vet expert veterinary diets

Vet Expert Veterinary Diets

Veterinary Diet – law regulation

Vet Expert Veterinary Diets

• Mobility - Dog

• Urinary - Cat

• Obesity – Dog and Cat

• Renal – Dog and Cat

• Dermatosis – Dog

• Hypallergenic Insect - Dog

• Intestinal – Dog and Cat

• Intestinal Elimination - Dog

• Hepatic - Dog

Osteoarthritis

• Arthritis

• Inflammation of a joint

• Osteoarthritis

• Marked by inflammation, degeneration or metabolic derangement of the connective tissue and cartilage surrounding the joint

Johnston SA. Vet Clin N Amer 1997

OsteoarthritisRisk Factors

• Age

• Size / breed

• Genetic predisposition• Large, fast-growing

breeds

• Nutritional risk factors

• Trauma

• Obesity

Lund EM, et al. 1999

Breed /size of dogs vs

ostroarthritis risk

Dog breed Risk of disease

Germen shepherd 4,5

Rottweiler 3,2

Labrador 2,8

Golden retriever 2,1

Shetland shepherd 1,8

Mixed-breed 1,5

Clinical signs of OA

• Observed by owner:• Rigid gait

• Lameness

• Difficulties in getting up after rest

• Vocalisation suggesting pain

• Reluctance to:

• walk

• play

• run

• Visible behavioural changes sometimes mislead with ageing

• The change in relation with the owner –change of daily routine, every-day habits

Cartilage - Functions

• Avascular, aneural

• Composed of chondrocytes with extracellular matrix

• Smooth, resilient, wear resistant

• Frictionless motion

• Transmits loads/ forces to subchondral bone

Cartilage - Structure

Articular cartilage

• Chondrocytes • 5% tissue volume

• metabolically active

• produce & maintain extracellular matrix

• Extracellular matrix• water (70 – 80%)

• collagen

• aggrecans [proteoglycans & GAGs]

• other (glycoproteins, minerals, lipids)

10

Normal Early Late

Aggrecan (Proteoglycans) + Degradative Enzymes Matrix Damage Cartilage Erosion & chondrocyte loss

Caterson B, et al. Matrix Biol 2000

Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis

Lipooxygenase

Inflammation

Injury of cell membrane

Destruction of cell membrane

Release of arachidonic acid (n-6)

Cyclooxygenase

(COX-1 and COX-2)

Leukotriene and

lipoxins

Prostaglandins (PGE2)

and thromboxane

The role of omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation

• Arachidonic acid (n-6) is a precursor of inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes

• Eicosapentaenoic acid (n-3) could replace arachidonic acid in cell membranes what prevents from the release of proinflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes

• The influence of mega-3 fatty acids on gene expression is suggested

Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis

Lipooxygenase

Inflammation

Injury of cell membrane

Destruction of cell membrane

Release of arachidonic acid (n-6))

Cyklooksygenaza

(COX-1 i COX-2)

Leukotriene and

lipoxins

Prostaglandins (PGE2)

and thromboxane

EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID (n-3)

Fatty acid vs inflammation

What is important :

• The total content of selected omega-3 fatty acids

• The omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio

The role of EPA

• Eicosapentaenoic acid is a long chain unsaturated n-

3 fatty acid occurring naturally in fish oil, linseed

• The use of EPA in humans and dogs with

osteoarthritis results in the decrease of production

of pro-inflammatory cytokines which could prevent

from inflammatory cells activity

• Could also act on the level of gene expression

Omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio vs prostaglandins production

Low n-6:n-3 ratio decreases inflammation in joint cartilage in dogs

PGE2 release form nuclear cells

Wander RC, et al. J Nutr 1997

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

31.0:1 5.4:1 1.4:1

Omega-6:Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio

PGE2

17

Total decrease of NSAIDs dosage

The study conducted showed the decreased of NSAIDs dosage need in dogs receiving the food enriched with omega-3 fatty acid

Fritsch DA, Allen TA, Dodd CE, Jewell DE, Sixby KA, Leventhal PS, Brejda J, Hahn KA. (2010) A multicenter study of the effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids on carprofen dosage in dogs with osteoarthritis.J Am Vet Med Assoc. 236(5):535-9.

Decreased of NSAIDS dosage

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20187817

Activesubstances

Chondroprotective

- Glucosamine

- Chondroitin

- Hialuronic acid

- Keratan

- Collagen

Antinflammatory

- ASU

- Boswellia

- Harpagophytum

N-3 fatty acids

Vet Expert Dog MobilityThe support of joints metabolism in

case of osteoarthritis

• Regulation:• Unsaturated fatty acid content 3.5%

• EPA content – 3800 mg/kg

• Declaration of vitamin E content

• VetExpert Mobility dog :– Unsaturated fatty acid content 4,3%– EPA + DHA content– 5995 mg/kg– Vitamin E content E – 654 mg/kg

Vet Expert Dog Mobility – additional properties

• Glucosamine + chondroitin – 1000 mg/kg

• ASU (soy and avocado unsaponificables) – 1000 mg/kg

• L-carnitine – 170 mg/kg

• In humans – Piascledine

Mechanism of action

• In vitro exerts anabolic, anti-catabolic and anti-inflammatory

activity in chondrocytes.

