verb retrieval, verb inflection and time reference in ... · pdf fileverb retrieval, verb...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Verb retrieval, verb inflection and time
reference in agrammatic aphasia
Roelien Bastiaanse
and many others
2
Verbs are like the sun
“... any unit (...) which is added semantically to a
verb is added simultaneously to the entire
sentence which is built around that verb, in the
same way that anything which happens to the
sun affects the entire solar system. In contrast,
(...) a noun is like a planet whose internal
modifications affect it alone, and not the solar
system as a whole.” (Chafe, 1970, p. 97)
3
Topics
1. verbs and verb inflection in Dutch agrammatic spontaneousspeech
2. verb finiteness in agrammatic aphasia
3. a hypothesis
4. Test for Assessing Time Reference (TART)
5. production and comprehension of Time Reference in Chinese, English and Turkish
6. time reference in Swahili – English bilingual agrammatic speakers
7. time reference in comprehension and production in Indonesian
8. verbs and time reference in Indonesian agrammatic spontaneousspeech
9. conclusion
4
1. verbs and verb inflection in
agrammatic spontaneous speech
5
Agrammatic Broca’s aphasia
• slow and effortful speech
• short sentences with simplified grammar
• mainly content words
– nouns, verbs, adjectives
• free and bound grammatical morphemes are
omitted or substituted
�telegraphic speech
• comprehension relatively intact
6
Verbs in agrammatic aphasia
• agrammatic speech (Saffran et al., 1989)
– poor verb production
– poor verb inflection
7
Verbs in agrammatic aphasia
• agrammatic speech (Saffran et al., 1989)
– poor verb production
– poor verb inflection
• action naming in agrammatic aphasia (Miceliet al., 1985)
– poor compared to object naming
• hypothesis
– poor verb production in spontaneous speech is due to poor verb retrieval
8
Verbs in agrammatic
spontaneous speech (Bastiaanse & Jonkers, 1998)
• spontaneous speech analysis variables
– 300 words
– agrammatic and non-brain-damaged speakers
– number of lexical verbs
– diversity of lexical verbs
– proportion of finite verbs, copulas, modal verbs
and auxiliaries
9
Verbs in agrammatic
spontaneous speech
• Results spontaneous speech analysis
– number of lexical verbs = normal
– diversity of lexical verbs
– proportion of finite verbs, copulas, modal verbs
and auxiliaries
10
Verbs in agrammatic
spontaneous speech
• Results spontaneous speech analysis
– number of lexical verbs = normal
– diversity of lexical verbs < normal
– proportion of finite verbs, copulas, modal verbs
and auxiliaries
11
Verbs in agrammatic
spontaneous speech
• Results spontaneous speech analysis
– number of lexical verbs = normal
– diversity of lexical verbs < normal
– proportion of finite verbs, copulas, modal verbs
and auxiliaries < normal
12
Verbs in agrammatic
spontaneous speech
• Results spontaneous speech analysis
– number of lexical verbs = normal
– diversity of lexical verbs < normal
– proportion of finite verbs, copulas, modal verbs
and auxiliaries < normal
• expectation: high and significant correlation
between diversity of lexical verbs and
performance on action naming task
• outcomes: low and non-significant correlation
13
Verbs in agrammatic
spontaneous speech
• individual results
– comparisons of ranks for diversity of lexical verbs
and proportion of finite clauses
14
Verbs in agrammatic
spontaneous speech
15
Verbs in agrammatic
spontaneous speech
Conclusion
•there is a trade off between verb retrieval and
verb inflection
•to retrieve a verb and to inflect it for Tense and
Agreement is too difficult for agrammatic
speakers
•focus on retrieval � poor finiteness
•focus on finiteness � poor retrieval
16
Question
• why are finite verbs difficult?
17
2. Verb finiteness in
agrammatic aphasia
18
Finite verbs
• in English: those verbs that are inflected to
mark Tense, Aspect and Agreement
– he walks
– he walked
– he has walked
– he is walking
– he has been walking
– he is going to walk
19
Finite verbs
• why are finite verbs difficult for agrammatic
speakers?
– Tense?
– Aspect?
– Agreement?
– Inflection?
• Friedmann & Grodzinsky, 1997; Wenzlaff &
Clahsen, 2004; 2005
20
Finite verbs
• why are finite verbs difficult for agrammatic
speakers?
– Tense?
– Aspect?
– Agreement?
– inflection?
• Stavrakaki & Kouvava, 2003; Nanousi et al.,
2008
21
Finite verbs
• why are finite verbs difficult for agrammatic
speakers?
