vertebrates when dinosaurs (& others) roamed the earth…
TRANSCRIPT
VERTEBRATES
When dinosaurs (& others) roamed the Earth…
VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata
GENERAL VERTEBRATE CHARACTERISTICS:
Vertebrates = an animal with a backbone All vertebrates belong to the Phylum
Chordata. Vertebrates live nearly everywhere (ocean,
freshwater, land, air)
VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata
They have an endoskeleton, including a skull, backbone and jointed appendages
Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with a chambered heart.
VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata
Vertebrates have a complex nervous system
They can be:
Oviparous = egg birth (Ex. birds)
Viviparous = live birth (Ex. humans)
Ovoviviparous = egg live birth
(Ex. snakes)
VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata
The classes of vertebrates:
Class Agnatha Class Reptilia
Class Chondricthyes Class Aves
Class Osteichthyes Class Mammalia
Class Amphibia
VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata
Terms to know:
Ectothermic- an animal whose body temperature is determined by its environment.
Endothermic- an animal that generates its own body heat.
CLASS AGNATHA
Hagfish
CLASS AGNATHA
Lampreys & hagfish
These are the jawless fish
They are slippery, eel-like animals with no scales
They do not have fins Lamprey
CLASS AGNATHA
Agnathans have a 2-chambered heart and are ectothermic.
Their skeleton is comprised of cartilage.
Emit slime for defenseHagfish slime
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
Sharks & rays This class
includes animals with jaws and teeth
Their skeleton is made of cartilage and they have paired fins.
Shark
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
These animals have a 2-chambered heart and are ectothermic.
They live in salt water (ocean)
Fertilization is internalManta ray
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
Sharks are covered with scales and have sharp spines
They have a keen sense of smell and can sense vibrations made in the water miles away! Shark
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYESShark Anatomy
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
Rays have flattened, kite-like bodies and smooth skin.
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES Largest class of vertebrates (over
29,000 species!!) Includes all fish like perch, bass,
salmon, swordfish, etc. These are bony fish that have jaws.
Swordfish
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES Bony fish have a 2-
chambered heart Ectothermic They breathe using
gills covered by a plate called an operculum
This plate keeps unwanted water from entering the gills
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES Fish utilize a swim bladder, which is a
gas-filled organ. By adjusting the volume of gas in the
swim bladder, a fish can maintain the correct amount of buoyancy needed for a particular depth
of water.
Swim bladder
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
Bony fish utilize a lateral line system for detecting changes in water pressure and vibrations.
They have both dorsal and anal fins that serve to keep the fish from rolling and help it stay straight in the water.
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
Fish also have a both pelvic and pectoral fins, which they use for balancing and turning.
Their caudal fin propels them through the water.
Reproduction: fertilization takes place externally.
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
Caudal Fin
CLASS AMPHIBIA
CLASS AMPHIBIA Amphibians
include animals such as frogs, toads, salamanders and newts.
Their name means “living 2 ways” so they live on land and in water.
Salamander
CLASS AMPHIBIA
They have a bony skeleton. Amphibians have a 3-chambered heart
and are ectothermic. These animals evolved legs which they
use for walking and swimming. Most larval forms have gills, but by
adulthood the gills are replaced by lungs (think tadpole frog)
CLASS AMPHIBIA
Frog Life Cycle
CLASS AMPHIBIA Amphibians have
thin, moist skin with no scales. This feature allows them to breathe through their skin ( or perform cutaneous respiration).
CLASS AMPHIBIA
Amphibian fertilization is external (outside the body) and eggs require a wet environment.
Frogs & toads are
tailless, but
salamanders & newts
have tails. Most amphibians
are carnivores.
Newt
QUIZ ALERT!
Study for an upcoming quiz
next class over the Vertebrate notes we have covered
thus far!
CLASS REPTILIA
CLASS REPTILIA This class
includes animals like snakes, alligators, crocodiles, turtles and dinosaurs.
Reptiles can complete their entire life cycle on land
CLASS REPTILIA
Dinosaurs are extinct reptiles that are thought to have been eliminated when a huge meteor struck the Earth and blocked out the sun.
Without sun for heat & food, dinosaurs began to die off and
eventually became extinct.
CLASS REPTILIA
The reptilian egg (called an amniotic egg) is adapted for land – it is water- tight and contains its own supply of water.
CLASS REPTILIA
A reptile egg consists of the following:
YOLK SAC- provides nutrients to baby
ALLONTOIS- holds wastes products
AMNION- keeps embryo moist & protects
it from injury
CHORION- outermost layer;
lets oxygen in & keeps
water in
CLASS REPTILIA Most reptiles
have tough, dry, leathery skin covered in scales (snakes have scales but tend to have moist skin)
Most have a 3-chambered heart, but some have 4
CLASS REPTILIA
Reptiles use internal fertilization
Their skeleton is made entirely of bone
CLASS REPTILIA
They have lungs throughout their life
Ectothermic (many often “sunbathe” to regulate their body temperature
CLASS REPTILIA Turtles (live in
water) and tortoises (live on land)
Bony shell is part of their skeleton
Toothless, but jaws have sharp edges
Are almost deaf, but sense of smell is well-developed.
