to change the flat as

fast as possible, so that the rig is balanced. If you can, place the spare on the outside so

that the wheel closest to the midline of the rig bears most of the weight—this wheel is in

line with the front wheel. “Dualies” come off the same way as single rear-wheel tires.

Put the jack on the axle as close to the wheel as you can. Note that there is a guide hole

in the rim of both the inside and the outside tire (the smaller hole closer to the middle

than the several larger holes in the rim) that needs to be matched up for the wheels to be

in proper position. These jacks may be a little short—although they come from the

manufacturer. This is most often the case when you attempt to use the jack on a dirt or

gravel surface that is “soft.” In this case, elevate the jack with boards, flat rocks, or

anything flat that would appropriately and safely support the rig.

o If you get two flats: In the rare case that you get another flat, it is possible to use the

second “extra” rear dual wheel as a spare. In this case, make sure that each rear side has

a normal tire, placed closest to the center. Do not travel at speeds over 50 mph until you

can replace the spares, and avoid sharp turns and fast stops, as when driving on any

spare.

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Tow/Haul: Drive with the Tow/Haul on while you are pulling a trailer or traveling on steep

terrain. This is located on the shift lever. The Tow/Haul function reduces the frequency of

transmission shifting when towing a trailer or a heavy load. It also provides engine braking in all

forward gears when the transmission is in the D (Overdrive) position, this will slow the vehicle

and assist the driver in controlling the vehicle when descending a grade. Depending on driving

and load conditions the transmission may downshift, slow the vehicle, and control the vehicle

speed when descending a hill, without the accelerator pedal being pressed. The amount of

downshift braking provided will vary based upon the amount the brake pedal is depressed.

o When you shut-off and restart the engine, the transmission will automatically return to

normal D (Overdrive) mode (Tow/Haul OFF).

o Do not use the Tow/Haul feature when driving in icy or slippery conditions as the

increased engine braking can cause the rear wheels to slide and the vehicle to swing

around with the possible loss of vehicle control.

Mirrors: Because of the placement of the rearview mirror, it can be challenging to see anything

out of it. The large mirror over the drivers’ head allows you to see passengers and to some

degree out the rear window. You will need to rely on the side mirrors almost exclusively to see

behind the vehicle. Be aware of the blind spot caused by the mirrors—especially on the driver’s

side. You need to be sure that you are clear to proceed before taking any action.

Backing: The gear boxes at the end of the rig stick out further than the rig itself. They are hard

or impossible to see as a backer standing directly behind the trailer. NYC has had a problem

with the trailer arms jack knifing into these boxes, causing damage to the bumper and to the

trailer arm. For this reason, we require that two spotters are present while backing a bus—one to

watch the back of the trailer, and one to stand at the side to make sure that the trailer doesn’t

collide with the storage boxes.

Storage Boxes: The dolmar and water storage boxes at the rear of the bus are designed to haul

empty water containers only. If you need to get water, minimize the distance you travel with

weight in the boxes (for example, one mile from the camp site…) Too much weight will stress

the boxes, potentially causing bumper damage.

Shotgun and Passenger Safety

Vehicles with a higher center of gravity roll much easier and more frequently than those with lower

centers of gravity. Most roll fatalities result from not wearing a seat belt. Although each seat is belted in

the busses, the center isle makes movement much easier. In addition the high seat backs make it hard to

see what members are up to. As a shotgun staff member, you need to be on the ball—know what your

crew is up to, if their seats are belted, as well as keep your driver safe, awake and informed. Here are

some ground rules, and tips for driving, loading and maintenance:

Seat Belts on at all times while the bus is moving. This means that no one is to change seats

while the rig is in motion. These seat belts are easily loosened—make sure that everyone is

wearing them adjusted close to their laps in a safe position.

Shotgun needs to sit in the middle of the bus so that you can keep tabs on everyone.

Unfortunately this position doesn’t allow a good view of the road, so make sure that both you

and the driver are well versed in your route.

Don’t pile gear any higher than the back of the seats. (Accidental decapitation is not a program

goal.) Make sure that gear stowed under the seats doesn’t roll around and clog escape routes or

interfere with safe driving. Store only light gear above the tool cache—and make sure that it

can’t slide/roll out using nets or tie downs.