• Increases collagen synthesis

• Inhibits interleukin-1beta - induced collagenase

• Increases aggrecan synthesis

• Inhibits IL1β-dependent activation do matrix metalloproteinase-3

(MMP)-3, IL-6, IL-8 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

SOYA and AVOCADO UNSAPONIFICABLES (ASU)

• reduce the development of early osteoarthritic cartilage and

subchondral bone lesions in the anterior cruciate ligament dog model

of osteoarthritis.

• inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and MMP-13, which are key

mediators of the structural changes that take place in osteoarthritis

• Registered by FDA for medium-term relief in osteoarthritis in humans

SOYA and AVOCADO UNSAPONIFICABLES

ASU in experimental osteoarthritis in dogs

Vet Expert Mobility Dog – features

• The only diet on the market with two mechanisms of antinflammatory action: n-3 fatty acids and ASU

• High content of protein, low in carbohydrates

• ADDITIONAL INDICATION: helps to support of alimentary tractfunction thanks to the content of FOS, MOS and Yucci Schidigeraextract

Vet Expert Mobility Dog

• Diet vs supplement (positioning)• Only diet could supply 3,5% of n-3 fatty acids

• Diet is one of the solutions in fighting with osteoarthritis

• Multimodal approach: supplements (three different) and diet from VetExpert

Properties Benefits

Fatty acids omega-3 Alleviate inflammation of the joints and have analgesic

properties.

Glucosamine

and chondroitin

Glucosamine and chondroitin are proteoglycans which are

the fundamental structural components of articular

cartilage.

L-carnitine Alleviates inflammation of the joints and has analgesic

properties.

ASU Unsaponifiable fractions of avocado and soya have anti-

inflammatory properties and the ability to inhibit the

enzymes degenerating articular cartilage.

Vet Expert Mobility Dog – features and benefits

Food allergy and intolerance

Food allergy and intolerance

Allergy is quite rare disease of dogs and cats – allergic

dermatitis is only 1% of all skin disorders, but food

allergy is a third cause of allergy after airborne allergy

and flea allergy.

It is a cause of 23% of all non-seasonal dermatitis

Main allergens of dogs and cats

DOGS

Beef

Milk products

Whey

Lamb

Eggs

Chicken

Soy

Corn

Food additives

CATS

Beef

Milk

products

Fish

Chicken

Food additives

68% of cases

25% of cases

89% of cases

Causes of food allergies

• Contact with antigen :

• The immunological response is probably induced by transient, repeated contact of the organism with antigen, not the constant presence of the allergen in the food!!!

Food allergy – treatment

The strategies of nutritional management –

• Elimination diet : new protein and

carbohydrates which animal were not eating

previously

• Protein hydrolysis

• Diet without animal protein


Elimination diet – the use of food with new protein and

carbohydrate sources or with hydrolysed protein

The basis for the success is good compliance of the owner – no

treats, noadditional foods (no vitamin supplements)

16% of animals react negatively to the foods offered as

elimination ones!!!!!!


• The most frequently used sources of protein and carbohydrates in pet foods: chicken, beef, eggs, soy, milk, corn, rice and wheat

• Less frequently used sources of protein in pet foods:lamb, fish, turkey, oat, barley, potato, linseed

• Rarely used sources of protein and carbohydrates in pet foods: sorghum, rabbit meat, veal, rye, tapioca

Elimination diet

•But:•Cross-sensitivity exist :

• Beef and milk casein (dogs)• Lamb and beef (dogs)• Potato and dust (humans)


• The decrease of pruritus by a half proves hypersensitivity

• Return to previous diet in order to prove food hypersensitivity

• The identification of ingredient responsible for allergy

• BUT: sometimes owners do not want to look for the reason – they just select new food.

Elimination diet should be used as a only source of food, first symptoms of improvement could be seen after 2-3 weeks of treatment, but sometimes requires 10 weeks

Vet Expert Dermatosis Dog – law requirementsSupport of skin function in the case of dermatosis and excessive

loss of hair

• Regulation :• High level of essential fatty acids

• VetExpert Dermatosis Dog Salmon:

– Essential fatty acids – 4,3%

– EPA + DHA 5000 mg/kg

Vet Expert Dermatosis Dog - law requirementsReduction of ingredient and nutrient intolerances

• Regulation :• Selected protein source(s); and/or

• Selected carbohydrate source(s)

• VetExpert Dermatosis Dog SALMON:– Protein source – salmon

– Carbohydrate sources – potatoes and rice

Vet Expert Dermatosis Dog – additional properties

• Prebiotics – modifying alimentary tract microflora in case of food intolerances

• Ginger – modifying alimentary tract peristalsis, soothing properties

Properties Benefits

Protein The food contains one source of protein, salmon, which helps prevent the presence in food of

other protein allergens, which could cause the symptoms.

Omega-6 fatty acids Increased content supports the functions of the skin and improves the quality of fur by

supporting the skin barrier and it protects from the filtering through of environmental

allergens into the body.

Omega-3 fatty acids Protect from the negative effects of inflammatory conditions of the skin.

