Les Vesces, graines du Les Vesces, graines du passé ou de l'avenirpassé ou de l'avenir

Dr. Dirk EnnekingDr. Dirk Enneking

Centre for Legumes in Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean AgricultureMediterranean Agriculture

University of Western AustraliaUniversity of Western Australia

Co-operative Research Centre Co-operative Research Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean for Legumes in Mediterranean

AgricultureAgriculture

Les Vesces: Vicia sppLes Vesces: Vicia spp

FourragesFourrages PaturagesPaturages

GrainesGraines

Southern AustraliaSouthern Australia

Dryland agricultureDryland agriculture Ley farming Ley farming

system(cereal/pasture/sheep)system(cereal/pasture/sheep) Increased grain cultivation Increased grain cultivation Rotation with legumesRotation with legumes no subsidiesno subsidies

The MediterraneanThe Mediterranean

A source of genetic resources A source of genetic resources for Australian agriculturefor Australian agriculture

Vesces de fourragesVesces de fourrages

V. sativa L. (V. commune)V. sativa L. (V. commune) V. monantha Retz (Afrique de V. monantha Retz (Afrique de

Nord)Nord) V. pannonica Crantz (V. de V. pannonica Crantz (V. de

Hongrie)Hongrie) V. villosa Roth (V. de Cerdagne)V. villosa Roth (V. de Cerdagne) V. benghalensis L.V. benghalensis L.

Vesces de graines +/-Vesces de graines +/-fourragesfourrages

V. articulata Hornem (Lentille V. articulata Hornem (Lentille d’ESP)d’ESP)

V. ervilia Willd (Ers officinale)V. ervilia Willd (Ers officinale) V. narbonensis L. (V. de Narbonne)V. narbonensis L. (V. de Narbonne) V. sativa L. (Lentille de Canada)V. sativa L. (Lentille de Canada) V. faba L. (Fève)V. faba L. (Fève)

PositivesPositives

Seed yield (1-2 (3-4) t/ha)Seed yield (1-2 (3-4) t/ha) multipurpose ( grain/ biomass)multipurpose ( grain/ biomass) seed, forage, hay are excellent seed, forage, hay are excellent

feed for ruminantsfeed for ruminants legumes fix nitrogen, rotation legumes fix nitrogen, rotation

benefitsbenefitsRef. Siddique et al. (1996) Narbon bean: A promising legume for Southern Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Ag. 36:53-62

Ruminant productionRuminant production

Sheep: wool and meat, not milkSheep: wool and meat, not milk

Cattle: meatCattle: meat

Prices for ruminant products are low!Prices for ruminant products are low!

Monogastric marketsMonogastric markets=large volume=large volume

Pigs and poultryPigs and poultry

humanshumans

V. narbonensisV. narbonensispalatabilitypalatability

V. sativaV. sativalentil substitutelentil substitute

General problem: General problem: toxic amino acidstoxic amino acids

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 5 10 15

DAYS

FEED

INTA

KE

RAT

IO

SOY 8%

NAMOI 8%

NARBON 12.5%

NARBON 25%

Soy=Glycine maxNamoi=V. villosaNarbon= V.narbonensis

The effect of Vicia seeds on pig feed intake

Fig 18. Chemical formulae for -glutamyl-S-ethenyl cysteine and the structurally related flavourprecursor from the seeds of chives (Allium schoenoprasum)

-glutamyl-S-ethenyl-cysteine (Vicia narbonensis)

-glutamyl-S-prop-1-en-yl-cysteine (Allium schoenoprasum )

SCOOH

H2N

O

H

COOH

N

COOH

S

H2N

O

H

COOH

N

Enneking et al. (1998) Phytochemistry 48(4) 643-646

Relationship between total Sulfur and GEC levels

Fig. #: Relationship between the concentration of gamma-glutamyl-S-ethenyl-cysteine and the total sulfur content of Vicia narbonensis seeds in for 118 accessions

grown at four site-years (Muresk 1993, Walpeup 1993, 1994, 1995).

y = 11.156x - 1.2881

R2 = 0.8354

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

% Sulphur (%dw )

GE

C (

%d

w)

Vicia sativa, a mimic of Vicia sativa, a mimic of red lentilsred lentils

'WHOLE FAMILIES OF PLANTS ARE CHARACTERISED BY A DEFINITE CYCLE OF HEREDITARY VARIATION WHICH MAY BE TRACED THROUGH ALL GENERA MAKING UP THE FAMILY’Vavilov (1922) J. Genetics (12:1) 47-89

A mess of red pottageA mess of red pottage

Tate & Enneking (1992) Tate & Enneking (1992) NatureNature

359(6394) pp. 357-8359(6394) pp. 357-8

V. sativa a mimic of red V. sativa a mimic of red lentilslentils

HPLC analysisHPLC analysis

% DW

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1Raw Red Vetch

Cooked Red Vetch

Hydrolysed RedVetch

ß-cyanoalanine (bca) -glutamyl-bca

.

Infrared analysisInfrared analysis

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.01422

80

2276

2272

2268

2264

2260

2256

2253

2249

2245

2241

2237

2233

2229

2225

2222

2218

Wavenumbers cm-1

Ab

sorb

ance

Hydrolysed Red Vetch

Cooked Red Vetch

Raw Red Vetch

Thin Layer Chromatography

http://http://www.general.uwa.edu.au/u/www.general.uwa.edu.au/u/

enneking/VETCHrm.htmenneking/VETCHrm.htm

Taxon ANF Achievement

V. faba vicine,convicine

low

V. narbonensis GEC med-low

V. sativa glu--CN-ala med-low

V. ervilia a) CAN,b)?Bitter

a) low, b) ?

V. articulata CAN rel. low

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

University Adelaide, South AustraliaUniversity Adelaide, South Australia

Dr. Max E. TateDr. Max E. Tate

Dr. Ian DelaereDr. Ian Delaere

Dr. Jane RathjenDr. Jane Rathjen

Dr. Richard DaviesDr. Richard Davies

Dr. Phil GlatzDr. Phil Glatz

CLIMACLIMA

Dr. Neil Rothnie (Chemistry Centre, WA)Dr. Neil Rothnie (Chemistry Centre, WA)

Dr. Siddique (Agriculture WA)Dr. Siddique (Agriculture WA)

Mike Perry (Agriculture WA)Mike Perry (Agriculture WA)

Dr. Clive FrancisDr. Clive Francis

Victorian Institute for Dryland AgricultureVictorian Institute for Dryland Agriculture

Geoff CastlemanGeoff Castleman

Chris HeazlewoodChris Heazlewood