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TIDBITS® EXAMINES

NOBEL PRIZESby Kathy Wolfe

Most everyone has heard of the Nobel Prizes, but how much do you know about their origin and the winners? Tidbits brings you a history of the Prizes and a sampling of a few winners.

• A Swedish inventor and businessman was the foundation for the five categories of Nobel Prizes awarded each year. Alfred Nobel, born in Stockholm in 1833, was 30 years old when he was working on developing nitroglycerine as an explosive for the mining industry. Unfortunately, Nobel’s own brother was killed in an explosion during their experiments. In 1864, Nobel was able to start mass-producing nitroglycerine, meanwhile experimenting with mixing nitro with a fine sand to make a paste to shape into rods that could be inserted into drilling holes. In 1866, he received a patent for his new invention which he called “dynamite.” This was closely followed by the invention of a detonator in order to set off the dynamite by lighting a fuse. His innovation was so successful, Nobel set up 90 factories in more than 20 countries.

• Nobel never married, living much of his life as a very wealthy recluse prone to depression. By the time he died at age 63, he had 355 patents.

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CROSSWORD Across

1 Pizza Quick sauce brand5 Boxer’s weapon9 Frankly declare13 Parade instrument14 “The Andy Griffith Show” tyke15 Olin of “The Reader”16 Cheers for a torero17 Like a blue moon18 Overcast, in London19 Animation pioneer22 Too scrupulous for24 Peasant dress27 Warren Harding’s successor32 Jacuzzi effect33 50+ group34 Score after deuce35 Line on a map37 1999, 2000 and 2001 Best Actor nominee (he won once)43 Japanese fish dish44 Battery post46 “Dear” one?47 __ qua non51 Duds52 Cry of pain53 Eat too much of, briefly54 Poems of praise55 Company’s main

activity, and a hint to a different three-letter abbreviation hidden in 19-, 27- and 37-Across58 Coyote’s coat59 Bridge player’s blunder60 Work on a garden row62 Garden pest63 Low points on graphs64 Benelux locale: Abbr.65 Billboard fillers66 Lacking a musical key67 Souse’s woe

Down1 Frat letter2 Longtime ISP3 Got tiresome4 Not in the know5 Old West defense6 High-tech release of 20107 Voice-activated app for 6-Down8 Football supporters9 African country that was a French colony10 “Well, that’s weird”11 With 12-Down, sign with an arrow12 See 11-Down20 Island ring

21 Patriots’ org.22 Serving success23 Horrible25 Modern film effects, briefly26 Understanding28 __ the Great: boy detective29 Rob Reiner’s dad30 Hershiser of ESPN31 Oil bloc35 FICA benefit36 La-la lead-in37 Ruddy, as a complexion38 Places to plug in mice39 More reserved

40 En pointe41 Place to store cords42 Beats by a whisker43 For instance45 Slalom curve47 “Fine”48 Words accompanying a shrug49 Like much metered parking50 Head-scratcher56 Columnist Bombeck57 Country singer McCoy58 SFO overseer61 Hesitant sounds

NOBEL PRIZES (continued):• Alfred Nobel’s will designated 94% of his vast

fortune toward establishing five Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, and Peace to those who, “during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” His relatives vehemently contested the will, and it took four years for the executors to cut through the red tape necessary to adhere to Alfred Nobel’s wishes. In 1901, the prizes were awarded for the first time.

• In 1968, a sixth Nobel Prize was added to the original list, a prize in Economics, established and funded by Sweden’s central bank in memory of Alfred Nobel.

• Today’s Nobel Prize winners are awarded $1.26 million (U.S. Dollars) for their achievements.

• The average age of a Nobel Prize Laureate is 59 years. The youngest recipient is Lawrence Bragg, who at age 25, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915 jointly with his father “for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.”

• One family has received five Nobel prizes. Marie Curie received the 1903 Physics prize and the 1911 prize in Chemistry. Her husband Pierre shared the 1903 prize with her. Their daughter Irene was awarded the Chemistry prize in 1935, along with her husband Frederic. The husband of Marie’s daughter Eve, Henry Labouisse, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 as the director of UNICEF. Marie Curie was the first to receive more than one Nobel Prize, and the first person known to die of radiation poisoning. Throughout all her work with radioactivity, it was not known that radiation was dangerous.

• Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand scientist, is considered the father of nuclear physics. He received the 1908 Chemistry prize for his work with the chemistry of radioactive substances, discovering the concept of radioactive half-life and alpha and beta radiation. Yet his most famous work was performed nine years after his prize, when he became the first to split the atom in a nuclear reaction. The chemical element rutherfordium (Element 104) is named after him. Fourteen of Rutherford’s students went on to become Nobel Prize winners themselves.

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NOBEL PRIZES (continued):• Albert Einstein was responsible for “the

world’s most famous equation,” E=mc2, the formula for mass-energy equivalence. But that wasn’t the work for which he received his Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1921, this genius took the prize for discovering the cause of the photoelectric effect.

• Following a vacation at his country home, Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming returned to his lab to find a fungus had developed in a stack of Petri dishes that contained a staphylococcus culture. The bacteria had died all around the area containing the mold, prompting him to perform experiments over the next 20 years showing that the mold prevented growth of staphylococci, even when diluted 800 times. Fleming named his “mold juice” penicillin, and it was produced as an antibiotic that could cure numerous serious infectious diseases. For his work in the field of Medicine, Fleming was awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize.

• The “first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence” was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. At 33, Martin Luther King, Jr. became the youngest person to receive this honor for his work in America’s civil rights movement. King donated the prize money to the movement.

• In the field of Literature, you’ll most likely recognize the names of Rudyard Kipling (1907), George Bernard Shaw (1925), Eugene O’Neill (1936), Pearl S. Buck (1938), Ernest Hemingway (1954), and John Steinbeck (1962). Although British statesman Sir Winston Churchill would normally be thought of as a candidate in the area of peace, he was

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FAMOUS CANADIANS:

NOBEL PRIZE WINNERSIn keeping with our theme of Nobel Prizes this week, Tidbits focuses on a few of the many Canadians who have been awarded various prizes. • There were no Canadian-born Chemistry prize

winners until 1983, when Henry Taube became the first chemist to receive the award for his “work in the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions.” Since that time, Canadians have been awarded the Chemistry prize in 1986, 1992, and 1993.

• The career of Alice Munro has stretched over 45 years and in 2013, the 82-year-old Ontario author was finally rewarded for her efforts with the Nobel Prize in Literature, only the 13th woman to win the Literature prize since it was founded in 1902. Quebec-born Saul Bellow won in Literature in 1976, but because he moved to Chicago as a young child, he is considered an American writer, so Munro is largely deemed to be the first Canadian to win. Her first collection of stories wasn’t published until she was 37 years old.

• Nova Scotia native Charles Brenton Huggins was a pioneer in cancer research, discovering that hormones could be used to control the spread of some cancers. His research demonstrated that cancer growth was dependent on specific hormones and that by removing the source of those hormones, significant reversal resulted, a discovery that gave tremendous hope to those with prostate and breast cancer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1966.

• Since the Nobel Prize in Economics was instituted in 1969, Canadians have taken this award three times, in 1996, 1997, and 1999.

• Diabetics across the world can be grateful for the tremendous research of Sir Frederick Grant Banting and John James Rickard Macleod. Banting was a scientist, doctor, and painter who was the primary discoverer of insulin. Macleod worked alongside Banting and spent much of his

career researching carbohydrate metabolism. Banting was just 32 years old when he was awarded the prize and received a lifetime annuity from the Canadian government to continue his research. King George V knighted Banting in 1934. In 2004, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation program The Greatest Canadian declared Banting as fourth on their list of the greatest Canadians of all time.

• Lester Bowles Pearson was sixth on The Greatest Canadian list. This Toronto-born professor, historian, statesman, diplomat, and politician won the Peace prize in 1957 for his efforts in organizing the United Nations Emergency Force to resolve the Suez Canal Crisis. The Suez Canal, completed in 1869, was the shortest link between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, and immediately became strategically important in the trade industry. In 1956, the Egyptian government seized control of the canal from the British and French-owned company that managed it, which threated to cut off Europe’s oil supply. A conflict erupted between Israeli and Egyptian forces. The United Nations resolution called for a cease-fire and evacuation of troops. In 1963, Pearson was elected as the 14th Prime Minister of Canada and served until 1968. He is considered one of the 20th century’s most influential Canadians.

