vertebrate characteristics kingdom animalia; phylum chordata; subphylum vertebrata
TRANSCRIPT
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Vertebrate Characteristics
Kingdom Animalia; Phylum Chordata; Subphylum Vertebrata
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Chordata Characteristics
Dorsal hollow nerve cordNotochord (“back cord”)Pharyngeal gill slits/arches+/- postanal tail
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Subphylum Vertebrata
500 million years ago; Ordovician PeriodAbout 50,000 species known
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Geologic PeriodsPALEOZOIC ERA
Cambrian Period 600 mya– appearance of all major invertebrate phyla
Ordovician Period 500– appearance of vertebrates (ostracoderms)
Silurian Period 440– archaic fishes
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-Devonian Period 410age of fishes; first amphibians
-Carboniferous Period 360amphibians dominant; first reptiles
-Permian Period 290 primitive reptiles, decline of early
amphibians
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MESOZOIC ERA(age of reptiles; 185 million yrs. duration)-Triassic Period 245
first dinosaurs, turtles, mammals
-Jurassic Period 210reptiles dominant; first birds; arc. mammals
-Cretaceous Period 145 extinction large reptiles
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CENOZOIC ERA
(age of mammals; 65 million yrs. duration)
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Key Points
From the Geologic Periods page, name 3 of the most important dates & events
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Origins of Vertebrates
Prochordate, such as AmphioxusCompare to Ammocoete larvae
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Amphioxus
Larval agnathan - Ammocoetes
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Vertebrate Characteristics
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SUPERCLASS AGNATHA
Ostracoderms
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SUPERCLASS AGNATHA
Cyclostomes
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AgnathaAgnatha
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Lampreys & Hagfishes or Slime Eels
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SUPERCLASS GNATHOSTOMATA
Class Acanthodii
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Class Placodermi
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Class Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish
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(Chondrichthyes)Subclass Elasmobranchii
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Class ChondrichthyesSubclass Elasmobranchii
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Class ChondrichthyesSubclass Holocephali
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Bony Fish
OsteichthyesGreatest number of species of vertebrates
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Class Actinopterygii
Ray-finned fishOperculumBony skeletonTerminal mouthSwim bladder in most
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Subclass Chondrostei - paddlefish
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Subclass Chondrostei - sturgeon
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Subclass NeopterygiiOrder Holostei (gar)
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Subclass Neopterygiiorder Holostei - bowfin
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Subclass Neopterygiidivision Teleostei
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“perfect” bone95% of all fishModern cycloid or ctenoid scales
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Class Sarcopterygii
Fleshy finned fish
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Class SarcopterygiiSuperorder Dipnoi
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Class SarcopterygiiSuperorder Crossopterygii
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Latimeria = Coelocanth
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Transition from water to land
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Class Amphibia
Both lifeFewest numbers of speciesTerrestrial life changesMore oxygen in atmosphere than waterAir less dense than water for body supportMore temperature fluctuations
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Class AmphibiaSubclass Labyrinthodontia
OLDEST TETRAPOD, about 350 myaCrossopterygian features such as dermal
scales, ray-fin tail, skull and sensory structures fish-like
GAVE RISE TO REPTILES
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Class AmphibiaSubclass Lissamphibia
Smooth amphibiansMonophyletic or Diphyletic evolutionSkin with glands and keratinNo dermal scalesDouble circulatory systemEctothermicNeed water for reproduction
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Subclass Lissamphibia
Order ProanuraOrder Anura
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Subclass LissamphibiaOrder Urodela
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Subclass LissamphibiaOrder Apoda
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Class Reptilia
CreepsOrigin in mid-Carboniferous periodOrigin from labyrinthodontsAmniotesKeratinized skin with scalesStronger skeleton
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Class ReptiliaSubclass AnapsidaExtinct stem reptiles
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Class ReptiliaSubclass Anapsida
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Class ReptiliaSubclass Lepidosauria
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Class ReptiliaSubclass Archosauria
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Class ReptiliaSubclass Euryapsida
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Class ReptiliaSubclass Synapsida
Therapsids; ANCESTOR OF MAMMALS
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Class Aves
Originated from bipedal dinosaursArchaeopteryx in Jurassic PeriodFeathersNo teeth in modern birdsEndothermicFour chambered heartComplex behavior/social organization
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Class AvesSubclass Archaeornithes
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Class AvesSubclass Neornithes
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Class Mammalia
“breast”Originated from TherapsidsHairMammary glandsFour chambered heartDiaphragmDentary is sole lower jaw bone
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Class MammaliaSubclass Prototheria
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Class MammaliaSubclass Theria
Breast or PLACENTA or hair
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Subclass TheriaInfraclass Metatheria
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Subclass TheriaInfraclass Eutheria
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Key Point: Classify Vertebrates
Gnathostome, Agnathostome
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Key Point: Classify Vertebrates
Amniote, Anamniote
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Key Point: Classify Vertebrates
Homeotherm/EndothermPoikilotherm/Ectotherm
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Key Point: Classify Vertebrates
Fish, Tetrapod