A first-hand account of South Africa from a journalist who earlier this year toured the country with Helen Joseph, the women's leader

who was the first victim of the “ Sabotage” Bill.

Verwoerd strikes in the night! A Gestapo style raid on the home ot an African worker in the shanty town of Cator Manor which

is part of wealthy Johannesburg.

Thumbs up for victory! Ex-chief Luthuli, seen third from left, at a rally. He is acknowledged throughout the world as a man of immense stature and dignity, standing head and shoulders

above the race supremecists of South Africa.

'Y^THEN you go to South Africa you go with a heavy heart,

wondering how on earih the people of that country can exist under the burdens which the racialist Nation­alist Government is putting on them.

You return with a heart full of hope, full of enthusiasm for the great fight which the people are putting up, and inspired by your contact with the fearlessness and bravery of the people you meet.

F or in spite o f the repressive legislation, in face of the gags on freedom, the bannings, the jailings and the continual raids by the special branch of the police—the actions of a government terrified for its future—the political fight in South Africa still goes on.

Demonstrations

You see it as soon as you enter the country. W here you expected to find empty streets you find demon­strations against apartheid. W here you expected to find only muffled, underground protest, you find open meetings against every aspect o f the Verwoerd G overnment’s campaign to reduce the non-white population to a position of servitude.

In the last few months the G overnment has stepped up the

terror. U nder the terms of the vicious “Sabotage” Act, almost any kind of protest and political activity can be defined as sabotage and be punished by a minimum of five years’ im prisonment and a m axi­mum penalty of death. This Act even makes it possible to sentence juveniles in this drastic manner.

Illegality

Land without FreedomThe "Apartheid” South African State is

built on Nazi-style racist laws which aim at keeping the country’s 10 million African and coloured people in permanent subjec­tion to capitalism as a cheap labour force without human rights.

The General Law A m endm ent Bill now in force carries th e death sentence whjch can be applied for a whole range of “offences” . It covers those who are alleged to a ttem pt, conspire, incite, command, aid, advise, o r p rocure an act of “sabotage” .

The minimum sentence under th e new law is a period of five years. Its term s apply fully to juveniles of fifteen years and over.

FACTS ON SOUTH AFRICA

A section of th e Bill em pow ers th e M inister of Justice to ban victims from “ communicating with any person o r receiving any visitor o r perform ing any act” th a t he may specify.

O ne hundred and tw o leaders of popular resistance to Apartheid, people of all races, have been subjected to th e ban.

Pass Laws determ ine w here a coloured person shall live, w here he shall w ork. “ Bantustan” ghetto areas like th e Transkei are being se t up for Africans who are being removed th ere to make a pool of forced labour.

It is estim ated th a t infant m ortality in these areas amounts to th ree ou t of ten children.

The South African G overnm ent has appropriated £60 million for “defence" and is buying weapons from N.A.T.O. countries Including, from Britain, ‘Buccaneer’ je t fighters.

The Congress of Democrats, the w hite organisation which supports the non-white population in its struggles has been banned and now shares illegality w ith the A frican N ational Congress and the Com­munist Party o f South Africa.

Mandela, the great African leader and hero of South African youth, who evaded the police fo r two years, during which time he kept up his organisational work w ithout ceasing and under the very eyes of the authorities, has been arrested and given w hat the Government please to call a trial; a trial at which he refused to m ake a speech in his own defence because he rightly claimed that he was innocent and that there was no case fo r him to answer. H e is now serving five years in jail.

Helen J oseph, the women’s leader, W alter Sisulu, the form er general secretary of the banned A frican N ational Congress, and A. K athadra, leader in the Indian N ational Congress, have been put under house arrest, permitted to leave their homes only to go to work, or to report to the police.

Cheap Prison

They are not even allowed to com­m unicate w ith their closest friends if those friends happen to be banned by the Government and at no tim e must they have visitors of any kind in their houses. Only a terrified G overnment could have thought up this idea of prison on the cheap.

In areas where emergency regula­tions are in force hundreds of A fricans are being rounded up, kept in prison w ith no charges made against them and given no trial.

But in spite o f all this terror the protests go on.

In most countries on the African continent political rights are being extended to the African population. But in South A frica the reverse is true. The Verwoerd Government is trying to put the clock back, to stem the tide. Its policy of apartheid is not just a colour bar.

It is a gigantic swindle plan to keep the non-white population in perpetual servitude to the white minority. I t is as if the British G overnment tried to segregate the whole of the British working class and cut all its rights: fo r the non­white population is the working class of South Africa.

rtud yet th^

O M lT w fth^roteS l VUL wan a cuu-cirete plan for the future, wisdom and political foresi

by Carol King

In 1956 the four great congress movements—the African N ational Congress, the Coloured People’s Congress, the Indian N ational Con­gress and the Congress o f Demo­crats—came together as the Congress or the People and a t a meeting in Kliptown drew up the Freedom Charter.. -T .his C harter declares that “South

A frica belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will o f the people . . . w ithout distinction o f colour, race, sex or belief”.

Black and white together w ith­out distinction of colour or race T hat is the crux of the future for South A frica, for one-third of the population is non-African. There ? r « re.e n,i,lion whites, one and a half m illion coloured (of mixed race) and half a million are South A frican Indians.

Opposition

The forces o f progress in the country realise that opposition to the G overnment cannot be based on anti-white feelings and this is accepted oyer a wide field. The opposition is a political opposition to policies which are calculated to m aintain the supremacy o f a government controlled entirely bv whites.

Among the forces supporting the Congress o f the People and the Freedom C harter the unity between all races exists to a very marked degree—and that is what the Ver­woerd G overnm ent fears so much because it shows up his racial policies fo r the sham that they are It shows that black and white can work together, and this is the great strength of the people o f South Africa.

Recently Mr. Voster, M inister of Justice, made a very significant rem ark. He called it a warning to all those people who were “playing with fire”, i.e. all those people who were speaking up fo r freedom.

To quote his own words, “Com­munism is no t the biggest danger facing South Africa. Liberalism is a fa r greater menace”.

Courageous

A government which makes such a statem ent is a very frightened government. I t is frightened of the people.

And if I were Mr. Voster I would be frightened o f the people, for they are going to win. T error and repression will no t deter them. But to win they need support from the progressive forces all over the world. I have seen fo r myself what this means to them. I have seen them rejoicing a t reports of boycott successes here, o f demonstrations Igdinst apartheid by w ung people

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VELT AND CITY ON THE MOVE

R and m other of four tells

WHAT IT IS LIKE TO BE BANNED „/„/<?