Fructo oligosaccharides

(FOS), mannan -

oligosaccharides (MOS)

Prebiotics used by the bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract. They ensure the stability of the

intestinal microflora, provide cells of the colon with energy and stimulate the immunological

mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract.

Yucca Schidigera Extract of Yucca Schidigera has the ability to absorb metabolites in the lumen of the

gastrointestinal tract.

Ginger The addition of ginger stimulates the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract and has protective

and anti-inflammatory effects.

Vet Expert Dermatosis Dog – features and benefits

Vet Expert Dermatosis Dog - law requirementsReduction of ingredient and nutrient intolerances



• VetExpert Dermatosis Dog RABBIT:

– Protein source – rabbit

– Carbohydrate sources – potatoes

Vet Expert Dermatosis Dog – features

• High amount of total n-3 + n-6 fatty acids• Unsaturated fatty acids– 4,3% • EPA + DHA 5000 mg/kg

• High protein content – paplatbility

• ADDITIONAL INDICATION: • Improves functioning of the skin thanks to high level of n-6 fatty acids• Improves the function of alimentary tract thank to the content of MOS, FOS,

ginger, Yucci Schidigera and glutamine

Vet Expert Hypoallergenic Dog - law requirementsReduction of ingredient and nutrient intolerances



• VetExpert Hypoallergenic Insect:

– Protein source – insect Hermetia illucens

– Carbohydrate sources – potatoes

Vet Expert Hypoallergenic Dog

• Hypoallergic diet with single source of protein• Insect protein isolated from HERMETIA ILLUCENS larvae• Potential allergenicity of insect protein in dogs is close to

zero

• Diet with single source of carbohydrates• Potato

• Grain-free• Hydrolysed chicken liver as digest• Flaxseed and fish oil as source of omega-3 fatty

acids

Hermetia illucens – why?

• First commercially produced larvae of insects

• Insects are invertebrates• Small possibility of allergy to invertebrates in mammals

• High fat contents – especially lauric acid• Saturated fatty acid supporting immunity

• Antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal action

• Up to now its main source was coconut oil

Hermetia illucens – why?

Vet Expert Veterinary Diet Dermatosisdog salmon & potato

400 g

Feeding instruction: The recommended period of administration in case of reducing the occurrence of feed intolerance is from 3 to 8 weeks. If the symptoms of intolerance subside, the feed may be given for an indenite period of time. In case of maintaining the normal functions of the skin in dermatoses and in case of excessive fur loss the feed should be given up to 2 months.

Fresh drinking water should always be available.

Serve at room temperature.

Once opened, store in the refrigerator up to 3 days.

Shelf life: 2 years.

Vet Expert Veterinary Diet Dermatosis

Nutritional characteristics Benefits

One source of protein – salmon

One source of carbohydrates -

potatoes

help avoid the presence in food

allergens, which may be the cause

of the symptoms occurring in the

animal

Fatty acids n-6 & n-3 High content has anti-inflammatory

and supports the function of the skin

Grain free

It does not contain grains that could

be a source of potential allergens

and mycotoxins

Alimentary tract disorders responding to dietetic treatment

• Gastric regurgitation

• Gastritis

• Stomach motility disorders

• Enteritis (acute and chronic)

• Protein-loosing enteropathy

• Short bowel syndrome

• Colitis (acute and chronic)

• Antibiotic-responsive enteropathy

Alimentary tract disorders

• Main objective of the therapy:

• Fulfilling the requirements

• Preventing from deficiencies and under nutrition.

• In long-term view

• Improvement of alimentary tract restoration,

• Restoration of proper microflora,

• Normal motility stimulation

• Inhibition of inflammatory processes in intestine

• Proper digestion and absorption

Alimentary tract diseases

• Basic management in acute conditions – fasting for 12-48 h and then administration of highly digestible diet for al least several days

• Recent studies show that the composition of diet and is much more important than feed withdrawal after first signos of the disease

Alimentary tract diseases – protein

• GIT diseases negatively influence digestion and absorption of protein. Its deficiency causes disorders of alimentary tract removal and of local intestinal immunity (protein-losing enteropathy)

• Incompletely digested protein from small intestine is transported to colon where it is digested by microflora and significant amounts of gases and ammonia are produced. This could lead to diarrhoea, colitis and could lead to local immunity disorders and allergy to specific nutrients

Alimentary tract diseases – carbohydrate

• Diet should contain carbohydrates from plant origin, which does not contain gluten. • White rice is good solution since it does not contain gluten and has low

antigenicity;

• Corn and potato are also good solution but they are less digestible than rice, and corn could induce hypersensitivity

• Wheat, oat and barley should be avoided.

Prebiotics – definition

Not digested diet component which exerts beneficial action of host by stimulating growth and/or activity of one or several probiotic bacteria in the colon.

Main probiotics• Fructooligosaccharides• Mannooligosaccharides• Galactooligosascharides• Transgalactooligosaccharides• Lactose

Fructooligosaccharides - FOS

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are prebiotics being a natural nutrient for probiotic bacteria and they can not be used by harmful bacteria.

The molecule of FOS contains fructose and glucose (short chains of fructose with glucose molecule at the end)

Prebiotics by decreasing feces pH stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, such as Clostridium perfringens.

