vendor khmer report final - weebly

lk;dUredIm,ICIvitrs;

Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSarkñúgTIrYmextþ kMBg;camRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbBn§½

KMeragviPaKbBaðaGPivDÆn_ (ADI)

sikçakamCMnan;TI 18 nigGñkbNþúHbNþal

vicäika 2008

lk;dUredIm,ICIvitrs; Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar kñúgTIrYmextþkMBg;cam RbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvit enAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbBn§½

KMeragviPaKbBaðaGPivDÆn_ sikçakam ¬CMnan;TI 18¦ nigRkumeGDIGay

Ex vicäika qñaM2008

2

matikaerOg esckIþEføgGMNrKuN................................................................................. 3 esckIþsegçbrYm.......................................................................................4 esckIþepIþm ...........................................................................................5 karyl;dwgGMBIesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ ......................................................................... 5 Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSarkñúgRkugPñMeBj.................................................................15 TisedAénkarRsavRCav.................................................................................18 viFIsaRsþénkarRsavRCav ..............................................................................18

lT§plrkeXIj nigkarviPaK....................................................................... 19 RbvtiþerOgr:avrbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar .............................................................19 skmµµPaBTIpSar nigdMeNIrkarénkarlk;dUr .............................................................. 21 kEnøglk; nigkarbg;éføQñÜlpSar ......................................................................33

esckþIsnñidæan ..................................................................................... 39 Gnusasn_sRmab;karerobcMeKalneya)ay........................................................... 44 ]bsm<½n§§ 1³ sikçakameGDIGay nigGñkbNþúHbNþal ...................................................... 45 bBa¢IÉksarRsavRCavknøgmkrbs;KMerageGDIGay...................................................... 46

3

esckIþEføgGMNrKuN

Rkum ADI nigsikçakamRsavRCavsUmsMEdgnUvGMNrKuN y:agRCaleRCAcMeBaHGñklk;dUrxñattUc enATIpSar enApSarsalacin pSarRkmYn nigpSarbwgkuk naTIrYmextþkMBg;camEdl)ancMNayeBlevla Eck rMElknUverOgr:av nigbTBiesaFn_rbs;BYkKat;. RkumRsavRCavk¾sUmEføgGMNrKuN cMeBaHKN³kmµaFikarpSar Edl)anshkarN_ enAkñúgkarRsavRCavenH. elakRsI Kyoko Kusakabe énviTüasßanbec©kviTüaGasIu (AIT) Edl)anpþl;nUvr)aykarN_RsavRCavrbs;Kat; nigcUlrYmkñúgkarBiPakSa CamYyRkum ADI kñúgeBl knøgmkpgEdr. fµI²enHeTotelakbNÐit Hossein Jalilian EdlCanaykRsavRCav énviTüasßan bNþúH bNþal nigRsavRCav edIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDRI) )anpþl;»kasdl;Rkum ADI eFVIbTbgðajnUvrbk KMehIj enAÉkic©RbCMutumUl enA CDRI pgEdr. karpþl;eyabl; nigkarelIkCasMNYrBIsMNak;GñkcUlrYm enAkñúgkic©RbCMutumUl )anCYyeGayRkumRsavRCav bMeBjbEnßmnUvkarviPaKrbs;xøÜn. dUceBlknøgmkEdr Rkum ADI sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaH elak fa supl buKÁlikGgÁkar KN³kmµaFikarshRbtibtþikaredIm,I km<úCa CCC Edl)anCYyerobcM PsþúPaepSg²enAkñúgdMeNIrkarénvKÁbNþúHbNþalGMBIkarRsavRCav TaMgmUl.

4

esckIþsegçbrYm

karRsavRCavrbs;KMerag ADIenH maneKalbMNgEsVgyl;GMBIrebobRbkbmuxrbrciBa©wmCIvit nig karRbQmmuxepSg²rbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar naTIrYmextþkMBg;cam enAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbBn§½. CaBiess TisedARsavRCavCak;lak;KW edIm,IcgRkgRbvtiþerOgr:av rbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSarkñúgTIrYm extþkMBg;cam nigBinitüemIlskmµPaBTIpSar nigdMeNIrkarénkarlk;rbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUc RBmTaMg Gegát bBaðaTak;TgnwgTIkEnøglk;dUr nigkarbg;éføpSar.karRsavRCavenHRtUv)ansmÖasn_CamYy Gñklk;bEnø EpøeQI nig RtI EdlrYmTaMgGs;man 215 nak; kñúgpSarcMnYn3énTIrYm extþkMBg;cam. bEnßmelIenH mankar smÖasn_EbbsIuCMerACamYybuKÁlsMxan;² edayeRbIkaEstftsMelgCamYyGñklk;dUredaypÞal; nig mRnþI KN³kmµFikarpSar.

CarYmlT§plrkeXIjenAkñúgkarRsavRCavGMBIGñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar enATIrYmextþkMBg;cam KW manPaBRsbKña eTAnwgÉksarRsavRCavsþIBIGñklk;dUrxñattUc enATIRkugPñMeBj. eTaHbIfaGñklk;dUrxñattUc eFVIkarCaeRcInem:ag rYmcMENky:agsMxan;kñúgkarrkR)ak;cMNUlsRmab;RKYsark¾eday k¾karxVHcMeNHdwg nig CMnaj karxVHedImTun nigkarxVHkMlaMgBlkmµCYyeFVIkar naMeGaymanplitPaBkñúgkMritTab nigplcMeNj k¾tic ehIy)annaMeGayBYkKat;PaKeRcIn manCIvPaBRKan;Etrs;BImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶b:ueNÑaH. elIsBIenHeTA eTot karRbkbmuxrbrkñúgsßanPaBpøÚvc,ab;minc,as;las; ehIysßitenAeRkArgVg;c,ab;kargarpgenaH eFVIeGay BYkKat;gayrgeRKaH eTAnwgbBaðaepSg²EdlKat;CYbRbTH. dUecñHkarRsavRCavenH cg;eGay rdæaPi)al begáItnUveKalneya)ay nigpþÜcepþImnUvdMeNIrkarCaeRcInedIm,ICMrujshRKaseRkARbBn§½eGay Qan cUleTAkñúgesdækic©kñúgRbBn§½kan;EteRcIneLIg. skmµPaBénkarlk;dUrenAtamTIpSar manPaBeRkA pøÚvkareRcIn dUecñHtRmUv[rdæaPi)alnigsgÁmsIuvilykcitþTukdak;y:agxøaMgkøaedIm,IbegáInplitPaBrbs; shRKasTaMgenaH nigelIkkMBs;siT§irbs;GñkeFVIkarenAkñúgshRKasenaH edayEp¥ktamsiT§ikmµkr Caskl.

5

esckIþepIþm

karRsavRCavenH BinitüemIleTAelIsßanPaBGñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar enAkñúgTIrYmextþkMBg;cam EdlBYkKat;min)ancuHbBa¢ItUbb¤ran CamYyGaCJaFrpSar ehIyCaGñklk;TMnijenAtamkEnøgTMenrsaFarN³ enApSaredIm,IciBa©wmCIvit nig BYkKat;RbQmmuxeTAnwgbBaðananaCaeRcIn enAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§. kar RsavRCavenH cab;epþImedayelIkeT,IgGMBI sBaØaNTUeTAénesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ ehIybnÞab;mk pþl;kar BiPakSaGMBIlkçN³TUeTA karrYmcMENk nig kgVHkargarsmrmüenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§enAkm<úCa. eRkABI enH mansMrg;GtßbTRsavRCavedaysegçbsþIBI Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSarkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj EdlB½t’man TaMgenH )anCYysMrYldl;karkMNt;TisedA nig viFIsaRsþRsavRCav énkarsikSaRsavRCavenH.

karyl;dwgGMBIesdækic©eRkARbB½n§

esdæviTUCaeRcIn)anGHGagfa karpÁt;pÁg;kmøaMgBlkmµenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_PaKeRcInminman EdnkMNt;eT ehIykMlaMgBlkmµTaMgenHnwgRtUv)anRsUbTaj enAeBlEdlvis½y]sSahkmµTMenIbmankar rIkduHdal. enHCakarGHGagEdlTTYl\T§iBlBITsSn³rbs;elak William Arthur Lewis EdlCaC½ylaPI rgVan;NUEbl. b:uEnþpÞúyBIkarBüakrN_enH eK)andwgfa : vis½yeRkARbB½n§ : mankarrIklUtlas;Cabnþ bnÞab;enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. enARsbeBlEdlBakü : vis½yeRkARbB½n§ : RtUv)aneRbIkan;EteRcIn eLIg² eKk¾)anpøas;bþÚrmkeRbIR)as;Bakü : esdækic©eRkARbB½n§ : vijedaysMedAeTAelIPaBcMruHénRbB½n§enH dUcCa kmµkrnigshRKaseRkARbB½n§CaeRcInRbePT nigedIm,IbgðajeGayeXIjc,as;GMBIPaBR)aRs½yKña eTAvijeTAmk rvagesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ nigesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§. enAeBlbc©úb,nñenH edaysarPaBsßitesßrén esdækic©eRkARbB½n§ eKminGaccat;Tukfa vaCaRbB½n§esdækic©mYy EdlmanlkçN³beNþaHGasnñenaHeT. CagenHeTot skmµPaBeRkARbB½n§rYmman shRKasedIm,IR)ak;cMeNj nigshRKastUctac )anbegáIt kargar nigcMNUl ehIy)anpþl;lT§PaBdl;GtifiCnkñúgkarTijTMnij nigesvakmµEdlmantémøefak1.

ehtuplTaMgLaysMrab;kMeNInesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ manTMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigmankar RtYtKña nab:unµanTsvtSfµI²enH. ehtuplTaMgenHman ³ 1¦- karRsUbykkMlaMgBlkmµEdlmaneRcIn elIslb;enAmankMritenAeT,Iy³ eBalKW vis½yksikmµ nigplitkmµmansmtßPaBtictYc kñúgkarRsUbyk cMnYnGñkEsVgrkkargareFVIEdlecHEtekIneLIg 2¦- r)aMgénkarQancUleTAkñúg esdækic©kñúgRbB½n§³ mandUcCa

1 Becker, Kristina Floodman, esdækic©eRkARbB½n§ TIRkugsþúkxum GgÁkar sIuda qñaM 2004

6

éføedImx<s;eBk lkçxNÐc,ab;eRcIneBk nigGMeBIBukrlYy CMruj[kmµkr nig shRKasRtUvbnþsßitenA eRkARbB½n§dEdl 3¦- PaBkMesayénsßab½n³ sßab½npøÚvkarminmansmtßPaB RKb;RKan;enAkñúgkarpþl; karGb;rM karbNþúHbNþal ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigminmankarelIkTwkcitþepSg² sMrab;kMENTRmg; rcnasm<½n§enaHeT 4¦- PaBGt;kargareFVI³ kar)at;bg;kargarenAkñúgvis½ysaFarN³naMeGayGñk eFVIkar ¼kmµkr RtUvbgçMcitþcUleTAbMerIenAkñúgkargareRkARbB½n§ 5¦- sklPavUbnIykmµ KitKUrEteTAelI mUlFnniym¬plcMeNj¦ CaCageTAelIkMlaMgBlkmµ³ lMnaMvinieyaKnigBaNiC¢kmµ skl manTMenareTA rkEpñkmUlFn ¬plcMeNj¦ nigminKitBIkarpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_eTAdl;kMlaMgBlkmµeT 6¦- tRmUvkarTMnij Edlmantémøefak³ kmµkrEdleFVIkarenAkñúgRkumh‘unpøÚvkar manesckþIRtUvkarenAkñúgkarTijTMnij nig eRbIR)as;esvakmµEdlmantMélefak 7¦- rdæaPi)alKµankarebþCJacitþb¤xVHkaryl;dwg - rdæaPi)alCaeRcIn min)aneFVIGnþraKmn_ edaysarEtrMBwgfa esdækic©eRkARbB½n§nwgFøak;cuHbnþicmþg² 8¦- PaBRkIRk nig karlM)akEpñkesdækic©³ cMNakRsuk bNþalmkBIPaBRkIRk nig plb:HBal;énemeraKhIuv¼eGds_ man ninñakarbegáIncMnYnmnusSenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ nig 9¦- RsþICaeRcIncUleTAkñúgTIpSarBlkmµ³ mankMeNIn kmµkr nigshRKinEdlCaRsþIEtmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaH Edl)ane)aHCMhancUleTAkñúgesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§2.

PaBpÞúyKñaénesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ nigesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§

eyagtamGtßn½yTUlMTUlay Baküfa esdækic©eRkARbB½n§ KWCacMENkmYyénesdækic©TIpSarEdlman lkçN³ minpøÚvkarnigminmanEbbbTc,ab;RtwmRtUv ehIyRbB½n§enHplitTMnij nigesvakmµsRmab;lk;dUr b¤ sRmab;TRmg; énkarcayvayEbbepSgeTot. dUcenHBakü : esdækic©eRkARbB½n§ :sMedAelIral;skmµPaB esdækic©Edl begáIteLIgedaykmµkrnieyaCit nigGgÁPaBesdækic© EdlminRtUv)anKaMRT b¤mankarKaMRTEdl min)aneBjeljtampøÚvc,ab; edaysßab½npøÚvkarenaHeT eTaHCatamc,ab; b¤tamkarGnuvtþCak;Esþgk¾ eday3. pÞúyeTAvij Rkumh‘unenAkñúgvis½ykñúgRbB½n§ RtUv)anEbgEckc,as;las; tamry³karpþl;kargar eGayeFVI Edlmankic©snüakargar edaymanEcgCak;lak;GMBIsiT§i krNIkic© zananuRkm TMnYlxusRtUv niglkçxNÐCYl nigbeNþjecj. kmµkrnieyaCitRtUv)ankarBaredayc,ab;kargar EdlRtUvCMrujeGay Gnuvtþn_ nig elIkkMBs; edayGgÁkar b¤Rkumh‘unrbs;BYkeKpÞal;. eRkamlkçxNÐTaMgenH buKÁlnimYy²

2 Becker, esdækic©eRkARbB½n§


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lk;Blkmµrbs;xøÜneTA[Rkumh‘unNamYy eTAtameBlevlakMNt;Cak;lak;NamYy ehIyTTYl)anmkvij nUvR)ak;ExCaeTogTat;4 .

niymn½yBisþarénesdækic©eRkARbB½n§rbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ¬ILO¦ RKbdNþb;TaMgGgÁPaB plitkmµ nig Epñkkargar ¬sUmemIlkñúgRbGb;xageRkam¦. cMeBaHPaBminpøÚvkar b¤ eRkARbB½n§énGgÁPaB plitkmµ sMedAeTAelIkarminRKbdNþb;edaysßitipøÚvkarrbs;Cati ehIyminGaceRbIR)as;nUvFnFanEdlpþl; edaysßab½nrdæ nig ÉkCn RBmTaMgminGnuvtþn_tamy:ageBjeljeTAtamc,ab; b¤ bTbBa¢aenaHeT. rIÉ PaBminpøÚvkar b¤eRkARbB½n§énEpñkkargarvij sMedAeTAelIkmµkrnieyaCitEdleFVIkarenAkñúgshRKasTaMgkñúg RbB½n§ nig eRkARbB½n§ minRtUv)anRbkasCacMhr ehIyk¾minTTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_sgÁmEdlkMNt; enA kñúgc,ab;enaHEdr5.

niymn½yénesdækic©eRkARbB½n§rbs;GgÁkar ILO

CaGgÁPaBEdlmanTMhMtUctac EdlplitnigEckcayTMnijnigesvakmµ nigCaGgÁPaBEdlman Gñkplit manlkçN³ÉkraCüRKb;RKgedayxøÜnÉg manGñkplitÉkraCüxøHeTotk¾ CYlkmøaMgBlkmµenAkñúg smaCikRKYsar rbs;xøÜn nig¼b¤CYlkmµkr b¤kUnCagmYycMnYntUc. CaGgÁPaBRbtibtþi edayeRbIedImTuntictYc bMputb¤mineRbIesaH edayeRbIbec©kviTüa nigCMnajkMritTabEdlbegáIt)anplitPaBBIRbtibtþikar rbs;xøÜntictYc nigCaTUeTAman cMNUlmineTogTat; nig)antictYcbMput nigmankargareFVIminfitefr. GgÁPaBTaMgenH enAeRkARbB½n§kñúgn½y Edlfa mYyEpñkFMminmancuHbBa¢I nigkt;RtaenAkñúgsßitiCapøÚvkar . BYkeKGacman lT§PaBtictYc b¤Kµan»kascUl eTAkñúgRbB½n§TIpSarEdlmankarerobcMRtwmRtUv RBmTaMgman»kastictYc b¤ KµankñúgkarTTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_ BIsßab½n\NTan k¾dUcCasßab½nGb;rMb¤bNþúHbNþalkñúgRbB½n§ b¤BIesva saFarN³enaHeT,Iy. BYkeKminRtUv)an TTYlsÁal; KaMRT b¤ tRmUveGayGnuvtþn_tamc,ab;BIsMNak;rdæaPi)alenaHeT. BYkeKRtUvRbkbrbrenH enAeRkA Rkbx½NÐc,ab; ehIysUm,IEtBYkeK)ancuHbBa¢I nigeKarB eTAtamEpñkxøHénc,ab;kþI BYkeKesÞIrEtminGacTTYl)an nUvkic©karBarEpñksgÁm Epñkc,ab;kargar nigviFankarkarBarenAkEnøgeFVIkareTot.

RbPB³ GgÁkar ILO lkçxNÐeyagsMrab;karRsavRCavtamry³sMrg;GtßbT¼kUnesovePAsþIBI kargarsmrmüenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§enAkm<úCa. GgÁkar ILO KMeragesdækic©eRkARbB½n§¼PaBRkIRk nig kargar. ILO qñaM 2004 EdlmanesckþIdkRsg;enAkñúgviTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa sþIBI kargarsmrmüenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§enAkm<úCa³ sMrg;GtßbTRsavRCav cuHpSayenATIRkug)agkk edayGgÁkar ILO qñaM 2006 . 4

Portes, Alejandro, {vis½yeRkARbB½n§ ³ niymn½y KMnitepSg²Kña nig TMnak;TMngcMeBaHkarGPivDÆCati} TsSnavdþI v:ul7 elx1 qñaM1983 5 GgÁkar ILO lkçxNÐeyagsMrab;karRsavRCavtamry³sMrg;GtßbT¼kUnesovePAsþIBI kargarsmrmüenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§enAkm<úCa . GgÁkar ILO KMeragesdækic©eRkARbB½n§¼PaBRkIRk nig kargar. ILO qñaM 2004 EdlmanesckþIdkRsg;enAkñúgviTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa sþIBI kargarsmrmüenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§enAkm<úCa³ sMrg;GtßbTRsavRCav cuHpSayenATIRkug)agkk edayGgÁkar ILO qñaM 2006 .

8

GgÁkar ILO )ancat;cMNat;fñak;kmµkrnieyaCit énesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ CabIEpñksMxan;²KW 1¦-nieyaCkénshRKasxñattUc eRCIserIsnieyaCitkmµkreFVIkarEt2-3nak; 2¦-GñkEdleFVIkargarpÞal;eday xøÜnÉg b¤CanieyaCkEdlKµanR)ak;Ex nigTI 3¦- kmµkrnieyaCitEdleFVIkarenAkñúgshRKasxñattUc b¤GñkTaMgT,ayNa ¬dUcCaGñkeFVIkarenAtampÞH b¤ Gñkem:AkartUctac¦ EdleFVIkaredayKµannieyaCk BitR)akd b¤ Kµankic©snüac,as;las;6 . eyagtamkarEbgEckenH eKGaccat;Tuk Gñklk;dUrxñattUc enATIpSar CaGñkEdleFVIkargarpÞal;edayxøÜnÉg .

