vi dieu phap toat yeu - pham khanh hy dich

8/3/2019 Vi Dieu Phap Toat Yeu - Pham Khanh Hy Dich

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Abhidhammattha SagahaA Manual of Abhidhamma

Vi Diu Php Tot Yu

Nrada Mah Thera

Phm Kim Khnh dchNgun

http://thuvienhoasen.org

Chuyn sang ebook 26-8-2009Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc LcLi m uChng I : (CITTA - SA GAHA - VIBHGO)NHNG LOI TM VNG KHC NHAU

ABHIDHAMMATTH Ti

Catubbidha CittniBn loi tm vngKMVACARA-CITTNITM VNG THUC DC GIIAhetuka Cittni -- 1818 loi tm v nhnRPVACARA CITTNI -- 15Tm thuc sc gii -- 15
http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Dai%20Tang%20Kinh/Nam%20Tong/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Dai%20Tang%20Kinh/Nam%20Tong/


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ARPVACARA CITTNI -- 12Tm thuc v sc Gii -- 12LOKUTTARA CITTNI -- 8Tm siu th -- 8EKAVSASATNI CITTNI -- 121

121 loi tmChng II : LI M UCETASIKA:(Tm S)DVIPSA CETASIKA: 52 loi tm sNhng s phi hp khc nhau ca cc tm sAkusala CetasikaTm s bt thinSobhana CetasikaTm s pCetasikarsi Sa gahoThnh phn tm s trong nhng loi tm vng khc nhau

Lokuttara-CittniTm siu thMahaggata-CittniTm cao thngKmvacara-Sobhana-CittniTm p thuc dc giiAkusala CittnTm bt thinAhetuka CittniTm v nhn

Chng III : PAKI.N.NAKA-SA GAHA-VIBHGOPHN LINH TINH

I. Vedan-Sa gahoTm lc v ThII. Hetu Sa gahoTm lc v NhnIII. Kicca-Sa gahoTm lc v Tc dngIV. Dvra-Sa gahoTm lc v MnV. lambana Sa gahoTm lc v i tngVI. Vatthu Sa gahoTm lc v Cn

CHNG IV : VTHI-SA GAHA VIBHGOPhn tch Tin trnh tm

Tin Trnh Tm Pht Sanh Xuyn Qua Nm Cn MnNhng Tin Trnh TmManodvre Vthi-CittappavattinayoTin Trnh tm khi pht xuyn qua mn


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Appan-vthicittappavattinayoTin trnh tm APPANTadrammana NiyamoPhng thc din tin ca chp ng kJavana-Niyamo

Phng thc din tin ca Javana (13)Puggala-BhedoPhn hng chng sanhBhmi BhedoNhng cnh gii

CHNG V : VTHIMUTTA-SA GAHA-VIBHGO

I. Bhmi-catukkaII. Pa isandhicatukka Bn phng cch ti sanhIII. Kammacatuka

Bn loi nghip (29)IV. Cutipa isandhikkamoHin tng cht v ti sanhV. Citta-SantatiDng din tin ca Tm Biu 10 - Tin trnh T tm [*]

Chng VI : Li m uCHNG VI : RPA-SA GAHAVIBHGOPhn tch sc php

RpavibhgoPhn loi cc Sc phpRpasamu hna-NayaS khi sanh ca cc sc php (52)Kalpa-YojanTng hp cc sc php (57)RpapavattikkamoS khi sanh ca cc sc php (58)NibbnaNit Bn (59)

Chng VII : SAMUCCAYA-SA GAHA-VIBHGONhng phn loi theo Abhidhamma

Missaka-Sa gahoTot yu nhng loi php linh tinhBodhipakkhiya Sa gahoNhng yu t ca s gic ng (28)Sabbasa gahoT hp "tng qut" (36)

Chng VIII : PACCAYA-SA GAHA-VIBHGOTot yu v nhng duyn h


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Pa hnanayonh l tng quan duyn hPaattibhedoKhi nim

Chng IX : KAMMA.T.THNA-SA GAHA-VIBHGO

VisuddhibhedoNhng Php Thanh Tnh Khc NhauThanh Tnh oSampattibhedoNhng S Chng c

Xin lu : Cn c phng UnicodeVit-Phn VU Times hay CN-Times civo my c cc ch Pli.