– Tense?
– Aspect?
– Agreement?
– inflection?
• Burchert et al. (2005); Bastiaanse (2008)
22
Finite verbs
• why are finite verbs difficult for agrammatic
speakers?
– Tense?
– Aspect?
– Agreement?
– inflection?
• Bastiaanse
23
Production of finite and non-finite
verbs(Bastiaanse, 2008)
finite
present tense
today the man writes a letter
past tense
yesterday the man wrote a
letter
non-finite
present continuous
today the man is writing a letter
present perfect
yesterday the man has written as
letter
24
Bastiaanse (2008)
finite
today the man writes a letter
+ inflected
+ finite
present
yesterday the man wrote a letter
+ inflected
+ finite
past
non-finite
today the man is writing a letter
– inflected (infinitive)
– finite
present
yesterday the man has written a letter
+ inflected
– finite
past
25
If Tense is the problem
finite
today the man writes a letter
+ inflected
+ finite
present
yesterday the man wrote a letter
+ inflected
+ finite
past
non-finite
today the man is writing a letter
– inflected (infinitive)
– finite
present
yesterday the man has written a letter
+ inflected
– finite
past
26
If inflection is the problem
finite
today the man writes a letter
+ inflected
+ finite
present
yesterday the man wrote a letter
+ inflected
+ finite
past
non-finite
today the man is writing a letter
– inflected (infinitive)
– finite
present
yesterday the man has written a letter
+ inflected
– finite
past
27
However,
finite
today the man writes a letter
+ inflected
+ finite
present
yesterday the man wrote a letter
+ inflected
+ finite
past
non-finite
today the man is writing a letter
– inflected (infinitive)
– finite
present
yesterday the man has written a letter
+ inflected
– finite
past
28
Back to spontaneous speech
• trade off verb retrieval – verb inflection
• verb retrieval is hampered by the need to
inflect verbs
• this inflectional problem may be a related to
time reference, especially to time reference to
the past
29
Support
• Simonsen & Lind (2002)– Norwegian agrammatic speaker
– in spontaneous speech no past tense, only present tense
• Stavrakaki & Kouvava (2003)– 2 Greek agrammatic speakers
– in spontaneous speech problems with perfective and perfect Aspect, whereas imperfect Aspect was intact
• Yarbay Duman & Bastiaanse (2009)– 7 Turkish agrammatic speakers
– past perfect < future imperfect
• Mehri et al. (2010)– 8 Farsi agrammatic speakers
– no difference between Past Tenses of verb
– significant difference between Past Tense in comparison to Present Tense and Future Tense
30
Conclusion
• time reference through verb inflection is
impaired in agrammatic speakers
• all finite verbs and periphrastic verb forms
that refer to the past are particularly difficult
to produce
31
3. a hypothesis
32
Tense and discourse linking
(Zagona, 2004)
• present Tense: simultaneity between
evaluation time (‘speech time’) and event
time
• past Tense: lacks this simultaneity
– need for establishing a relation between speech
time and an earlier event
– this requires ‘discourse linking’
33
Discourse linking
• Zagona
– Tense is used for time reference
– present Tense � simultaneity speech time - eventtime
– past Tense � discourse linking
• Bastiaanse
– time reference can be done by grammatical (verb) morphology
– present � simultaneity speech time - event time
– past � discourse linking
34
Agrammatic aphasia and Discourse Linking(Avrutin, 2000; 2004)
• reflexives (himself, herself) are locally boundwithin the sentence
the girli is washing herselfi
• personal pronouns (him, her) are discourselinked
the girli is washing herj
• personal pronouns are more difficult to comprehend than bound reflexives
–Grodzinsky et al., Vasic et al.
35
Hypothesis
• PAst DIscourse LInking Hypothesis
• PADILIH
• discourse linking is difficult for agrammatic
patients (Avrutin)
• reference to the past through grammatical
morphology is discourse linked (Zagona)
�
• reference to the past is difficult (Bastiaanse)
36
Issues to address
• is time reference only impaired when verb
inflection is used?
– or also when time-reference is done through
Aspectual adverbs, as in Chinese?
• is reference to the past selectively impaired?
37
4. Test for Assessing
Reference of Time: TART
38
Large cross-linguistic project
• > 15 languages involved
• production and comprehension
• agrammatic and fluent aphasia
• ERP and fMRI-study
39
TART
• production (and comprehension)
• same items in all languages
• 22 verbs
40
Production test
• oral production
• prompting with the requested verb form
• verbs are given to avoid word finding
problems
• a temporal adverb is given (just, now, soon)
41
push pull
Here you can say: “now the man is pushing the cart” and
here you can say: “now the man…….”