By a S taff Reporter

W 7 H \ T IS IT L IK E to b e regarded by th e G overn m en t as “ p o lit ic a lly dangerous . . . W w hen it is Y O U R d oor th e S p ec ia l B ra n ch com es k n ock in g at?

In a letter to th e E d itor o f T h e Star Mrs. M arcelle G old b erg o f Joh ann esb urg describes how she fee ls about b e in g at th e rece iv in g end o f tw o b an n in g orders from the G overnm ent. S h e w rites: ^ ^ clQthing

L ast week, on Friday a fter­noon to be exact. I received two orders from the M inister of Justice served on me by two members of the Special Branch.

I am certainly not the first and I am afraid 1 won’t be the last person in th is country to receive such orders from Mr. Swart, but I would appreciate it if you would allow me to express my feeling about these banning orders in your newspaper.

Firstly, I would like to explain w hat these banning orders»mean.

KNOWS NOTHINGOne states th a t I am banned

from attending any gatherings in South Africa and South-W est Africa for a period of five years because he, Mr. Swart, th inks th a t I am prom oting Communism in th is country.

W hat exactly does Mr. Sw art m ean by Communism ?

Personally I know nothing about Communism and am not particu­larly interested in it, but I believe th a t people regardless of creed or colour m ust be trea ted equally.

education; hum an dignity m ust be respected and there m ust be proper living conditions foi all in South Africa, no t palaces for some and hovels for o thers, and all discrim inatory laws m ust be abolished.

B ut apparently in th is country today if one has an in terest in hum anity and dares to say so, one is term ed a Comm unist and banned.

T he second ban restricts me to Johannesburg for five years. Only Mr. Sw art knows his reasons for doing th is ■ but is it correct for one m an to have the power to say where a person can or cannot go for five years?

BE HONESTThis is ju s t ano ther sign of the

Police S tate in which we live. And let us be honest w ith ourselves, the re Is no freedom in South Africa today for anybody who opposes th e N ationalist Govern­ment.

This will continue to be the case until all right-m inded South Afri­cans stand together and call a

h a lt to th e dictatorial methods of th is Government.

I t is easy for Mr. Sw art to arrest, deport and ban individuals, bu t the voice of th e m ajority of the people in th is country will never be silenced.

For each person he removes one way or another, a thousand will rise to take his or her place, and one day Mr. Sw art will be bound to listen to the voice of Africa.

Let us remember, I am one, bu t we are many.

WHO SHE IS* Mrs. Goldberg, 36-year-old.

viother of tour children, is Trans­vaal president of the multi-racial Federation of South African Women, which has been heading the campaign against passes for Native women.

She is a member of the Con­gress of Democrats and has spoken at a number of meetings of the African National Congress.

She was one of the 13 people in Johannesburg "named" by the Minister of Bantu Administration, Mr. de Wet Nel, in his "mixed parties" banning notice.

SUNDAY TIM ES, JOHANNESBURG, JU N E 18, 1961. 3

Indian childrenneed permission

to liveat home

By Margaret Smith

I ¥ a r c h , • WITBANK> Saturday.new regulations, including one that pre-

vents children over 16 from living with their parents without official perm ission, are causing distress in W itbank’s Indian com m unity.

The restrictive regulations, which are part of the Nationalist Government’s apartheid legislation, were gazetted in February and are now being brought into force here.

T his is th e firs t tim e th a t law s w hich applied only to N atives liv ing in locations, have been en ­forced fo r Ind ians.

Y esterday , Mr. A. F ischer, Q.C., fo r th e Ind ian com m unity, ap p ea red before th e W itbank Tow n Council, th e body to c a rry ou t the G overnm en t's req u ire ­m ents, to p lead th e Ind ians ' case.

W itbank Indians describe the regulations as "unreasonable, unfair and, in som e instances, Iniquitous.”T hey sa y th e reg u la tio n s have

th e pow er no t only to ru in them financially bu t also to destroy th e ir fam ily and hom e life.

Some o f th e m ore con ten tious clauses in th e new reg u la tio n s a re :

Rates soari I t is a n offence fo r children over 16 to live w ith th e ir p a ren ts in th e W itb an k A sia tic q u a rte r w ith o u t a perm it.• R a te s on b a z a a r p ro p e rtie s will be increased in som e cases, from R3 a m onth to R37 a m onth.• T ra d in g lo ts m ay n o t provide sleeping accom m odation fo r m ore th a n tw o shop a s s is ta n ts—w ith ­ou t th e ir fam ilies.• Lessees m u s t n o tify th e in ­sp ec to r o f th e nam es and occu­p a tio n s of anyone .w ho comes to stay w ith them .• A ny person found in the b a z a a r w ho does no t live th e re m ay be o rdered o u t by the inspector.

A le t te r of p ro te s t h as been se n t by the Ind ian com m unity to th e Tow n C lerk of W itbank, s ta t in g th a t, un less c e rta in step s a re tak en , an app lica tion w ill be m ade to the S uprem e C ourt to have the reg u la tio n s se t aside.

« ™ r g - s s s ° s y *rader extend or improve his

premises when he is faced witha u t r - " * « »

th Clauf w hich f °rb id s m ore th an tw o shop a ss is ta n ts to U v!

oecause it p rev en ts w ives ann

SB&sr&ri sarsI t IS th e custom of Ind ian

traders to live w ith their fam ilies and m any relatives in hom es adjoining th e ir trad ing prem ises, f ” c,ause severe h a rd sh ip

n all these fam ilies were forced to move, an In d ian shopkeeper said.

T^ e„ Pr° tes t le tte r points o u t ohf.l any provisi°n preventing aIts D aren f ^ St&ying w ith Its paren ts is no t only illegal bu tjustice!^ t0 EU elem ents of n a tu ra l

The letter continues: “It in also a well-known fact (.has traders do business with ner-fuUv ln hf°h T 7 no t reside law - tully in the bazaar.