TMnak;TMngrvagesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ nigesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§

manTsSn³bIsMxan;Bak;B½n§nwgTMnak;TMngrvagesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ nigesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§ KWRbB½n§TaMg BIr enAdac;BIKña (Dualists) RbB½n§TaMgBIrTak;TgKñaEtpøÚvc,ab; (Legalists) nig RbB½n§TaMgBIrTak;TgKña tamrcnasm<½n§ (Structuralists). GñkEdlcat;Tukfa RbB½n§TaMgBIrenAdac;BIKña yl;eXIjfaesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ Caesdækic©bnÞab;bnSMedayELk EdlminTak;TgpÞal;CamYyesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§eT ehIyesdækic©eRkARbB½n§enH RKan;Et pþl;cMNUl b¤sMNaj;suvtßiPaB sMrab;GñkRkIRkb:ueNÑaH. cMeBaHGñkEdlcat;Tukfa RbB½n§TaMgBIr Tak;TgKñaEtpøÚvc,ab; elIkehtuplfa CeRmIssmRsbsRmab;shRKinxñattUc KWkarbnþsßitenAkñúgkargar eRkARbB½n§ CaCagcMNayluykak;eRcIn sRmab;karbMeBjEbbbT eTAtamlkçN³kariyaFibetyürbs;rdæ. rIÉ GñkEdlcat;Tukfa RbB½n§TaMgBIrTak;TgKñatam rcnasm<½n§ Kitfaesdækic©eRkARbB½n§KWsßitenAeRkam esdækic©kñúgRbB½n§ Edlmann½yfaGñkmUlFnniyménesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§ eqøotykRbeyaCn_ BIplitkr b¤GaCIvkrtUctac EdlCaGñksßitenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ kñúgeKalbMNgkat;bnßykarcMNayrbs;xøÜn eGayenAkMritTab7.

TMnak;TMngekIneLIgrvagesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ nigesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§kan;EtmanPaBc,as;eLIg² eRBaHfa esdækic©eRkARbB½n§ BwgEp¥kelIsMPar³epSg² EdlplitedayRkumh‘unnanaénesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§enaH EdlenH CakarebIkeGaymanskmµPaBTIpSar ehIyEdlnaMeGaymanlMhUrsac;R)ak; BIesdækic©eRkARbB½n§cUleTAkñúg esdækic©kñúgRbB½n§8. edaysaresdækic©eRkARbBn§½Gacpþl;nUvTMnij nigesvakmµenAkñúgtémøTab Cagesdækic© 6 GgÁkar ILO lkçxNÐeyagsMrab;karRsavRCavtamry³sMrg;GtßbT¼kUnesovePAsþIBI kargarsmrmüenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§enAkm<úCa . 7 Chen, Martha Alterker, Renana Jhabvala, and Frances Lun, karKaMRTkmµkrenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§³ RkbxNÐ½eKalneya)ay TIRkughSIENv GgÁkar ILO qñaM 2002

8 Wellings, Paul and Michael Sutcliffe {karGPivDÆvis½yeRkARbB½n§kñúgTIRkugenAGaRhVikxagt,Úg ³ lMnaMkMENTRmg;viTU nigCMenOxusqÁgrbs; xøÜn {karGPivDÆn_ nigkarpøas;bþÚr } v:ul14 elx4 qñaM1984

9

kñúgRbBn§½ dUcenHehIyeTIbbNþaRkumh‘unnanaénesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§ GacCYlkmµkrkñúgtMélTab)an. elIsBI enHeTAeTot R)ak;kMérénkmµkrEdleFVIkarenAkñúgesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§ GacsßitkñúgkRmitTab)an eRBaHfakmøaMg Blkmµrbs;Rkumh‘unmYycMnYn KWRsUbykmkBIGñkeFVIkar eRkARbB½n§EdlmanéføBlkmµTab. dUecñH karCYl kmµkrnieyaCittamry³GñkcuHkic©snüabnþ nigkarbBa¢Ún TMnijtamry³bNþajTak;TgCamYyGaCIvkrxñattUc EdleFVIkargarGVI²edayxøÜnÉgenaH naMeGayRkumh‘unnana énesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§ GacrkSacMnYnbuKÁlikpøÚvkar kñúgkMritTabmYy ehIykñúgeBlenaHbnþeRbIBlkreRkARbB½n§ kñúgrUbPaBlYclak;9;. tamry³karelIksÞÜy TIpSarBlkmµEdlmanlkçN³bt;Ebn)an nigtamry³karRsUb ykBlkmµEdlGackat;ecjBIvis½y esdækic©kñúgRbB½n§pgenaH dUecñHesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ k¾GacCYYyCMrujdl; kMeNInesdækic©TIpSarpgEdr10.

karpøas;bþÚrBIesdækic©eRkARbB½n§eTACaesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§

rdæaPi)al)aneRbIR)as;viFIsaRsþEdlKitfaRbB½n§TaMgBIr¬esdækic©eRkARbB½n§ nigesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§¦ enAdac;BIKñaGs;ry³eBlCayUryarNas;mkeehIy nig)anGnuvtþn_eTAtamkarsnñidæanEdlfa kalNa esdækic©kñúgRbBn§½mankarrIkcMerIneLIg enaHesdækic©eRkARbB½n§nwgRtUv)at;bg;CabeNþIr²edayxøÜnÉg. kar snñidæanenH )annaM[manPaBlMeGogeTArkeKalneya)ayEdlelIkkMBs;esdækic©kñúgRbB½n§ CaCagesdækic© eRkARbBn§½. rdæaPi)alRtUvbegáIteKalneya)ayCaeRcIn EdlTTYlsÁal;sar³sMxan;rbs;esdækic© eRkARbB½n§ nigRbsinebIcaM)ac; eFVIkarrwtbNþwgnigbegáItc,ab;edIm,I RKb;RKgRbB½n§enH EteKalneya)ay TaMgenaH PaKeRcInRtUvepþateTAelIkkarelIkkMBs;plitPaB nigbegáInsßanPaBkargar rbs;GñkEdleFVIkarenA kñúgvis½yesdækic©eRkARbB½n§11. dUcEdl)anEcgenAkñúgsnñisITBlkmµGnþrCatielIk TI89 naExmifuna qñaM2001³ : bBaðaRbQmCamUldæan Edl)anelIkeLIgKWrebob eFVIsmahrNkmµénesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ eTAkñúgesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§. bBaðaEdlRbQmTaMgenaHKW sMedAeTAelIbBaðaénsmFm’ nigsamKÁIPaBsgÁm. eKalneya)ayRtUvEtelIkTwkcitþ[manclnapøas;bþÚrecjBIesdækic©eRkARbB½n§. karKaMRTcMeBaH RkumEdl eFVIkarenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ KYrEtTTYl)ankarKaMRTEpñkhirBaØvtßúBIsgÁmTaMgmUl. :

karpøas;bþÚrBIesdækic©eRkARbB½n§eTArkesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§ KWmandMeNIrkareTACabeNþIr² ehIybBaða RbQmenaHKWenARtg;dMeNIrkarpþÜcepþImEdlGacKaMRTshRKas edIm,IQancUleTAkñúg esdækic©kñúgRbB½n§

9 Portes, Alejandro nig John Walton, {Blkmµ cMNat;fñak; nigRbB½n§GnþrCati jUy:k ³ sarB½t’manGb;rM 1981



10

¬sUmemIlrUbTI1¦. edIm,IeGayshRKinxñattUcGace)aHCMhancUleTAkñúgesdækic©kñúgRbBn§½)an tMrUvkardMbUg KWeGayBYkeK ecHeFVIkarviPaKsßanPaBesdækic© rYmCamYynwgkarviPaKBIcMNUl-cMNay edIm,IeGay BYkeK GacrkSa)ankarcMNayTab CagplRbeyaCn_EdlTTYl)an. dUecñH manshRKasxøH nwgeRCIserIs ykkarcUlrYmEtenAkñúgsßab½nbnÞab;bnSMenAkñúgry³eBlkMNt;NamYy. elIsBIenaHeTAeTot plRbeyaCn_ nigkarcMNayénkarcUlrYmenAkñúgesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§ xus²BIKñasMrab;shRKasEdlmanTMhM nigGayukal epSgBIKña12. skmµPaBénkarlk;dUrenAtamTIpSar manPaBeRkApøÚvkareRcIn dUecñHtRmUv[rdæaPi)al nig sgÁmsIuvilykcitþTukdak;y:agxøaMgkøaedIm,IbegáInplitPaBrbs;shRKasTaMgenaH nigelIkkMBs;siT§irbs; GñkeFVIkarenAkñúgshRKasenaH edayEp¥ktamsiT§ikmµkrCaskl.

karsikSarbs;TIPñak;garsMrab;karGPivDÆn_ kic©shRbtibtþikar GnþrCati RbeTss‘uyEGt ¬ Sida¦ )anKUsbBa¢ak;nUv TMnYlxusRtUvsMxan;²rbs;rdæaPi)alBak;B½n§nwgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ ³ 1> pþl;nUvRkbx½NÐ Epñkm:aRkUesdækic© EpñksgÁm c,ab; nigneya)ay edIm,IbegáIt[man»kasFMeFg EdlmanlkçN³fitefr énGaCIvkmµ nigkargarsmrmü. 2> epþatelIeKalneya)ay nigkmµviFIEdlmancMNucrYmKña sþIBIkarnaM kmµkr nig GgÁPaBesdækic©énesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ eGaycUleTAkñúgesdækic©kñúgRbBn§½. eFVIdUcenH naMeGaykat; bnßyPaBgayrgeRKaH nwgPaBÉkekaenAkñúgsgÁm. 3> pþl;nUveKalneya)ay nig briyakasc,ab; Edl manlkçN³CMrujnigelIkTwkcitþ EdlEcgGMBI ³ k> kat;bnßycMNay edIm,IbegáIt nigdMeNIrkarGaCIvkmµ nig x> karbegáInplRbeyaCn_énkarcuHbBa¢Itamc,ab;. 4> Fanafa c,ab;Cati KitKUrGMBIbBaðananaBak;B½n§ nwgkar TTYlsÁal; nigkarkarBarnieyaCk nigkmµkr EdleFVIkarenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ CaBiesseTAelI siT§i mnusS nigsmPaBeynD½r. nig 5> pþl;Rkbx½NÐsmRsb enAkMritfñak;Cati nigmUldæan edIm,IKaMRT dl;siT§i CatMNag13.

12

Becker, esdækic©eRkARbB½n§ 13 Becker, esdækic©eRkARbB½n§

11

rUbTI1 ³ PaBtP¢ab;KñarvagEpñkeRkARbB½n§ nigkñúgRbB½n§

EpñkeRkARbB½n§ EpñkkñúgRbB½n§ shRKassMrab;EtciBa©wmCIvit shRKasminpøÚvkar shRKasminpøÚvkar shRKaspøÚvkar kMriténPaB eRkARbB½n§

100% kMritx<s;. smamaRtén karlk;Edlmin)anRbkas nig kmµkrmin)ancuHbBa¢I

mansmamaRténkarlk;xøHmin)anRbkas nig kmµkrmin)ancuHbBa¢I. GaceRbIR)as;eRkAEdnkMNt; pøÚvkar ¬]> kareRbIR)as;GuinFWNitedIm,IepIJ software ¦

RbePTén skmµPaB

- Gñklk;dUrenAtampøÚv - shRKasxñattUc¼tampÞH - ksikrEdleFVIkarsMrab;Et ciBa©wmCIvit

- GñkplitxñattUc - Gñkpþl;esvakmµxñattUc - GñkEckcayxñattUc - nig Gñkem:AkarxñattUc

- GñkplitxñattUcnigmFüm -Gñkpþl;esvakmµ nig -Rkumh‘un software

bec©kviTüa - eRbIR)as;kMlaMgBlkmµsuT§

- eRbIR)as;kMlaMgBlkmµ PaKeRcIn

- eRbIR)as;cMeNHdwg nig edImTuneRcIn

Rbvtþim©as; shRKas

- GñkRk -eron)antictYc - mankMritCMnajTab

- GñkRk nigGñkminRk - eron)anx<s; - mankMritCMnajx<s;

- minRk - eron)anx<s; -mankMritCMnajbiunRbsBV

TIpSar - CYb]bsKÁtictYc - mankarRbkYtRbECgx<s; - manplitplEtmYymux

- CYb]bsKÁtictYc -mankarRbkYtRbECgx<s; -plitplmanPaBepSg² BIKñaxøH

- CYb]bsKÁeRcIn -manTIpSar¼plitplEbøkBIeK

tMrUvkar hirBaØvtßú

manTunbgVil - manTunbgVil -manedImTunvinieyaKxøH - GacTijeCOBIGñkpÁt;pÁg;

-edImTunvinieyaK nig manTunbgVil - manlixitsMrab;karx©Iluy - GacTijeCOBIGñkpÁt;pÁg;

tMrUvkar epSg²

- karFanar:ab;rgpÞal;xøÜn - karkarBarEpñksgÁm

- karFanar:ab;rgpÞal;xøÜn nigRbEhl -manCakarFanar:ab;rg GaCIvkmµ

- karFanar:ab;rgpÞal;xøÜn nig GaCIvkmµ - esvakmµsMrab;begáInGaCIvkmµ

- minsUvrs;revIk - eRkARbB½n§suT§saF

-manPaBrs;revIkx<s; - eRkARbB½n§xøH

RbPB³ The Informal Round Table, Sofia, April 18-20, 2002, Simeon Djankov, Ira Lieberman, Joyita Mukherjee, Tatiana Nenova, Going Informal: Benefits and Costs cited in Becker, The Informal Economy.

12

esdækic©eRkARbB½n§enAkm<úCa

RbeTskm<úCakMNt;niymn½yénskmµPaBesdækic©eRkARbB½n§faCa 1¦- skmµPaBNaEdlKµan rUbPaBCaRkumh‘un nigKµanGas½ydæanTMnak;TMngc,as;las; 2¦- skmµPaBNaEdlbuKÁlenaHeFVIkargar edayxøÜnÉg ehIyCaFmµtaKµanTinñn½yenAkñúgCMerOnrbs;CatiEdr 3¦-skmµPaBRbtibtþikarNaEdl eRbIkMlaMgBlkmµeRcIn nigmankarpøas;bþÚrkmµkrjwkjab; 4¦- skmµPaBNaEdleRbIR)as;famBl)an BIRbPBmnusS b¤ stVBahn³ nig 5¦- skmµPaBEdlekIteT,IgenAkñúgsßanPaBKµanrcnasm<½n§RtwmRtUvdUcCa KµanbTbBaØtþi KµanGaCJab½NÑ KµankarFanar:ab;rg nigKµankarbg;Bn§14. karkMNt;nUvlkçN³TUeTA énesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ KWdUcKñaeTAnwgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_déTeTotEdrKW karcMNayedImTuntic nig cMeNH dwgTab karRbtibtþikarkñúgRTg;RTaytUc CMnajTTYl)aneRkARbB½n§Gb;rMrbs;rdæ cMNaykmøaMgeRcInsMrab; plitkmµ nig eRbIbec©kviTüaEkécñ15.

viTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa )a:n;RbmaNfa KitmkRtwmqñaM2003 kmµkrnieyaCitvis½yeRkARbB½n§man cMnYn 85° énkmøaMgBlkmµTaMgGs;enAkm<úCa nig)anrYmcMENk 62° énplitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬GDP¦ EdlenHCakarbgðajeGayeXIjnUvkarrUmcMENkd¾elceFøamYyénesdækic©Catirbs;eyIg ¬sUmemIlrUbTI 1¦16. ktþaEdlman\Ti§BleTAelITMhMénkmøaMgBlkmµ enAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§enAkm<úCa KWedaysar karcMNay eTAelIkardMeNIkarmuxCMnYjmankMritx<s;enAkñúgesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§ PaBRkIRkeRcIn kMeNInesdækic© mankMrit kmøaMgBlkmµmaneRcInelIslb; nigkMeNInén]sSahkmµkat;edrEdlQandl;kMritefrmYy17.

14

Becker, esdækic©eRkARbB½n§ 15

Becker, esdækic©eRkARbB½n§ 16

Becker, esdækic©eRkARbB½n§ 17 nut/ munñIr½tñ {esdækic©eRkARbB½n§ enAkm<úCa ³ TsSn³TUeTA} TsSnavdþIesdækic© v:ul2 elx1 qñaM2005

Portes, Alejandro nig John Walton, {Blkmµ cMNat;fñak; nigRbB½n§GnþrCati jUy:k ³ B½t’mansPaGb;rM 1981

13

karsikSafµI²enHeday viTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa )anBinitüeTAelIlkçxNÐkargarrbs;kmµkrnieyaCit

enAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§enAkm<úCa edayeRbIR)as;viFIsaRsþ18kgVHkargarsmrmürbs; ILO. sUcnakr sMxan;TaMgbYnEdlbBa¢ak;BIkgVHkargarsmrmüKW xVHkargareFVI siT§ienAmankMrit kgVHkarkarBarEpñksgÁm nig xVHPaBCatMNag. kgVHkargarsMedAeTAelI sßanPaBEdlRbCaCnmankarBwgEp¥keTAelIkargarplitkmµ tictYc b¤elIkargar)ankMér tictYc enAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ edaysarBMuman»kaskargarenAkñúgesdækic© kñúgRbB½n§. viTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa TTYlsÁal;nUvvtþmanénkmøaMgBlkmµkñúgRsukeRcIn EdlBYkeKTaMgenH dwknaMrksIuedayxøÜnÉg b¤k¾CaGñkeFVIkarEdl)anR)ak;kMér: nigmin)anR)ak;kMér: b:uEnþkargarTaMgenHKW )anedIr tYnaTICMnYs»kaskargar EdlBMusUvman enAkñúgesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§. cMNucenHnaM[ viTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa snñidæanfa km<úCaxVHnUvkargarsmrmüy:ageRcIn.

cMeBaHsiTi§enAmankMrit sMedAeTAelIlkçxNÐEdlkmµkrnieyaCitxVHsiT§iRKb;RKan;enAeRkamc,ab;Ca Frman. enAkm<úCa kmµkrnieyaCitEdl eFVIkarkñúgvis½yesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ minRtUv)anRKbdNþb;edayc,ab; kargareT edaysarBMumanTMnak;TMngrvagnieyaCk nignieyaCitEdlTTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkar. dUecñHehIy )anCakmµkrnieyaCiteRkARbB½n§ Cajwkjyrgplb:HBal;BIkare)ak karsIusMNUk karekobsgát; nig karrMxanepSg². viTüasßanesdækic©km<úCakt;sMKal;eXIjfa skmµPaBEdlminmankarRtYtBinitütam pøÚvc,ab;énkareFVICMnYjeRkARbB½n§ CajwkjyRtUv)aneKcat;TukCaskmµPaBxusc,ab;. 18

Gan viTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa/ kargarsmrmükñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§enAkm<úCa

15%

85%

38%

62%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Workforce GDP

esdækic©eRkARbB½n§esdækic©kñúgRbB½n§

kMlaMgBlkmµ

rUbTI2 ³ rcnasm<½n§esdækic©RbeTskm<úCa

14

rIÉkgVHkarkarBarEpñksgÁm mann½yfaCasßanPaBmYy EdlbBa¢ak;BIkargarKµanefrPaB nig cMNUlmineTogTat; nigKµankarkarBarenAkEnøgeFVIkar nigenAkñúgsgÁm. c,ab;snþisuxsgÁmkm<úCa Gnuvtþ EtcMeBaHGñkmankargareFVI ehIyTTYlsÁal;edayc,ab;kargar ehtuenHehIy)anCaGñkEdleFVIkargarenA kñúgesdækic©eRkARbBn§½minRtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgc,ab;enHeT. dUecñHkmµkrnieyaCiteRkARbB½n§ min)anTTYl plRbeyaCn_EpñkCMgW k¾dUcCakarcUlnivtþn_ RBmTaMgmin)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_EdlTak;TgkareRKaHfñak; nigbBaðasuxPaBEdlTak;TgnwgkarbMeBjkargar.