The bus is equipped with four emergency exits: the rear door, top hatch and the emergency exit

window on each side of the bus. Each of these is to be used only in emergency—not for getting a

little extra sun, or a convenient way to load the crew faster. You will want to check the doors

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and hatches when you do the van inspection at the beginning of the session to make sure that

they are functioning—note that the top hatch is secured with a relatively thin, brittle piece of

plastic and could break easily—use care. The van will not start if the rear door is locked. The

back door also has a locking bar latch that will need to be bent before the door can close.

The sliding front doors can only be opened and closed from inside the bus—don’t attempt to do

so from the outside!

Make sure that windows are closed and doors are locked any time you are not in the rig. Lock

valuables in the tool cache while not in use—this is the only truly secure place on the rig. As

with all the rigs: nothing sticking out of the windows as the vehicle is in motion. If the crew is

tempted, then keep windows only half way down while driving. The bus may get too windy

while driving forcing you to close windows more.

Please take care of the CD players—these busses are the only rigs that have CD players in

NYC’s fleet! Only staff should use them. The speakers are in the back of the rigs, you’ll want to

monitor the volume so that in an emergency everyone could hear each other.

When doing fluid checks, be aware that these busses use 5W-20 motor oil. You need to check

your tire pressure at least once/week—low tire pressure is one of the leading causes for vehicle

roll-over accidents (and vehicle accidents account for 70% of worksite injuries).

The Spare tire, jack, flares, triangles, chains (if you have them) and stretcher are located in the

tool cache area. The First Aid kits located above the drivers head are to be used only in a vehicle

emergency. The kits are inventoried—so if you use them you’ll be filling out an inventory sheet,

and restocking them.

Crew and specialty tools, chainsaws, and heavy gear should all go in the bottom two shelves of

the storage area. Even a “tall” high reach saw can be loaded through the back door. It will

extend through the tool cache and under the seats. For this reason make sure that the blade is

pointing toward the back of the bus.

When hauling propane, saw gas and white gas to a campsite or weekend site, store flammables

in the trailer—if at all possible, store it secured to the basket behind the wheel well of the trailer

on the outside of the trailer. This will isolate the liquids so that leaks won’t destroy crew gear or

personal property, while leaving them accessible and physically removed from the crew in case

of accident.

The back of the seats are delicate—and can be easily torn. Please watch the crew to make sure

that they are taking care of them. No feet pressed against them, and obviously, no graffiti or

knife slashes.

Please work to keep these rigs in good shape, and use them properly so that they serve their function:

providing safe transportation to a life changing program in the woods.

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SAFE DRIVING SAFETY RULES The following are rules that you must observe yourself and enforce among your crew. They govern

behavior in the vehicles that could be dangerous or distracting, rather than actual driving skills.

1. Drivers and participants shall wear seat belts when the vehicle is in motion. Staff are

responsible for checking to make sure all seat belts are securely fastened before starting to

drive.

2. Headlights are to be on when the vehicle is in motion.

3. No objects or parts of the body are allowed outside the vehicle.

4. NYC staff shall not operate vehicles when they are excessively tired. You are

responsible for determining when fatigue is becoming a safety hazard. If it is, pull over and

rest, or camp if necessary. Plan ahead so you will not have to drive late at night.

5. Games, songs, or activities shall not interfere with the driver's duties and attention.

The radio must be kept at a reasonable volume, so the driver can concentrate and hear

transmissions on the AOL radio.

6. No rocking the vehicles.

7. Drivers are to take into consideration possible adverse public relations regarding where

vehicles are parked and actions or activities taking place near or within them.

8. Do not exceed the passenger carrying capacity (12) of your vehicle.

9. When backing anywhere, always have another staff guide you from outside the vehicle.

Backing into things is the most common NYC vehicle accident. DON'T DO IT!

10. Many minor accidents occur in parking lots. Always park the van well away from other

vehicles, preferably at the edge of a large parking lot.

11. When parking on a steep hill, always block the wheels of the vehicles.

12. Always double check the trailer harness and hitch. Properly position all 3 mirrors before

driving an NYC vehicle.