42
Some problems with
cross-linguistic testing
43
5. production of Time Reference in
Chinese, English and Turkish
44
Group data (n≥10 agrammatic
speakers) from
• Chinese
– time reference through aspectual markers
– no paradigm
• English
– time reference through verb inflection + auxiliaries
– very simple paradigm
• Turkish
– time reference through verb inflection
– very complex paradigm
45
Chinese: time reference through
Aspectual adverbs
zhe ge ren du le yi fong sin
the man read [perfect] a letter
‘the man read the letter’
zhe ge ren zai du yi fong sin
the man [progr] read a letter
‘the man is reading a letter’
zhe ge ren yao du yi fong sin
the man [fut] read a letter
‘the man will read a letter’
46
Production results for Chinese(Chien-Ju Hsu)
47
Data from English
the man read the letter
the man is reading the letter
the man will read the letter
48
Production results for English(Lee, Thompson)
*
49
Data from Turkish
adam mektup okudu
the man a letter read
‘the man read a letter’
adam mektup okuyor
the man a letter [is reading]
‘the man is reading a letter’
adam mektup okuyacak
the man a letter [will read]
‘the man will read a letter’
50
Production results for Turkish(Bamyaci)
*
51
Overall results production
*
*
52
Questions
• is time reference also impaired when aspectual
adverbs are used?
YES, very much so
• is reference to the past selectively impaired?
YES, at least for English and Turkish
53
Chinese: time reference through
Aspectual adverbs
zhe ge ren du le yi fong sin
the man read [perfect] a letter
‘the man read the letter’
zhe ge ren zai du yi fong sin
the man [progr] read a letter
‘the man is reading a letter’
zhe ge ren yao du yi fong sin
the man [fut] read a letter
‘the man will read a letter’
54
Chinese: time reference through
Aspectual adverbs
zhe ge ren du yi fong sin
the man read a letter
‘the man read the letter’
zhe ge ren du yi fong sin
the man read a letter
‘the man is reading a letter’
zhe ge ren du yi fong sin
the man read a letter
‘the man will read a letter’
55
Conclusion
• in agrammatic production
– reference to past is more impaired than reference
to present and future
• as predicted by the PADILIH
56
6. time reference in Swahili – English
bilingual agrammatic speakers
57
Swahili
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fK0wPpLryc4
58
Bilingual aphasia
• effect of brain damage depends on
– age of acquisition
– proficiency
– degree of usage
– ….
• but usually, when languages are more of less
balanced, the aphasia is similar in both
languages
59
English-Swahili bilingual
agrammatic speakers (n=13, Abuom)
• Swahili and English are learned from 4 years
old and both used on daily basis
• Swahili has a very complex verb inflection
paradigm
• time reference is relatively simple
• morphemes are in the middle of the verb
complex
60
Swahili
• the verb stem: ‘gonga’
• this stem is not a word
• there is a kind of agreement marking prefix
– for 3rd person sg this is ‘a’
• this is followed by a tense marker
a#li#gonga � (s/he) knocked
a#na#gonga � (s/he) is knocking
a#ta#gonga � (s/he) will knock
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fK0wPpLryc4
61
Kenyan TART
push pull
62
Kenyan TART
kunja pigac
63
English agrammatic production data
64
Production bilingual
agrammatic speakersEnglish Swahili
*
65
Production bilingual
agrammatic speakersEnglish Swahili
* *
66
Production bilingual
agrammatic speakersEnglish Swahili*
67
Conclusion
• reference to the past is impaired in both
languages in bilingual agrammatic speakers
• though least impaired in the morphologically
most complex, but also most regular language
68
7. adverbs and time reference in
Indonesian agrammatic aphasia
69
Time reference in Indonesian(Harwintha Anjarningsih)
• Indonesian: aspectual adverbs
dia sudah menyetrika baju
she perfektif iron shirt
dia sedang menyetrika baju
she duratif iron shirt
dia akan menyetrika baju
she future iron shirt
70
Time reference in Indonesian(Harwintha Anjarningsih)
• aspectual adverbs are grammatical morphemes
• aspectual adverbs are optional
• only used when the time frame is not clear fromthe context
�
• deictic and used for discourse linking – even in the present
�
• the time frames will be equally impaired in agrammatic production
71
Indonesian production
• different from rest of the TART to avoid
problems with omission of optional aspectual
adverbs
72
menyetrika
dia sudah menyetrika baju dia… [sedang menyetrika baju]
she perfektif iron shirt she… [duratif iron shirt]
73
Production aspectual adverbs
Indonesian (n=5)
74
Conclusion
• aspectual adverbs are discourse linked
• all time frames are impaired in Indonesian
agrammatic aphasia
75
Indonesian
• aspectual adverbs are optional
• lexical adverbs can be used without parallel
verb inflection
76
Time reference in Indonesian
• lexical adverbs
baru saja dia menyetrika baju
just she iron shirt
sekarang dia menyetrika baju
now she iron shirt
sebentar lagi dia menyetrika baju
soon she iron shirt
77
Time reference through
temporal lexical adverbs
• temporal adverbs are lexical morphemes
• temporal lexical adverbs are optional and
used to link the event to the discourse
78
Questions
• is time reference through discourse linking
impaired only when expressed by grammatical
morphology?