cMENkÉkgVHPaBCatMNagvijKW sMedAeTAelIkgVHsmtßPaBrbs;kmµkrkñúgkarerobcMCaRkum b¤ smaKm edIm,IeFVIkarcrcarcMeBaHbBaðaNamYyCarYm. kmµkrnieyaCiteRkARbB½n§enAkm<úCa CaTUeTAminRtUv )anerobcMcgRkg nigKµansemøgrYmKñaeT. enAeBlEdlBYkKat;erobcMcgRkgCasmaKm CajwkjysmaKm enaHmanPaBTn;exSay xVHxatkarykcitþTukdak; b¤xVHsmtßPaBkñúgkarpþl;esvadl;smaCikrbs;xøÜn. kmµkrnieyaCit EdlrkR)ak;kMér)aneRkARbB½n§ eFVIkaredaymin)ancuHkic©snüakargar nig minGaccrca CamYynieyaCkelIR)ak;QñÜlrbs;xøÜn)aneT. sßanPaBenHmanPaBpÞúyKñaeTAnwgkarekIneLIgy:ageRcIn énshCIBEdl)anTTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkar enAkñúgvis½yesdækic©kñúgRbB½n§enAkm<úCa.

karsikSaRsavRCavrbs; viTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa esñIrLIgnUvyuT§saRsþ nigCeRmIseKalneya)ay mYycMnYnedIm,IbegáIn kargarsmrmüenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§enAkm<úCa. sMeNIrTaMgenHrYmman ³ 1¦ kar dak;bBa©ÚlnUvesdækic©eRkARbB½n§eTAkñúgRkbx½NÐkargarc,ab; nwgnaMeGaymankarkarBartampøÚvc,ab;eTAdl; kmµkrnieyaCitenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbBn§½ 2¦ karGPivDÆn_shRKassRmab; plitPaB nigKuNPaBkargar [)anRbesIr nigbegáInR)ak;cMNUldl;kmµkrTaMgenaH nigkat;bnßynUvPaBKµankargareFVI. 3¦karCMruj dMeNIrkarmIRkUhirBaØvtßú nigkmµviFIsnSMenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§ nigCYyeGayBYkeKmanedImTunsRmab; ykeTAeRbIR)as; 4¦karbNþúHbNþal sMrab;EklMGplitPaBnig»kaskargar[kan;EtRbesIr nigbegáIn nUvCMnajnigcMeNHdwg sRmab;QaneTArkR)ak;cMNUlx<s; 5¦ karBRgwgEpñkkarkarBarsgÁm nignaMeGay begáInnUvsnþisuxsgÁmsRmab;kmµkrenAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbBn§½ nig 6¦ BRgwgsemøgkmµkr nieyaCitenA kñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§19 nignaMeGaymankarTTYlsÁal;nUvsiT§irbs;kmµkrnieyaCitTaMgGs;enAkñúgsmaKm nigGactMNagnUvsemøgrYm)an.

19

viTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa/ kargarsmrmükñúgesdækic©eRkARbB½n§enAkm<úCa

15

Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSarkñúgRkugPñMeBj

karsikSafµI²mYycMnYnGMBIGñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSarnaTIRkugPñMeBj edayGgÁkar ILO pþl;nUvRbvtþi segçbsMxan;²rbs;Gñklk;dUr nigdMeNIrkarénkarlk;dUrrbs;BYkKat;enAraCFanI20enH. karsikSaenHbgðaj fakarlk;dUrenApSar kñúgraCFanIPñMeBjKWPaKeRcInCaRsþIEdlmankarGb;rMTab nigmanGayuenAcenøaHBI 30-50qñaM. karsikSamYybgðajfa 41° énGñklk;dUrEdlRtUv)ansmÖasn_ eRCIserIskargarenHedaysar BYkKat;BuMmanedImTun RKb;RKan;kñúgkarcab;muxrbrepSg nig 26°eTot edaysarBYkKat;BuMmanCMerIsNa epSgeRkABIenH edaysarkMritcMeNHdwg nigCMnajenATab21. Gñklk;dUr PaKeRcIneFVIkareRcInem:agkñúg mYyéf¶ nig 7éf¶kñúgmYys)aþh_ nigpþl;cMNUl)anRcInCagBak;kNþal b¤Bak;kNþalénR)ak;cMNUl rbs;;RKYsar. b:uEnþcMNUlrbs;BYkKat;mantictYc ehIyPaKeRcIn minGaceFVIeGayCIvPaBRKYsarxøÜnBIrYcput BIbnÞat;PaBRkIRk22)aneLIy. CarYm Gñklk;dUrxñattUcPaKeRcInKitfa BYkeK)anTTYleCaKC½yminEmn edaysar EtBYkeKGacrkR)ak;)aneRcInenaHeT b:uEnþedaysarBYkeKGacCYyrYmcMENkpÁt;pÁg; dl;RKYsar nigGacciBa©wmkUnrbs;xøÜn)an.

enAPñMeBjGñklk;PaKeRcInTijTMnijBIGñklk;duMenAkñúgpSarEtmYyEdlBYkKat;lk; PaKeRcInBYkKat; TijbEnø eRBaHfakarlk;bEnøRtUvcMNayedImTuntictYc. CaTUeTAGñklk;dUrxñattUcmanlT§PaBkñúgkarTijeCO )antictYc dUecñHehIyeTIbTMhMskmµPaBrksIurbs;BYkeKenAmankMritenAeLIy. manEt 26° énGñkpþl; cemøIykñúgkarsikSamYyb:ueNÑaH Edl)anTijTMMnijedayeCOTaMgRsug. enAkñúgkarRsavRCavdEdlenH )anbgðajeGayeXIjfa karGnuvtþCak;EsþgPaKeRcInkñúgcMeNam 40°eTot )anTijTMnijCakareCOxøH KWRtUvbg;Bak;kNþalPøam²eBlykTMnijmklk; nig RtUvbg;Bak;kNþaleTotenAéf¶dEdl eBlEdlQb; lk;23. TMnak;TMngry³eBlyUrCamYyGñklk;duMmansar³sMxan;dl;karTijeCO. Gñklk;dUrenApSarEdlx©I R)ak;BIGñkcgkar RtUvbg;karR)ak; 20°kñúgmYyEx.

20

Gan Kusakabe, Kyoko, enAelIRBMEdnénPaBRsbc,ab; ³ TsSnavdþIRsavRCavsþIBIkarlk;dUrtampøÚvenAPñMeBj km<úCa Rkug)agkk G>B>G 2006 21

Agnello, Francesca nig Joanne Moller, Vendors’ Purses ³ mIRkUshRKinRsþI nigtRmUvkarCMnYjrbs;xøÜn PñMeBj km<úCa PñMeBj GgÁkarKN³kmµa Fikar sMrbsMrYlGPivDÆn_TIRkug 2004

22Agnello and Moller, Vendors’ Purses ³r)aykarN_cMNUlsuT§mFümRbcaMéf¶rbs;Gñklk;dUrenATIpSar 5>925` yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßy PaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa 2003-2005 edayKNnabnÞat;PaBRkIRkTUeTAenAPñMeBjkñúgkMrit 2>470` kñúgmYyéf¶kñúgmñak; nigbnÞat;PaBRkIRksMrab; GaharkñúgkMrit 1>737`. edayCamFümmanmnusSbInak;edIm,IRTRTg; enaHvaGaceFVI[Gñkpþl;cemøIyCaeRcInsßitenAeRkambnÞat;RkIRk.

23 Agnello and Moller, Vendors’ Purses.

16

karrksIuPaKeRcInrbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUc GacciBa©wmCIvit)anRtwmEtmYyRKb;b:ueNÑaH. karsikSaeTA elIGñklk;dUrxñattUcenAPñMeBj kñúgqñaM 2001 )anbgðajfa BYkKat;manTuncab;epþImvinieyaKCamFümKW 137>504` ebIKittamemdüanvij¬témøkNþal¦ KWticCag 20>000`. KYreGaykt;sMKal;fa enAkñúg sMNakEdl )ansikSaRsavRCavenaH manGñklk;dUrxñattUc 13°BuMmanedImTunsMrab;cab;epþImmuxrbr rbs;xøÜneT. karsikSadUcKñaenH )ankt;RtaBITunbgVilRbcaMéf¶KitCamFüménGñkpþl;cemøIy KW 165>398` ebIKittamemdüanvij ¬témøkNþal¦KW ticCag 50>000`24.

karcMNayedIm,IdMeNIrkarmuxCMnUj rYmman éfødwkCBa¢Ún éføCYlkEnøglk; éføq½Rt éføGnam½y éføsnþisuxpSar éføbg;Bn§ b¤éføPasIu. karsikSamYybgðajfakarcMNayCamFümRbcaMéf¶rbs; Gñklk;KW 96>773` esµInwg 94/2° éncMNUlrk)anCamFümRbcaMéf¶esµInwg 102>698` dUecñHenAsl;Et 5>925` EdlCacMNUlmFümsuT§25RbcaMéf¶. edaysaredImTuntictYc nigkEnøglk;manTMhMtUc CamYynwgkar cMNaysMrab;dMeNIrkarlk;dUrmantMélx<s; dUcenHGñklk;dUrmanEtBwgEp¥keTA elITMnak;TMngpÞal;xøÜnCamYy GtifiCn edIm,IbnþnUvskmµPaBlk;dUrrbs;xøÜn. Gñklk;dUrPaKeRcIn)anR)ab;GMBI]bsKÁcMbgénkgVHedImTun nigtémøkEnøglk;dUrx<s; CabBaðaEdlnaM[BYkKat;minGacBRgIkmuxrbrbc©úb,nñ)an.

bBaðaEdl)anCYbRbTHenACuMvijkEnøglk;dUr mandUcCa PaBs¥at Gnam½ysaFarN³ suxPaB Gnam½yxøÜnR)aN snþisuxpÞal;xøÜn snþisuxelIkarTukdak;TMnij karEfTaMkUn nigkarkgVHTwks¥ateRbIR)as;26. cMnYnBak;kNþalénGñkpþl;cemøIyenAkñúgkarsikSamYy )ant¥ÚjEt¥rGMBIkarrMxanBIsMNak;snþisux nigb:UlIs pSar27. karrMxanTaMgenaH rYmmanTaMgkarbeNþjecjBYkKat;BIkEnøglk; cab;rwbGUsTMnij nigpakBin½y kñúgtémømYyx<s;hYsehtu. edaysarEtBYkKat;sßitenAelIRBMEdnénPaBRsbc,ab;28 eTIbbNþal eGayBYk Kat;PaKeRcInCYbenAbBaðaTak;TgnwgsßanPaBlk;dUrminc,as;las;.

eyagtamGnuRkwtüsþIBIsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³EdlcuHhtßelxaedaynaykrdæmRnþITI1 nigTI2 enA éf¶TI10 ExsIha qñaM1994 Ecgfa karlk;dUrtampøÚvKWCakarxusc,ab;. maRta12Ecgfa karlk;TMnij

24

Kusakabe, Kyoko, c½nÞ munñIr½tñ/ Ca suPaB/ efg can;qam FnFansgÁménRsþIGñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSarPñMeBj ¬km<úCa¦³

karsikSaénsmaKmGñk lk;dUr )agkk kmµviFIshRbCaCatisMrab;karRKb;RKgTIRkug 2001 25

Agnello and Moller, Vendors’ purses. 26

Banwell, Suzanna Stout, semøgGñklk; ³ RbvtþierOgr:avrbs;RsþIGñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSarkñúgPñMeBj nigkmµviFInvanuvtþn_erobcMeLIgedIm,IBRgIk karrs;enA nigmuxrbrciBa©wmCIvitrbs;xøÜn PñMeBj mUlniFiGasIu 2001

27 Agnello and Moller, Vendors’ purses.

28 Kusakabe, enAelIRBMEdnénPaBRsbc,ab;

17

nigkarrMxandl;sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³RtUvhamXat;. kñúgkrNIelµIsnwgc,ab;enHRtUvbg;karpakBin½y Ca R)ak;cMnYn 10>000`. maRta13Ecgfa karlk;TMnijtamreTHtamdgpøÚvRtUvhamXat;. kñúgkrNIrMelaP nwgmaRtaenH RtUvbg;pakBin½yCaR)ak; cMnYn 2000`. c,ab;enHmanEcgenAkñúgesovePABn§sMrab; Rbtibtþikar BaNiC¢kmµ EcgedIm,I[mankarRbmUlBn§BIGñkCYlq½RtFM² BIGñklk;tamkeBaär nigBIGñklk;tamreTHruj EdlTaMgGs;enH bgðajBIc,ab;EdlEcgTak;TgnwgskmµPaBlk;dUrxñattUc. PaBpÞúyKñaénc,ab; nigbTbBa¢a TaMgenH CakarbegIátnUv»kassMrab;[mankarRbmUltémøEdlKµankarkMNt;c,as;las;. Gñklk;dUrxñattUc TaMgenaH)anbg;Bn§TMnij nigbg;éføepSg² dUecñHBYkKat;mansiT§ikúñgkarRbkbrbrlk;dUr nig eRbIR)as;kEnøg edayRsbc,ab; 29.

Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenAkñúgTIpSarEdlmankarRbkYtRbECgx<s; gaynwgTTYlrgeRKaHepSg²dUcCa kar deNþImkEnøglk;BIsMNak;Gñklk;déTeTot RbsinCaBYkKat;KµansiT§iRsbc,ab;kñúgkarlk;dUr . smaKm Gñklk;dUrEdlRtUv)ancgRkgeLIgenAPñMeBjkalBIqñaM1998 edayGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYy eQµaHfa GgÁkarKN³kmµaFikarsMrbsMrYlGPivDÆn_TIRkug (USG) edIm,IsagTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§ikñúgcMeNamGñklk;dUr xñattUc sMedAelIksÞÜyplRbeyaCn_rYmrbs;BYkKat;. karsikSamYyniyayfa smaCikrbs;smaKm )anbgðajBIkic©shkar nigkarCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmknigkþIsgÇwmrbs;BYkeKcMeBaHGnaKtkñúgkMritmYyx<s; ebI eRbóbeFobeTAnwgGñkEdlminEmnCasmaCik ehIyBYkKat;bgðaj nUvCMenOx<s;mkelIRbB½n§rdæ nigsgÁm nigbgðajnUvkarxitxMpþl;Bt’man nigTamTarBIrdæeGayedaHRsaynUvbBaðaEdlBYkKat;)anCYbRbTH. BYkKat; kan;EtmanTMnukcitþ nigcUlrYmenAkñúgkarEkERbCIvPaB rbs;xøÜn nigGñklk;epSgeTot[kan;EtRbesIr30.

enAkñúgsMrg;GtßbTRsavRCavrbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUc enATIRkugPñMeBjedayGgÁkar ILO )aneFVI esckþIsnñidæanfa karlk;dUrxñattUcenAEtbnþCamuxrbrciBa©wmCIvitd¾sMxan;mYy sRmab;GñkRkIRkenATIRkug eTaHbICa»kaskargarepSgeTotmankarekIneLIgk¾eday. Gñklk;dUrxñattUcPaKeRcIn KWCaGñkrkR)ak; cMNUld¾sMxan;sRmab;RKYsarRkIRk b:uEnþsßanPaBrbs;BYkKat;sßitkñúgPaBminc,as;las;. kñúgxN³Edl Gñklk;dUrxñattUc RtUvbg;Bn§eTAeGayrdæ EtkardMeNIrkarmuxCMnYjrbs;eK RtUvcat;Tukfaxusc,ab; ehIysiT§i rbs;eKcMeBaHkEnøglk;dUrk¾minRtUv)anFanaeTot. dUecñHsMrg;GtßbTRsavRCavrbs;GgÁkar ILO enH)anelIk CaGnusasn_fa sUmeGaylubecalnUvmaRtaTI12 nigTI13 énGnuRkwtüsþIBIsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ Edl cat;Tukkarlk;dUrxñattUcCaskmµPaBxusc,ab; ehIysUmeGayTTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkar nigKaMRTsmaKm Gñklk; 29

Kusakabe, enAelIRBMEdnénc,ab; 30

Gan Kusakabe et al, TunvinieyaKsgÁmrbs;RsþIlk;dUrxñattUcenApSrnaTIRkugPñMeBj nig Kusakabe, enAelIRBMEdnenAelIPaBRsbc,ab;

18

dUrxñattUc RBmTaMgpþl;»kaseGaysmaKmGñklk;dUrxñattUccUlrYmenAkñúgkarerobcMEpnkarGPivDÆn_TIRkug pgEdr. eRkABIenH karRsavRCavenHk¾)anpþl;Gnusasn_bEnßmfa RtUvRtYtBinitüemIleLIgvij nUveKal neya)ay taMgTIlMenACafµIsRmab;GñkEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmansMNg;minerobry nigbegáInnUvsnþisux pÞal;xøÜnsRmab;Gñklk;dUrxñattUc RBmTaMgbegáInnUv»kassMrab;shKmn_[TTYl)an\NTankarEfTaMkumar karGb;rM nigsuxPaBenAkEnøgeFVIkar31.

TisedAénkarRsavRCav

karRsavRCavrbs;KMerag ADI enHmaneKalbMNgEsVgyl;GMBIrebobRbkbmuxrbrciBa©wmCIvit nig karRbQmmuxepSg²rbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUc enATIpSar naTIrYmextþkMBg;cam enAkñúgesdækic©eRkARbBn§½. rIÉ TisedARsavRCavCak;lak;mandUcteTA³

edIm,IcgRkgRbvtiþerOgr:avrbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSarkñúgTIrYmextþkMBg;cam edIm,IBinitüemIlskmµPaBTIpSar nigdMeNIrkarénkarlk;rbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUc edIm,IGegátbBaðaTak;TgnwgTIkEnøglk;dUr nigkarbg;éføpSar

viFIsaRsþénkarRsavRCav

karRsavRCavenHRtUv)anerobcMeFVIeLIg enAExkBaØa qñaM2007 enATIrYmextþkMBg;cam CamYy Gñklk;dUrxñattUc EdlBMumantUbcuHbBa¢IRtwmRtUv ehIylk;TMnijrbs;xøÜnenAkEnøgTMenr enApSarbwgkuk pSarRkmYn nigpSarsalacin. Gñklk;dUrxñattUcTaMg 215nak; manGñklk;bEnø Gñklk;RtI nigGñklk; EpøeQI RtUv)aneKeRCIserIsykmksmÖasn_ tamviFIsaRsþeRCIserIssMNak Purposive. kMrgsMNYrRtUv )anerobcMeLIgedayxøI edaysarkarsmÖasn_RtUveFVIeLIgkñúgeBlEdlBYkKat;kMBugEtlk;dUr. bEnßmBIelI kMrgsMNYr RkumRsavRCav)ansmÖasn_sIuCMerACamYyGñklk;dUrmYycMnYn bEnßmeTotenAÉpÞHrbs;Kat; eRkay BIKat;lk;dUrrYc edayeRbIkaEstftsemøg. kñúgcMeNamGñksmÖasn_sIuCMerAenH RkumRsavRCav)aneRCIs erIsykGñklk;dUrbYnnak; sRmab;dak;bBa¢ÚlkñúgCakrNIsikSaenAkñúgr)aykarN_RsavRCavenH . eRkABIenH RkumRsavRCavk¾)ansmÖasn_CamYyKN³kmµaFikarpSarpgEdr.