00“^ P,r,ovision of clause num ber gives the inspector the rig h t ta

remove th e tra d e r’s source of live- ?°t°h* "h 8lS0 prevents residen ts

tors ” a f from havm g visi-

ab£uf ^ t r a ?er told me that about 25 per cent, of trade in thebazaar was w ith W hites and 75

ce • W h Natives.Both these groups were

•M S u V ' ? * ” 1 In “ “ b m . f S . y S ™ Z Z * * ' wl>e”

Poor response to pay appeal

'T 'H E M A N A G E R o f tlie Joh an n esb u rg C ity C ou n cil’s N onE u rop ean A ffa irs D ep artm en t, Mr. W . J. P . Carr, sa ic

tod ay he liad suggested to thousands o f em p loyers th at theyp ay N atives m ore — “ h u t th e resu lts w ere ex trem ely dis-

u I He said it was untrue th a t the■tie and Mr. H. B. Ism ay, acting | council was prosecuting, arresting lairm an of the council's Nnn- and e.iectine famiiipo rm o i.,™— jj , acting

chairm an of the council's Non- European A ffairs Committee, said a t a Press conference th a t thev deplored the lack of in terest bv most employers in th e welfare of their non-W hite workers.

t w ' - +J Smay denied allegations tn a t th e council was following a harsh policy in the collection

sh ip sTear r6ntS ta Native town-

, 7 — aiicsuilgand ejecting families on a large scale w ithout proper regard to their problems.

Mr. C arr said th a t to help tenants, he would propose th a t location offices rem ain open on Sundays.

Only 13 fam ilies were ejected from their homes last year, and they could stay in the townships as sub-tenants until they rehabili­tated themselves.

‘Never mind.thand rain—we’ll tighti 0 T so long aeo I naiH crvinlj y O T s o long ago I paid social

visits to tw o w om en. I had m et n e ither of them before, bu t I had heard m uch abou t both .

In the first place I had to break the law to see them. It is not against the law for these two women to have visitors so long as the visitors have black faces. Mine happens to be white.

Both of them Jive in locations in South Africa, one in New Brighton. Port Elizabeth, and one in Orlando, Johannesburg.

And the law of that land says that no white person shall enter a location without a special per­mit.

Why then did these two women not come out of theii; locations to see me in a place where it was permissible for us to meet ?

THejr-aTd"Trot-rom«-fe*fiiuse-the Verwoerd Government has for­bidden them, under legislation in being before the vicious Sabotage Act was passed, to leave the loca-

* tions in which they live.Both Florence Matomela and

Lilian Ngoyi have been confined for seven months to areas which are no larger than half the size of a small London borough in which there is nothing but rows and rows of hutm ents and a couple of grocery stores. Here they must stay until five long years have elapsed.

Florence Matomela is the mother of five children to whom she is devoted. Until 1950 she was a schoolteacher and she taught in Port Elizabeth quietly and without drama until the city management decreed that no African could be in Port Eliza­beth without a permit. a thu Defiance Campaign Against the Unjust Laws. Florence was a leader and one of the first to volunteer to defy the law by sitting on seats marked “ For

by CAROL KINGWhites Only,” going into post offices and demanding to be served at the whites-only coun­ters, ■setting on to buses and sitting on seats reserved for whites.

She is no stranger to jail. Since the day she started to fight tor the rights of Africans, she has been in and out of the cells more times than she can remember.

During the Defiance Campaign sne did a two-month stretch. For a woman who suffers from dia­betes, as she does, the physical strain was considerable, but Flor- en“ was quite dauntless.

When I saw her, Florence was doing what she could to fight the Sabotage Act. She felt frustrated because she could not get out and no iH -she wished.

But when she had thanked me for coming to see her she said :

Never mind the winds and the rams. We will fight.

Like five days !“ Today the Nationalist Gov­

ernment is trying to smother me by my confinement but if my comrades are with me, five years will seem like five days.

“When I think about the Sabot­age Act I want to tear mv clothes in anger. It is better that they kill us rather than expect us to knuckle under to this vicious legislation.

Knowing that I was soon to see J Ju lian Ngoyi she said :

toll u T * , r greetings and tell her I feel deeply for her. Tell ner 1 am doing all I can and I know that it will be the same with her.”

The day I went to Orlando to see Lilian Ngoyi was a bleak winter morning which made the

African hutments in their long, monotonous rows look e v e n more cheerless.

But inside number 9870B—for 1Su soulless identification

or her home, no street name, jusi a number—it was cheerful be­cause Lilian made it so.

Her confinement has lasted now lor some months, and in her own words : “ In spile of its brutality J have come to terms with it This Government will not last for ever and then I shall be free.”

Deprived of the opportunity to earn her living in the clothing in­dustry where she' worked for 14 years, Lilian now tries to eke out an existence making blouses at home.

Every time she wants a button or a reel of cotton she must get someone to buy it for her in Johannesburg, for she must not leave her location.

Like Florence, Lilian became active during the Defiance cam Paign, and was first arrested in a post office where from the white section she was sending a telegram of protest to Dr. Maian._ As the president of the Federa­

tion of South African Women, the only multi-racial women’s organisation in the Republic, Lilian took part in the great marches to Pretoria, striding at the head of 20.000 women who gathered to tell the Government that on no account would thev carry passes.

"Tell the women of the other countries." she said to me “ that the women of South Africa will go on fighting.

“At the moment we have been stunned by the terrible impli. cations of the Sabotage Act but we shall recover and nothing will daunt us.

' W h e n two machines are Pulling in different directions one must give way in the end. And it will not be the people.

R4 73,000 owed in back rentstownshipsJO HA NN ESBU RG ’S Non - Euro-

pean Affairs D epartm ent is to intensify its cam paign against ren t defaulters in th e south-w est A frican townships. About R473,000 is now owed in back-rents.

Summ onses—already being is­sued a t the ra te of 1.000 a m onth —will be used to bring defaulters before a special court a t K liptown on a crim inal charge.

An adm ission of guilt is usually R l—w ith fines of R2 to R4 follow­ing if th e a rrears still rem ain unpaid.

D epartm ent officials explain th a t th e m am m oth ren ts backlog arose during a tw o-year period w hen ren t-increases were chal­lenged in a series of court actions. Many people did no t pay their norm al rente during th is time.

They stress th a t residents are given every reasonable opportunity to pay-off th e ir arrears by in s ta l­m ents, and are only brought before

mAFRICAN AFFAIRS REPORTER

anycourt if they fail to show signs of co-operation.

At a m eeting w ith the city’s Non- European Affairs Comm ittee last week, Advisory Board members m ain tained th a t political propa­ganda by candidates in advisory board elections was responsible for the non-paym ent of rents.

They said th a t candidates p ro­mised th a t ren ts would no t have to be paid, or would be reduced, if they were elected to office.