– temporal lexical adverbs > aspectual adverbs
or
• is time reference through discourse linking
always impaired?
– temporal adverbs = aspectual adverbs
79
menyetrika
baru saja dia menyetrika baju sekarang dia menyetrika baju
just she iron shirt now she iron shirt
80
Production aspectual and lexical
adverbs Indonesian
Aspectual adverbs Lexical adverbs
81
Correlation Aspectual and
Lexical adverbs
• if this is a central deficit, there should be a
significant correlation between Aspectual and
Lexical adverbs
• R=0.60, p=0.019
82
8. verbs in Indonesian
agrammatic spontaneous speech
83
Back to the beginning
84
Verbs in agrammatic
spontaneous speech
Conclusion
•there is a trade off between verb retrieval and
verb inflection
•to retrieve a verb and to inflect it for Tense and
Agreement is too difficult for agrammatic
speakers
•focus on retrieval � poor finiteness
•focus on finiteness � poor retrieval
85
Verbs in agrammatic
spontaneous speech
Conclusion
•there is a trade off between verb retrieval and
verb inflection
•to retrieve a verb and to inflect it for Tense
and Agreement is too difficult for agrammatic
speakers
•focus on retrieval � poor finiteness
•focus on finiteness � poor retrieval
86
Verbs in agrammatic
spontaneous speech
Conclusion
•there is a trade off between verb retrieval and
verb inflection
•to retrieve a verb and to inflect it for Tense
and Agreement is too difficult for agrammatic
speakers
•focus on retrieval � poor finiteness
•focus on finiteness � poor retrieval
87
Expectations (1)
• if it is true that the integration of verb
retrieval and Tense inflection is the core of
the problem
�
• no problems in Indonesian
– because it has no verb inflection
88
Expectations (2)
• however, if agrammatic speakers have a problem
with the integration of verb retrieval and
expressing the time frame in which the event
takes place
�
• similar trade off problems in Indonesian
– good in verb retrieval � poor in aspectual adverbs
– good in aspectual adverbs � poor in verb retrieval
89
Spontaneous speech Indonesian
90
Conclusion
• there is a trade off between verb retrieval and
verb inflection
• to retrieve a verb and to inflect it for Tense
and Agreement is too difficult for agrammatic
speakers
91
9. Conclusion
92
Conclusion (1)
• there is a trade off between retrieving the name
of an event and expressing the time frame in
which the event takes place
• agrammatic speakers can
1. focus on verb retrieval– poor in tense (and aspect) inflection
– poor in aspectual adverbs
2. focus on time frame– poor in the use of lexical verbs or verbal predicates
93
Conclusion (2)
• there is no Tense problem
• there is no Aspect problem
• the problem lies in expressing the time frame in which the event takes place
• reference to the past is particularly vulnerable
• because reference to the past discourse linked
• in languages in which all time frames are discourselinked, all time frames are equally impaired
• this is not only the case for grammatical morphemes
• but also for lexical morphemes used for time reference
94
Conclusion (3)
• the time reference problem is highly selective
– only for time reference that is discourse linked
• the time reference problem is a very central
problem
– comprehension and production
– grammatical and lexical morphemes
95
Discourse linking
• discourse linking requires computation
• computation requires processing resources
• this is what agrammatic individuals seem to
lack
• this lack of computational resources may be
the cause of the problems with reference to
the past
96
Linking of time reference
past present future
*moment of speech
= ?
97
Linking of time reference
Indonesian
past present future
*moment of speech
?