31

Kusakabe, enAelIRBMEdnénPaBRsbc,ab;

19

lT§plrkeXIj nigkarviPaK

RbvtiþerOgr:avrbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar

karsikSaRsavRCavenHRtUv)aneFVIeLIg edaykarsmÖasn_Gñklk;cMnYn215nak; PaKeRcInlk;enApSar bwgkuk pSarRkmYn nigpSarsalacin enATIrYmextþkMBg;cam. kñúgcMeNamGñkEdl)ansmÖasn_TaMgGs;man Gñklk;dUrenApSarbwgkukeRcInCageK KW58° enApSarRkmYYn24° enApSarsalacin12° nigenAtamkEnøg epSg²eTot7°. kñúgcMeNamGñkpþl;cemøIyTaMgGs; manGñklk;bEnøcMnYn77nak;RtUvCa36° Gñklk; EpøeQI cMnYn70nak;RtUvCa30° nigGñklk;RtIcMnYn68nak;RtUvCa32°. Gñklk;dUrTaMgenH 85°minlk; TMMnijepSgeRkABIplitplcMbgEdlxøÜnlk;eT.

Gñkpþl;cemøIy92°KWCaGñkrs;enAkñúgextþkMBg;cam eRkABIenaHmkBIextþCitxagdUcCa extþéRBEvg kMBg;FM kNþal nig RkecH. KYreGaykt;sMKal;fa kñúgcMeNamGñkTaMgGs;enaH 68°)anrs;enAkñúgTIrYmextþ kMBg;cam taMgBIqñaM1979. tYelxTaMgenHbgðajfa PaKeRcInénGñklk;dUrxñattUcEdlRtUv)ansmÖasn_ KWCa GñkRsukkMBg;camnig)anrs;enAtaMgBIyUrmkehIy.

KYrkt;smÁal;fa Gñklk;dUrxñattUcEdlRtUv)ansmÖasn_97°KWCaRsþI. kñúgcMeNamGñkTaMgenHman GayuCamFüm 40/6qñaM ehIyPaKeRcInGñkEdlmanGayuenA cenøaHBI 30 eTA 49qñaMman 57°. GñkEdl manGayueRkam20qñaMmanEt 3° nig GñkEdlmanGayu60qñaMnigelIs60qñaMman6°. karRsavRCavk¾)an rkeXIjEdrfa Gñklk;dUrxñattUc34° )aneroncb;fñak;bzmsikSa b¤k¾elIsBIenH b:uEnþGñkminEdlcUl salaesaHman 18° . Gñkpþl;cemøIy mankarGb;rMTab RBmTaMgkgVHxatCMnajRtwmRtUv nigkar bNþúHbNþalsRmab;muxrbrrbs;xøÜnTaMgenHKWCamUlehtuEdlnaM[Gñkpþl;cemøIy 80° BuMGacrkcMNUl BImuxrbrNaepSgeRkABIenHeToteLIy. ktþakRmiténkarGb;rMTab KYbpSMnigGayueRcIn KWCa]bsKÁdl; lT§PaBeTArkkargarNaCak;lak; dUcCaenAtameragcRk kat;edrenAPñMeBj.

kñúgcMeNamGñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSarTaMgenH GñkFøab;erobkarman87° kñúgenaHCaRsþIemm:ay b¤ eBaHm:ay17° ehIyGñkrs;enAEbkKñab¤ElglHKñaman4°. cMENkGñkenAlIvmancMnYn13°. cMnYn smmaRtPaKeRcInénGñkpþl;cemøIyEdlenAlIveRcInCaGñkRbkbrbrlk;bEnø GñkEdlmanRKYsareRcInCa Gñk lk;EpøeQI nigGñkemm:ayeRcInRbkbrbrCaGñklk;RtI. cMnYnkUnEdlenArs;CamFümrbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUc

20

enATIpSar EdlFøab;erobkarman 3/3nak; EdlkñúgenHcMnYnCamFüménkUnEdlrs;enApÞHCamYyman 2/4nak; nigcMnYnCamFüménkUnEdlmanGayu 5qñaM b¤eRkammancMnYn 0/3nak;. tamkarsÞabsÞg;CaeRcIn cMeBaH Gñklk;dUrTaMgenHbgðajfa BYkKat;TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkUn²rbs;xøÜn b:uEnþminTTYlbnÞúkF¶n;kñúgkarEfTaMkUn EdlminTan; RKb;GayucUlsalaenaHeLIy.

kñúgcMeNamGñkpþl;cemøIyTaMgGs; man52nak;EdlmankUnenApÞHGayu5qñaM nigeRkam5qñaM CaTUeTA BwgEp¥kelIGñkepSgeTotkñúgkarCYyemIlEfTaMkUnrbs;xøÜnenAeBlKat;ecjeTAlk;dUrenATIpSar. GñkCYy emIlTaMgenaHmandUcCa kUnc,g bgb¥Ún bþI b¤RbBn§rbs;xøÜn GñkCitxag mitþP½kþi b¤GñkepSgeTot. Gñklk;dUrmYycMnYnR)ab;faBYkKat; )anykkUnEdlminTan;RKb;GayucUlsalaeTApSarCamYy nigemIlvaenA TIenaHedayxøÜnÉg. pSarenATIrYm extþkMBg;cam pþl;»kasdl;Gñklk;dUrkñúgkarEsVgrkR)ak;kasenAEk,rpÞH EdlGacsRmYldl;BYkKat;kñúgkarbMeBjtYnaTIemIlEfTaMkUn²rbs;xøÜneTAtamTmøab;.

karrYmcMENkCaGñkrkcMNUlsRmab;RKYsar

cMnYnsmaCikEdlrs;enAnighUb)ayCMuKñaCamFüménRKYsarGñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSar man5/3 nak;. kñúgenaHcMnYnGñkrkcMNUlkñúgRKYsarCamFümmanRtwmEt1/9nak;b:ueNÑaH. cMNucenHbBa¢ak;BIsar³sMxan; én Gñklk;dUrEdlCaGñkrkcMNUlkñúgRKYsarKitcab;BIkarepþImTijrhUtdl;lk;ecj EdlBYkKat;)aneFVIedIm,I RTRTg;CIvPaBRKYsar. Tinñn½ybEnßm)anbgðaj[eXIjfa Gñklk;dUrEdlRtUv)aneRCIserIssmÖasn_ man 68°KWCaGñkrkcMNUlEtmYyKt; b¤CaGñkrkcMNUlsMxan;énRKYsarrbs;xøÜn ¬sUmemIltaragTI1¦. Kit cMeBaHEt Gñkpþl;cemøIyCaGñklk;RtIeXIjfaman 79° KWCaGñkrkcMNUlsMxan;kñúgRKYsar.

taragTI 1> sßanPaBGñklk;dUrenATIpSarEdlCaGñkrkcMNUlkñúgRKYsar TIrYmextþkMBg;cam ExkBaØa qñaM2007

Gñklk;bEnø Gñklk;EpøeQI Gñklk;RtI Gñklk;TaMgGs; # ° # ° # ° # ° GñkrkcMNUlEtÉgkñúgRKYsar 28 36 25 36 25 37 78 36 GñkrkcMNUlsMxan;kñúgRKYsar ¬eRcInCag 50° éncMNUlkñúgRKYsar¦ 20 26 19 27 29 43 68 32

GñkrkcMNUlEtÉg b¤GñkrkcMNUl sMxan;kñúgRKYsar 48 62 44 63 54 79 146 68

N=77 N=70 N=68 N=215

21

tYelxTaMgenHbgðajBIPaBpÞúyKñaRsLH rbs;suPasitExµrmYyEdleBalfa : RsþIbgVilcRgáanminCuM : Edlmann½yfaRsþIminGaceTANaq¶ayputBIknÞúycRgáanrbs;xøÜn edIm,IEsVgrkR)ak;cMNUlsRmab;RKYsar )aneLIy. pÞúyeTAvij Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar EdlRtUv)aneRCIserIseFVIsmÖasn_kñúgkarsikSa enHmancMnYnd¾eRcIn EdlmantYnaTIsMxan;kñúgkarRTRTg;CIvPaBRKYsarrbs;BYkKat; nigminEmnRKan;EtCa GñkcMGinGahar EdlGaRs½yeTAnwgcMNUlEdlrk)antamry³bþIrbs;xøÜndUcGVIEdlsuPasit)anelIkeLIg xagelIenaHeT. cMNucKYr[PJak;ep¥IlenaHKWfa manEtRKYsarGñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar 17°b:ueNÑaH Edl )anTTYlR)ak; BIsmaCikRKYsarxøÜnEdlCakmµkrcMNakRsukmkPñMeBj. RbkarenHbBa¢ak;y:agc,as;Nas; cMeBaHGñklk;dUr EdlmanPaBm©as;kar elIxøÜnÉg)an. CarYmkñúgcMeNamGñkpþl;cemøIymanGñkEdlman pÞHpÞal;xøÜn83° nig GñkEdlmandIlMenAdæan97°.

edaysarEtBYkKat;manlT§PaBrkcMNUlenAkñúgRKYsar RBmTaMgenAkñúgsgÁmkm<úCa RsþImantYnaTICa GñkTukdak;luykak;pgenaH dUecñHBYkKat;kan;EtmanlT§PaBcat;Ecg nigeRbIR)as;luykak;enAkñúgRKYsar kan;EteRcIneLIg. CarYmkñúgcMeNamGñklk;dUrEdl)ansmÖasn_ CaGñkTukdak;luyEdlrk)anenAkñúgRKYsar rbs;xøÜnman81° cMENkGñkEdlTukdak;luyrYmKñaCamYysmaCikmñak;eTotkñúgRKYsarman11°. man cMnYnGñklk;Et8°b:ueNÑaHEdlminkan;luy ehIyEdlGñkTaMgenHPaKeRcInCaGñkenAlIv. CagenHeTot Gñklk;dUrTaMgenH man47°KWCaGñkeFVIesckþIseRmccMeBaHkarTijrbs;FMduMenAkñúgRKYsar ÉGñkcUlrYmeFVIkar sMerccitþCamYYysmaCikRKYsarkñúgkarTijman47°. GñkEdlmincUlrYm eFVIkarseRmckñúgkarTijrbs;FMduM kñúgRKYsar manEt6°b:ueNÑaH ehIyPaKeRcInBYkKat;KWCamnusSenAlIv.

skmµµPaBTIpSar nigdMeNIrkarénkarlk;dUr

GñkEdl)anpþl;bTsmÖasn_manTIlMenAkñúgTIrYmextþkMBg;cammunqñaM2000man93° kñúgenaHman Gñk Edl)ancab;epþImRbkbrbrCaGñklk;dUrxñattUccab;taMgBIqñaM2000 man52°. cMNucenHbgðaj[eXIj nUvkMeNIny:agqab;rh½s kñúgskmµPaBTIpSarkñúgshsvtSr_fµIenHEdl)anpþl;»kasPaKeRcInsRmab;RsþIkñúg karrkcMNUlBIkarlk;bEnø EpøeQI nigRtI. kñúgGMLúgeBlenH edaysarEtkarsagsg; s<anKIsUNaqøgkat; TenøemKgÁ karsþareLIgvijnUvpøÚvCatienAPaKxageCIg nigenAtamextþPaK|san nigkarekIneLIgnUv skmµPaBTIpSarenAeBjépÞRbeTs TIrYmextþkMBg;cam)ankøayCacMNuckNþalénskmµPaBdwkCBa¢Ún nig skmµPaBqøgkat;y:agskmµ. CakarBitRBwtþkarN_TaMgenH)ancab;epþImekIteLIgtaMgBIqñaM1992 dl;qñaM

22

1999 EdlenAkñúgeBlenaH cMnYnGñklk;dUrEdlkMBuglk;bc©úb,nñcMnYn 27° )ancab;epþImmuxrbrrbs;xøÜn. TnÞwmenHdg;suIetRbCaCn enAkñúgextþkMBg;cammankMritx<s;dEdl Edl)aneFVIeGaymantMrUvkarTMnij enAelI TIpSareRcIn32.

edImTuncab;epþImdMbUgrbs;Gñklk;TaMgenaHCamFümman 154/182`¬38/55duløar¦ EdlkñúgenaH edImTundMbUgsMrab;Gñklk;EpøeQImaneRcInCagenHbnþic ¬sUmemIltaragTI2¦. edaykarrksIurbs;BYkeK dMbUgRtUvkaredImTuntictYcsRmab;Tij niglk; dUecñHmanGñklk;dUrxñattUc50° )aneRbIR)as;R)ak;snSM rbs;BYkeK eFVICaedImTunsMrab;RbkbrbrenH. GñkxøHeTotRtUvkarTunsRmab; vinieyaKdMbUgBIGñke)aHduM¼ GñkCMnYj¬21°¦ BIGñkcgkarR)ak;¬16°¦ BIsac;jati¬8°¦ nigBIRbPBepSgeTot¬4°¦. eTaHCaman karlM)akkñúgkarKNna[)anRtwmRtUv\tex©aHk¾eday ebIeRbobeFobCamYyTuncab;epþImdMbUg eXIjfaTun mFümsMrab;dMeNIrkarRbcaMéf¶Casac;R)ak; rYmCamYykarTijeCO KWmanticsRmab;Gñklk;bEnø nigEpøeQI b:uEnþRtUvkareRcIn sRmab;Gñklk;RtI edaysarEttémøRtI lk;dMux<s;Cag ¬sUmemIltaragTI2¦33. taragTI 2> Tuncab;epþImdMbUgCamFümsRmab;Gñklk;dUrxñattUc TunmFümsRmab;dMeNIrkarRbcaMéf¶ cMNUlmFümRbcaMéf¶

nigR)ak;cMeNjmFümRbcaMéf¶ ¬KitCaerol¦ TIrYmextþkMBg;cam ExkBaØa qñaM2007

Gñklk;bEnø Gñklk;EpøeQI Gñklk;RtI Gñklk;TaMgGs; TunvinieyaKmFümsRmab;cab;epþImdMbUg * 143>027 175>925 144>299 154>182 TunmFümsMrab;dMeNIrkarRbcaMéf¶CaR)ak; nigCa\NTan ** 108>204 106>913 176>221 129>500 cMNUlmFümRbcaMéf¶srub*** 120>888 108>044 179>372 135>527 cMeNjmFümRbcaMéf¶srub ** 9>717 10>377 10>978 10>333 *N=73

**N=76 ***N=76

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*65 **N=68 ***N=68

*N=205 **N=213 ***N=212

32 dg;sIuetRbCaCnenAextþkMBg;cam KWman164nak;¼1KILÚEm:Rtkaer enAqñaM1998 nig172nak;¼1KILÚEm:Rtkaer enAqñaM2008 EdleFVIeGayextþkMBg;camkøayCaextþTIR)aMmYyenAkm<úCa Edlmandg;sIuetRbCaCnx<s;bMput enAkñúgqñaMTaMgBIr. sYmemIlCMerOn 2008 énsßitiRbCaCnsrubbeNþaHGasnñrbs;viTüasßanCatisßiti énRksYgEpnkar ExsIha qñaM 2008. 33 Gñklk;CaeRcInmankarlM)akkñúgkarraykarN_GMBITunmFümsRmab;dMeNIrkarRbcaMéf¶ eRBaHfaBYkKat;min)aneRtómRbcaMéf¶enaHeT KWsRmab;ry³

eBl3éf¶ b¤ eRcInCagenHmþg. Cajwkjy GñkRsavRCavRtUveFVIkarKNnaeTACacMnYnRbcaMéf¶vijedayEp¥keTAtamB½t’’manEdlTTYl)anBIGñklk;.

23

karTijTMnijsRmab;lk;dUr

Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSarTijTMnijBIGñklk;duM¼QµÜjkNþal¬66°¦ TijBIksikr¬19°¦ nigTijBI GñkensaT¬12°¦. Gñklk;xøHeTot¬3°¦ daMduHedayxøÜnÉg. cMnYnGñklk;EpøeQIeTATijTMnij BIGñklk;duM b¤QµÜj kNþalmaneRcInCagGñklk;bEnø b¤Gñklk;RtI eRBaHfaPaKeRcInkarpÁt;pÁt;EpøeQI CaTUeTA )anmkBItamextþ nigBIbNþaRbeTsCitxag. Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSarPaKeRcIn¬72°¦ CaFmµtaGacTTYl karpÁt;pÁg;TMnij sRmab;xøÜnlk;)anRKb;RKan;. eTaHbICaPaKryénGñklk;RtIGacTTYlkarpÁt;pÁg;)an RKb;RKan; ¬66°¦ k¾eXIjfamancMnYnticCagGñklk;bEnø¬73°¦ nigGñklk;EpøeQI¬76°¦. Gñklk;mYy cMnYn¬9°¦ TijTMnijCaRkumedIm,Ilk; eRBaHBYkKat;GacTij)ankñúgtémøedImTab.

Gñklk;dUrxøH )anTijTMnijsRmab;lk;Casac;R)ak; ¬34°¦ xøHeTotTijeCOpg nig eGayCa sac;R)ak;pgman ¬39°¦ nig GñkTijeCOTaMgGs;man¬27°¦. Gñklk;EdlTijTMnijBIksikr nigBI GñkensaTeGayCasac;R)ak;eRcInCagTijBIRbPBepSg²eTot. pÞúyeTAvijcMnYnGñklk; EdlTijeCOBI Gñke)aHduMb¤BIQµÜjkNþalenApSar maneRcInCagTijeCOBIRbPBepSg²eTot. CaTUeTA ksikrnigGñkensaT ykTMnijmklk; BImYyéf¶ eTAmYyéf¶ RtUvkarTUTat;Pøam² mindUcGñk CMnYjEdlmanTunpÁt;pÁg;eRcIn nigman dMeNIrkarCMnYjeTogTat;enaHeT .

Gñklk;bEnø¬46°¦ eRcInTijTMnijrbs;xøÜnsRmab;lk;eday[R)ak;Pøam² ebIeRbóbeFobeTAnwgGñk lk;EpøeQI¬26°¦ nigGñklk;RtI¬29°¦. cMnucenHRbEhlCamanTak;TgmYyEpñkeTAnwg karBwgBak;rbs; Gñklk;bEnø mkelIksikrCaRbPBpÁt;pÁg;y:agsMxan;rbs;BYkKat; nigmYyEpñkeTotGacbNþalmkBIkar cab;epþImrksIudMbUgPaKeRcInkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMknøgmk BMuman»kasGacTijeCO)an. eRbóbeFobkñúg cMeNamGñklk;TaMgbIRbePTGñklk;RtIman lT§PaBTijeCOx<s;CageK ehIyRtIEdleKykeTAlk;PaKeRcIn TijBIGñkensaT EdlCaTUeTAGñklk;RtI )ancab;epþImrksIuyUrCageK. eTaHbImankarelIkeLIgdUcxagelIkþI EtkarTijeCOeTA)anGaRsy½eTAelI karksagTMnukcitþ nigPaBesµaHRtg;rvagGñklk; nigGñkpÁt;pÁg; EdlenH CaktþasMxan;CagRbePTénGñkpÁt;pÁg; b¤ry³eBlénkarRbkbmuxrbs;BYkKat;. KYreGaykt;sMKalfa man Gñklk;RtIPaKeRcIn¬85°¦)anTij eCOxøHb¤eCOTaMgRsug nigcMeBaHGñklk;;bEnømaneRcInEdr¬68°¦ nigGñk lk;EpøeQI¬62°¦ k¾TijkñúglMnaMdUcKñaenH EdlRtUvTUTat;karTijeCOenHenAerogral;éf¶eBlEdleKQb; lk;.

