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TRANSCRIPT
Understanding
“VFD”
nfiWelcome to
Connecting Engineering Students to Industries…
Variable Frequency Drive
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
What is VFD? How it Works?Induction Motor FactsVFD Practical Examples
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
What is VFD ?
Variable Frequency DriveUsed to control the speed of MotorAnd make the system intelligent & Saves energy
Speed of Motor directly Proportional toFrequency
rmp = 120f/p
F: FrequencyP: Number of Poles
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Electric Motor Facts
Electric motors account for more than two-thirds of all energy
used in industry
63% of the energy consumed is linked to air & liquid flow
A typical 50HP industrial motor, with an efficiency of 90%, costs over
$25,000 to operate continuously over a year.
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Energy Usage in Office Building
Other
17%
Ventilation
& Cooling
52%Lighting
31%
How Does VFD Works?
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
How Does VFD vary Frequency?A VFD, AC inverter, or electronic speed controller for AC motors converts the AC supply to DC using a rectifier (diode), then converts it back to a variable frequency by using a inverter bridge.
Switches
(IGBT’s)
VFD Block Diagram
Main
Power
Rectifier Capacitor
Motor
Lets see how we can save energy using
Variable Frequency Drives
FAN CURVE – BASIC CHARACTERISTIC OF A FAN
FLOW (Q)
PR
ESSU
RE
(P)
AT A GIVEN SPEED
At decreasing speed
FAN OPERATING POINT WITH LOAD
FLOW (Q)
PR
ESSU
RE
(P)
Operating Point
P = K X Q.Q
Now lets talk about varying the flow….
SYSTEM LOAD PROFILE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
CFM range
% T
IME
RA
NG
E
CFMDUTY CYCLE (% OF TIME)
100 % 10 %
80 % 40 %
60 % 40 %
40 % 10 %
Now let’s see the different ways of Air Flow Control…
Basic ON/OFF Control
OFFON
Q max
Average Flow rate: Q max x Ton/ (Ton + Toff)
SIMPLE METHOD
TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION
HOME APPLIANCES
Outlet Damper Control
OUTLET DAMPER CHARACTERISTICS
% FLOW (Q)
% P
RES
SUR
E (P
)
CURVES SHIFTS AS DAMPER CLOSES
60 80 100
100
120
Energy = P X Q
OUTLET DAMPER CHARACTERISTICS
% FLOW (Q)
% P
RES
SUR
E (P
)
CURVES SHIFTS AS DAMPER CLOSES
60 80 100
100
120
Energy = P X Q
Energy Saving = Difference in Area
OUTLET DAMPER CHARACTERISTICS
CFM DUTY CYCLEHORSE POWER
WEIGHTEDHP
100 10 35 3.5
80 40 35 14.0
60 40 31 12.4
40 10 27 2.7
TOTAL AVERAGE HORSE POWER REQUIREMENT 32.6
VARIABLE SPEED FAN CONTROL
FLOW (Q)
PR
ESSU
RE
(P)
At decreasing speed100
50
20
1008050
VARIABLE SPEED FAN CONTROL
FLOW (Q)
PR
ESSU
RE
(P)
At decreasing speed100
50
20
1008050
CFM DUTY CYCLEHORSE POWER
WEIGHTEDHP
100 10 35 3.5
80 40 18 7.2
60 40 7.56 3.024
40 10 2.24 0.224
TOTAL AVERAGE HORSE POWER REQUIREMENT 13.948
VFD CHARACTERISTICS
CFM DUTY CYCLEHORSE POWER
WEIGHTEDHP
100 10 35 3.5
80 40 18 7.2
60 40 7.56 3.024
40 10 2.24 0.224
VFD CHARACTERISTICS
OUTLET DAMPER CHARACTERISTICS
CFM DUTY CYCLEHORSE POWER
WEIGHTED HP
100 10 35 3.5
80 40 35 14.0
60 40 31 12.4
40 10 27 2.7TOTA
L A
VER
AG
E H
OR
SEP
OW
ER R
EQU
IREM
ENT
32
.6
TOTA
L A
VER
AG
E H
OR
SE
PO
WER
REQ
UIR
EMEN
T
13
.94
8
OUTLETDAMPER
VARIABLE SPEED
WEIGHTED HORSEPOWER
32.6 13.948
x KW/HP .746 .746
x HR/MONTH 730 730
= KWH/MONTH 17753 7596
x COST (INR) 2.5 2.5
= TOTAL COST (INR) 44382.5 18990
SAVING CALCULATION:
Saving per month on a single fan…?
Now Lets see the Practical Demonstration of
VFD
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Source of Frequency Command
• Master frequency determined by digital keypad • Master frequency determined by 0 to +10 V input on
AVI terminal • Master frequency determined by 4 to 20mA input on
ACI terminal • Master frequency determined by potentiometer on
digital keypad
Source of Operation Command
• Operation determined by digital keypad • Operation determined by external control terminals,
keypad STOP is effective• Operation determined by external control terminals,
keypad STOP is ineffective
Important Parameters used in various Applications
STOP Method
• Ramp Stop• Coast Stop
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Maximum Output Frequency
Range
0 ~ 400 Hz
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Acc./ Dec. Time
Voltage / Frequency Setting for various Applications
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Acc S CurveTo Smooth the Acc/ Dec. Operation
Range 0 - 7
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Jog FrequencyTo adjust the Speed of Motor at Jog Mode
Jog Acc./ Dec Time
0.1 to 600.0 sec or 0.01 to 600.0 sec
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Over–Voltage Stall PreventionOver-Current Stall Prevention during Acceleration
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Operation Control of VFD
2 Wire Control (1)– On/Off & Direction from Toggle Button
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Operation Control of VFD
2 Wire Control (2) – On/Off & Direction from Toggle Button
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Operation Control of VFD
3 Wire Control – On/Off from Push Button & Toggle Button for Direction Control
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Analog Output SignalAnalog Frequency Meter (0 to Maximum Output Frequency)
Analog Current Meter (0 to 250% of the rated AC drive current)
Analog Output Gain 0 ~ 200%
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Bias Adjustment
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Bias Adjustment
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Bias Adjustment
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Gain Adjustment
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Gain Adjustment
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Gain Adjustment
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Second Source of Frequency Command
Keypad Up/DownAVI (0-10V)ACI (4-20mA)Keypad Potentiometer
Important Parameters used in various Applications
Reverse Operation InhibitionParameter LockPLC Operation
Jog Acc./ Dec Time0.1 to 600.0 sec or 0.01 to 600.0 sec
Important Parameters used in various Applications
VFD saves Energy & make Motor
Control Mechanism Intelligent
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