Canadian Tid-bits

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▶ A band from Winnipeg called Chad Allan & The Reflections recorded a single in the 1960s. The band’s manager, trying to add a bit of mystique, sent the singles out to radio stations with a label that said, “Guess Who?” instead of the band’s real name. Once the name of the band was revealed, DJs from coast to coast continued to call them The Guess Who. They had hits such as “American Woman”, “No Time”, and “These Eyes.”

▶ In the 1950s, a show called Timber Tom was CBC’s answer to Howdy Doody. Forest Ranger Timber Tom was played by none other than William Shatner, who later became Captain Kirk on Star Trek. Interestingly, the role of Timber Tom was originally offered to James Doohan, who later played Scotty on Star Trek.

▶ About two-thirds of the world’s entire supply of caesium comes from a single mine in Manitoba. It’s a soft silvery-gold metal that melts at room temperature and explodes when it comes into contact with water. It’s used in electronics.

▶ Winnipeg is the slurpee capital of Canada, selling about 400,000 every month, according to 7-Eleven sales figures.

▶ About 20% of Canadians were born outside Canada.

NOBEL PRIZES (continued):actually awarded the Literature prize in 1953

for his works The Second World War and A History of the English Speaking Peoples.

• Since 1901, more than 860 Nobel Prizes have been awarded. Of that number only 44 have been awarded to women, including the 1979 Peace Prize given to Mother Teresa. This Albanian nun, born Anjeze Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, founded the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India, in 1950, and spent 45 years caring for the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying.

• American pathologist Francis Peyton Rous discovered a carcinogenic virus in 1911, observing that a malignant tumor could be transferred via a virus. His work was widely discredited by experts at the time, and it was not until 1966 that his work was deemed worthy of a Nobel Prize. Rous was 87 years old when he accepted his long-delayed award, and continued working until his death at age 91.

• French surgeon Alexis Carrel received the 1912 Nobel Prize in Medicine as a pioneer in blood vessel suturing. Twenty years later he teamed up with famed pilot Charles Lindbergh to invent a “perfusion pump,” a device that allowed living organs to exist outside of the body during surgery, opening the door to the development of open heart surgery, organ transplants, and the artificial heart.

DR. ALBERT SCHWEITZERThe accomplishments of service toward mankind of Dr. Albert Schweitzer are considerable, including a Nobel Peace Prize. Take some time to learn more about this remarkable individual. • In 1875, Schweitzer was born into a German

family with a long line of ministers, organists, and educators. So it made perfect sense for him to begin theological studies in 1893 at the University of Strasbourg in Alsace. Seven years later, with a doctorate in philosophy, he began preaching at St. Nicholas Church in Strasbourg.

• In addition to religious courses, Schweitzer had studied piano and organ with the head of the music department at the Paris Conservatory. As well as his preaching and several high-ranking administrative posts at a theological college, Schweitzer had a

renowned musical career as a concert organist. He earned money for his education from professional musical engagements, as well as publishing a book on organ building and playing when he was 31. That same year, he penned a book on the life of Bach and a theological title The Quest of the Historical Jesus.

• By age 30, Schweitzer had decided to go to Africa as a missionary, but rather than as a pastor, he had the desire to go as a doctor. He began medical school and eight years later, he had obtained his M.D. He married at 37, and at 38, he and his wife founded a hospital at Lambarene in French Equatorial Africa. During their first nine months, they examined nearly 2,000 patients, many of whom had traveled for days and hundreds of miles to reach him.

• World War I broke out one year after the

Schweitzers’ arrival in Africa. Because they were German citizens in a French colony, in 1917 they were sent to an internment camp as prisoners of war. A year later they were released and returned to Europe where he earned a living playing organ recitals and giving lectures. Their daughter was born in 1919.