24

erOgr:avrbs;GñkRsI et GasIuKin Gñklk;RtIkñúgpSarRkmYn

éQµaH et GasIuKin. ćab;epþImlk;RtIkñúgpSarenHGs;ry³eBl 3qñaM mkehIy cab;taMgBIbþIrbs;ćuHecal´. bþIćUlcitþeRcógxar:aGUex enAtamhag nigEtgEtecjeTAeRkACamYyRsIþrksIupøÚvePT. Kat;)ancayvayR)ak;TaMg b:unµanEdleyIgrk)anBIkarlk;»sfburaN. BIdMbUg ´mindwgfaRtUvrksIuGVIenaHeT. ´manGayu 32 qñaM nigmankUn 3 nak; EdlRtUvciBa©wm nig[eTAsalaeron. GñkCitxagrbs;´)anelIkTwkcitþ[´bMePøcbþIécal nigcab;epþImrksIuCa Gñklk;RtI. ´k¾eFVItamkarENnaMrbs;BYkKat;. rbrrksIulk;RtIenHmintRmUv[manedImTuneRcInenaHeT ehIyGñklk;duM k¾eKGnuBaØat[´TijeCO Et´RtUvsgeKvijCaerogral;éf¶ eBlEdlQb;lk;. b:uEnþeTaHy:agenHkþI k¾eBlxøH´ enAEtminGacrk)anRKb;RKan;kñúgkarRTRTg;CIvPaBRKYsar)anEdr.

CaTUeTAnag´PJak;enAem:ag4RBwk nigeTAdl;kMBg;EpenAem:ag5 edIm,ITijRtI. ÉtgCiHm:UtUDubEdl´sÁal; nigTukcitþ. enAkMBg;Ep ÉtgrkemIlTijRtIBIRsþIGñklk;CnCaticam 4-5nak;. témøvaGaRs½yeTAnwgTMnak;TMngrbs;´ CamYyGñke)aHduMenaH nig GaRs½yeTAtamrdUvkal eBlsMbUrb¤xSt;RtI. CaFmµta´TijRtIBI 10-20KRkkñúgmYyéf¶. vamankargayRsYlkñúgkarlk;RtIRtwm 10KRk erogral;éf¶enApSar b:uEnþGacBi)aklk;ebIeRcInCag 20KRk. RtIEdl lk;minGs;RtUvykmkRbLak;GMbil. RbsinebIKµanRtIsRmab;lk;enAkMBg;EpeT ´RtUvRtLb;mkpÞHvijedayédTeT ehIyRtUvRtlb;eTAvijmþgeTotenAeBleRkay. eRkayBITij)anehIy´RtUvCiHm:UtUDubeTAlk;enApSarRkmYn eday pÞal;.

dMbUg´KµanedImRKb;RKan;sRmab;cab;epþImmuxrbrenHeT. ´)anx©IeK 100>000` edaymankarR)ak; 20>000` ehIyRtUvrab;sgm©as;R)ak;vijerogral;éf¶cMnYn 3>000` sRmab;ry³eBl 40éf¶. ´)anykR)ak;enHeTATijRtI enAkMBg;Ep RtUvbg;éføpSar nigRtUvcMNayelIkarRTRTg;CIvPaBRbcaMéf¶kñúgRKYsar. enAéf¶EdlKµanRtIlk; ´k¾RtUvbg;éfø karR)ak; nig cMNayelIm:UtUDubEdr. PaKeRcInGñkTijRtIBI´ KWeKminEdlTijedaykþIGaNitGasUrenaHeLIy. Étg eRbIBaküKYrsmCanic©eTAkan;GñkTij nigEtgføwgedayRKb;EPñkCBa¢Ig. ´)anR)ab;BYkKat;edayRtg;BIéføedImTijcUl nigkarcMeNjbnþicbnþÜc. eBlxøH´lk;RtwméføedImEdl´TijduMcUl. eTaHbIy:agenHk¾eday k¾énAsl;RtIsRmab; RKYsarhUb nig cMeNj)anlµmRKan; TijGgár nigbEnøsRmab;eFVImðÚb.

´min)anKitGMBIéføedIm b¤R)ak;cMeNjRbcaMéf¶[)anBitR)akdenaHeT eRBaHfaR)ak;Edl´rk)an RtUvcMNay RbcaMéf¶sRmab;RKYsareTAvij. CaFmµtaÉtgrk)anBI5000`-10>000` kñúgmYyéf¶ b:uEnþcMnYnenHvaesÞIrmin RKb;RKan;sRmab;Gaharpg enHminniyaydl;karEdlRtUvcMNayelIsMelokbMBak; nigbg;éføsalakUneroneT. ´manlT§PaBGac[kUnRsIc,geronRtwmfñak;TI7b:ueNÑaH ehIyEdlbc©úb,nñnagRtUvQb; nigmkCYylk;dUrnag´vij. ´GaNitkUn²Nas;eRBaHBYkeKminGacman»kasTTYl)ankarGb;rMx<g;x<s;enaHeT. ´manKMnitcg;BRgIkmuxrbrenHEfm

25

eTot b:uEnþ´BuMmanTunRKb;RKan;eLIy. ´RtUvkarx©IR)ak;eKbEnßm b:uEnþkarcMNayeTAelIkarR)ak;GaceRcInhYsBIGVI Edlnag´GacnwgrkcMNUl)an. ´Gacrk)antictYcNas; eRBaHfaedImTunrbs;nag´manticEdlGacTijRtI)anEt bnþicbnþÜc.

´Føab;CYlkEnøglk;enHkñúgmYyéf¶ 500` b:uEnþ\LÚv ´RtUvbg; 15>000` kñúgmYyEx eTaHbICaéf¶xøH´lk; b¤min lk;k¾eday. kEnøgenHmanlkçN³l¥CagkEnøgmunEdl´Føab;lk; ehIyk¾manTItaMgGacrkcMNUl)aneRcInCagmunEdr. BImunGaCJaFrpSarFøab;edj´BIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeTotCajwkjyEdleFVI[mankarlM)akkñúgkarlk;dUr. ´B¤fa GaCJaFrpSarnwgedjeyIgecjBIkEnøgenHkñúgeBlqab;²enH b:uEnþ´minc,as;eTfaetInwgcab;epþImenAeBlNa. eRkABIéfø QñÜltUb ´RtUvbg;éføPasIu 400`-500` EfmeTot. bBaðarbs;´ KWminEmnCamYyGaCJaFrpSarenaHeT b:uEnþKWCamYy GñkRbmwuk nigCnBikar EdleBlxøHBYkenH)ansmøútcg;vaynag´nwgeQIRct; ebInag´min[BYkeK 100`-200` eT. ´)anR)ab;BYkenaHfa ´k¾CaGñkRkEdr ehIymanR)ak;RtwmEtmYyRKb;sRmab;xøÜnÉg nigRKYsarb:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþeBlxøH´ )an[luyBYkeKbnþicbnþÜc edIm,IkuM[BYkeKenArMxandl;karrksIurbs;nag´.

Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSar dwkTMnijBIkEnøgEdlxøÜn)anTijeTAkan;kEnøglk; tammeFüa)ay mYycMnYn. meFüa)ayTaMgenH rYmmandUcCa tamm:UtUDub b¤tammeFüa)ayEdlpþl;edayGñklk;duM edaym:UtU xøÜnÉg edayyYr TUl b¤ErkedayxøÜnÉg b¤CYleKErkTMnijxøÜn b¤eRbIrWum:k m:UtU[dwk[ nigedayreTHruj. PaKeRcInGñklk;bEnø¬27°¦ nigGñklk;RtI¬39°¦ dwkCBa¢Úntamm:UtUDub edayELkGñklk;EpøeQIPaKeRcIn BwgEp¥kelIkardwkEdlpþl;edayGñke)aHduM¬40°¦. karcMNayelIkardwkTMnij PaKeRcIn)ankat;cMNUl EdlBYkeKrk)anRbcaMéf¶. BitNas;EdlfaGñke)aHduMsuxcitþ dwkTMnij 1¼4énTMnijTaMgGs;rbs;m:Uy Edl)anTijsRmab;ykeTAlk;enAÉpSar nigedIm,IbgðajnUvTMnak;TMngrksIul¥rYmKña. Gñke)aHduMpþl;Tun vinieyaKdl;Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSar [eCORbcaMéf¶ nigCYydl;kardwkCBa¢Ún. rIÉGñklk;dUrxñattUcvij BYkKat;)anedIrtYCaQµÜjkNþalEdlGacCYysRmYldl;Gñk e)aHduMkñúgkareFVICMnYj nigEckcayTMnij rbs; xøÜneTAdl;GtifiCnkñúgcMnYnd¾eRcIn. ebIKµanGñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSar b¤QµÜjRbePTenHeT Gñke)aHduMminGac eFVICMnYjkñúgbrimaNd¾eRcInEbbenH CamYyGñkTijTMnijrayd¾eRcInelIslb;enaHeT. BYkKat;nwgRtUvbgçMcitþ kat;bnßysþúkTMnijrbs;xøÜn b¤ebIminGBa¢wgeT TMnijTaMgenaHnwgxUcs¥úy¬sUmemIlrUbTI1¦.

26

karGnuvtþkarlk;dUr

Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenAtampSarPaKeRcInEtgEtRbkbrbrenApSareBjmYyqñaM¬83°¦ eTaHbICaman Gñklk;xøHrksIuEtExxøH¬9°¦ nigxøHeToteTIbEtcab;epþImmuxrbrk¾eday¬8°¦. CagenHeTot Gñklk;bEnø 95° Gñklk;EpøeQI87° nigGñklk;RtI82° Etgmklk;dUrenApSarCaerogral;éf¶. éføQñÜl tUbmankar ekIneLIgnwgRtUv)anKitCaExCaCagtaméf¶. enHmann½yfaGñklk;RtUvlk;dUrCaerogral;éf¶ edIm,IeCosvag karxatbg;R)ak;cMeBaHéføtUbedaysarmin)anmklk;. CamFümGñklk;bEnø RtUvcMNayeBllk;kñúgmYyéf¶ 7/6em:ag edayELkGñklk;EpøeQIRtUvcMNayeBl 8/4em:ag ÉGñklk;RtIRtUvcMNayeBlCamFüm 7/2em:ag.

CamFümGñklk;bEnømanlMenAdæanRbEhl 3/8Km BIpSar ÉGñklk;EpøeQImancm¶ay3/9Km nigGñklk;RtImancm¶ay5/6Km BIpSar. cm¶ayxusEbøkKñaenHbgðajBIkarcMNayeTAelIéføeFVIdMeNIrRbcaM éf¶eTAmk. Gñklk;bEnøcMNayCamFüm 1>857` elIéføeFVIdMeNIrRbcaMéf¶ cMENkGñklk;EpøeQIcMNay CamFüm 2>437` ÉGñklk;RtIRtUvcMNayCamFüm 3>081` kñúgmYyéf¶elIkareFVIdMeNIrenH.

RbPB ³ BU suvNÑ karRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgPaBRkIRk karEsVgrkTIpSar Gñklk;;;dUrtamdgpøÚv enARbeTskm<úCa qñaM 2005

ksikr¼GñkensaT¼plitkr

Gñklk;duM¼QµÜjkNþal tUbenATIpSar Gñklk;ray

Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSar ¬Gñklk;duM¼Gñklk;ray¦

GñkeRbIR)as;

rUbTI 1> ExSsgVak;TIpSarkñúgTIrYmextþkMBg;cam

27

erOgr:avrbs;kBaØa Cati Kn§a Gñklk;bEnøenApSarRkmYn

nagéQµaH Cati Kn§a Gayu 18qñaM kñúgGMLúgeBlvisSmkalBIsalaeron cab;BIExkkáda dl;ExkBaØa éFVICa Gñklk;bEnøenApSarRkmYn. enAbevsnkalqñaMeRkayenHńwgcUleronfñak;TI 10. kñúgcMeNamkUn 12nak; nagĆYy «Bukmþay kñúgkarrkR)ak;cMNUlsRmab;RKYsar nigsRmab;karcMNayelIkarsikSarbs;´. «BuknagĆaGñkErkdI ehIyKat;rkcMNUl)antictYckñúgrdUvvsSa. kñúgb:unµanExenHkarrs;enArbs;RKYsarRtUvrMBwgesÞIrEtTaMgRsugelIcMNUl rbs;nagÉdl)anBIkarlk;bEnø.

CaFmµtaÉtgegIbenAem:ag 4RBwk nigCiHkg;eTAkEnøgGñklk;bEnøe)aHduM. eBlxøHb¥ÚnRsIéTACamYy´. «Buk´ k¾RtUvFak;kg;eTACamYyÉdredIm,ICYyFanasuvtßiPaB eRBaHvaenAggwtminTan;PøWRsYlbYl. eyIgrs;enAkñúgRsukkMBg; cam minq¶ayBITIrYmextþb:unµaneT. edaysarnag´BuMsUvsÁal;Gñke)aHduM dUecñH´TijbEnøBIKat;edayRtUvbg;R)ak;Pøam². ´TijbEnødUcCa dMLÚg és<ekþab Rtsk; páaxat;Na xat;Na nigRtkYn.

b¥ÚnRsIrbs;´ nig´RtUvkenÐótbEnøTaMgenHBIkEnøgGñke)aHduMeTApSar. efµIenHRBHGaTitücab;rHehIy KWmin)armÖ GMBIsuvtßiPaBeToteT. CaFmµtaeyIgmkdl;pSarRbEhlem:ag 6RBwk. cab;BIem:ag 7 dl;em:ag 8RBwk KWCaeBl Edl´mmajwkCageK edaysarmanePJoveKmkTijeRcIn. GtifiCnxøHmkpSaryWtbnþic dUecñHCaTUeTA´RtUvenA pSarenHrhUtdl;em:ag 11éf¶Rtg; eTIbRtLb;eTApÞHvij. kñúgkrNImanbEnøenAsl;lk;minGs; ´RtUvrkSavaTuk RsYlbYlenApÞHedIm,IykeTAlk;enAéf¶bnÞab;eTot. ´k¾)anykbEnømYycMnYneFVImðÚbsRmab;RKYsarEdr.

edImTunRbcaMéf¶nag´manRbEhl20>000`. CamFüm´rk)an5>000` kñúgmYyéf¶ b:uEnþvamineTogeTKW GaRs½y eTAnwgbrimaNbEnøEdllk;dac;. ´RtUvbg;éføQñÜlq½Rt nigPasIu 1>000` kñúgmYyéf¶. b:uEnþ´BuMcaM)ac;bg; éføkEnøglk;eT eRBaH´manTMnak;TMngl¥sÁal;m©as;kEnøgenH. ćg;BRgIkmuxrbrenHbEnßmeTot b:uEnþ´BuMmanedImTun RKb;RKan;. karBit ´minEdlcMNayR)ak;epþspþaseT eRBaHR)ak;cMeNj)anticeBk nigedIm,IsnSMTuksRmab;eFVI edImTunlk;bnþeTot. ćg;BRgIkTunbEnßmeTotEdr b:uEnþ́ RtUvCYybg;karR)ak;RbcaMéf¶EdlmþayĆMBak;eKeTot. sUm,IEtCBa¢IgsRmab;føwgk¾nag´KµanEdr ehIyRtUvx©IeKBIGñklk;CitxageBlRtUvkar.

enApSarenHmanecarqk; nigecarlUkehae):A b:uEnþ´minFøab;eKqk; b¤lYceT. bBaðaenH´)armÖNas; ehIy´ EtgEtRbugRby½tñCanic©. CYnkalmanGñksuMTan ehIyGñkxøHBikarpg manGtþcrikRceLIsebIs niglYc\va:n;eK ykeTAlk;eGayeKbnþeTot. eTaHbIBYkKat;EtgeFVI[´xwgsm,arCaerOy²k¾eday CaTUeTA´[BYkKat; 100` edIm,I eCosvagkMueGayKat;rMxanenACuMvijkEnøg´lk;dUr. bBaðamYyeTotenaHKWkøins¥úysMramEdleKe)aHecalenACit²kEnøg ´lk;dUr.

28

Étgniyayelg edIm,IbegáItTMnak;TMngl¥CamYyGtifiCnEdlmkTij\va:n;́ . ´Büayampþl;éføy:agsmrmü CUndl;GtifiCnEdlcg;TijbEnønag´ enAkñúgtémømYyefakCagéføedImEdlTijcUl. ´minEdleRbIBaküRteKaHe)aH e)ak nigbeBa©jGakb,kiriya b¤ GarmµN_minl¥NamYydl;GtifiCneT. Gñklk;RtUvrkSaGtþcritl¥CamYyGtifiCn. karrksIuEtgEtmanxat nig cMeNjehIy. eBl´lk;dac;eRcIn ´sb,aycitþ eBl´lk;minsUvdac; ´manGarmµN_ minl¥. b:uEnþńwgminEmnCaGñklk;bEnørhUtenaHeT. éronedIm,IeFVICaRKUbeRgón. mþayńwglk;CMnYs´vijeBl´ cUleron.

Gñklk;PaKeRcIn CaBiessGñklk;RtI CaFmµtaeRcInlk;dac;enAeBlRBwk b:uEnþeBlevla EdlBYkeK lk;dac;xøaMgCageKenaH KWmineTogeBlenaHeT. PaKryénGñklk;bEnø¬51°¦ manGtifiCnmkTijKWCam:Uy RbcaMeRcIn ebIeFobeTAGñklk;EpøeQI¬46°¦ nigGñklk;RtI¬40°¦. TnÞwmenHGñklk;bEnø ¬74°¦ )an bBa©úHtémødl;GtifiCnRbcaMrbs;xøÜn¬m:Uy¦ eRcInCagGñklk;EpøeQI¬69°¦ nigGñklk;RtI ¬62°¦.

edayELkkñúgcMeNamGñklk;RtIEdl)ansmÖasn_ man72°EdlGaclk;RtIGs;kñúg1éf¶ rIÉGñklk; bEnømanEt46° nigGñklk;EpøeQIman26°b:ueNÑaHEdlGaclk;Gs;kñúg1éf¶. ktþaTaMgenH qøúHbBa©aMgeGay eXIjfaRtIminGacrkSaTuk)anyUr nigBYkeKRtUvkarTijRtIykmklk;sMrab;tMrUvkarkñúgmYyéf¶²b:ueNÑaH. rWÉ Gñklk;bEnø nigEpøeQIvijBMusUvTamTarlk;eGayGs;kñúg1éf¶eT. kñúgcMeNamGñklk;EdlminGaclk;TMnij Gs;kñúgmYyéf¶²man 44° )anraykarN_faBYkeKlk;xat.

karrkcMNUl

cMNUlsrubRbcaMéf¶CamFümsRmab;Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSar Edl)ansmÖasn_TaMgGs;KW 135>527` ¬33/88duløa¦ EtcMNUlenHxusKñaeTAtamRbePTénGñklk;. cMNUlsrubRbcaMéf¶ CamFüm sRmab;Gñklk;RtI KW179>372` edayELksMrab;Gñklk;bEnøCamFümKW 120>888` nig Gñklk;EpøeQI CamFüm)anticCageK KW108>044` ¬sUmemIltaragTI2¦. cMNucenHqøúHbBa©aMgfa RtIman tMéléføCagbEnø nigEpøeQI. eTaHy:agNa Tinñn½yk¾)anbgðajnUvPaBpÞúyKñaRsLH BIlT§PaBrkcMNUlsrubRbcaMéf¶CamFüm RbcaMéf¶ kñúgcMeNamGñkEdlmanmuxrbrdUcKña nigxusKñapgEdr. ]TahrN_ Gñklk;RtI38° rkcMNUlsrub RbcaMéf¶CamFüm)an200>000` cMENk 13°eTotrk)anEt50>000` b¤ticCagenHb:ueNÑaH. tamkar eRbóbeFob Gñklk;bEnø41° rkcMNUlmFümsrubRbcaMéf¶)an50>000` b¤ticCagenH cMENk 17°eTot

29

rk)aneRcInCag200>000` ¬sUmemIltaragTI3¦. TaMgenH)anbgðajBIPaBxusKña RsLHrvag smtßPaB rkcMNUlsrub rbs;Gñklk;dUrTaMgbIRkumenH.

taragTI 3> cMNUlsrubRbcaMéf¶CamFümsRmab;Gñklk;enATIpSar ¬KitCaerol¦ TIrYmextþkMBg;cam ExkBaØa qñaM2007

Gñklk;bEnø Gñklk;EpøeQI Gñklk;RtI Gñklk;TaMgGs; # ° # ° # ° # °

1>000 - 50>000 erol 31 41 15 22 9 13 55 26 50>001 - 100>000 erol 15 20 23 34 15 22 53 25 100>001 - 200>000 erol 17 22 22 32 18 27 57 27 elIs 200>000 erol 13 17 8 12 26 38 47 22 N=76 N=68 N=68 N=212

KitCamFümR)ak;cMeNjRbcaMéf¶CamFümrbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUcTaMg3RbePTenATIpSarKW 10>333` ¬2/58duløar¦. cMnYnenHesµInwg 7/6° énR)ak;cMNUlsrubRbcaMéf¶CamFüm 135>527` ¬sUmemIlrUbTI4¦. eTaHbIGñklk;dUrxñattUcrksIuedayeRbIedImTuneRcIn nigTTYl)annUvcMNUldulx<s; EtTTYl)an)anR)ak;cMeNjTab. edaysarTMhMRKYsar rbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUcCamFümman 5>3nak; ehIy Gñklk;dUr)anedIrtYnaTICaGñkrkcMNUlsMxan;sRmab;RKYsar dUecñHR)ak;cMeNjsuT§RbcaMéf¶CamFümRtwm 10>333` enHbgðajeGayeXIjfaGñklk;dUrxñattUcPaKeRcIn rs;enARtwmkMritb¤eRkamExSbnÞat;én PaBRkIRk34.