Action• Prebiotics improve the feces consistency without increasing its volume (prevent

constipation)• inhibit production of endotoxins and decrease the level of putrescent

substances within gut.• Increase the number of beneficial bacteria i.e. Bifidobacterium• Majority of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides bacteria uses FOS as

glucose whereas Salmonella, Clostridium is not metabolising FOS at all or in small amount

Mannooligosaccharides - MOS

Mannooligosaccharides (MOS) due to its adhesive properties block the sites of adhesion of harmful bacteria with alimentary tract endothelium what unables the colonization of intestines by pathogenic bacteria.

MOS increases the level of IgA antibodies in colon what stimulates the non-specific immunity of alimentary tract.

MOS molecule contains mannose and glucose

Not hydrolysed by digestive enzymes but only by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium bacteria; not fermented on the level similar to FOS

Main role:

• Immunomodulation

Vet Expert Intestinal Dog – law requirementsCompensation for maldigestion

• Regulation :• Highly digestible ingredients

and low level of fat

• VetExpert Intestinal Dog:

– Digestibility - >90%

– Fat content – 10%

Vet Expert Intestinal DogReduction of acute intestinal absorptive

disorders• Regulation:

• Increased level of electrolytes and highly digestible ingredients

• VetExpert Intestinal Dog:– Digestibility > 90%

– Content of sodium and potassium given

Vet Expert Intestinal Dog – additional properties

• Low fiber content – increases digestibility

• Inulin added (FOS) – prebiotic modifying

alimentary tract microflora

• Ginger (1000 mg/kg) – extract modifying

alimentary tract peristalsis; sooths

alimentary tract mucosa

• ADDITIONAL INDICATION: improves joint

function thanks to the glucosamine and

chondroitin content

Properties Benefits

Digestibility High digestibility increases the number of nutrients used by the body of the animal.

Crude fibre Reduced amount improves the digestibility of the food and reduces the volume of

stools

Fat A reduced amount inhibits the stimulation of the pancreas of the animals with

exocrine pancreatic failure.

Soluble carbohydrates

(inulin)

Are a source of Fructo oligosaccharides used by the bacteria of the gastrointestinal

tract. Ensure the stability of the intestinal microflora and provide the bacteria of the

colon with energy.

Electrolytes An increased content allows compensation of the losses caused by vomiting and

diarrhoea.

Ginger The addition of ginger stimulates the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract and has

protective and anti-inflammatory properties.

Vet Expert Intestinal Dog – features and benefits

Vet Expert Intestinal Elimination Dog

First on the market diet being combination of intestinal diet and hypoallergenic diet

INTESTINAL DIET

High protein level

Low fat level

Low fibre level

FOS + MOS

Ginger

ELIMINATION (Hypoallergenic) DIET

Single source of animal protein

No gluten

Rice and potatoe as carbohydrate source


1. Food allergies often have clinical signs from alimentary tract (diarrhoea)• Hypoallergenic diet w one source of animal protein but of high palatability

and absorption is necessary

2. Malabsorption / maldigestion often requires simple diet – based on single ingredients• High-protein and easy-digestible diet jest necessary since GIT damage

increases the risk of potential allergies – the best is diet without potential allergens (grain gluten) and based on single source of protein)


Features

• Diet for dogs with digestion and absorption disorders

• Low amount of fat fulfils requirements of dogs in case of exocrine pancreas insufficiency

• Contains ingredients supporting digestion in alimentary tract (Fructooligosaccharides and mannooligosaccharides) or supporting its function (ginger)

• Moderately decreased fibre level ensures proper peristalsis of GIT without increase of faeces volume

• Could be given to puppies

• ADDITIONAL INDICATION: diet formulated on the basis of single animal protein and potato and brown rice – diet could be used as elimination diet in dogs with dietary allergy / intolerance suspicion


Key nutritional factors content

Ingredient Amount Function

Protein 30% Single source of animal protein (turkey); increased level

Fat 9% Reduced amount of fat enable use of the diet in animals with exocrine pancreas insufficiency (acute pancreatitis)

Fibre 3% Reduced amount increases diet digestibility about is sufficient for proper peristalsis of GIT

FOS 1000 mg/kg

Fructooligosaccharides are main source of energy for probiotic bacteria

MOS 1000 mg/kg

Mannanooligosacharydy stimulates natural mechanisms of local immunity in alimentary tract

Ginger 800 mg/kg

Soothes intestine wall

Gluten-free Helps to avoid hypersensitivity to proteins from grains


Vet Expert Intestinal Dog

400 g

Feeding instruction: The recommended period of administration in case of acute diarrheas and during convalescence is 1 to 2 weeks. The balancing of deciencies caused by malabsorption: 3 to 12 weeks. In the case of chronic pancreatic insuciency the product should be used until the death of the animal.