13. Periodically, look at your control panel and be aware of any gauge changes.

14. When parking on a steep hill, set the emergency break BEFORE you shift into park. This

will prevent the transmission from getting locked into park. Similarly, when leaving, start

the van and shift into neutral before releasing the parking break. If the transmission does get

locked in park, you will need to carefully have the crew push the van uphill to relieve the

pressure on the gears. Also, remember to always block all four wheels.

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DRIVING SKILLS

These "positive" or "defensive" driving skills will enable you to avoid getting into emergency situations

and thus prevent collisions despite the mistakes of others or adverse weather and road conditions. This

means scanning and anticipating to predict and avoid dangerous situations. It means being constantly

vigilant for drivers who are thoughtless, unskilled, or ignorant of the hazards they create. It means

making an unbroken series of concessions to such drivers and yielding the right of way even when, by all

rules of the road, it should be yours.

Somebody else doing something dumb is no excuse for getting into an accident. By anticipating problem

situations, you can avoid putting your fate in someone else's hands. THINK AHEAD. PLAN AHEAD.

ACT AHEAD.

1. SCANNING:

Stay alert and attentive; always concentrate on your driving and be aware of other staff's

driving when you are a passenger. If you notice any of the following signs of fatigue, pull over

and switch drivers, rest, or camp for the night. Do NOT take any chances!

Vehicle feels too warm

Muscular tension or eye strain

Restlessness; rubbing face, neck or arms; inability to get comfortable

Inattention, daydreaming

Impatience or irritability not normally experienced

Drowsiness, or nodding of head, especially after meals

Feeling that it is "OK" to close your eyes for just a second

Aim high in steering; look far ahead, don't get "nearsighted".

Keep your eyes moving; left, right, up, down; scan a wide area.

Check mirrors frequently; keep track of all the cars near your vehicle.

Always leave yourself an "out"; an escape route in case something unexpected happens.

2. ANTICIPATING:

Constantly watch for drivers or pedestrians who don't see you, or who might move in front

of you. Look in all directions before entering any intersections, even if you don't have to stop.

Constantly be planning on what the other driver might do and how you will respond.

Keep a safe following distance. Most accidents can be avoided if you have enough time to

react. Distance buys you time. Stay well back from other cars. At highway speeds, events will

happen much more quickly than one expects. Many driver training programs recommend the 4-6

second rule for large vehicles: you should be able to count 4 to 6 seconds before reaching the

spot that the car in front of you has just passed. This is a good rule of thumb, but use your

judgment. The distance will be much greater in slippery conditions. Always know what you

would do if the car in front of you stopped suddenly.

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Stay out of the "blind spots" of other vehicles, especially trucks. Blind spots are those areas

behind and to the side of a vehicle that are not visible from the side and rearview mirrors.

Always turn your head to check blind spots when turning or changing lanes. Anticipate the

possibility that other vehicles will not see you and may cut in front of you, if you are in their

blind spot.

Anticipate but Don't assume. Anticipate changing conditions and be prepared to respond to

them, but don't act under the assumption that they will change and put yourself in a

dangerous position.

In slippery conditions, braking hard will cause a skid that could be deadly, so give yourself

LOTS of room to slow down gradually, if you have to. Ease up on the brakes, if you start to

skid. Pumping the brakes can also be a good way to slow down without skidding.

If you can't see what is over a rise or around the corner, SLOW DOWN! You should

always be able to stop in half the distance you can see down the road.

Pay attention to road signs and be prepared for changes in traffic patterns that might cause

vehicles ahead of you to slow down or stop.

When following another car, try to maintain a position on the road that allows you to see

beyond the car in front of you, so you can anticipate the reactions of the other driver.

3. ACTING:

Obey all speed limits. Never exceed 55 mph on a highway 55 mph on a freeway. On flat two-

lane gravel roads do not exceed 20 mph and always stay under 20 mph on one-lane or steep

logging roads. NOTE: Some gravel roads will have a posted speed less than 25 mph OBEY

THE POSTED SPEED!

Drive to conditions. Visibility, road surface, weather and traffic, among other things, could have

an impact on driving conditions. Be aware of driving conditions and make appropriate changes.

If in doubt SLOW DOWN!