-ooOoo-

Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammsambuddhassa

-ooOoo-

Li m uNh danh t hm xc ngha, Abhidhamma, Vi Diu Php, lGio Hun Cao Siu, vi diu, th thng, ca c Pht. Sch nytrnh by phn tinh hoa ca Gio Php m Ngi ban truyn.

Gio Php nm trong tng Kinh (Sutta Pitaka) l gio hunthng thng, c tnh cch quy c, ch nh (vohra desan).Vi Diu Php (Abhidhamma) l gio hun cng tt (paramatthadesan) rt ro. Khng th i thay hay bin chuyn, khng

th phn tch thm c na.Trong Vi Diu Php (Abhidhamma) c danh v sc, hai thnhphn tm linh v vt cht cu to gung my phc tp ca conngi, u c phn tch rt t m. Nhng din tin chnh yulin quan n tin trnh sanh v t u c gii thch tngtn. Nhng im phc tp v kh hiu trong Gio Php u
http://www.viet.net/~anson/fonts/caiphong.htmhttp://www.viet.net/~anson/fonts/caiphong.htmhttp://www.viet.net/~anson/fonts/caiphong.htm


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c ri sng. Con ng gii thot c ch vch vi nhngngn t rnh r.

Tm l hc hin i, cn hn nh, vn nm trong phm vi caVi Diu Php khi cp n tm, t tng, tin trnh t tng

v trng thi tm. Nhng Vi Diu Php khng chp nhn cmt linh hn, xem nh mt thc th n thun thng cn,khng bin i. Pht Gio dy mt tm l hc trong khngc linh hn trng cu.

Tm thc c nh ngha. T tng c phn tch v csp xp thnh loi trn bnh din lun l. Tt c nhng trngthi tm, hay tm s, u c ghi r tng khon. Thnh phncu hp ca mi loi tm u c trnh by tng tn vi y chi tit. Nhng tin trnh tm pht sanh qua nm ca gicquan v ca tm ( cn) c m t mt cch v cng hngth. Khng c bn khi yu tm l hc no ging gii tin trnhtm c r rng nh vy.

Nhng chp t tng Bhavaga (H Kip) v Javana (Tc Hnh) mtrong tm l hc hin i khng c g tng ng, ch c gii thchtrong Vi Diu Php. Ngi tm hc hi v nghin cu khoa tml s c bit thch th vi on ny.

Ngi thng sut Vi Diu Php s nhn thc mt cch ht scrnh mch rng lung tm tri chy nh mt dng sui, quanim m vi tm l gia hin i nh William James cng trnhby tng t. Ta phi thm rng ngi hc Vi Diu Php c ththu hiu y l V Ng (Anatt), gio l nng ct ca PhtGio. Gio l ny rt quan trng v c hai phng din: trithc v o c.

Hin tng cht, tin trnh ti sanh vo nhng cnh gii khcnhau m khng c g di chuyn t kip ny sang kip khc,

gio l Nghip Bo v Ti Sanh m ta c th kim chng bngnhng s kin hin nhin, tt c u c gii thch y .

Cha ng mt kho tng qu bu nhng chi tit lin quan nphn tm linh (nma, danh) Vi Diu Php cng cp n yut th nh cu thnh con ngi -- phn vt cht (rpa, sc).Nhng thnh phn cn bn ca vt cht, nhng nng lc vt


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cht, c tnh ca vt cht, ngun gc ca vt cht, s linquan gia c th vt cht v tm, sc v danh, u c mt.

Trong tp "Abhidhammattha Sagaha", Vi Diu Php Tot Yu,cng c trnh by vn tt nh Lut Ty Thuc Pht Sanh (cngc gi l php Thp Nh Nhn Duyn, hay Thp Nh DuynKhi), v tip theo sau l phn m t php Tng Quan DuynH (nhng tng quan gia nhn v qu), khng tm thy trongh thng trit hc no khc.