The board mem bers said th a t de­fau lters were no t the poor people, but the more well-to-do.

Township residents, however, m ain ta in stoutly th a t the rente are no t paid because people can ­

no t afford to pay them . How can a m an earning R5 a week pay off instalm ents? they ask.

They say th a t residents already have to struggle h a rd to m aintain their regular rent-paym ents, and th a t they cannot cut down on food for their families.

The D epartm ent's answ er is th a t nowhere in the world can people live in somebody else’s house w ith­out paying for it.

Ten steps will be taken by local superin tendents when re n t arrears are due. These include:

Sending notices to tenan ts a d ­vising them th a t they are in arrears. If, a fter seven days, there is no response, the ten an t Is

Pre-daw n"kT'

a r r e s ts of rent evaders

brought to the superin tenden t’s office and is asked to prom ise to pay.

I f there is still no response, the te n a n t is escorted from his house and brought to the superin tendent, and asked for an explanation.

If the ten an t then fails to pay, summons is issued against him. Failure to appear in court results in arrest, and in a charge of con­tem pt of court.

Any ten an t who fails to m ain ­ta in paym ents a fter being ordered to do so by the m agistrate faces a w arran t of arrest. He is brought before court and is usually sen­tenced to 30 days’ im prisonm ent.

I f there is still failure to pay, the D epartm ent can apply f o r ; ejectm ent and for the seizing and public sale of residents’ f u r n i t ^

R 448,000arrears

1 " j , of rent

A WARNING AND AN APPEA! stillStaff R eporter

A FRICAN ren t defaulters in Johannesburg ’s south-w estern

tow nships are being arrested in th e eany hours of th e morning.

W hite and A frican ‘ peace offi-| cers” of the City Council’s Non- E uropean A ffairs D epartm en t move in to tow nships nightly to a rrest people who cannot be found be­cause they are away from their houses from 5 a.m. un til la te a t n ight.

D efaulters owe the council a to ta l of R460.000 in back rents.

Mr. H. B. Ism ay, deputy-chair- m an of the N on-European Affairs C om m ittee, said yesterday “People are arrested early ' in the morning only as a las t resort. Seven steps are taken to try to get defaulters to pay the ir ren t before arrests are m ade — m ost of them foi contem pt of court by people who fa il to answ er summonses.

0 B ut crim inal prosecutions against non-W hites who failed to pay the ir re n t was a feudal con­ception and should be abolished, Mr. A. B. W idm an, a Johannes­burg city councillor, said during la s t week’s budget debate. “ We ourselves are institu ting these p io - secutions. I t it wrong to im prison a m an for this. T here is also th e added paym ent of an adm ission of guilt. T his too is bad. I appeal to th e council to change th e system .”

He said th a t while some non- W hites were bad payers, others simply could no t afford to pay th e ir ren t.

IX E R E is a straight warning to the whole of South Africa: a most critical situation is building up over rents in

our townships.The Africans in the townships round Johannesburg

are involved* at the moment, but it is only a matter of time before every South African will be drawn in.

Two factors affect the issue.• The iniquitous law which makes it a criminal offence

for Africans, and for Africans only, not to pay rent.• The way the Johannesburg City Council is administer­

ing this law. It is arresting thousands of our people, some of them in midnight raids, and taking them to court.

Resentment is building up, and if we say we are warn­ing South Africa, we are being reasonable and not melo­dramatic.

We know all the excuses made by the Johannesburg City Council, but the simple truth remains: OUR PEOPLE CANNOT AFFORD THESE RENTS ON THEIR PRE­SENT WAGES.

Bear in mind, too, that municipalities get most of the money for these houses from profits of the beer halls, patronised by our people.

Sooner or later, this resentment is going to well up. It will be even worse when the proposed new Urban Bantu Authorities have to do the raids and arresting.

A number of potential trouble centres are being created round cities all over the country.

POST appeals, with all the earnestness at its command, to the Government to scrap this law.

And, until this is done, it asks Johannesburg: STOP THESE ARRESTS.

owingMunicipal Reporter

J OHANNESBURG C i t y Council is not embarking j

on a “get tough policy to re­cover R448.000 owed in rent arrears in the African town­ships, Mr. Hugh Ismay, acting chairman of the Nono-Euro- pean Affairs Committee, said yesterday.

He said th a t in spite of the steep increase over th e past few years in ten an ts w ho had fallen behind w ith th e ir ren t, th e coun­cil was continuing its norm al a ttem p ts a t recovery.

These included serving notice on the offending tenan t, then re ­questing th a t he interview the superin tenden t of th e township, an d then , if necessary, sum m on­sing him.

He said th a t in the past f ln a n - ! cial year, only 13 ten an ts h ad been evicted, and th e ir fu rn itu re sold by public auction.

Back-logT he m ain reasons for th e big

back-log in ren ts was th e tre ­m endous am oun t of housing th a t h ad been provided, th e poverty of m any of the tenan ts, and th e in ­cidence of illness, over-buying on h ire-purchae, and agitation by political organisations.

Mr. Ism ay said th e council wrote off about R1.000 a m on th to cover cases of hardship , and th a t every y ear R27.000 were m ade available for w elfare work in th e Non- E uropean Affairs D epartm ent.

T he m anager of the departm ent was a t p resen t p reparing a report on the m atter.

Ex-refor natory ease house

problem

S > o j / p j ^ j

to

m u n i c i p a l r e p o r t e r

JOH ANNESBURG City Council is to provide temporary em ergency housing for Coloured

ThP riCS form er D iepkloof ReformatoryT he decision was taken a t yes- — ------------------ lury.te r day’s council m eeting.

Mr. H ugh Ism ay, acting ch a ir­m an of th e N on-European Affairs Committee, said th a t there was an emergency situa tion regarding Coloured housing, particu larly w ith tnose fam ilies th rea tened w ith im m ediate eviction.. “^ e have m anaged to get th e Janfllords to delay eviction orders, bu t tim e is runn ing out. The leform atory buildings can easily be converted to house the families.

Mr. J. p . O berholzer (United P arty ) said the W hites in the area, especially in M eredale would be satisfied w ith any buffer.

He felt th a t th e housing should be supplied only as a tem porary tra n s it scheme. I t would be un fa ir to the W hites in th e a rea to allow a perm anen t scheme.