Let others know what you are doing by signaling, adjusting your speed and position on the

road, and using the horn if necessary to alert inattentive drivers or pedestrians.

Never assume you have the right-of-way, even if you technically should have it; always wait

for the other driver to yield.

Use high beams at night whenever possible. Your low beams will illuminate the road for

250', which is how long it takes to stop from 35 mph under ideal conditions. High beams

can illuminate for almost 500'.

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DRIVING ON LOGGING ROADS

NYC does a lot of driving on narrow, gravel logging or Forest Service roads. These roads pose special

hazards for the driver. At a minimum, they provide a 12' wide driving surface and are classified as single

lane with turnouts. In other words, there will not be enough room for two vehicles to pass each other, so

driving too fast is likely to put you in the uncomfortable position of deciding between a head-on collision

and driving off the road.

The grade on Logging roads is often constructed on steep terrain. Grades may get as steep as 18

percent. (Percent of grade indicates the number of feet of elevation change per 100 feet of linear

distance. So, a 15% grade indicates that the road will drop 15 feet for every 100 feet you travel. Simply

put, it is the rise over the run, Math.) Extreme grades cause difficulty in stopping and controlling your

vehicle, particularly when fully loaded.

The road surface may also make it difficult for you to stop or turn without losing control of your

vehicle. Most logging roads are gravel, which is a little like driving on very rough marbles. However,

gravel is better than dirt, because dirt roads become extremely slippery when wet and are likely to be

rutted or eroded. Leaves and pine needles on the road can also be extremely slippery, especially when

wet.

The sight distance on logging roads tends to be very limited because trees and brush are not cleared

back away from the road. These roads are often dusty and variable sunlight conditions may further

reduce visibility. When coming out of deep shade into direct sun, the human eye can take as long as ten

seconds to adjust to the light conditions. For these reasons, it is important to leave your headlights on so

you will be more visible to approaching vehicles.

As a result of decreased sight distance, obstacles in the road may appear suddenly. Watch out for large

rocks, fallen trees, standing water, and large potholes or ruts in the road. You may also come upon

recreational bikers or hikers in the middle of the road. Sharp corners may also be unmarked and difficult

to anticipate. For all of these reasons, you need to DRIVE SLOWLY!

Traffic use on these roads is likely to be low, but do not be lulled into thinking nobody is using the road

just because you haven't seen any cars for a long time. Some recreational users drive fast and recklessly.

Logging trucks also use these roads! These trucks drive quickly and cannot stop easily. It is no fun to

find yourself facing one of these trucks when you are driving in the middle of the road. Stay to the right

and slow down!

Navigating on logging roads can be difficult. It is easy to get lost and this is a costly waste of time and

gas. Keep your forest service map out at all times. The shotgun should follow your progress and search

for crossroads and landmarks, such as streams, spur roads, and sharp turns. Get the crew involved in this.

Always know exactly where you are on the map! The driver should stop and carefully study the route

before starting and regularly during the trip. Do not leave navigating entirely to the shotgun.

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The following rules should be followed when driving on gravel roads:

1. GO SLOW! Never exceed 20 mph on a gravel road. If the road is steep, has

corners, or is only one lane wide, keep your speed BELOW 20 mph! In many cases,

safety will dictate that you go 10 or 15 mph. Use good judgment!

2. DO NOT SKID or SPIN WHEELS on gravel; it destroys the tires.

3. Brake before corners on gravel; braking through corners may result in sliding.

4. Stay to the right side of the road on corners. Always assume that another vehicle is

coming the other direction around the corner. On very sharp, tight corners, it is a good

idea to sound your horn as you go around.

5. Always stay to the right side of the road. This will place you in a better position to

make adjustments and avoid sudden oncoming traffic.

6. Use Turn-outs. Many roads will have turnouts on the outside of a turn. If your side of

the road has a turn-out USE IT!

7. Watch for dust raised by approaching vehicles. You may see this well before you see

the vehicle itself. On a very narrow road, pull over and wait for the vehicle to pass (if

you are sure it is an approaching vehicle, not one you are over-taking).

8. Do NOT travel directly behind another vehicle. Allow enough space for dust to settle,

so visibility is not impaired.