34 enAkñúgqñaM 2004ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRkes,ógGaharenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkugdéTeTot sRmab;TMhMRKYsarCamFüm 5>3nak;GacmanTwkR)ak;esµInwg 8310erol rIÉExSbnÞat;énPaBRkIRkvij nigmanTwkR)ak;esµInwg 10346erol kñúgmYyéf¶. sUmemIl lkçN³TUeTAénPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa 2004 RksYgEpnkar ExkumÖ³ 2006.

30

R)ak;cMeNjRbcaMéf¶CamFümrbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSarTaMg3RbePT KWmanPaBRbhak;RbEhl Kña CagcMNUlmFümsrubRbcaMéf¶EdlBYkeKrk)an. R)ak;cMeNjmFümRbcaMéf¶ EdlGñklk;RtIrk)anKW 10>978` cMENkGñklk;EpøeQIvij KW10>377` ÉGñklk;bEnøvij)ancMeNjticCageKbnþic KW9>717` ¬sUmemIltaragTI2¦. RsbeBlCamYyenHEdr Tinñn½yk¾)anbgðajBIPaBxusKñaén R)ak;cMeNjCamFüm RbcaMéf¶ kñúgcMeNamGñklk;EdlmanmuxrbrdUcKña nigkñúgcMeNamGñkEdlmanmuxrbrxusKñapgEdr. ]TahrN_ kñúgcMeNamGñklk;bEnøman42°GacrkR)ak;cMeNjCamFümkñúgmYyéf¶)an 5>000` b¤ticCag enH nig 12°eTotGacrkR)ak;cMeNj)aneRcInCag15>000`. ebIeRbóbeFobeTAnwg Gñklk;EpøeQIvij man 30° GacrkR)ak;cMeNjCamFümkñúgmYyéf¶)an5>000` b¤ticCagenH nigman16°GacrkR)ak; cMeNj)aneRcInCag 15>000` ¬taragTI4¦. eTaHbICaGñklk;dUrxñattUcTaMg3RbePT GacrkR)ak;cMeNj RbcaMéf¶CamFümRbhak;RbEhlKñak¾eday EtcMnYnR)ak;cMeNjEdlrk)anedayRkumnimYy² kñúgcMeNam GñkEdlmanmuxrbrdUcKña manPaBxusKñaKYreGaykt;sMKal;. dUcKñaenHEdr karRsavRCavenH)anbgðajBI PaBxusKñakñúgcMeNamGñklk;dUrxñattUcTaMgGs; BIlT§PaBEdlGacTijeCO)an smtßPaBRKb;RKg TMhM RBmTaMgdMenIrkarrksIu niglT§PaBkñúgkarBRgIkmuxrbr.

R)ak;cMeNjmFümRbcaMéf¶10>333` ¬7/6°¦

R)ak;cMNaymFümRbcaMéf¶125>194 erol¬92/4°¦

rUbTI 4³ R)ak;cMeNjmFümkñúg1éf¶EdlGñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSarrk)an KitCaPaKry eFobeTAnwgcMNUlmFümsrubkñúg1éf¶¶. kñúgTIrYmextþkMBg;cam ExkBaØa qñaM2007

R)ak;cMNUlsrubCamFümkñúgmYyéf¶³ 135>527`

31

taragTI4> R)ak;cMeNjmFümRbcaMéf¶EdlGñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSarrk)an ¬KitCaerol¦ TIrYmextþkMBg;cam ExsIha qñaM2007

Gñklk;bEnø Gñklk;EpøeQI Gñklk;RtI Gñklk;TaMgGs; # ° # ° # ° # ° 1>000-5>000 erol 31 42 21 30 14 21 66 31 5>001-10>000 erol 28 37 26 38 36 53 90 42 10>001-15>000 erol 8 11 11 16 9 13 28 13 elIs 15>000 erol 9 12 11 16 9 13 29 14 N=76 N=69 N=68 N=213

eTaHCacMNUlrk)anmancMnYnxusKñak¾eday k¾CagBak;kNþalénGñklk;TaMgGs;raykarN_faR)ak; cMeNjmFümRbcaMéf¶EdlBYkKat;rk)anebIeRbóbeFobeTAqñaMknøgmk KWticCagmun. TnÞwmenHman 9°én Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSar)ankt;RtacMNUl nigcMNayRbcaMéf¶rbs;xøÜn. ehIymanEt 19°éncMnYnGñklk; dUrxñattUcenApSarb:ueNÑaHEdlFøab;)anTTYl CakarENnaM b¤vKÁbNþúHbNþalCaGñklk;dUr. PaKeRcInTTYl )ankarENnaMnigbNþúHbNþalBI«Bukmþay b¤sac;jatixøÜn.

Cag 3¼5énGñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSarEdl)anGegát BYkeKrksIulk;dUrxøÜnÉg edayKµanGñkNaCYy lk;. eRkABIenH)anraykarN_fa CYnkalBYkKat;manGñkepSgCYylk;TMnijrbs;xøÜn. GñkCYyTaMgenaH PaKeRcInKWCasac;jati kUn bþI¼RbBn§ b¤bgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;BYkeK. manEtkrNItictYcb:ueNÑaH EdlCa GñkCitxag b¤CamitþPkþiCYylk;. Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSarTaMgenaHTTYl)ankarCYy enAeBlEdl BYkeKCab;rvl;eFVIGVIepSgeTot b¤enAeBlEdllk;dac;xøaMg nigeBlmanBiFIbuNüTanepSg². Gñklk;dUr xñattUcenApSarPaKeRcInCYyemIlTMnijKñaeTAvijeTAmk. manGñklk;tictYcb:ueNÑaHEdlFøab;x©ITMnij nig R)ak;BIKñaeTAvijeTAmk RBmTaMgCYyKñakñúgkaremIlEfkUn rWCYylk;TMnijKña.

3¼4énGñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSarniyayfaBYkKat;mankareBjcitþnwgkargarCaGñklk;dUrrbs;xøÜn. kñúgcMeNamBYkeK manelIs2¼3 )anyl;eXIjfarbrCaGñklk;dUr GaceGayBYkKat;manlT§PaBRTRTg; CIvPaBRKYsar nigciBa©wmbI)ac;kUnrbs;xøÜn)an . CagBak;kNþalénGñklk;dUrxñattUcTaMgGs;R)ab;fa BYkKat;man KMeragBRgIkmuxrbrrbs;xøÜnEfmeTot b:uEnþedImTunsMrab;BRgIkenAEtCabBaðaraMgsÞHdl;BYkeK.

32

erOgr:avrbs;GñkRsI Ca suKn§I Gñklk;EpøeQIenApSarsalacin

éQµaH Ca suKn§I. ékItenARsukRkUcqµa ehIy)anmkrs;enAkñúgTIrYmextþkMBg;cam CamYybþI nigkUnBIrnak; rbs;´ taMgBIqñaM 1979 eBlcb;sm½y b:ul Bt em:øH. eBlEdlbþInag´søab;kñúgqñaM 1998 ´)ancab;epþImRbkb rbrrksIuCaGñklk;TwkkkQUs niglk;TwkGMeBA. eRkaymk´mankarenOyNaycMeBaHmuxrbrenH ehIy´k¾cab;epþIm rksIuCaGñklk;EpøeQIvij. sBVéf¶kUnRbusrbs;énAPñMeBjeFVICaCagCYsCulm:UtU. kUnRsIrbs;´ RBmTaMgbþInigkUn rbs;va enApÞHCamYy´ ehIyeFVICaGñklk;dUrxñattUc enAkñúgTIrYmextþkMBg;cam. \LÚv´manGayu 56qñaMehIy b:uEnþ énAmaMTaM nigmansuxPaBl¥. ´manKMeragfanwglk;EpøeQIenHrhUtdl;Gayu 60qñaM.

CaFmµta´PJak;enAem:ag4PøW edIm,IeTATijEpøeQIBIGñke)aHduM EdlPaKeRcInEpøeQITaMgenaHmkBIextþ)at;dMbg éf nigBIevotNam. ´TijEpøeQIRKb;RbePTdUcCa ³ EpøRkUc eck emon savm:av TTwm RskanaK e):am nigEpøsarI. CaFmµta ćMNayTijGs; BI 100>000` eTA 150>000` EdlGaRs½yfamanEpøeQIeRcIn b¤tic. éf¶xøH´GacTij rhUtdl; 300>000`. ral;EpøeQITaMgenHÉtgEtTijedayeCO edaysarfa´)anRbkbrbrenHtaMgBIyUrmkehIy Gñke)aHduMTaMgenaH dwgfaÉtgTUTat;sgvij. ebI´Tij)aneRcIn´k¾Gaclk;eTAvij)aneRcInnig)ancMeNjeRcInEdr. b:uEnþRKb;EpøeQITaMgGs;Edl´TijminGaclk;Gs;kñúgeBlEtmYyéf¶)aneT. EpøeQIxøH dUcCaEpøRkUc Gaclk;;Gs; luHRta 2b¤3éf¶.

sRmab;GñkTijNaEdlmindwgBItémøe)aHduM ´GaccMeNjBIBYkKat;)anBI 2-3dgénGñkEdldwgéfø. b:uEnþ sRmab;GñkTijEdl dwgBItémøenH ´GacbBa©úHéfø b¤CYnkalGt;lk;eGayBYkeK. enAeBlRBwk´lk;EpøeQIEk,r pSarsalacin nigRtUvbg; éføPasIu éføGnam½y nigéføsnþisuxpSar. ebI´lk;EpøeQImindac;eT ´RtUvCYlm:UtUkg;bI ¬Tuk Tuk¦ b¤m:UtUDub edIm,IdwkEpøeQITaMgGs;eTAkMBg;cmøg EdlenATIenaH´mankEnøgmYyeTotsRmab;lk;. ´lk;EpøBuRTa [ePJóveTscr m:aeLsIu nig kUer: eday1KILÚ)an 3>500` EdldMbUgkat;éfø 4>000‘ ‘̀ kñúg1KILÚ rYcTukeGayeKtéfø. témøenHénAGaccMeNj)an 700` kñúgmYyKILÜ. GtifiCnCaeRcInrbs;énAkMBg;cmøgenH CaGñkeFVIdMeNIr CiHTUkqøgkat;TenøemKgÁenH. enAem:ag4resol érIeTAlk;;tammat;Tenøvij KWlk;[GñkmkedIrelgTIenaH. eBlyb;CYnkal´lk;enAEk,rpÞH´b¤enAEk,rsNæaKarmenarmü nigsNæaKaremKgÁ. eckTijcUlmYysñitéfø 3>000` ehIyGaclk;ecjmYyEpø 200`. lk;enAeBlyb;GacrkcMNUl)aneRcInBIIRsIxara:GUex. éf¶xøH´lk;dac; ´Gaclk;rhUtdl;em:ag 11yb;. éf¶enHćMeNjmindl;10>000èT b:uEnþsRmab;éf¶Edllk;dac; ´GaccMeNjdl; 40>000`.

Gñklk;xøHGaclk;EpøeQIefakCag´ eRBaHBYkeKsIuEPñkCBa¢Ig. ´lk;kñúgtémømYyéføCagbnþicEmn b:uEnþ´min bnøMEPñkCBa¢IgdUcGñkEdllk;kñúgtémøefak b:uEnþsIuEPñkCBa¢IgenaHeLIy. ćas;ehIy´mincg;[GñkTijeKsþIbenÞas´

33

cMeBaHkarbnøMEPñkCBa¢IgenaHeT. etIýkR)ak;Edl)anmkedayminesµaHRtg; eTAeFVIbuNüy:agem:ceTA? dUcKñaenHEdr ´minEdlTTYlTijrbs;EdllYc)anBIecarenaHeT. ecarTaMgenaHlYcEpøeQI;eK ehIyykmklk;[´kñúgtémøefak. ´R)ab;BYkvafa vaCaerOgmYyKYr[eGonxµas;Nas;sRmab;BYkeKEdleFVIGMeBIlYcdUcenH. ´TijEpøeQIBIGñke)aHduMenA pSar eTaHbIkñúgtémøéfø b¤efakk¾eday.

kUnRbusénAPñMeBjR)ab;´[Qb;lk;EpøeQIeTot. ´R)ab;vavijfa´RtUvkarR)ak;edIm,IciBa©wmCIviteBlcas;eTA nigedIm,Icgéd kñúgBiFImgÁlkar nigkñúgbuNüTanepSg². ´minFøab;enAsRmakTMenreT. eRkayBIQb;3éf¶ kñúgbuNü cUlqñaMExµr ćab;epþImQWehIyRtUvekasxül;ecj. ´sb,aycitþ nigmansuxPaBl¥ eBleFVIkargar ehIy´minRtUvkar BwgEp¥kelIkUnedIm,ICYyciBa©wménaHeT.

kEnøglk; nigkarbg;éføQñÜlpSar

kEnøglk;enApSar

tamniymn½yGñklk;dUrxñattUc Etglk;TMnijenAkEnøgb¤raneRkApSar. enAkñúgextþkMBg;cam Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSar GacrkkEnøglk;eTAtammeFüa)ayepSg²BIKña. BYkeKcab;kEnøgedayxøÜnÉg CYl b¤TijBIGñkepSg kMNt;TItaMglk;edayKN³kmµkarpSar b¤TTYl)anedaymeFüa)ayepSg²eTot. Cag1¼4énGñklk;dUrxñattUc )anlk;enAkEnøgbc©úb,nñrbs;xøÜnGs;ry³eBlCag9qñaMmkehIy 1¼2lk; Cag3qñaM 3¼4lk;Cag1/5qñaM nig1¼4eTotticCag1/5qñaM. kEnøgGciéRnþy_EdlBYkeKkMBuglk;enH )anbgðaj eGayeXIjfa BYkeKmansiT§ikan;kab; ehIyCaTUeTAkEnøgenaHRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;.

Gñklk;EpøeQI)aneRbIR)as;kEnøglk;bc©úb,nñrbs;xøÜnGs;ry³eBlCamFüm 6/4qñaM eRbóbeFobeTA Gñklk;RtIEdleRbIeBlGs;5/8qñaM nigGñklk;bEnøGs;ry³eBl4/8qñaM. Cag2¼3énGñklk;dUrxñattUc enApSarniyayfa BYkKat;min)anEckkEnøglk;dUrCamYyGñklk;epSgeToteT. Cit4¼5niyayfaTMhM énkEnøglk;KWlµmRKb;RKan; sRmab;tRmUvkarBYkKat;. RbkarKYr[cab;GarmµN_enaHKWfaCag2¼3énGñk lk;EpøeQI nigCagBak;kNþalén Gñklk;bEnøR)ab;faBYkKat;TukRbdab;RbdarsMrab;lk;ecaleBlyb;. RbEhl1¼4énGñklk;EdleyIg)ansMPasn_ BYkeKlk;enAkEnøgepSgeTotenAeBlbnÞab;.

34

Gñklk;dUrxñattUcminRtUv)anrMelaPbMBaneLIy xN³eBlEdlBYkeKmansiT§ikan;kab;elIkEnøglk; dUrrbs;xøÜn. KYrkt;sMKal;faCit2¼5énGñklk;enApSarFøab;RtUv)aneKbeNþjecjBIkEnøglk;BImun. enA eBlsYrfa etIBYkKat;GacnwgRtUvbeNþjecjBIkEnøglk;bc©úb,nñenHeTotb¤y:agNa 23° )aneqøIyGac nwgRtUveKbeNþjecjEdr b:uEnþ42°eTotenAminc,as;las;. CagenHeTAeTot 15°énGñklk;Edl )ansmÖasn_Føab;GaCJaFrpSarbeNþjecjBIkEnøgEdlxøÜnkMBuglk;sBVéf¶. dUcKñaenHEdr 15°énGñklk; Edl)ansmÖasn_ Føab;RtUv)ansnþisuxpSar b¤b:UlIsrwbGUsTMnijBIkEnøglk;. edaysarGñklk;dUrxñattUc sßitkñúgsßanPaBeRkApøÚvc,ab; dUecñHBYkeKgayTTYlrgeRKaHcMeBaHkarbeNþjecj nigqaeqArMxanBIsMNak; GaCJaFr.

éføQñÜlenApSar

eyagtamkarGegátGñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSar BYkeKRtUvbg;éføepSg² Edlkarbg;éføenHCaEpñkén skmµPaBlk;dUrrbs;Kat;enATIpSar. esÞIrEtRKb;Gñkpþl;cemøIyTaMgGs; RtUvcMNayelIkarbg;Bn§dMeNIr karrksIu b¤PasIu. Gñklk;PaKeRcInk¾RtUvcMNayRbcaMéf¶eTAelIkarCYlq½Rt elIesvabgÁn; nig Gnam½y. CitBak;kNþalénGñklk;dUrxñattUcenApSarRtUvcMNayelIkarCYlkEnøg. BYkKat;RtUvcMNay bg;éføsrub CamFüm 2>135` kñúgmYyéf¶. karbg;Bn§ PasIu RtUvcMNayRbcaMéf¶CamFüm1>021`. rIÉkar bg;éfø[b:UlIsvijminCaeRcInb:unµaneT. cMeBaHGñklk;EpøeQIEdlRtUvcMNayelIkarbg;Bn§TMnij CamFüm RbcaMéf¶ nigbg;eTAelIéføCYlkEnøgx<s; k¾RtUvbg;éføcMNayCamFümRbcaMéf¶x<s;Edr ¬sUmemIltaragTI5¦. CaTUeTAGñklk;dUr minmanbBaðaGMBIkarbg;éføtamc,ab;enaHeT b:uEnþ)ant¥ÚjEt¥rGMBI karTamTareGaybg;éfø hYskMrit BIsMNak;GaCJaFrpSar.