He suggested th a t only th e Pot- chefstroom Road entranoe should k® ,us®d by the Coloureds, and th a t th e b e tte r type should be housed n ear the W hite area

Mr. K a th y M itchell (Progressive P a ity ) said th a t i t was essentially a hum an problem and the Council could no t be held responsible for ejectm ents by Ind ian landlords.

A JOURNEY TO THE LIVING DEAD' 12 YEARS IN EXILESouth Africa's Banished Need Help

R e l e a s e d - T o Dieo ne o f th e uglic-sl aspects o f th e » H E A R D the m ost trag ic sto ries th a t I have ev e r h ea rd in m y presen oppressive sy em . ee from sorne u f th e wives o f th e m en d eported from the

M atia la R eserve ab o u t 40 m iles from P ie tersburg .m ore deeply th a n ever ab o u t the unparalleled in justice w hich has been m eted o u t to m en and w om en, never charged in any co u rt o f law , an d w ho h av e no possibility o f ap p eal to any co u rt in the forseeable fu tu re .’

O f 23 m en and w om en banished from this reserve e ight, ten and twelve years ago, only one has re ­turned.

T his is w hat his w ife to ld m e ;“ M y husband was taken aw ay 9

years ago. 1 never knew w here he was and I never heard anything from him until he w alked in to m y house late one a fte rnoon—and co l­lapsed on th e floor. He struggled to his feet and said 'H o w a re you and how are the ch ild ren ' T hen he fell down again. T h a t was the last tim e he spoke to me. H e died in four days."

T he tears ran dow n h e r cheeks when she described how she had learned from people in the a rea , tha t

h er husband had struggled eight m iles from the nearest bus to her hom e. “ H e w alked a few yards and then he saL A nd then h e w alked a few m ore yards and then sa t again."

It took th is dying m an the whole d a y to struggle w ith leaden fee t and bursting h eart along those last w eary eight m iles to see his fam ily before the end.

W hy was tha t m an released in such a condition tha t he d ied fo u r days a fte r getting hom e? M ust we believe tha t the au thorities did not know be was dying?

T his is no t the only tragedy o f the widows o f the M atlalas. O f the 23 sent in to exile, six died under banishm ent.

Five Children In A Police Van

T hese were the w ords o f M rs. H elen Joseph a t the end of the dram atic jou rney which took h e r to the rem otest corners o f South Africa and the P rotectorates in search ot th e exiles th e ’living dead.’

M rs. Joseph travelled over 8,000 miles in two m onths, and visited 38 exiled men and w om en the victims o f the vicious banishm ents carried out by the N ationalist G overnm ent since it cam e to pow er in 1948. It was a m ission carried o u t fo r the H um an R ights W elfare C om m ittee.

Here, in the accom panying article, is H ELEN JO S E P H 'S account of h e r jou rney to the 'liv ing dead ':

M rs, M aphuli Seopa was called one d ay to the office o f the N ative C om m issioner and to ld th a t she m ust leave the next day with all her children. H er husband was already serving a life sen tence arising from the M atiala tribal disputes in 1950. T he police cam e to fetch her in a van. She and h e r five children clam ­bered in, tak ing only w hat they could carry .

A t the N ative Com m issioner's office in P ietersburg, she was handed three banishm ent orders: one for herself, one fo r her son aged 21 and the third fo r her daughter aged 15.

T oday th a t young girl is a grown w om an o f 23. fo r she has been in banishm ent for eight year*. She is M am olatela Seopa.

O N L Y R12 1 do not know how M rs. Seope

and h e r fam ily lived d u n n g that period because a fte r the in itial R12 received in Pietersburg, they d id not receivc ano th e r penny in cash . T he

only way they could get food was by sending one o f the children to the ag ricu ltu ral officer fo r an o rder w hich could then be taken to the s to re . But th is w as on ly g ran ted w hen the food was actually finished.

M rs. Seopa w as ban ished to T a - ban 's Reserve in the N orthern T ransvaal w here the people speak Venda. T h e ir fam ily speak Scpedi. T o th is d a y she is still unab le to speak to the people a round h e r and can on ly com m unicate th rough her children. But som ehow she has m anaged to send all her children to a m ission school so th a t they m ay be educated.

W hat agony did she en-iure when she was driven in tha t police van with her fire child ren to an unknow n place am ongst strange people w here she was dum ped in a little em pty h u t and left hun­d reds o f m iles aw ay from the hom e which she had never left before?

time.W hen we to ld him tha t the H u­

m an R ights W elfare Com m ittee would send his w ife to visit him, th is litUe white-haired o ld man leapt to his feet and jum ped fo rioy.

W IT H P R ID E M aem a and K laas M atia la

showed us w ith pride the overcoats which we had sent them a year ago when we first discovered their w hereabouts. "W hen we are dead

you m ust cover o u r bodies with these coats because these coats n v fe us know tha t we were not forgot­ten ,” they said.

B oth these m en live fo r the day when they will re turn to M atlalas and to them it is a real day tha t is com ing. M aem a said “ W hen 1 go to H eaven, tha t will be the th ird King­dom because the second Kingdom will be w hen I go back to M atla­las."

To Exile In A Convict's ShirtStephen N kadim eng (uncle o f the

w ell-known leader John N kadim eng) was sentenced to tw o and a half years im prisonm ent fo r ho ld ing an illegal m eeting in Sekhukuneland. T h e d ay tha t he cam e to the end of h is im prisonm ent, he was called to the office o f the jail superintendent. T here he found the assistan t m agis­tra te , cap ta in o f police, tw o police­men and an in terpreter.

H e was to ld tha t the G overnm ent was going to re lease him from jail and th a t he could go back to Se- khukhuncland . They said he would be helped an d looked a fte r provided tha t be co-operated and told the police who was responsible for the killings in S ekhukhuneland.

N kadim eng said he was in ja il a t the tim e of the trouble . Since he was

a leader, replied th e police, he must know.

S P IR IT ST R O N GW ithout m uch fu rther ado . the

A ssistant M agistrate took o u t the banishm ent o rd e r and read it to h im . He was ordered to go a t once to Ingavum a —1,000 miles away. T hey refused to allow him to go hom e and he h ad to travel in his prisoner's c lothes w hich consisted of a sh in and trousers an d an over­coat which had belonged to a pri­soner w ho had died.