9. Beware of soft shoulders and anticipate that you may slide or skid if you have to move

to the side of the road while driving quickly.

10. Never block a logging road. If you have to turn around, do so where you will be visible

from both directions, or send flaggers up and down the road to warn approaching

vehicles.

11. Logging trucks always have the right-of-way!

12. Always use your lights when traveling on gravel roads.

13. When descending a hill, use a low gear and pump your brakes to keep your speed

down without burning your brakes. If you start to smell your brakes, pull over and let the

brakes cool for 10-15 minutes.

14. When turning around, always have the front of the van face hazards, such steep

drops. Have another staff get out of the van to guide you in turning around.

15. Always fill up your gas tanks before heading off of pavement.

16. Walk when necessary. Don't take chances with your crew or your vehicle.

17. Use your mirrors. Know where your trailer is at all times.

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DRIVING ON SNOW AND ICE

If you have to drive on snow or ice, your most important concern will be to give yourself lots of room to

stop and maneuver. This means driving at greatly reduced speeds and leaving lots of room between

yourself and the vehicle in front of you. On snow and ice, any sudden change of direction or speed is

likely to result in a skid. As soon as you start to skid, you have completely lost control of your

vehicle. Avoid skidding!

To avoid going into a skid, follow these rules:

1. Drive at reduced speed

2. Make no sudden changes in speed or direction

3. To slow down, shift into a lower gear and brake evenly and lightly; if you start to skid

ease off brake

4. In starting, accelerate gradually for optimum traction

5. Try to anticipate icy spots and slow down before hitting them

6. Use emergency brake to slow or stop in extremely icy conditions (it affects just the rear

wheels)

If you do start to skid:

1. Ease off of the brake or accelerator

2. Turn your wheels in the direction you want the van to go. Be prepared to quickly turn

back in the other direction, if the van regains traction.

Driving on snow and ice with a trailer:

When driving on snow and ice with a trailer it is crucial to drive slowly and keep a safe following

distance. It is very difficult to steer out of skid with a trailer in tow. If driving downhill on a steep grade,

put the vehicle in low gear before you start the descent. Keep in mind the following:

1. Follow the preceding rules! The added weight of a trailer will increase the amount of

time to stop or maneuver.

2. Make sure that the trailer brakes are working properly before driving the vehicle. If the

trailer brakes are adjusted to tightly, any braking might cause the trailer to go into a skid.

3. Drive slowly!

4. If you perceive road conditions to be unsafe and hazardous, do not drive! Wait ntil

conditions improve.

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BACKING A TRAILER Backing into things is one of the most common, and most preventable, driving accidents at NYC.

Backing a trailer is a difficult skill to master, so take the time to learn it. Get help when backing and

don't hit things!

In many situations, especially when you need to turn around, it is easiest to unhook the trailer and get

the crew to move it where you want it, then move the van. This can be a fun diversion for the crew.

However, use extreme caution on a steep slope! The trailer is heavy and might get away from the crew,

causing serious injury or damage to equipment.

If you do need to back up with the trailer, follow these guidelines:

1. Have another staff person get out and guide you! Do not start backing until you get

an "all clear" signal from the person guiding you. Make sure you can see this person as

you back and pay attention to their signals. The guider should point in the direction that

they want the back of the trailer to go.

2. If possible, turn around and watch the trailer out the back window. Have crew

members duck, if needed.

3. If you can't see the trailer out the back, use your mirrors. It is extremely difficult to

back a trailer using only signals from the person guiding you.

4. The back of the trailer will go in the opposite direction from the back of the vehicle.

Some people find it helpful to think that the back of the trailer will go the direction that

you turn the BOTTOM of the steering wheel. The only way to master this is through

practice. Get lots of practice.

5. Face Danger! When turning around on a narrow road, the front of the van should face

the downhill side and the trailer should face the cutbank. Don't turn around on narrow

roads!

6. Make continuous, SMALL wheel adjustments. Don't over steer.

7. Back slowly and smoothly. Ride the brake.

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If you are guiding the van, be sure to check with the driver to make sure you are communicating

effectively. Your responsibilities include:

1. Check the backing area for sharp rocks, logs, metal posts, glass, etc. Remove any

hazards. Don't forget to look on both sides of the van, if the van will need to turn. It

easy to forget about the front of the van and have it hit things.