Nh vt l hc s khng o bi su vo Vi Diu Php thuthp mt kin thc thu o v y v vt l hc.

Ta phi ni r rng Vi Diu Php khng ch trng trnh bymt kin thc c h thng v tm v vt cht. Php ny chnghin cu hai yu t hn hp ca ci c gi l chng sanh,nhm thu trit thc tng ca vn php. Da trn kin thcy mt trit hc c pht huy. V, t nn tng trn trit hcny, mt h thng lun l o c c trin khai nhm chngng mc tiu cu cnh, Nit Bn.

Cng nh B Rhys Davids ni rt ng,

"Vi Diu Php cp n:1. Nhng g ta tm thy (a) bn trong ta, (b) quanh ta, v2. Nhng g ta khao kht thnh t."

Trong Vi Diu Php tt c nhng vn no ch lin quan ncc hc gi v nhng nh kho cu m khng lin quan n sGii Thot, u c thn trng gc qua mt bn.

Tp "Abhidhammattha Sagaha", m tc gi c xem l NgiAnuruddha Thera, mt v t khu ngi n Kanjevaram (Kacipura), l bntot yu tm lc Tng Diu Php (Abhidhamma Piaka, thng c gi lTng Lun). n nay sch ny vn cn l b sch nhp mn Vi Diu Phpthch ng nht m khi vng vng thu hiu, ta c th ddng lnh hi nhng nt i cng ca Tng Lun.

tht s nm vng ngha ca Tng Lun phi c i c linhiu ln, c mt cch chuyn ch v sng sut tt c by


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b, cng vi nhng ch gii v nhng ch gii ca cc ch giiy.

Vi Diu Php khng phi l mt ti ch tha mn tm thingi c thong qua.

i vi ngi minh mn sng sut tht s mun tm chn l, ViDiu Php l mt hng dn thit yu, va l mt lun gii ctnh cch tr thc. y c thc n bi dng tinh thn cct tng gia chn chnh cng nh ngi hng say nghin cuhc hi nhm tng trng tr tu v sng cuc sng l tngca ngi Pht t.

Tuy nhin, i vi ngi nng cn ch nhn thong qua trn bmt, Vi Diu Php qu tht kh khan nh ct, nh bi.

Ta c th nu ln cu hi:

"Vi Diu Php c qu tht tuyt i thit yu chng ng NitBn, mc tiu cu cnh ca Pht Gio khng? Vi Diu Php ctht s tuyt i thit yu thu t thc tng ca vnphp khng?"

Vi Diu Php chc chn l v cng hu ch thu t giohun ca c Pht mt cch y v chng ng Nit Bn, v

php ny l cha kha m ca vo thc ti. Php ny cpn nhng thc ti v li sng thc tin cao thng da trn schng nghim ca cc bc thu trit v chng c.

Thiu kin thc v Vi Diu Php i khi ta thy kh lnh hi ngha tht s ca mt vi gio hun thm diu ca c Th

Tn. Abhidhamma, Vi Diu Php, chc chn rt hu ch khaitrin Tu Minh St (Vipassan).

Tuy nhin chng ta khng th khng nh mt cch qu quytrng Vi Diu Php tuyt i thit yu thnh tu Gii Thot.

Hiu bit thu o v chng ng l vn thun ty c nhn(sandihika, mi c nhn phi thu trit chn l v thnh tu gii thotcho chnh mnh). T Diu , nn tng ca gio hun m cPht ban truyn, ty thuc ni tm thn nh b ny. Gio Phpkhng ring bit vi ta, khng ngoi ta. Hy nhn tr vo


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trong. Hy t tm ly ta. Chn l s t n by trn, tri ra trcmt ta.

Phi chng thiu ph Pacr, v cng su ly v mt tt c nhng ngithn yu nht trong i, chng ng Nit Bn trong khi ra chn di sui,

nh qun nim v nhng git nc t chn ri xung gieo im trn mt ncri tan bin theo dng?