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taragTI 5> karbg;éføcMNayCamFümRbcaMéf¶rbs;Gñklk;enATIpSar ¬KitCaerol¦ TIrYmextþkMBg;cam ExsIha qñaM2007

Gñklk;bEnø Gñklk;EpøeQI Gñklk;RtI Gñklk;TaMgGs; témøcMNaysrubCamFümRbcaMéf¶ * 1>935 2>495 1>991 2>135 cMNayelIbg;Bn§TMnij ¬PasIu¦** 1>021 1>144 895 1>021 éføQñÜlq½Rt *** 658 764 592 668 éføbgÁn; nigGnam½y **** 328 300 374 333 éføQñÜlkEnøg ***** 731 1>219 863 951 éføsnþisuxpSar ****** 270 252 232 254 éføGKÁisnI ******* 156 200 0 169 éføb:UlIs ******** 0 200 350 300 éføcMNayepSg² ********* 350 300 286 308 *N=77

**N=68 ***N=48 ****N=50 *****N=32 ******N=20 *******N=9 ********N=0 *********N=4

*N=70 **N=66 ***N=45 ****N=45 *****N=36 ******N=23 *******N=4 ********N=1 *********N=2

*N=68 **N=64 ***N=52 ****N=41 *****N=30 ******N=14 *******N=0 ********N=2 *********N=7

*N=215 **N=198 ***N=145 ****N=136 *****N=98 ******N=57 *******N=13 ********N=3 *********N=13

y:agNak¾edayCamYyninñakarcMNayeRcInxÞg;TaMgenH )anbgðajBIPaBxusKñakñúgcMeNamGñklk;dUr xñatUcTaMg3RbePTTak;TgnwgkarcMNaysrubCamFümRbcaMéf¶. ]TahrN_RsbeBlEdlGñklk; EpøeQI 26°cMNaysrubCamFümkñúgmYyéf¶Cag 3>000` manGñklk;EpøeQI26°epSgeTotcMNayRtwmEt 1>000` b¤ticCagenH. tamkareRbóbeFob enAeBlEdlGñklk;bEnø31°cMNaysrubCamFümkñúg mYyéf¶ 1>000` b¤ticCagenH man13°epSgeTotcMNaydl;eTACag 3>000` ¬sUmGantaragTI6¦. CaTUeTA GñkEdlbg;éfø RbcaMéf¶eRcIn k¾CaGñkrkcMNUlRbcaMéf¶)aneRcInEdr.

36

taragTI 6> témøcMNaymFümRbcaMéf¶sRmab;Gñklk;enATIpSar ¬KitCaerol¦ tIrYmextþkMBg;cam ExsIha qñaM2007

Gñklk;bEnø Gñklk;EpøeQI Gñklk;RtI Gñklk;TaMgGs; # ° # ° # ° # ° 0- 1>000 erol 24 31 18 26 13 17 55 26 1>001 = 2>000 erol 25 33 19 27 22 32 66 31 2>001-3>000 erol 18 23 15 21 27 40 60 28 elIs 3>000 erol 10 13 18 26 6 9 34 16 N=77 N=70 N=68 N=215

Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar EdlmanTMnak;TMngCamYysmaCikKN³kmµaFikarpSarmancMnYntictYc ¬7°¦b:ueNÑaH. TnÞwmenHkñúgcMeNamGñkpþl;cemøIyTaMgGs;manEt 27° b::ueNÑaHEdlRtUv)anBnül; GMBIbT bBa¢aépÞkñúg nigbTbBaØtisRmab;karRKb;RKgskmµPaBrbs;Gñklk; BIsMNak;mRnþIsnþisuxpSar.

bBaðaEdlFøab;ekItmanenATIpSar

kñúgcMeNamGñkEdl)ansmÖasn_TaMgGs;man44°)anraykarN_fa y:agehacNas;BYkKat;Føab; manbBaðapÞal;xøÜnmYydgenATIpSar. bBaðaenHTak;TgeTAnwgsnþisuxTMnij karsþIbenÞasBIsMNak;snþisux b¤b:UlIspSar snþisuxpÞal;xøÜn karlM)akkñúgkaremIlEfTaMkUn nigTMnas;CamYyGñklk;epSgeTot. dUcKña enHEdr 76°énGñkpþl;bTsmÖasn_TaMgGs;)anraykarN_fa y:agehacNas;BYkKat;Føab;manbBaðabrisßan CMuvijmþgEdrenATIpSar. bBaðasMram Pk;RCaMenA CuMvijkEnøglk; kNþúr nigstVl¥it nig xVHbgÁn;Gnam½y nigKµanTwks¥at. kñúgcMeNamGñklk;TaMgGs;man 2¼3 EdlFøab;manbBaðaTaMgenH ehIy)anR)ab; Gñklk;epSgeTotGMBIbBaðaenH eTaHbICamanEt 1¼4 )anCYyedaHRsayk¾eday. enAeBl)ansYrGMBICn sMxan;EdlBYkKat;RtUveTACYb edIm,I[CYyedaHRsaybBaðaenH CagBak;kNþalénBYkKat;min)andwgR)akd b¤faKYreTACYbnrNamYyenaHeT. enAsl;BIenHeqøIy faKYreTA CYbsnþisuxpSar KN³kmµkarpSar GaCJaFrXuM Gñklk;epSgeTot nigb:UlIs. eTaHbIfaKµanGñklk;dUrNamñak; EdlRtUv)ansmÖasn_KWCasmaCikénRkum b¤smaKmGñklk;dUrk¾eday k¾Gñklk;dUrenApSarbwgkuk )anrkdMeNaHRsayeCaKC½yeTAnwgbBaða énkarTar eGaybg;éføhYskMrit edaymankarKaMRTBIsMNak; GgÁkarsiT§imnusSmYy.

37

erOgr:avrbs;GñkRsI Esm Rss; Gñklk;RtIenApSarbwgkuk

éQµaH Esm Rss; CaCnCaticam. ´Gayu 38qñaM. ćab;epþImrbrCaGñklk;RtIdMbUgenATIrYmextþkMBg;cam CamYymþay´taMgBI´manGayu10qñaMemø:H. eyIgFøab;lk;RtIenApSarRkluk bnÞab;mk enAtammat;Tenø. eBlenaH karTijdUrCaFmµtaKWcayluydugevotNam b¤CaRsUv Ggár. eRkayeBlerobkarrYc ´)anlk;RtIenA pSarkNþal b:uEnþ RtUvbgçM[mklk;enApSarbwgkukenHvijtaMgBIpSarcab;epþImebIkb:unµanqñaMknøgmk. enArdUvEdlGacensaT)an bþIrbs;´ CaGñkensaT eRkABIenHKat;CaGñkrt;m:UtUDub. ´mankUn 3nak; ehIy2nak;)an erobkarrYcehIy. cMNUlEdl ´rk)anBIkarlk;RtI KWCaRbPBsMxan;sRmab;ciBa©wmCIvPaBRKYsar.

muxrbrrbs;´KWeFVITaMgBIr CaGñke)aHduMpg nigCaGñklk;raypg. ral;éf¶´TijRtIRbEhl 100KILÚRkam. mYycMnYn é)aHduM)anPøam²eTA[Gñklk;enApSaredaycMeNj)an 200`-300` kñúgmYyKILRkamÚ. RtIEdlenAsl; ´lk;rayedayxøÜnÉg. enAéf¶EdlsMbUr ´TijRtIcUlrhUtdl; 200-300KILÚRkam. CaTUeTAtémømYyKILÚRkam RbEhl 7>300` dUecñH témø 100KILÚRkam KWBI 700>000` eTA 800>000`. b:uEnþ´RtUvTijeday[R)ak;. ´GacTijeCO)an nigTUTat;vijeRkayBIlk;RtIrYc. edaysar´TijRtIBIGñke)aHduMepSg²Kña nigBIGñklk;epSg²enApSar dUcenH´TTYl)anRtIRKb;RKan;sRmab;lk;. eRkayBIcMNayepSg² ´GacrkcMeNjkñúgmYyéf¶ )anBI 10>000`-20>000`.

mindUcmuxCMnYjepSgeToteT muxrbrlk;RtIRtUvkaredImTuntictYcb:ueNÑaH nigGacbgVwlTunb¤cMeNj)an Pøam² eTaHCaRbePTrksIuFM b¤tUck¾eday. b:uEnþkarrksIuRtIenH minEmnEtgEt)ancMeNjRKb;eBlenaHeT eBlxøH KW)anRtwmEtmYyTb;b:ueNÑaH. ´RtUvEtGt;Fµt;. kñúgkrNIrkmin)anb¤xat ´RtUvx©IR)ak;eKedIm,IRTRTg;karcMNay RbcaMéf¶. dUcCa\LÚvenH ´RtUvsgbMNuleKkñúgmYyéf¶ 3>000` sMrab;ry³eBl40éf¶ cMeBaHR)ak;Edl´)anx©I 100>000` CamYynwgkar R)ak; 20>000`. sMrab;RTRTg;kRmitCIvPaBrs;enAkñúgRKYsarédayBwgEp¥kelImuxrbr lk;RtIenHKWmankarlM)akNas;.

BImun karbg;éføBn§TMnij b¤PasIuenApSarbwgkuk KWéføNas;. ]TahrN_ ÉtgEtlk;RtIBI 2-3kERBa©g EdlkñúgmYy kERBa©gTm¶n; 20-60KRk ehIyeKeGay´bg; 1>500` kñúgmYykERBa©g b¤ 4>500` srubkERBa©gTaMg Gs;. témøenH)ankat;bnßyR)ak;cMeNj rbs;ý:ageRcIn. m©as;tUb nigGñklk;dUrxñattUcepSg² )andak;Bakü bNþwgeTAGgÁkarsiT§imnusS. eyIgmin)anbþwgeTARbFanpSar b¤GaCJaFrmUldæaneTeRBaHeyIgdwgfaRbFanpSarGacnwg sIusMNUkcMeBaHGñkTTYlxusRtUvbBaðaenH ehIyvanwgKµanGVIERbRbYlenaHeT. GñkedIrRbmUlBn§ RtUvbg;CUnrdæaPi)al ehIyBYkKat;TTYl)ancMNUlBIcMnYnEdlKat;RbmUl)anelIs. ya:gNamijBakübNþwgenaH TTYl)aneCaKC½yEdl Gñklk;enATIpSa )anesñI[mankarbBa©úHtémøBn§TMnij. mnusSsamBaØdUceyIgmansiT§ikñúgkarbþwg ehIyrdæaPi)almin Gacpþl;GMNac[GñkCMnYjTaMgenHeFVIGaCIvkmµykcMeNjelIeyIgeLIy. eRkayBImandMeNaHRsayelIkrNIenH

38

´)anbg;Bn§RtwmEt 1>000` kñúgmYyéf¶ b:uEnþ\LÚvtémøenH)aneLIgrhUtdl; 1>500` kñúgmYyéf¶. KµannrNamñak; dwgfaR)ak;RbmUl)anenaHykeTAeFVIGVIenaHeT.

enApSar´dak;lk;RtIrbs;éRkamRkNat;tg;. CYnkalm©as;ranminsb,aycitþnwgéT edaysarRkNat;tg; enaH)aMgmuxranrbs;BYkeK. m©as;ranmñak;)anrwbGUsykRkNat;tg;rbs;éBlEdlva)anFøak;cuHeRkam. ´bnþlk; enAkEnøgenH nigbg;Bn§elImuxrbrenH. GñkRbmUlBn§mincg;)at;bg;R)ak;rbs;´ ehIy)anbenÞasm©as;ran Edl)an ykRkNat;tg;´. m©as;ranminh‘aneFVIdUecñHeToteT. ´mincg;manTMnas;CamYyGñkdéTenApSareT vaCaerOgKYr [eGonxµas;. b:uEnþ´GacnwgeQøaHRbEkkebIeKbenÞasédaygegIl. cugbBa©b;vaGaRs½ynwgplkmµ b¤vasna. ebI vasnacarmk[køayCaGñkman enaHnwgmansMNagl¥ ehIyrkR)ak;)aneRcIneLIg². b:uEnþebIvasnacarmk[Rk eTaHCaxMy:agNak¾edayk¾minGackøayCaGñkman)anEdr. ´mindwgfavasnacar[´køayCaGñkman b¤y:agNaenaH eT. b:uEnþ´min EdlrMBwgcg;køayCaGñkmaneT.

39

esckþIsnñidæan

enAkñúgshsvtSr_fµIenH edaysarEtmankarkarsagsg; s<anKIsUNaqøgkat;TenøemKgÁ karsþar eLIgvijnUvpøÚvCatienAPaKxageCIg nigenAtamextþPaK|san karekIneLIgnUvcMnYnRbCaCnenAkñúgextþ kMBg;cam nigkarekIneLIgnUvskmµPaBTIpSarenABaseBjépÞRbeTs eFVIeGayTIrYmextþkMBg;cam)ankøayCa cMNuckNþalénskmµPaBdwkCBa¢Ún nigskmµPaBqøgkat;d¾skmµ. karekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½sénskmµPaB TIpSarenH )anpþl;»kasPaKeRcInsRmab;RsþI kñúgkarrkcMNUlBIkarlk;bEnø EpøeQI nigRtI. GñkEdl)anpþl; bTsmÖasn_manTIlMenAkñúgTIrYmextþkMBg;cammun qñaM2000 manrhUtdl;93° kñúgenaHPaKeRcInGñkEdl)an cab;epþImRbkbrbrCaGñklk;dUrxñattUccab;taMgBIqñaM2000 man 52° EdlGñkTaMgenH)anQøat»kasBI karrIklUtlas;énesdækic©35.

KYreGaykt;smÁal; kñúgcMeNamGñklk;dUrxñattUcTaMgGs;EdlRtUv)ansmÖasn_ man97°KWCaRsþI ehIyEdlPaKeRcIn mantYnaTIsMxan;kñúgkarRTRTg;CIvPaBRKYsarrbs;BYkKat;. CarYmkñúgcMeNamGñkpþl; cemøIyTaMgGs;man 68°CaGñkrkcMNUlEtÉg b¤GñkrkcMNUlsMxan;kñúgRKYsar. RsedogKñaenHEdr Gñklk;dUrPaKeRcIn RtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCaGñkRKb;RKgTukdak;; nigeRbIR)as;luykak;enAkñúgRKYsarrbs;xøÜn. extþkMBg;camsßitenAminsUvq¶ayBIPñMeBj EdleKKitfaGacnwgmanCncMNakRsukmkeFVIkargarenAPñMeBj eRcIn EtpÞúyeTAvijmanGñklk;dUrxñattUcRtwmEt 17°b:ueNÑaH)anTTYlluykak;EdlsmaCikRKYsarrbs;xøÜn )anepJImkBIkargarcMNakRsukrbs;eK. enHCakarbgðajeGayeXIjfaGñklk;dUrxñattUcBitCamanPaBm©as; karelIkargarrkcMNUlsRmab;RKYsar . Gñkpþl;cemøIycMnYn bIPaKbYn)anbgðajnUvkareBjcitþcMeBaH kargar lk;dUrrbs;BYkeK ehIyeRcInCagBIrPaKbIénGñklk;dUr)anbBa¢ak;faBYkeKGacCYyRTRTg;dl;CIvPaBRKYsar nigciBa©wmkUn²rbs;eK)an .

R)ak;cMeNjRbcaMéf¶CamFüm sRmab;Gñklk;dUrxñattUcTaMgGs;RtwmEt10333erol ¬2>58 duløar¦ dUecñHcMnYnenHRtUvCa 7>6°énR)ak;cMNUlCamFümRbcaMéf¶rbs;BYkeK. eTaHbIGñklk;dUrxñattUc dMeNIrkarlk;dUredaycMNayedImTuneRcIn ehIyGacrkcMNUlsrubk¾eRcInEdrenaH EtR)ak;cMeNjCamFüm 35

r)aykarN_ GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati sþIBI karlk;dUrtampøÚv enARbeTséf km<úCa nigm:ughÁÚlI )anbBa¢ak;fakarlk;dUrtampøÚvmankarekIneLIg eTaHbICaesdækic©rIkcMerIn b¤Gn;fyk¾eday. kñúgeBlesdækic©rIkcMerInlUtlas; manRbCaCnkan;EteRcInRbkbrbrenH ehIyenAeBlesdækic©Gn;fy enaHkarlk;dUrkøayCaRckmYysMrab;GñkEdlGt;kargareFVI . Gan Kusakabe, Kyoko, bBaðaTak;TgxageKalneya)aysþIBIkarlk;dUrtamdgpøÚv³ lkçN³TUeTAénkarsikSa enARbeTséf km<úCa nigm:ughÁÚlI kariyal½yBlkmµGnþrCati 2006 TIRkug)agkk .