2. Stand on the driver's side of the van, so the driver can see and hear you.

3. Communicate clearly and loudly.

4. Have the driver stop periodically, so you can check the other side of the vehicle.

5. If the trailer starts to jack-knife, don't take chances! Tell the driver to stop. Then

make necessary corrections.

6. If the driver is turning around on a steep embankment, you should move from the

front of the van to the back to ensure that the van does not go over the cliff OR into the

embankment.

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VEHICLE MAINTENANCE

The vehicles you will be driving are expensive and some are less than two years old. In order to keep

these vehicles in good working order and extend their useful lives, it is extremely important that they be

maintained regularly. This is also an important safety concern. By checking fluid levels, lights, and

brakes frequently, you can avoid dangerous mishaps on the road.

1. Complete the vehicle safety checklist before the start of each trip and do a complete

maintenance check each time you fill up the gas.

2. Report or repair any problems as soon as possible. Do not use a vehicle which is

illegal or unsafe to operate. Contact the Woods Boss as soon as you notice a problem.

Also contact the office, if it is a serious problem.

3. Cosmetic damage to the vans can significantly detract from the value and the life of the

vehicles, as well as make us look bad. Most vehicle damage occurs at camp in the form

of small dents and scratches. You and your crew are responsible for making sure that

this damage does not occur.

Identify possible hazards and plan ahead to avoid them.

Do not put yellow tops on the hood of the vans; they scratch the paint.

Be very careful not to batter the back of the van with the trailer hitch when

attaching the trailer! Make sure you have plenty of people to help move the

trailer.

4. Gear loaded on the rack must be secured with adequate tie-downs. Only one staff

person is allowed to climb up on top of the racks. Driver should always check to be sure

that load is securely fastened.

5. When storing tools and other gear inside the vehicles, be careful not to scratch the

doors and walls. Also make sure that no gear is stowed above seat level, unless it is fully

restricted from moving forward in case of an accident.

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TROUBLE SHOOTING

Most driving will be done in remote areas where service stations are not easily accessible. Preventive

maintenance can help you avoid most problems, but you may need to engage in some creative problem

solving to handle breakdowns, should they occur.

If you experience any problems with your van, or notice anything unusual, such as squeaking breaks,

leaking fluid, or difficulty steering or braking, report it to the Woods Boss Immediately! Don't let

potential problems go, because they may turn into serious problems later. The Woods Boss may be able

take the van in for service for you and leave you a vehicle, so that work time will not be missed. But

Don't take any chances by driving a risky vehicle. Take the van to a garage, if necessary, and contact

the office to explain the situation.

The following are some suggestions for ways of dealing with particular problems that may occur.

However, you will need to use your judgment in deciding how best to handle any given situation. Even if

you are able to fix a problem, be sure to let the Woods Boss know what happened, so that appropriate

action can be taken. This should also be recorded on your daily report form.

Changing a tire

1. Locate a "safe" area for the crew and have everyone get out of the vehicle.

2. Block wheels, and unhitch trailer BEFORE jacking up the van!

3. Put jack on an axle and make sure it has a stable base to rest on.

4. Loosen lug nuts before the flat tire is completely off the ground, or else the tire will spin.

5. Put lug nuts inside hub cap, or some other place where they will not get lost.

6. Get help removing and replacing the tire; they are heavy and can easily cause a back

injury.

7. Tighten all lug nuts together, don't tighten one lug nut all the way before putting on

others. Keep the wheel balanced by tightening lug nuts opposite each other.

Over-heating

1. When climbing a steep hill, or driving in heavy traffic on a hot day, keep an eye on the

temperature gauge. If the vehicle starts to get hot, try shifting to a lower gear, or

stopping the van and letting it run.

2. Check coolant. If it is low, add water while engine is running.

3. If the radiator boils over, pull over and turn off the engine.

4. Be very careful when removing radiator cap! It will be very hot and will release

steam that could cause serious burns.

5. Once the vehicle has cooled, add water or coolant to the radiator. The engine should be

running when adding the coolant. Do not add cold water to a hot radiator; it may crack.