Phi chng Clapanthaka, ngi khng th hc thuc mt cukinh trong thi gian bn thng trng thnh tu o Qu ALa Hn nh thu hiu bn cht v thng ca mt ci khn taysch m mi ngy ng a ln ngay mt tri nhn?

Phi chng Upatissa, v sau tr thnh c Sriputta, X LiPht, chng c Nit Bn khi ch nghe c phn na cuk lin quan n nhn v qu?

i vi vi ngi, ch mt chic l vng ri cng chngc c Gic Pht.

i vi nhng v thng xuyn suy gm su xa, mt ch dnnh nhng thong qua cng khm ph nhng chn l vi.

Theo mt vi hc gi, Vi Diu Php (Abhidhamma) khng phi

do c Pht truyn dy m v sau, do cc nh s uyn bcson tho v trau chut. Tuy nhin, theo truyn thng, chnhc Pht ging dy phn nng ct ca Vi Diu Php.

Cc nh ch gii ghi nhn rng t lng tri n t mu -- lcby gi qua i v ti sanh vo mt cnh tri -- c Phtthuyt ging lin tip sut ba thng cho v Tri m trc kia lm Ngi cng vi ch Thin khc. c Th Tn dy NgiSriputta nhng ch chnh yu (mtik) ca gio l caosiu cp tin nh cc thin php (kusal dhamma), bt thinphp (akusal dhamm) v bt nh php (abykata) v.v... riNgi Sriputta ging rng ra, gom li thnh su b sch ca

Tng Lun (ngoi tr b Kathvatthu, Thuyt S, nhng imtranh lun).


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Rt kh m tm c mt danh t thch nghi phin dch mtcch chnh xc Phn ng "Abhidhamma". y xin tm dch l"Vi Diu Php".

Trong Vi Diu Php cng c nhiu danh t k thut khng th

c phin dch sang mt t ng khc m khi lm sai lch ngha. Vi danh t nh tm, ch, tc , tr thc, tri gic v.v...c dng trong trit hc Ty Phng vi nhng ngha cbit. Ni y xin qu v c gi c gng hiu cc danh t kthut y theo ngha ca Vi Diu Php (Abhidhamma). trnhhiu lm t ng theo li hiu bit quen thuc t xa, cc danht Pli c gii thch v gi li dng y, mc du ngikhng quen thuc vi Pli i khi thy phin phc. Trong nhiutrng hp cc danh t Pli c chit t v gii thch theo ngnguyn c hiu r rng v chnh xc.

i khi danh t Pli c chn dng lun m khng phin dch ngi c quen thuc vi nhng ch y. Cng c khi ngic gp nhng danh t khng c thng dng nh hoc lu,tm hnh, tm qu v.v... nhng rt quan trng trn phngdin Vi Diu Php, ngha ca nhng danh t ny phi cthng sut r rng v chnh xc.

Trong khi son tho bn dch ny, hai quyn"Buddhist

Psychology" ca B Rhys Davids v "Compendium ofPhilosophy" ca ng Shwe Zan Aung qu tht v cng hu ch.Mi khi cn, nhng on trong hai quyn sch ny c trchdn v ng nguyn vn cng vi li ghi ch v xut x can.

Ti chn thnh tri n hi Buddhist Publication Society tnhnguyn n hnh bn duyt li ln th nh ny.

Nrada

14-07-1978/ 2522-ooOoo-


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Chng I : (CITTA - SAGAHA - VIBHGO)NHNG LOI TM VNG KHC NHAU

Cu k m u:

1. Sammsambuddhamatula-- sasaddhammagauttama

Abhivdiya bhsissa-- Abhidhammatthasagaha.

1.

Ti xin thnh knh nh l ng Ton Gic V Song, Gio Php Ti Thng vGio Hi Chng Tng Cao Qu, v xin ni v nhng g c cha ng trong Vi

Diu Php (Abhidhamma).