Vet Expert Intestinal Dog


A high protein content

A high protein facilitates supply of

nutrients in animals with impaired

digestion and absorption

FOSStabilizes the intestinal microflora and

provide energy for the colon cells

MOS Stimulates the immune processes in gut

Fiber Low content improving digestibility

Increasing incidence of obesity

- Estimated 25-40% pets are overweight or obese

- Owners and veterinarians tend to underestimate incidence of obesity

- Body condition scoring is useful tool for recognition of obesity

Incidence

Owner evaluation of pet weight

Under 2%

Over 18%

Average 80%

Dog Cat

Under 4%

Over 19%

Average 77%

1992 AAHA Survey

- Associated with or exacerbates specific diseases

- May make pets less tolerant of metabolic stress

- Can complicate therapeutic and diagnostic procedures

Health risks of obesity

Obesity issues

Metabolic Functional Disease risks

Hyperlipidemia Joint stress Dermatoses

Hyperinsulinemia Dyspnea Reproduction

Glucose intolerance Hypertension Immunocompromise

Diabetes mellitus Tumors

DOD/osteoarthritis

Treating obesity

Nutritional technology for weight loss:- Calorie Control – reduce caloric density

- Intake Control - Reduce internal drive to eat – satiety via fiber, water, AA’s

- Metabolic Control- Shift metabolism from storage to usage

- Carnitine

Treatment Options

Reducing diet characteristics– Moderate kcal restriction

(20-50%)

– Non-energy nutrients balanced to dry matter intake

– Low fat

– High fiber for satiety and kcal

– Protein and micronutrients

– Profile suitable for dogs and cats

Treating obesity

Key nutritional factors for weight loss (DMB):

- Energy canine < 3.1 kcal ME/g

- Energy feline < 3.5 kcal ME/g

- Fat 5-12% for dogs, 7-14% cats

- Fiber 10-30% crude fiber

- Protein >25% for dogs, >35% for cats

Vet Expert Obesity DogReduction of excessive body weight

• Regulation :• Low energy density

• Vet Expert Obesity Dog:

– Metabolizable energy 3080 kcal/kg as fed diet

Vet Expert 4T Obesity Dog– additional properties

• Resistant starch added

• Increased protein content -30%

• Increased fibre content – 10%

• L-carnitine – 2500 mg/kg

Vet Expert Obesity Dog – features

• High L-carnitine content

• Relatively low fiber content – lower amount of faeces produced, better palatability

• Resistant starch is not digested – not a source of energy

• ADDITIONAL INDICATION: improves joint function thanks to the glucosamine and chondroitin content

Properties Benefits

Energy, Fat Reduced quantity allows a reduction in weight gain and stimulates the burning of fat

tissue in the body.

Crude fibre Fibre has the capacity to absorb water and therefore its increased content in the food

increases the volume of food in the gastrointestinal tract. This, in turn, boosts the

signal of satiety and stabilizes the level of glucose in the blood, which is important in

diabetes. It also stimulates the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract (constipation).

L-carnitine Crucial in the process of accelerating the pace of burning of fatty acids in cells. Its

increased content supports the mobilisation of fatty acids.

Resistant starch A special type of starch which is resistant to digestion and absorption in the small

intestine which means it is not a source of additional calories for the body.

Vet Expert Obesity Dog – features and benefits

Vet Expert Obesity Dog

400 g

Feeding instruction: Recommended time of administration until the target body weight is achieved (maximum weight loss of 1-2% of body weight per week). In order to control the glucose level use initiallyto 6 months.





Vet Expert Obesity Dog


Fat & energyLower levels helps to reduce body weight

gain and body fat stimulate

Increased dietary fiber

content

Iincreased content stabilizes blood sugar

and stimulates the feeling of satiety and

gastrointestinal peristalsis

L-carnitin Helps fat burn

Kidney failure in dogs and cats

Chronic renal failure (CRF)

• Occurs when compensatory mechanisms of the diseased kidneys are no longer able to maintain the EXCRETORY, REGULATORY, and ENDOCRINE functions of the kidneys

• Resultant retention of nitrogenous solutes, derangements of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, and failure of hormone production constitute CRF

Progression of renal disease: Diet

• Protein

• Phosphorus

• Calories

• Lipids

Diet and progression of renal disease: Protein restriction

• Role of low protein diet in slowing progression of renal disease is controversial

• Prevention of hyperfiltration by low protein diet may not be feasible in dogs without inducing malnutrition

• Low protein diets may have other beneficial effects (limitation of proteinuria)

Diet and progression of renal disease: Phosphorus restriction

• Slows progression of renal disease

•Prevents or reverses renal secondary hyperparathyroidism

• Limits renal interstitial mineralization, inflammation and fibrosis

Diet and progression of renal disease: Caloric restriction

• Extremely low protein diets are unpalatable and experimental rats with remnant kidney consumed less food

•One study showed improvement in proteinuria and renal morphologic changes when calories (but not protein) were restricted

Diet and progression of renal disease: Lipids

• n-6 PUFA may hasten progression of renal disease whereas n-3 PUFA are renoprotective

• n-3 PUFA promote production of “good” prostaglandins and limit production of “bad” prostaglandins

Commercial diets for CRF management (dry matter basis)

0.2-0.3%0.2-0.3%Sodium

0.5-0.6%0.2-0.3%Phosphorus

25-28%15-17%Protein

CatDog

Conservative medical management of CRF: Phosphorus restriction

• Reversal or blunting of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism

• Prevention of soft tissue mineralization (including kidneys)

• Improvement in renal tubulointerstitial lesions

• Improvement in renal function (rats)