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Oil light comes on

1. STOP THE VEHICLE! Manually check the oil level.

2. Add oil, if it is low. (Oil should always be kept in van).

3. Check for an oil leak and check level again.

4. If oil is leaking and you can't get oil full, DO NOT DRIVE VEHICLE!

5. If oil is NOT leaking, continue to drive vehicle, but check oil level periodically.

6. Do not drive the vehicle if it is less than one quart low on oil.

Van won't start

1. Is it getting power from the battery?

a. Check lights; if they aren't working, check battery connections.

b. If battery is dead, you need to get a jump start.

2. If the engine is getting power, but isn't turning over, carburetor may be flooded.

a. Hold accelerator pedal against floor (do not pump pedal).

b. Engage starter for 20 to 30 seconds, let starter motor cool, and repeat if

necessary.

3. In very cold weather, the butterfly valve in the carburetor may have frozen (this will only

be a problem in vehicles that are not fuel injected).

a. Remove air filter and locate carburetor.

b. Make sure butterfly valve can rotate freely.

4. If the battery is drained and the vehicle won't turn over, the cylanoid might be dead.

Transmission slips (vehicle revs without getting power when in gear)

1. Immediately pull over and check transmission fluid.

2. Check for leaks.

3. If service station is nearby, you may drive slowly in a low gear.

Breaks become soft

1. Pull over and let brakes cool.

2. Check brake fluid.

3. Check for leaks around wheels or master cylinder.

4. If brake fluid is leaking, DO NOT DRIVE!

5. Feel and listen for metal scraping when wheels turn.

6. If you can drive safely, get brakes checked out by a mechanic.

Vehicle loses power

1. Check belts.

2. Check battery.

3. Are you out of gas?

4. If you suspect an alternator problem, turn off lights, stereo and other electronics and

drive to a service station, if you can do so safely.

Steering becomes difficult

1. Pull off road and check for flat tire.

2. Check for broken power steering belt or debris jammed in the steering mechanism or

wheel wells.

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HANDLING A VEHICLE EMERGENCY

Sometimes, even with diligent maintenance and careful driving, you may find yourself in an emergency

situation. This section will help you to be prepared in the event of an emergency.

How you react in an emergency situation will determine whether you have a close call or a collision. It is

impossible to prepare for every kind of emergency, but the following situations have been selected to

help you start thinking about the decisions you will need to make if you get into an emergency.

Brake Failure

1. Take your foot off accelerator pedal.

2. Pump brake pedal repeatedly.

3. Shift to lower gear - continue to downshift.

4. Engage parking brake.

5. Steer against curb or embankment, if possible.

Tire Blowout

1. Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel.

2. Keep wheels as straight as possible.

3. Slow down gradually by pumping brakes lightly.

4. Reduce speed to 15 mph or less before pulling off onto shoulder.

Accelerator Sticks

1. Pump accelerator pedal with several sharp jabs to release it.

2. Try to pull pedal up with your toe.

3. Put in neutral, turn on emergency flashers, and sound horn to warn others.

4. Apply brakes and pull off highway.

Recovering From a Skid

1. Take your foot off of gas or brake pedal; avoid braking.

2. Steer in the direction in which you want the vehicle to go.

Blinding Lights

1. Flash your high beams to signal the approaching car, but don't leave them on; two blind

drivers is worse than one.

2. Look at the right edge of the road.

3. Slow down.

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Lights Fail

1. Try other lights such as high or low beam, turning signal, parking lights, fog lights, and

brake lights. The problem may be in one of the switches.

2. Pull off the road and stop.

Dense Fog or Heavy Snow

1. Turn on emergency flashers

2. Use low beams

3. Give other cars lots of room

Running Off Pavement

1. Release accelerator pedal.

2. Keep a firm grip on steering wheel.

3. Resist urge to return to pavement immediately.

4. Straddle pavement edge until vehicle is moving slowly.

5. Check mirrors for overtaking cars before pulling back onto road

6. Turn sharply back onto pavement where pavement is nearly level with the road's

shoulder

Animals on the Road

1. Stay alert for animals on the road. At night, watch for the reflection of their eyes in the

headlights.