T oday Stephen N kadim eng lives in banishm ent deep in the Ingavum a M ountains, but his spirit is a s strong as ever. H is parting message was: “ N kadim eng is n o t w orried. The struggle o f m y people goes on and 1 am sa tisfied"

Chieftainess Into The Hills

"The Second Kingdom Of Heaven"In B ushbuckridge we fou n d tw o , a t the tim e o f the Boer W ar. He

m ore M atlalas. O ne is M aem a M at- has been in banishm ent fo r twelve lala, now in his eighties. H e tells us years and has n o t seen his w ife or tha t he was a grow n m an w ith ca ttle | any m em ber o f his fam ily in that

THEY WAIT FOR THEIR HUSBANDS

t

In the C iskei, in K ingwilliam s- tow n, is M akw ena M atia la— the fo rm er C hieftainess o f the M atlalas. She has been there since 1950. W hen she was first called to the N ative C om m issioner's office in P ietersburg and told th a t she h ad to leave the M atla las fo r H am m ansk raal, she re ­fused to accept the banishm ent order.

“ H ow can I leave my go to a house w hich 1 have n o t built m yse lf?" she asked. She was told th a t she w ould have to go and tha t the police w ould call fo r her the nex t day. B ut w hen she saw the police vans arriving, she escaped in ­to the h ills and m ade h e r w ay to P retoria . T here she appealed to the N ative C om m issioner fo r assistance saying th a t th e au tho rities had driven h e r o u t o f M atlalas.

D E A F EA RT h e C om m issioner tu rned a deaf

e a r to h e r pleas. Shortly afterw ards

arrested although she had not been in the a rea a t the time.

The tribesm en bailed her o u t for R400, believing that she would then be ab le to go back hom e. But she was banished forthw ith to King- w illiam stow n and n o t allow ed lo set foo t in the M atlalas Reserve.

In K ingw illiam stow n, she was given a house in the tow nship b u t

ar,d, because she not speak a word of X hosa, she was unable to app roach h e r neighbours fo r help . T he authorities h ad given her a few m ealies and when she asked them fo r w ood to m ake a fire, she was told th a t she would have to buy i t

Since she had no money she was unable to procure any food fo r her­self and d id not eat fo r fo u r wholedays. Soon afterw ards a few villa­gers beard th a t she w as there and b rought her food.

T oday M akw ena M atia la is an upstanding, dignified w om an in her

w hen the m ass arrests took p lace sixties. She speaks w ith sorrow o f follow ing the ston ing to death o f | her sufferings b u t vows that her C h ief Joel M atiala, she too , was I heart is still w ith her people.

No Release Date For Pondos-

M aem a M atia la . who is over 80 years old. has been in exile fo r 12 and has not seen his wife o r fam ily all tha t time.

SHE WAS ONLY ACHILD

T.N 1953 M am o b tc la Seopa of x M atia la 's Location was oneo f those served with a banish­m ent o rder signed by “T he H onourable E rnest G eorge Jansen. D octor o f Laws, G ov­ernor-G eneral o f th e U nion o f South A frica ' o rdering her to forthw ith leave her hom e in the P ietersburg d istrict fo r Si- basa ‘there to reside a t a place to be indicated to you by the N ative Com m issioner . . . and not a t any tim e to leave Sibasa

w ith the written per­

m ission o f the S ecre tiry fo r N ative A ffairs.’

A t the tim e she was a girlo f 15 years o f age.

T he reason for exiling her was th a t she was ‘actively en­gaged in fom enting unrest and dissension in the trib e '; and her presence in P ietersburg was ‘inimical to the peace, o rder a nd good governm ent' o f the tribe.

Some good governm ent— fearful o f a young girl!

In D riefontein and Frenchdale there a re th ree new banished people. T hey a re : Solom on M adikisela, H a r­g reaves M bodla and Theophiluv Tshanganela.

They endured long draw n out trials w ithout bail and served va­rious term s o f im prisonm ent. D ur­ing this period M r. De W et Ncl had been sitting on their banishm ent orders and when they w ere dis­charged from jail these w ere served on them im m ediately.

T heophilus Tshangandela was re­leased from jail in April 1962. and banished to F renchdale tw o weeks thereafter.

B E L O N G IN G S D EST R O Y E D W e saw the ir wives and families

in Bizana and heard how they had suffered during the im prisonm ent of the ir husbands. But since the exile of these m en the ir plight is even worse, fo r they cannot look forw ard to any date when their husbands will be free again.

M rs. Tshanganela to ld us how, even before her husband w as im ­prisoned. their h u ts were burned down by o rd e r o f the C hief. All their belongings w ere in the hu ts a t the time. T oday M rs. Tshanganela huddles with her six children in a pondokkie which she has p u t up against the charred ru ins o f her ow n hom e. A t night Ihey cover them ­selves with sacks and endure the b itter cold.

Human Rights Welfare Committee

Som e of the wives o f the M atia la m en. photographed in the Reserve w here they live, abou t fo rty miles from I le lersbuig . I heir husbands have been banished fo r m any years.

T h e N ationalist G overnm en t has used th is w eapon o f banishm ent against m ore than 120 people during the past twelve years. O f these. 48 are still in exiU. D uring th e first ten years no th ing was known abou t them , except fo r occasional reports from such places as Frenchdale and D riefontein.

Y et a ll over Sou th A frica there w ere men. leaders o f the ir people, w ho had been to m aw ay from their fam ilies and flung into the rem otest com ers o f th is land. It is d e a r tha t the G overnm ent thought tha t these banishm ents cou ld be kept secret.

But today we know abou t them.

and thanks to the valian t work carried o u t by the m e m llr s o f the H um an R ights W elfare Com m ittee, assisted by Helen Suzm an in P arlia ­m ent. the M inister is no longer able to hide away th is d irty secret.

W e. in th e lib e ra tio n struggle, have allow ed these people to be fo rgo tten fo r too long. T oday we rem em ber them , an d it m ust be o u r task to m ak e up fo r the past by help ing them and tbeir fam ilies un til th e day we o u r­selves can set them free.

NEW AGE, THURSDAY, JULY 12, 1962

B.P.P. OFFICIALS USE STRONG-ARM TACTICS

S.A. Refugee Put Across BorderLOBATSI, Bechuanaland.

fF H E full story of the crisis created for the Bechuana­

land People’s Party by the actions of its president and vice- president, Messrs Motsete and Matante, is only now beginning to leak out.

The two officials of the party suspended the secretary-general, Mr. Motsomai Mpho, and the executive of the Lobatsi branch, but it was a decision taken by the two men act­ing alone, though there were five members of the BPP national execu­tive in Lobatsi the day the suspen­sions were ordered.