Conservative medical management of CRF: Phosphorus restriction

• Modified-protein diets for dogs and cats with CRF also are low in phosphorus

• Initially try dietary phosphorus restriction alone

• If inadequate, add phosphorus binders

Decrease of phosphorus content in the diet from 1.4% to 0.4% results in increase of two-years survival rate of dogs with chronic kidney failure from z 8% to 15% (two-times)

The influence od phosphorus content in the diet on

survival rate of dogs with chronic kidney insufficiency

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Time (months)

Su

rviv

al

rate

0.4% P

1.4% P

Vet Expert Renal DogSupport of renal function in the case of

chronic renal insufficiency

• Regulation :• Low level of phosphorus and

restricted level of protein but of high quality

• VetExpert Renal Dog:

– Phosphorus content - 0.5%

– Protein content – 17,5%

Vet Expert Renal Dog – additional properties

• Increased n-3 fatty acid content–

1.25%

• Limited sodium content– 0.18%

• L-carnitine – 2500 mg/kg – supports

the production of energy from fat

BUT:

• Early Renal type of diet

Vet Expert Renal Dog – features

• Early Renal type of diet – three first phases accordingto IRIS

• Anti-hypertensive – very low sodium content and high n-3 fatty acids content

• ADDITIONAL INDICATION - helps to supportalimentary tract function thanks to inulin content

Properties Benefits

Phosphorus Reduced content helps to reduce the pace of the renal disease.

Protein A reduced amount of high quality protein helps reduce the advancement of renal disease, while

ensuring its optimal digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

Omega-3 fatty

acids

Increased content may reduce pressure inside the glomerulus and therefore reduce the pace of the

advancement of the lesions.

Sodium A reduced amount decelerates the advancement of the renal disease and protects from hypernatremia

in the case of myocardial disease.

Alpha lipoic acid Addition supports the neutralisation of free radicals formed in the course of a renal disease.

L-carnitine and fat Addition of L-carnitine supports the process of burning fatty acids and the production of energy from fat,

in the result of which the body does not use protein for energy purposes and does not strain the kidneys

with the product of its metabolism.

Vet Expert Renal Dog – features and benefits

Hepatic diet - what to consider

• Dogs with liver disease are usually catabolic and require ENERGY

Protein - increase or decrease?

Lipid metabolism?

Vitamins and micronutrients

Dietary management for various liver diseases

• Acute liver failure (poisoning) - protection from malnutrition• Fluid therapy for stabilization

• Intuitively, if the dog has no appetite for 4-5 days

• Oral nutrition - start from 50% of the daily requirement;

• Standard amount of protein (preferably milk);

• Increased energy level;

• Increased levels of antioxidants (vit E, C)


• Chronic liver failure (inflammation) - Maintaining proper body condition• A few meals a day (3 to 6)

• Protein - do not reduce, limit the amount of protein of animal origin

• Controlled fiber - normalization of food passage time

• Increased zinc and antioxidants


• Copper poisoning - Bedlington terrier• Reduce copper (beef, cheese, eggs)

• Increasing the amount of zinc in the diet for the rest of the animal's life (suppressing the absorption of copper in the intestines)


• Hepatic encephalopathy - maintenance of muscle mass• Protein restriction (15%)

• Soluble fiber

Dietary management for various liver diseases - is there a universal diet?

• Protein• Never below 14%, preferably 20%; High quality and digestibility

• Fiber• Moderate amount (best soluble)

• Additional vitamins and minerals• Zinc, vit. E, wit. C, antioxidants

• Reduction of copper, sodium

Vet Expert Hepatic DogSupport of liver function in the case of

chronic liver insufficiency

• Regulation :• High quality protein, moderate

level of protein, high level of essential fatty acids and high level of highly digestible carbohydrates

• VetExpert Hepatic Dog:– Protein level – 17,5%

– Essential fatty acids (total) – 3,62%

– Carbohydrates – 54,5%

Vet Expert Hepatic Dogfeatures and benefits

Ingredient Content Function

protein 17,5% The reduced content protects against the effects of toxic poisoning by the products of protein metabolism

copper 6 mg/kg Minimal content protects against the potential effects of copper accumulation in the liver

zinc 220 mg/kg The maximally elevated content has an antioxidant effect and limits copper absorption

artichoke 2 g/kg Bile release stimulation

phospholipids 1,5 g/kg Helps regenerate liver cells

taurine 1 g/ kg antioxidant

Vet Expert Hepatic Dog

400 g

Feeding instruction: The diet should be administered in accordance with the nutritional recommendations as the only food of animal according to its age, breed and activity level. Recommended time of administration, initially to6 months.

Contraindications: Dogs with hyperlipidemia or pancreatitis, and dogs that have suffered or are at risk of pancreatitis. Not recommended for females during pregnancy and lactation and for puppies.





Vet Expert Hepatic Dog


ProteinsLower levels helps reduce protein as a source of

toxic ammonia

CopperLower levels protect by the toxic effects of copper

with storage

L-carnitine Support liver function

Vet Expert Recovery Dog

400 g

Feeding instruction: Recommended time of administration achievements to return to normal.