2. If you do see an animal, assume that there are others nearby.

3. Be prepared for animals near the road to run across it. At night, assume that animals

will run towards your lights.

4. Avoid hitting an animal only if you can safely do so by braking and steering. Do not

swerve so drastically as to lose control of the vehicle.

Deep Ruts and/or Holes in Road

1. Reduce speed

2. Try to avoid ruts and holes only if you can do so safely

3. Do not ride brakes into a rut or hole; let up on brakes, so wheel can roll out.

4. Maintain firm grip on steering wheel

Imminent Head-on or Front Corner Collision

1. Steer until accident is unavoidable; if you can't avoid a collision, try to have a glancing

impact, rather than a head-on impact.

2. Stay in vehicle (don't try to jump out; you are safer in the van)

3. Immediately before impact--driver crosses arms over face and presses head and arms

against steering wheel

4. Passengers in other seats cross arms over face and press head and arms against back of

forward seat

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Imminent Rear-end Collision

1. Position your body across seat or slump down so your head is supported by back of seat

2. Encourage riders to do the same

Submerged Vehicle

1. Escape through open window, before water reaches window level, if possible

2. Most vehicles will float for a short time

3. If vehicle sinks too rapidly, move to the area of passenger compartment with trapped air

while planning to escape

4. Open side window, or knock out back window

5. Open door when water pressure is equalized

Physical Emergencies Affecting the Driver

1. Dirt in eye, violent coughing and sneezing attack--signal, slow down and stop, until

condition is corrected

2. Dropped articles--do not try to retrieve anything from the floor of vehicle while vehicle

is moving. Stop; then recover or dispose of dropped item

Engine Stalls

1. Do not turn off ignition; shift to neutral.

2. Turn on emergency flashers.

3. Carefully steer onto the shoulder.

4. Use emergency brake to slow down and stop if necessary.

Accident Procedures

See Emergency Procedures Manual. Go through all of this information.

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KEEPING RECORDS

Fuel Record

It is important that careful records of vehicle maintenance be kept. These records are kept with the

mileage log. This log is to be completed every time the vehicle is filled with gas. To fill out the mileage

log note the amount in gallons not dollars and the current mileage on the odometer including tenths.

Make sure that only vehicle fuel is recorded on the mileage log.

Safety Checks

The weekly vehicle and trailer checklists must also be completed and kept with the mileage log.

Documents

Vehicle registration and other important documents are also kept with the mileage log.

SUMMARY

Because safe driving is so important, all staff need to be accountable for adhering to safety guidelines. It

will be the responsibility of the Woods Boss to ensure that staff drive safely and keep their vehicles well-

maintained. The Woods Boss will make routine checks of van conditions and may make unannounced

observations of driving practices at any time.

The safety of all NYC employees is our primary concern. If you are uncomfortable with the driving of

another staff, it is your responsibility to bring it to the attention of the Woods Boss so that the problem

can be addressed. Driving skills and attitudes can be changed with practice, but you can't take back an

accident. Corpsmembers will also be encouraged to communicate concerns about driving safety. It is

everybody's responsibility to keep driving at NYC safe.

NYC will make every effort to help staff improve their driving skills, by bringing problems to their

attention, providing training and information, and allowing opportunities for extra practice, if needed.

However, If staff do not take safe driving seriously, demonstrate reckless behavior, receive a moving

violation, or are involved in any accident, their driving privileges may be suspended by the Woods Boss

until the incident has been reviewed by the NYC administrative staff.

All accidents will be reviewed by NYC staff. The review will include, but not be limited to:

1. A written statement from the involved staff member.

2. A written statement from at least one witness (preferably another staff member).

3. The incident will be discussed with the involved staff member, the Woods Boss

and Program Director.

4. Punitive actions, if any, will be administered accordingly.

NOTE: If the vehicle was damaged due to a mechanical malfunction the statement should include all

events leading up to the accident and any actions that were taken to address the problem.

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Vehicle Safety Manual

I have received Northwest Youth Corps Vehicle Safety Manual. By signing below I hereby agree

to read and follow all procedures as indicated in the Vehicle Safety Manual.

______________________________________________ _______________________________

Name Date