CLASS REPTILIA: Lizards Lizards are
covered in scales & shed their skin periodically
They have moveable eyelids & an ear opening
Most are carnivores
CLASS REPTILIA: Snakes Are covered with
scales, smooth skin
Eyes are always open (no eyelids)
A transparent scale protects the eye
All are carnivores
CLASS REPTILIA Snakes swallow their
prey whole by unhinging their upper & lower jaws from each other.
Their teeth slant backward to hold their prey & prevent it from escaping.
CLASS REPTILIA Very few species of
snakes are poisonous (only 30% are).
Poison works in 2 ways:Rattlesnakes, copperheads & cottonmouths: Venom affects the circulatory system causing blood clots & the destruction of capillaries
CLASS REPTILIA
Cobras, sea snakes and coral snakes: Venom affects the nervous system and causes paralysis in its’ victims
Coral snake
CLASS REPTILIA: Crocodilians
Crocodiles have long, slender snouts and are more aggressive
Their teeth show when their mouth is closed
Crocodile skulls
CLASS REPTILIA
Alligators have shorter, round snouts
CLASS REPTILIA
All crocodilians have nostrils, ear openings and eyes set high atop their head (for floating in the water)
Another feature they have in common is that they care for their young
CLASS REPTILIA Crocs vs. Gators
CLASS AVES
CLASS AVES
Class Aves includes all bird species
Birds use feathers for flight & warmth
Have hollow bones (pneumatic) which gives them a lightweight skeleton
CLASS AVES Birds have a
beak, but no teeth They also have
an efficient respiratory system and a four-chambered heart
EndothermicSnowy owl
CLASS AVES
Birds are oviparous (lay eggs) and they care for their young after they hatch
They have a keen sense of vision and hearing.
Use their oil glands on tail to waterproof their feathers. Grey heron
CLASS AVES Bird feet are
covered with scales and some have webbed feet for swimming (think ducks)
Feet do not have nerves or blood vessels so they can’t feel cold water
Mallard
CLASS AVES Some birds have
lost the ability to fly, like penguins & ostriches
Birds give birth to an amniotic egg that must be kept warm before it hatches.
CLASS MAMMALIA
CLASS MAMMALIA
Mammals include all animals that have hair, which they may use for insulation, camouflage, defense and sensory functions Porcupine
CLASS MAMMALIA Female mammals
have mammary glands, which they use to nurse & care for their young.
Mammals have diverse and specialized teeth that vary depending on the their diet.
Sloth
CLASS MAMMALIA
Mammals are endothermic
They have a 4-chambered heart
Use a diaphragm to assist them with breathing.
River otter
Mammals have 3 modes of reproduction depending on what kind of animal they are:
Monotremes
Marsupials
Placentals
CLASS MAMMALIA
CLASS MAMMALIA
MONOTREMES:Lay eggs
(oviparous)Example:
platypus
CLASS MAMMALIA
MARSUPIALS: This group of
mammals includes kangaroos, koalas and opossums.
Koala
CLASS MAMMALIA
Gestation period is very short.
Newborns are born blind, helpless and small.
Must climb into and complete develop-ment in their mother’s pouch.
CLASS MAMMALIA
PLACENTALS: Placental offspring
stay in the uterus until development is complete.
They receive nourishment via the placenta.
CLASS MAMMALIA
The gestation of placentals is long
Most mammals are placental
CLASS MAMMALIALevels of Classification Kingdom
Phylum
• Class
–Order
Family
Genus
Species
CLASS MAMMALIAOrders of Mammals
Order Rodentia: Mice, rats, squirrels, porcupines & guinea pigs
Order Chiroptera: Bats
Order Insectivora: Shrews, moles and hedgehogs
CLASS MAMMALIAOrders of Mammals
Order Carnivora: Bears, wolves, lions, skunks,
raccoons
Order Primates: Monkeys, apes, humans
Order Artiodactyla: Pigs, camels, deer, cattle, sheep
CLASS MAMMALIAOrders of Mammals
Order Cetacea: Whales and dolphins
Order Lagomorpha: Rabbits and hares
Order Pinnipedia: Seals, sea lions, walruses
CLASS MAMMALIAOrders of Mammals
Order Edentata: Anteaters, armadillos
Order Macroscelidea: Elephant shrews
Order Perissodactyla: Horses and zebras
CLASS MAMMALIAOrders of Mammals
Order Scandentia: Tree shrews
Order Pholidota: Pangolins
Order Hyracoidea: Hyraxes
CLASS MAMMALIAOrders of Mammals
Order Sirenia: Manatees and dugongs
Order Proboscidea: Elephants
CLASS MAMMALIAOrders of Mammals
Order Dermoptera: Flying lemurs
Order Tubulidentata: Aardvarks