BPP branches and members are challenging the suspensions and de­manding:

# a delegate conference of the party where ihe dispute can be thrashed out;

% any charge against Mpho and the others to be put publicly;

9 if none or tnese steps are tanen, the election of a new BPP leadership.

1 his is the account of events sup­plied by our Lobatsi correspondent:

Messrs M atante and Modikwe called on Mr. iebalao , a Lobatsi branch official, tied his hands and teet, took him outside Lobatsi and demanded from him information about statements Mpno was alleged to have made that the BPP must follow only Mpho, and not Motsete and Matame. bebalao said: ‘I know nothing about this.’

ACROSS BORDER

Then, it is alleged, the two men took Maxwell Mlonyeni, a refugee from South Africa, across the bor­der, back into the Republic, and M atante said: ‘1 m ustn't see you in my country again. If you come back you will meet your death. Mlonyeni was left there.

The two men returned to Lobatsi and threatened Mr. John Motloung, also a refugee from South Africa, with the same fate.

Later that week-end the land- rover of the BPP was seized by members of the M atante-M otsete group, 'and the loudspeaker being used for a BPP meeting in Lobatsi was cut off.

Mpbo had a message to se^ Mr. Matante and when he met him his letter of suspension was produced— in the presence of a Protectorate detective, seemingly called to wit­ness the action.

PUBLIC MEETING

Mr. M atante then called a public meeting to explain the actions of his group. There was trouble in Bechu­analand, he said. He warned of people who had ‘a bad spirit.’ They were Communists, he alleged, and, refugees from South Africa.

From now on the BPP should call him, M atante, Commander-in-Chief. He would go on tying up the men with the bad spirit, and taking them across the border.

Mr. Motsete said: ‘You rmist follow Matante. He is a returned soldier. They— the people with the bad spirit—have spoiled things in Basutoland. Now they are jumping into Bechuanaland. I recognise M a­tante as the only man who can lead you to independence in Bechuana­land.’

TENSION

There is understood to be tension within the BPP because of awkward questions asked by M pho about money and the cost of the land rover, and Mr. M atante, the presi­dent, has absented himself from re­cent national executive meetings and

S U S P E N D E D

Mr. Motsomai Mpho

made democratic discussion difficult within the party.

The suspension of Mpho, and members of the Lobatsi branch are regarded as unconstitutional; and the acts of the M otsete-Matante group plain hooliganism.

Alone In The WorldDURBAN.

Thoko (right) is six years old and all alone. Her mother and her father are in hospital. Her three sisters are also in hospital. They have all fallen victims of the tragedy of Ma- gaba-Ngejubane, where over ten thousand people were ren­dered homeless as a result of Government action in demo­lishing their homes. (See last two issues of New Age.)

Here Thoko is seen sitting with her worldly possessions— all that was left of her parents’ home and belongings. People in the area were negotiating with the Bantu Child Welfare Society when this forlorn pic­ture was taken.

She is now housed at the Child Welfare Infants’ Home and her future is indeed bleak. Other instances of the prob­lems created by the demolitions are too numerous to mention. One case of a woman who fell dead when she saw her home of corrugated iron flying as the bulldozers ploughed through the township was also reported to New Age. Due to the con­fusion in this area ofHespair, it is difficult to check all the reports that are coming through.

There are still hundreds liv­ing in the open—many have been doing so for almost two weeks. i

SEQUEL TO BOYCOTT

BPP SUED FOR R2.000

CHEAP LABOUR AT FORT HARE

Non-White Staff On 'Temporary' BasisDURBAN.

fp H E Nationalist occupation of Fort Hare brought in its

wake a number of resignations and dismissals from the staff of this world-renowned university. The latest dismissal from the staff of this institution is Mr. W. T. Mbete, who worked in the Library Department of the College.

Mr. Mbete, who had been on the staff for three years was, despite the period of his service, on probation. This, it is understood, is the case with all non-White lecturers. It is an open secret with those connected with the University that the reason for this is because the Government wants to control the staff of the College. Permanent employment means that the staff will come under the control of the College Council and this the Government does not want.

There is no appeal within the draconic code under which the Col­lege operates. These regulations only apply to the non-White staff and students.

NO SECURITYThere is no security of tenure of

office for any one of them, especial­ly as the Government may lengthen periods of probation. In other words, the non-White staff is kept in office only so long as they satisfy the Government that they do not think independently and they do nothing that is contrary to the Government’s Apartheid policy.

What is more, the dismissal of Mr. Mbete makes it obvious that anyone so dismissed is given only one month’s notice, whereas those

on the permanent staff have to be given a year’s notice of dismissal.

MUST MOVEIn Mr. M bete's case, as in the case

of other non-W hite lecturers, dis­missed personnel must leave the College with all their belongings within the period of one month.

Mr. Mbete, who lived in Durban before his appointment, had to move with his family and personal effects to the Cape. Now he has to return to Durban with his wife and eight children, one of whom is doing his Matric at the end of this year. This means that he will now have to find a new school for his son to attend, thus disturbing his education.

By keeping the African staff in­definitely on a tem porary basis, the Government also have the power to retain their contribution to the Pen­sion Fund, thus increasing the am ount in the Fund for the more favoured White staff.

These are conditions under which the tribal universities are governed. It is yet another example of the cheap labour policy of the Nation­alist Government.

FRANCISTOWN. irp H E Bechuanaland People’s

Party is being sued forR2,000 for loss of trade caused Levitt Brothers as a result of the BPP call for a boycott of the firm.

An African employee of the firm alleged that one of the partners had made derogatory remarks against Africans. BPP officials asked for an apology but when the partners re­fused, organised a picket of the premises. Business in the shop came to a standstill. The District Com ­missioner tried to make peace, but in vain.

Foreign Bosses in Kenya Must Go

—KenyattaJomo Kenyatta, president of the

Kenya African N ational U nion, at a rally held by the party in Nairobi recently, demanded that foreign military bases be removed from Kenya, according to a report from Nairobi. In his address he said that Kenya wanted positive neutrality.

rINTERDICTED

The boycott had an echo in the session of the Legislative Council when the government was askedwhat action it would take to stop boycotts.

The reply of the government secretary was that from information available to him the boycott of Levitt Brothers was illegal but not a criminal offence. For that reason government action could be con­fined only to attempts at concilia­tion. The matter of civil action against the boycotters was a course open to the injured party.