Vet Expert Recovery Dog


Energy

A high energy value is necessary to meet the

increased demand animal during

convalescence

Fiber Low content improving digestibility

ConsistencySemi simplify administration by gavage feeds

High protein contentA high protein simplify nutrients supply in

animals with impaired digestion and absorption

Vet Expert Intestinal CatCompensation for maldigestion

• Regulation :• Highly digestible

ingredients and low level of fat

• Vet Expert Intestinal Cat:

– Digestibility - >90%

– Fat content – 20%

Vet Expert Intestinal CatReduction of acute intestinal absorptive

disorders• Regulation:

• Increased level of electrolytes and highly digestible ingredients

• Vet Expert Intestinal Cat:– Digestibility > 90%

– Content of sodium and potassium given

Vet Expert Intestinal Cat – additional properties

• Low fiber content – increases digestibility

• Inulin added (FOS) – prebiotic modifying alimentary tract microflora

• Ginger - extract modifying alimentary tract peristalsis; sooths alimentary tract mucosa

Properties Benefits

Digestibility High digestibility increases the number of nutrients used by the

body.

Fat Reduced amount inhibits the stimulation of the pancreas in animals

with exocrine pancreatic failure.

Soluble

carbohydrates

(inulin)

Are a source of fructo oligosaccharides used by the bacteria of the

gastrointestinal tract. This ensures the stability of the intestinal

microflora and provides energy for the cells of the colon.

Electrolytes Their increased content compensates the imbalance caused by

vomiting or diarrhoea.

Vet Expert Intestinal Cat – features and benefits

Vet Expert Intestinal Cat canNew intestinal cat

• meat and meat by-product (34% chicken; 34% turkey),

• vegetables (2% potato), minerals (1%);

• oils and fats (0,2% salmon oil), brewer yeast (0,1%),

• FOS (0,1%), • MOS (0,1%)• Taurine 1500mg

Intestinal Vetexpert vs Intestinal Royal Canin

Intestinal Vetexpert Intestinal Royal Canin

Composition Broth, chicken (34%), turkey (34%), potato (2%), salmonoil (0,2%), MOS (0,1%), FOS (0,1%), yeast (0,1%)

Meat and meat by product, cereals, oils and fats, minerals,sugar, yeast

Chemical Analysis Protein: 10,3% (36,05)Fat: 5,4% (45,9)Ash: 2,5%Fibre: 0,5%Water: 80%EM: 92,21kcal/100gNFE: 0,3% (1,05)

Protein: 7,6% (26,6)Fat: 5,6% (47,6)Ash: 1,6%Fibre: 0,8%Water: 80%EM: 94kcal/100gNFE: mathematical calculation: 4,4% (15,4)

Additives Omega 6 and Omega 3 (EPA+DHA): Omega 6 and Omega 3 (EPA+DHA): 0,1%

Picture

Intestinal Vetexpert vs Hill`s i/d

Intestinal Vetexpert i/d Hill`sComposition Broth, chicken(34%), turkey (34%), potato (2%),

salmon oil (0,2%), MOS (0,1%), FOS (0,1%), yeast (0,1%)

Meat and meat by product, cerels, plant protein extracts, fats and oils, minerals.Easly digestible: pork liver, chicken, rice flour

Chemical analysis Protein: 10,3% (36,05)Fat: 5,4% (45,9)Ash: 2,5%Fibre: 0,5%Water: 80%EM: 92,21kcal/100gNFE: 0,3% (1,05)

Protein: 9,9% (34,65)Fat: 6,1% (51,85) Ash: 1,8%Fibre: 0,7%Water: 75,5%EM: 107,5kcal/100gNFE: mathematical calculation: 6% (21)

Additives Omega 6 and Omega 3 (EPA+DHA) Omega 6 and Omega 3 (EPA+DHA)

Picture

Vet Expert Intestinal Cat can – fetures and benefits

Urinaryproblems

Dogs

Infections

Cats

Uroliths

FIC

DysuriaDifficulty while urinating

PollakiuriaFrequent urination in small quantities

AnuriaLack of urination

StranguriaPain while urinating

HaematuriaBlood in urine

All conditions show similar signs

The “Urias”

PeriuriaUrination in inappropriate places

Upper

Urinary Tract

Lower

Urinary Tract

Urinary Tract

Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease FLUTD

• Idiopathic LUTD• Feline Idiopathic cystitis (FIC)

• Urolithiasis• Calcium oxalate

• Struvite

• Anatomical defects

• Behaviour

• Bacterial infection

• Neoplasm

• Iatrogenic

Feline Idiopathic Cystitis (FIC)

• Inflammation of the bladder wall

• No obvious reason • Stress?

• Irritation?

• Abnormalities in nervous system of the bladder?

Effect of stress in FIC

Adapted from: Buffington CAT, Chew DJ, Woodworth BE. Feline Interstitial Cystitis. JAVMA 1999; 215 ( 5)9

Urolithiasis

• Stone formation depends on: • Concentration of building blocks

• Promoters and inhibitors

• Urinary pH

All these can be influenced by diet!

The prevalence of different urolith types according to Canadian

Veterinary Urolith Center (1998-2007)

(Huston i Moore, 2009)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1998a 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Szczawian

Struwit

Moczan

Fosforan wapnia

DSBC

Ksantyna

Krzemian

Cystyna

Pirofosforan sodu

Maybe one solution for both uroliths?