• In 1924, Albert Schweitzer returned to Lambarene alone. His wife, not well enough to accompany him, remained behind with their daughter Rhena. It was in Lambarene that he would spend most of the remainder of his life, except for occasional short visits home. He used the money from royalties and lecture fees, along with donations from across the globe to enlarge the hospital to 70 buildings. In 1953, at age 78, Schweitzer was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his humanitarian efforts, and used the $33,000 prize money to start a leprosy clinic.

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Q: Just over a month ago, we acquired a 1-1/2-year-old, 12-pound dog. She’d been an outside dog, and she’s not spayed. She now stays indoors 100 percent of the time. She’s totally housebroken for bowel movements, but urinates indoors, especially when our grandson pets her. Will this behavior stop after she’s spayed? Any tips? A: Spaying helps prevent uterine infections and also breast cancer, which is fatal half the time. When dogs go into heat, there are lifestyle challenges, which obviously aren’t an issue for spayed dogs. Spaying your dog may decrease the number of “accidents,” but there’s likely more going on. Your dog may be engaging in submissive urination and may have house-training issues. To stop the submissive urination, you need to boost your dog’s confidence. You can do this by teaching her some new behaviors. For example, here’s something fun your pup can learn, which even your grandson can help with if he’s over about 4 or 5 years old (with adult supervision). Have your grandson hold some dog treats in a closed fist. Your pooch will naturally smell the child’s hand, and when she touches her nose to the boy’s hand, he should offer the food. As the dog repeats this behavior, have your grandson give a cue, like “Touch.” Next, have him hold his hand open and ask the dog to “Touch.” “Your dog will learn that touching a nose to the palm of a hand is like pushing a button for food or a treat,” she says. “Aside from gaining confidence, if your dog is thinking about pushing that button (he’s less like to urinate and) the accidents may decrease.” To further enhance your dog’s confidence, Arden suggests enrolling her in a fun class, such as a beginner agility class (an obstacle course for dogs) or nose work class (dogs use their sniffers to find things). A basic dog training class is another option. “The idea is to have fun with your dog, and for your dog to gain self-confidence with her new family,” Arden says. Your dog may never have been reliably house-trained, particularly since she was once an outside dog. There’s some house training advice in the next answer.

Take action on Earth Day with household conservation

(NC) Celebrated every year on April 22, Earth Day is the largest environmental event in the world. More than six million people – including nearly every school-aged child – participate in an Earth Day activities in their own communities. It is a valuable reminder to respect the environment and do what we can to protect our planet. So this year on Earth Day, be sure to pledge an act of green.

Even at home, there are ways to take part in the world’s most celebrated environmental event. Try these environmentally-friendly tips that will also save you money on your energy bills:

• Cool down your house with a ceiling or electric fan and open up the windows at night. Ceiling fans cost about 1 cent for two hours of use, compared to 67 cents to a dollar for central air. Use your AC only when necessary and be sure to turn it off when you’re going to be away from home for long periods of time.

• Invest in a programmable thermostat. It will automatically adjust the temperature in your house, saving you energy while you’re away or sleeping.

• Increase your attic insulation to a higher R-value. Products (like one called Roxul RockFill) are applied by simply spreading it over existing insulation. An up-grade of this kind will keep your house cool in the warm weather and take the stress off your air conditioning unit.

• Check the tightness on your refrigerator seal by closing the door on a piece of paper. If it’s held in place, the seal is still good, if not, it’s time to replace the seal or fix the door’s alignment.

• Only do laundry when you have full loads. If you have smaller loads, make sure to use the correct settings and if you only have a couple of items, wait it out or wash them by hand.

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Vernon Public Art Gallery Monday – Friday from 10am to 1pm and Saturdays from 11am to 4pm at 3228 31st Ave, Vernon. Stop by the Gallery on your daily walk or while running errands downtown as a change of routine. Four exhibitions are currently on view, everything from video to painting to printmaking. There is something to engage audiences of all ages. There’s no fee to view our exhibitions or browse the Gallery Shop although donations are greatly appreciated. For more info: (250) 545-3173 or info@vernonpublicartgallery.com www.vernonpublicartgallery.com

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