40

BitCamankMritTab. CamYyKñaenHEdr R)ak;cMeNjkñúgcMeNamGñklk;dUrxñattUcdUcKña k¾manPaBxusKñaxøaMg Edr. Cak;EsþgeyIgeXIjfa Gñklk;dUr 31°)anTTYlplcMeNjCamFümRbcaMéf¶ 5000erol b¤ticCag enH Et 14°epSgeTot )anTTYlplcMeNjCamFümRbcaMéf¶elIsBI 15000erol. dUecñHenHCa bgðajeGayeXIjnUvKMlatKñarvagGñklk;dUrxñattUc Tak;TgeTAnwglT§PaBTTYl)annUv\NTan smtßPaB RKb;RKgTMhMénkarlk;dUr ehIynigsmtßPaBkñúgkarBRgIkkarlk;dUr.

edaysarGñklk;dUrPaKeRcIn )anR)ak;cMeNjticCag 5000erolkñúgmYyéf¶ ehIysmaCikRKYsar CamFüm 5>3nak; Gñklk;dUrCaGñkrkcMNUlsMxan;kñúgRKYsarpgenaH enHCakarbgðajeGayeXIjfa Gñklk; dUrxñattUcEdlRtUv)ansmÖasn_ PaKeRcInKWCaGñkrksIulk;dUr edIm,Irs;BitR)akdEmn. pÞúyeTAvijGñklk;dUr mYycMnYntUc TTYl)annUvR)ak;cMNUleRcIn nigmanCIviPaBFUrFar . dUecñH eKminGacemIlrMlgeTAelIKuN sm,tþi nigsñaédrbs;RsþIEdlCaGñklk;dUrxñattUc)aneT eTaHbICaGñklk;dUrPaKeRcIn RKan;Et)anCYyRTRTg; karciBa©wmCIvitRKYsarBImYyéf¶eTAéf¶ b¤Gñklk;dUrmYycMnYn tUcmanCIvPaBRbesIreLIgk¾eday . krNIsikSa Edl)anelIkeT,IgenAkñúgr)aykarN_RsavRCavenH )anbBa¢ak;c,as;cMeBaHkarGHGagmkenH . Cak;Esþg GñkRsI etO GasIuKIn KWCaRsþIemm:ayedaykarElglH EdlmanGayu 35 qñaM CaGñklk;RtIenApSarRkmYn Edl)anxitxMrksuIEtmñak;Ég edIm,IciBa©wmkUnbInak; ehIyEfmTaMg)anbBa¢ÚnBYkeK eGay)ancUlsala eTotpg . rIÉkBaØa eKot Kn§a manGayu 18qñaMCaGñkbEnøenApSarRkmYnEdrenaH )anrYmcMENkCYyrkcMNUl sMrab;RKYsarya:geRcIn enAkñúgrdUvvsSaEdleBlenaHCaeBlnag)anQb;sMrakBIkareronsURtviC¢aKruekaslü EdlnagnwgkøayCaRKUbeRgonmñak; enAeBlGnaKt . cMeBaHGñkRsI Esm Rss; erobkar manGayu 38qñaM CaGñklk;RtIenApSarbwgkuk kñúgRTg;RTayFMmYy ehIyenHCaRbPBcMNUlya:gsMxan;sMrab;RKYsar . sMrab; GñkRsI Ca suKn§I CaRsþIemma:y Gayu 56 qñaM CaGñklk;EpøeQIenApSarsalacin )anxitxMrkcMNUledIm,IbMrug TukenAeBlv½yrbs;Kat;kan;Etcas;eTA² ehIynigykeTAeRbIR)as; sMrab;karcUlrYmBiFIGaBah_BiBah_ b¤ BiFIbuNüepSg² .

edIm,IdMeNIrkarkarlk;dUreTA)an TunEdlGñklk;dUrxñattUc)aneRbIR)as;kñúgRKadMbUgKW tictYcNas;. edayehtuenHehIy eTIbGñklk;dUrrhUtdl;eTA 50° )andMeNIrkarmuxrbrrbs;xøÜn edaykareRbIR)as;luy snSMrbs;xøÜnEdlman . Gñklk;dUrPaKeRcInTijTMnijBIGñklk;duM b¤ QµÚjkNþal edIm,IykeTAlk; ehIykñúgenaH manGñkxøHTijedaysac;R)ak;suT§ GñkxøHeRbIsac;R)ak; nig TijeCO rIÉGñkxøHeTot TijeCO TaMgRsug. Gñklk;dUrPaKeRcIn Edl)anTijTMnijeCOxøH b¤eCOTaMgRsug RtUvsgeTAeKvijeRkayeBlEdl

41

Qb;lk;RbcaMéf¶. Gñklk;dMuxøH mansNþancitþCYydwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijTaMgenaH mkdl;kEnøgGñklk;Etmþg eday minKitéfødwkCBa¢ÚneT .

karpSaP¢ab;KñarvagGñklk;dMu nigGñklk;xñattUcKWmansar³sMxan;Nas; enAkñúgExSsgVak;TIpSar ehIy TMnak;TMngenHk¾mansar³sMxan;pgEdr rvagGñklk;dMu nigGñklk;rayenAtamtUbenAkñúgTIpSar . Gñklk;dMu )anpþl;nUvedImTunvinieyaK karTijeCORbcaMéf¶ nigkarCYydwkCBa¢ÚnsRmab;Gñklk;dUrxñattUc. rIÉGñklk;dUr xñattUc )anedIrtYCaQµÜjkNþalkñúgkarCYyGñklk;dMu kñúgkarlk;dUrTMnijk¾dUcCakarEbgEck eTAdl;GtifiCn TUeTAy:ageRcIn. ebIsinCaKµanGñklk;dUrxñattUceTenaH Gñklk;dMuminGacRbkbmuxrbrrbs;xøÜn edaylk; TMnijeTAdl;GñkTij)any:ageRcInEbbenHeT.

Gñklk;dUrxñattUceRcInCag bIPaKR)aMrksIulk;dUrEtmñak;Ég . EtmanmYycMnYneTotmansac;jati CYyxøHenAkñúgrdUvkalEdllk;dac;. kñúgcMeNamGñklk;TaMgGs; manEtmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaH Edl)anTTYl karpþl;eyabl; b¤)aneronsURtBIreboblk;dUr ehIyrwtEtmancMnYnGñklk;dUrkan;EtticeTAeTotEdl)an eFVIkarkt;RtaenAcMNUl nigcMNayRbcaMéf¶rbs;xøÜn . kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaHEdr Gñklk;dUreRcInCagBak; kNþal )anbBa¢ak;faBYkeKmanEpnkar BRgIkmuxCMnYjrbs;BYkeK b:uEnþman]bsKÁsMxan;mYysRmab;BYkeK PaKeRcInenaH KWkarxVHxatedImTun36.

eTaHbIfaGñklk;dUr mansiT§ielIkEnøglk;dUrrbs;xøÜnk¾eday k¾siT§ienHenAEtGaceKrMelaPbMBan)an. RbkarKYreGaykt;sMKal;KW Gñklk;dUresÞIrEtBIrPaKbIEdlRtUv)ansmÖasn_ manbTBiesaFn_RtUv)aneK beNþjecjBIkEnøgEdlxøÜnFøab;)anlk;dUreBlmun. enAeBlEdleKsYrfaetIBYkKat;GacnwgRtUvbeNþjecj BIkEnøglk;bc©úb,nñb¤y:agNaenaH Gñkpþl;cemøIy mYyPaKR)aM)aneqøIytbfa GacnwgRtUveKbeNþjecj edayELk BIrPaKR)aMeTot)aneqøIyfaminR)akdkñúgcitþeT. tamBitGñklk;cMnYn 15°EdlRtUv)ansmÖasn_ Føab;RtUv)anGaCJaFrbeNþjecjBIkEnøglk;bc©úb,nñenH. elIsBIenHeTAeTot Gñklk;dUrcMnYn 15°Føab; )ansnþisux b¤b:UlIspSarrwbGUsykTMnijrbs;BYkKat; BIkEnøglk;bc©úb,nñenH. dUecñHsßanPaBpøÚvc,ab; minc,as;las;rbs;Gñklk;dUrEbbenH naMeGayBYkKat;gayrgeRKaHeTAnwgkarbeNþjecj nigkarrMxan

36 Kusakabe karRsavRCavGMBI bBaðaTak;TgeKalneya)ayGMBIGñklk;dUrtamdgpøÚv )anelIkeLIgfaRsþImansmtßPaBtictYckñúgkarcat;Ecg eBlevla nigkMlaMgBlkmµkñúgRKYsarmindUcbursenaHeT. BYkeKminEmnxVHCMnaj b¤xVHedImTunenaHeT b:uEnþeKxVHsmtßPaBkñúgkarcat;Ecg kMlaMgBlkmµkñúgRKYsar eTIbeFVIeGaymanPaBxusKña y:agsMxan;rvagburs nigRsþIkñúgkarBRgIkmuxrbr.

42

epSg² BIsMNak;GaCJaFrTaMgenaH37. Gñkpþl;cemøIyesÞIrEtTaMgGs;Kña )anbg;PasIural;éf¶elITMnijrbs;xøÜn Edl)anlk;dUr. edayELkesÞIrEtBak;kNþalénGñkpþl;cemøIy )anbg;tMélsRmab;kEnøglk;. Gñklk;dUr PaKeRcIn)anbg;éføRbcaMéf¶ sRmab;CYlqRt½ nigsRmab;esvaeRbIR)as;bgÁn; nigGnam½y EteTaHCay:agNa k¾eday k¾BYkKat;enAEtCYbRbTHbBaðaTak;TgeTAnwgkøins¥úyedaysarsMramEdlmin)anRbmUl Pk;RCaMenA CMuvij mankNþúrnigstVl¥it ehIynigxVHbgÁn;RBmTaMgTwks¥ateTotpg. CarYmGñklk;dUrxñattUc)anbg; éføsRmab;pSaCamFümcMnYn 2135erol ¬ 0>53duløar¦kñúgmYyéf¶. sRmab;Gñkbg;PasIu eK)ancMNay CamFüm 1021erol ¬0>26duløar¦kñúgmYyéf¶. CaTUeTAGñklk;dUr mint¥ÚjEt¥rGMBIkarbg;éfø Edl)an kMNt;tamc,ab;enaHeT b:uEnþt¥ÚjEt¥rEtBIerOg EdlCYnkalGñkTarPasIu)anTareGaybg;éføhYskMNt;. eTaH bIKµanGñklk;dUrxñattUcNamñak; CasmaCikénRkum b¤smaKmGñklk;dUrk¾eday k¾Gñklk;dUrenApSarbwgkuk )ancat;viFankary:ageCaKC½y RbqaMgeTAnwgkarTamTareGaybg;éføhYskMrit edaymankarKaMRTBIGgÁkar siT§imnusSmYy.

CarYmlT§plrkeXIjenAkñúgkarRsavRCavGMBIGñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar enATIrYmextþkMBg;cam KW manPaBRsbKña eTAnwgÉksarRsavRCavsþIBIGñklk;dUrxñattUc enATIRkugPñMeBj. eTaHbIfaGñklk;dUrxñat tUc eFVIkarCaeRcInem:ag rYmcMENky:agsMxan;kñúgkarrkR)ak;cMNUlsRmab;RKYsark¾eday k¾karxVHcMeNHdwg nigCMnaj karxVHedImTun nigkarxVHkMlaMgBlkmµCYyeFVIkar naMeGaymanplitPaBkñúgkMritTabnigplcMeNj k¾tic ehIy)annaMeGayBYkeKPaKeRcIn manCIvPaBRKan;Etrs;BImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶b:ueNÑaH. elIsBIenHeTA eTot karRbkbmuxrbrkñúgsßanPaBpøÚvc,ab;mineTogTat; ehIysßitenAeRkArgVg;c,ab;kargarpgenaHeFVIeGay BYkKat;gayrgeRKaH eTAnwgbBaðaepSg²EdlKat;CYbRbTH. eKRtUvEtKitKUrCaRbjab;cMeBaHbBaðakgVHkargar smrmü kgVHsiT§i kgVHkarkarBarEpñksgÁm nigkgVHPaBCatMNag sRmab;Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar.

enAeBlEdleKdak;bBa¢ÚlkarRsavRCavGMBIGñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIrYmextþkMBg;cam eTAkñúgbribT énesdækic©eRkARbBn§½ karRsavRCavenHbgðajeGayeXIjfa raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa manPaBlMeGogmkrkkar 37 Kusakabe karRsavRCavGMBI bBaðaTak;TgeKalneya)ayGMBIGñklk;dUrtamdgpøÚv )anelIkeLIgfaGñklk;dUr RtUvEtpþl;nUvkarKaMRTpøÚv c,ab;c,as;las; edIm,IeGayBYkeK GacTamTarsiT§irbs;eK kñúgkarbnþRbkbmuxrbrciBa©wmCIvit ehIynigmansiT§ienAelIkEnøglk;dUrrbs;xøÜn. eyag tamkardkRsg;tamkarRsavRCavrbs; Perera GñkRsI Kusakabe )anyl;Rsbfa RbkarsMxan;KW Kat;cg;eXIj kEnøgEdlTMenr enAkñúg TIRkugGacerobcMeGayeTACa TIkEnøgBhumuxgar KImann½yfa CaTIkEnøgEdrGacykeTAeRbIR)as;edIm,IbMeBjeKalbMNg)aneRcIny:ag nigedIm,I CYysRmYldl;Gñklk;dUrtamdgpøÚv EdlCaEpñkmYyéndMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_enATIRkug. sUmemIl Perera, L.A.S. Ranjith, “kEnøgTMenrenATIRkug KWCa]bkrN_Epnkar sRmab;CYysRmYleTAdl;shRKaseRkARbBn§½ enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug³ karsikSamYyenATIRkugkULMúbU RbeTssIrIlgákar”

niekçbTfñak;bNÐit enAviTüasßanbec©kviTüaGasIu enATIRkug)agkk qñaM 1994.

43

elIkkMBs;Epñkesdækic©kñúgRbBn§½BitR)akdNas;. eyagtamTsSn³ EdlEbgEckRbBn§½esdækic©TaMgBIrdac; BIKña eTIbeFVIeGayrdæaPi)al)anGnuvtþeTAtamkarsnµt;mYyEdlfa esdækic©eRkARbBn§½ nwgRtUv)at;bg;Ca beNþIr²edayxøÜnÉg enAeBlEdlesdækic©kñúgRbBn§½mankarrIklUtlas;. b:uEnþmkdl;eBlenH karsnµtenH BitCamin)anekIteLIgenaHeLIy. dUecñHkarRsavRCavenH cg;eGayrdæaPi)al begáItnUveKalneya)ay nigpþÜcepþImnUvdMeNIrkarCaeRcInedIm,ICMrujshRKaseRkARbBn§½eGayQancUleTAkñúgesdækic©kñúgRbBn§½kan;Et eRcIneLIg. skmµPaBénkarlk;dUrenAtamTIpSar manPaBeRkApøÚvkareRcIn dUecñHtRmUv[rdæaPi)al nig sgÁmsIuvilykcitþTukdak;y:agxøaMgkøaedIm,IbegáInplitPaBrbs;shRKasTaMgenaH nigelIkkMBs;siT§irbs; GñkeFVIkarenAkñúgshRKasenaH edayEp¥ktamsiT§ikmµkrCaskl.

44

Gnusasn_sRmab;karerobcMeKalneya)ay

tamry³esckþIsnñidæanénkarRsavRCavenH nigeyagtam karrRsavRCavfµI²Edl)aneFVIeLIgeday GgÁkar Blkmµ GnþrCati (ILO) GMBIGñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar nig esdækic©eRkARbBn§½kñúgRbeTskm<úCa dUecñH karRsavRCavenHsUmelIkCaGnusasn_sRmab;erobcMeKalneya)aymYycMnYnCUneTAdl;raCrdæaPi)al nig sgÁmsIuvil³

- lb;bM)at;ral;c,ab;TaMgLayNaEdleFVIeGaykarlk;dUrxñattUcenApSarCaskmµPaBxusc,ab; - bEnßmenAbBaØtienAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIsnþisuxsgÁmnigkargarenAkm<úCa edaykarrab;bBa¢Úl

Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar nig GñkeFVIkarenAeRkARbBn§½epSgeTot - pþl;»kasdl;Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar eGay)ancUlrYm kñúgkarksagEpnkarGPivDÆn_TIRkug nig

karRKb;RKgTIpSar - CMrujeGaymantMNagénGñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar nig GñkeFVIkarenAeRkARbBn§½epSgeTot

enAkñúgsmaKmepSg² - begáInCMnaj nig cMeNHdwgrbs;Gñklk;dUrxñattUcenATIpSar nigpþl;lT§PaBTTYl)anTun

sRmab;BRgIkmuxrbr edIm,IbegáInplitPaB - sUmeGayrdæaPi)albgálkçN³gayRsYl kñúgkarcuHbBa¢ItampøÚvc,ab; nig

nigkat;bnßykarcMNaysRmab;begáIt nigdMeNIrmuxCMnYjxñattUc

45

]bsm<½n§§ 1³ sikçakameGDIGay nigGñkbNþúHbNþal bBa¢IeQµaHsikçakam

Twm vNÑa smaKmGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS nigGb;rMsuxPaB Es sg smaKmksikrsrIragÁedIm,IGPivDÆn_

em:n rMdYl GgÁkarskmµPaBsMrab;bzmsikSaenAkm<úCa m:a c½nÞsuPaB GgÁkarskmµPaBsMrab;bzmsikSaenAkm<úCa RBhµ Kwmeqg smaKmkumarIkray

sugehg s‘ULag smaKmRKYsareyIg CW Kwmha‘g smaKmRKYsareyIg

Giut b‘unNa GgÁkarkumarénkþIsgÇwm huk dYgc½y GgÁkarRbtibtþikarkumarkm<úCa

tUc FU GgÁkarGUxindin-km<úCa elOm RsIlis mCÄmNÐlRbCaBlrdæedIm,IGPivDÆn_ nigsnþiPaB

suk suParI GgÁkarseRgÁaHstVéRBkm<úCa mas can;fn GgÁkarKN³kmµaFikarsMrbsMrYlGPivDÆn_TIRkug

RkumeGDIGay hak; sucnIñ KN³kmµaFikarshRbtibtþikaredIm,Ikm<úCa ¼KMerageGDIGay

Kg; esoklI KN³kmµaFikarshRbtibtþikaredIm,Ikm<úCa ¼KMerageGDIGay eGO GuIl KN³kmµaFikarshRbtibtþikaredIm,Ikm<úCa ¼KMerageGDIGay QuM sIuru:m KN³kmµaFikarshRbtibtþikaredIm,Ikm<úCa ¼KMerageGDIGay

XYn cn½ÞdUer KN³kmµaFikarshRbtibtþikaredIm,Ikm<úCa ¼KMerageGDIGay cn m:akxinRDÚ KN³kmµaFikarshRbtibtþikaredIm,Ikm<úCa ¼KMerageGDIGay

46

bBa¢IÉksarRsavRCavknøgmkrbs;KMerageGDIGay (www.ccc-cambodia-org)

- karpþl;bNÑ½kmµsiT§dIFøI nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ³ karsikSaelIsgáat;BIrénxNÐéRBnb; RkugRBHsIhnu³ Exvicäika qñaM2007

- yl;dwgGMBIFnFansgÁmkñúgkareqøIytbeTAnwgeRKaHraMgs¶Üt nigTwkCMnn; ³ karsikSaeTAelIPUmicMnYn 5 kñúgtMbn; PUmisaRsþBIrepSgKña kñúgextþkMBg;FM³ ExsIha qñaM 2007

- karvivtþn_eTAkan;v½ycas;Cra rbs;RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgGtItmUldæan d_rwgmaMmYyrbs;ExµrRkhm³ karRsavRCavenAkñúgsgáat;BIr kñúgTIRkugéb:lin/ Exvicäika 2006

- karRbQmmux kñúgkarrs;enArbs;CnBikar enAtMbn;CnbT kñúgRbeTskm<úCa³ karsikSaRsavRCav GMBICnBikarEdlmanbBaðabMlas;TIenAkñúgbribTsgÁm RsukéRBEvg extþéRBEvg³ ExmIna 2006

- \T§iBlén]sSahkmµkat;edr eTAelICIvPaBrs;enA enAtMbn;CnbT³ bTBiesaFn_EdlTTYl)an BIkmµkrkat;edr nigRKYsarenACnbT kñúgextþéRBEvg³ Ex ]sPa 2005

- GMeBIhigSakñúg®KYsarenAkñúgtMbn;taMgTIlMenAfIµCayEdn enAe)a:yEb:tEdlmankMeNInmnusSya:g qab;rh½s³ kar®sav®CavenAkñúgPUmiBIr kñúgXMue)a:yEb:t extþbnÞaymanC½y³ Ex]sPa 2005

- karelIkMBs;CnCatiedImPaKtic kñúgkareGayBYKTTYl)annUvkareRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCati enAÉPUmi PaK|sanénRbeTskm<úCa³ ExFñÚ 2004

- kareqøIytbrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic eTAnwgkarfycuHénFnFanFmµCati³ karsikSaRsavRCavenA kñúgPUmiBIrrbs;CnCatiesÞog enARsuksñÜl extþRkecH³ ExFñÚ 2004

- kareRbIR)as;eRKÓgejonCabBaðasgÁm³ TsSn³rbs;RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmibI enACayRkug)at;dMbg³ Exemsa 2004

- bTBiesFn_rbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM kñúgkarelIkkMBs;karcUlrYmGPi)alkic©mUldæan³ karsikSaBIXuM cMnYn5³ExmIna qñaM2004

- karecjeTARbkbkargarenARbeTséf nigRBMEdnkm<úCa-éf ninñakarnaeBlbc©úb,nñ enAPUmicMnYn4 kñúgextþ)at;dMbg³ ExFñÚ 2003

- plb:HBal;én]sSahkmµeTscrN_ mkelICIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCn enAextþesomrab tMbn;]TüanGgÁr³ ExFñÚ 2002

- karsikSaxñattUc sþIBIkarEbgEckdIFøI enARbeTskm<úCa³ cMnucsMxan;²EdlTTYl)anBIkrNIsikSacMnYn3³ Exvicäika 2001

vendor khmer report final - weebly

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