Increased water intake!!!!

Undersaturated solution – 1 spoon of sugar dissolves completely

Metastable solution – 3 spoons of sugar dissolve

completely; any additional sugar will result in precipitation of crystals

Supersaturated solution

5 spoons of sugar do not dissolve completely, resulting in precipitation of crystals initially, then uroliths

Saturation of a Liquid

Increase of water intake

• Additional water in food

• Increased number of water bowls

• Wet food (pouch, can)

• Increased urination (i.e. increased physical activity)

• „Alternative” sources of water

• Increased thirst

Food and water

Stimulation of water intake

Bullions

„Fountains”

Freshness• Every day fresh water

• Regular bowls cleaning

Salt?

Look further

Cat number Age (in

years)

BOWL, average

water intake

(ml/kg/day)

Bowl, urine

gravity

Fountain, average

water intake

(ml/kg/day)

Fountain, urine

gravity

5 0,5 41,6 1,058 41,6 >1,060

10 0,5 38,0 1,054 50,8 >1,06

11 0,5 32,3 >1,060 28,7 >1,06

7 4 9,5 1,060 16,2 >1,060

1 5 20,9 1,051 18,1 1,044

3 5 21,3 1,056 31,5 >1,060

8 6 23,7 1,051 44,1 1,051

4 7 11,3 >1,060 25,4 >1,060

2 7 14,7 >1,060 52,3 1,054

6 8 15,8 1,053 37,0 1,054

12 8 26,9 1,052 18,2 >1,060

9 10 18,8 1,046 14,8 1,057

AVERAGE 22,9 ± 10,2 33,1 ±13,1

The influence of water source on its amount drinked by cats (Grant, 2010)

Factors influencing amount of urine produced by cats

• Salt

0

5

10

15

20

25

0,4 0,8 1,2

Uri

ne

am

ou

nt (m

l/kg/d

)

% diatery Na (in d.m.)

The influence of dietary Na on the amount of urine produced by cats

Vet Expert Urinary CatReduction of struvite stone recurrence

• Regulation:• Urine acidifying properties and

moderate level of magnesium

• Vet Expert Urinary Cat:– Urine acidifier – DL-methionine

1000 mg/kg – Magnesium – 0,09%– Protein contents – 34%

Vet Expert Urinary Cat– additional properties

• Moderately increased sodium content – 0.7% - increases thirst

• Glucosamine – potentially improves mucopolysaccharideslayer in urinary bladder

• ADDITIONAL INDICATION: improves joint function thanks to the glucosamine and chondroitincontent

Properties Benefits

Sodium,

chlorides

Its increased content makes cats drink water which increases the volume of

urine and protects from the precipitation of crystals and struvites and oxalates

in urine.

DL-

methionine

Reduces the pH of urine which causes the dissolution of crystals and struvite

stones and protects from re-occurrence.

Glucosamine Increased content supports the functions of the mucopolysaccharide barrier

in the wall of the bladder, which reduces the bacteria’s ability to filter through

into other organs and systems of the body.

Vet Expert Urinary Cat – features and benefits

Vet Expert Urinary Cat pouch

• Urinary tract

• Great palatability

• Acidic urine

• Decreased magnesium

• Moderate sodium

Vet Expert Urinary Cat pouch


Controlled the content of micro-

and macronutrientsControlled level of urinary stones

components

DL-methionine addedAcidic pH of urine, which facilitates

the dissolution of struvite stones

Antioxidants, vitamin E Counteracts oxidative stress

Moderately increased sodium

content

Increases water intake and urine

output

Wet food

Contains 82 g of water every 100 g of

feed - to the demand for water cats

and prevents precipitation of urinary

Palatability VetExpert URINARY CAT

PREFERENCE 1 day 2 day AVARAGE

RC Urinary 27,3% 45,5% 36,4%

4T Urinary 72,7% 54,5% 63,6%

First Choice SMELL 1 day 2 day AVARAGE

RC Urinary 29,0% 25,0% 27,0%

4T Urinary 71,0% 75,0% 73,0%

First Choice EATEN

1 day 2 day AVARAGE

RC Urinary 29,0% 25,0% 27,0%

4T Urinary 71,0% 75,0% 73,0%

First ChoiceEATEN

First ChoiceSMELL

PREFERENCE

In this case more favorable result was obtained for the product 4T Urinary by far and repeating better than in the case of the RC Urinary

VetExpert Obesity & Diabetes Cat( high protein & low carbohydrates)

• meat and meat by product (67% turkey),

• vegetables (3% potatoes), • fibre (1%), • minerals (1%)• Taurine 1500mg)

Vet Expert Obesity & Diabetes Cat can – fetures and benefits

Vet Expert Renal Cat pouch

Dog Diets

Dog

Dry

Wet Can

Intestinal Renal

Hepatic ObesityDermatosisIntestinal

Hepatic Dermatosis Obesity Hypoallergenic Mobility

Recovery

Cat Diets

Cat

Dry

Wet Pouch

Intestinal

Renal Urinary

Intestinal

Urinary

Wet CanObesity

& Diabetes

vet expert veterinary diets

Documents