Levitt Brothers have obtained a temporary interdict against the boy­cotters, and the boycott has been called off in the meantime.

Workmen s Compensation Scandal{>Continued from page 1)

“SACTU finds it remarkable,” said Mrs. Altman, a SACTU official,

that all trace of African workers is so easily lost when money is due to them in spite of the fact that they are so heavily tagged by passes, thumb-prints, identity numbers and all the other red tape of apartheid. If an African does not pay his poll tax, he is very easily found!

“ It is outrageous that the W ork­men’s Compensation Comm issioner Mr. J. P. G robelaar, when inter­viewed by a representative of a local Johannesburg newspaper, could make a statement to the effect that ‘there is something about an A fri­can—call it superstition if you like —that makes him flee from the job or the place where he is injured Qn duty.’

ENDORSED OUT“The reason why so many thou­

sands of workers lose their money is because they lose their jobs due to injuries and are endorsed out of the urban areas. SACTU has according­ly written to the W orkmen’s Com­pensation Commissioner asking him to demand that the employers give the full name and surname of their workers. In addition, the permanent address of next-of-kin should be submitted.”

The same letter was sent to various employers’ associations, chambers of commerce etc. Various large organisations employing men whose names appeared on the list in

the Gazette, have been contacted by SACTU and informed of the out­standing amounts owing to their em­ployees. who are now untraceable. They have been urged to make efforts to trace these men and in­form them of the compensation due to them.

THANKS TO SACTU

MR. PIET PEKEUR is one of the few who did get his workmen’s com­pensation money—R81-32 for an

injured hand.

^ E w I io m e^FO R COLOUREDS ^ / / ,

T O — .h e serio u s s h o „ , g e o f ‘ / * ] 7 A '

Coloureds, th e M anagem ent Co U8 ng dm° ng l" e ci,y’«nesburg Council a u th o r ia l the cT e" " * ^ Joha-

in nS U ^ " ' " ' ™"'C' " a>

kSXw£ryZ‘i~T p,*“«rentals would be R2n because m°nth, it wls r i S ° r m°re asemi-detached dwpin.? builtlstorey low-coft gs or d°uble-

Partm ent°h"aslldm ear| , Affalrs De-

» * V .‘

HOMES f o r 800

I people, Should’ hp° hoUs.e ab°ut 800 . than the or!gina] fm f teCi sooner scheme. rlglnaI four-storey fiat’ I Application has hoc,; the National Housing o made to 11 for funds Xhp ” f Commissioni occupy a slum area 'In «SS wiil

The remainder af t l ^ ewclare.. will continue unrw township i ship. Ue under Private owner-

M

—

N on-European m en t has se t

LakeAfrican Affairs Reporter

CEVERAL hundred A fricans ® have already applied to build th e ir own “quality hom es’ a t Moroka — planned as Jo h a n ­nesburg’s fu tu re “non-W hite Parktow n.”

On sloping ground overlooking a big artific ia l lake, th e

RICANS A PPLY TO BUILD ‘QUALITY

‘exclusive township

A ffairs D epart- aside about 640

sites for hom e-builders. T he sites a re m uch larger th a n th e usual tow nship plots.

T he D epartm ent hopes th a t the a rea will become th e most exclusive of th e south-w est townships, a ttrac tin g A fricans able to spend up to R20.000 on homes.

More th a n 200 A fricans who a re due to be moved from

W estern Native Township, last of th e so-called “black spots” to be cleared, have applied for M oroka sites.

T hey will have to subm it th e ir building p lans to th e D epart­m ent, and will no t be allowed to erect houses costing less th a n R900. The D epartm ent hopes th a t th e average cost of houses will be “considerably more.”

Housing loans up to R400, in th e form of building m aterials, a re likely to be available.

The lake will be developed as a picnic spot. Lawns and trees will be p lanted , and the lake will be stocked w ith fish.

B oating facilities and a te a ­room m ay be provided.

M oroka was form erly one of S ou th A frica’s w orst slum areas.

R V l'nesday, July 26, 1961. Q

CHILDREN HAVE TO WALK 6

MILES TO SCHOOL

Staff Reporter

F ’E-YEAR-OLD children have to walk more than

six miles each day to school — because the Transvaal Education Department will not allow a school to be opened for them near their homes.The five-year-olds a re among

nearly 450 In d ian schoolchildren who live in K liptown, Johannes­burg. About 200 of the children are said *to be five to ten year- olds.

Pour years ago, a school was being built for them in K liptown. T he foundations had already been la id w hen i t was le a rn t th a t th e area was to be zoned for W hites under th e G roup A reas Act, and building stopped.

PARENTS OFFERSince then , the children have

had to a tten d school a t Lenasia several miles away. D aily they walk up to 2i miles to K liptow n station, and ano ther mile from Lenasia sta tion to school.

The paren ts have approached the Education D epartm en t w ith a n offer to provide suitable prim ary school prem ises a t K liptown. T he answ er: K liptow n is a proclaim ed W hite group area. N othing can be done.

According to th e G roup Areas Board, no date has been set for the rem oval of Ind ians from the area. They will only go w hen a l­ternative accom m odation is avail­able, an official said yesterday.

Indians tofightAreais p]an

i S taff Keporter; \E L S P R U I T Ind ians called a I

) a p p r o v e d ° p ? 0p S l B h v r d t Hr e c e n t l y jI town council fo r thp r i ^oc^l I Nelspruit. th e rePlanm ng of

th f r e m o v a /o f lnd°P05a lS Cal1 forPresenrpositon In n11S fr°m theirof Coloureds Afvi m ixed area “ reds, A fricans and Asians

SITE ‘IDEAL’

r l a f ? te^ S tf° ^ m d e y th a t I

i t IS d o s» to the town d th a t

th lV m Z n T t^ tn WantS t0 movea rea fa r ftom yt hi° an alI' rndian to an isolated ^ te o T e r io o k ^ V h ''sewage farm , or n ea r thp the

| l0^ i0« outside t h r o w n . AfnCanthe tow n’s In d ia m ’ Sp° kesm an for "We will opr>ose fhp h yesterday,unacceptable to tbZ Tn f ™6' U ism unity the Ind lan com-

t i o n T t o ^ h e ^ a r d 11 dUal ° bjec-it.” Boaid. We will fight

Collection Number: AD1137

FEDERATION OF SOUTH AFRICAN WOMEN 1954-1963

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