Ch Gii:

1. Abhidhammattha-Sagaha, Vi Diu Php Tot Yu, l ta caquyn sch ny. Theo ng ngha ca tng ch, Abhidhammal "Gio L Cao Siu". Attha y l "s vt". Sagaha l mt totyu, mt quyn sch khi lc bao gm nhng nt i cng. Tip ung "abhi" c dng trong ngha u thng, v i, tuyt diu,ti thng, li lc v.v...

2. Dhamma, Php, l mt danh t c nhiu ngha, do cn"dhar", nm gi, nng . y danh t dhamma, php, cngha l gio l hay li dy, gio hun. Theo sch Atthaslin,"abhi" c ngha "atireka", cao hn, v i hn, vt ln trn --hoc "visiha", li lc, th thng, c bit, ti thng.

Abhidhamma c ngha l Gio L Cao Siu, v php ny gipthnh tu Gii Thot, hay bi v php ny vt ln trn, caohn gio l cha ng trong Tng Kinh (Sutta Piaka) v Tng

Lut (Vinaya Piaka).

Trong Tng Kinh (Sutta Piaka) v Tng Lut (Vinaya Piaka) c Phtdng nhng danh t tc , ch nh, nh ngi, th, chng sanhv.v... Trong Tng Diu Php tri li, mi s vt u c phntch t m, vNgi dng nhng danh t tru tng. V lm t


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rng phng php lun gii ny nn gi l Abhidhamma, GioPhp Cao Siu, hay Vi Diu Php.

Nh vy, trc tin, v th u thng ca gio l hay v php nydn n gii thot, v v phng php phn tch lun gii

tuyt ho, php ny c gi l Abhidhamma, Vi Diu Phphay Thng Php [1].

3. Abhidhamma Piaka, Tng Diu Php, thng gi l TngLun, gm by b l: Dhammasagan, Vibhaga, Dhtukath,Puggalapaatti, Kathvatthu, Yamaka v Pahna [2].

A. Dhammasagan, "Phn Loi cc Php", b Php T. [3]

B ny chia lm bn chng l:

a. Tm Vng (Citta), b. Sc (Rpa), c. Tm Lc (Nikkhepa), d.Bin Minh (Atthuddhra).

B sch ny gii thch 22 Tika Mtiks (on k ba cu i linnhau) v 100 Duka Mtiks (on k hai cu i lin nhau) baogm phn tinh ty ca Tng Diu Php. Phn ln ca b nygii thch ba cu u tin -- Thin Php (Kusal Dhamma), Bt

Thin Php (Akusal Dhamma) v Bt nh Php (AbykatDhamm) [4].

K v lng, b ny hn mi bhnavras (bi), tc l hn104,000 ch [5].

B. Vibhaga, "Nhng Tit Mc", b Phn Tch.

B ny chia lm mi tm (18) mc.

Ba mc u, quan trng hn tt c, cp n Khandha (Un),yatana (X) v Dhtu (Gii, hay cc Nguyn T cu thnh vt

cht, sc). Cc mc khc cp n Sacca (, chn l),Indriya (Cn, nhng kh nng kim sot), Paccaykra (DuynKhi), Satipahna (nn tng ca Nim", hay Nim X), Sammappadhna(c gng tt bc, Chnh Cn), Iddhipda (phng tin thnh tu,hay Thn Tc), Bojjhaga (nhng yu t ca tr tu, hay GicChi), Jhna (Thin), Appama (V Lng), Magga (o),Sikkhpada (Gii Lut), Paisambhid (Tri Kin Phn Gii), a (Tr


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Tu), Khuddakavatthu ( Mc Ph Thuc) v Dhammahadaya(Tinh Cht Chnh Yu ca Chn L).

Phn ln nhng tit mc ny gm ba phn: gii thch theo Kinh(Suttanta), gii thch theo Vi Diu Php (Abhidhamma) v giol i cng (Pahapucchaka).

B ny gm ba mi lm bhnavras (280,000 ch).

C. Dhtukath, "Lun Gii v cc i Nguyn T", b Cht Ng,hay Gii Thuyt.

Sch ny lun: cc php ny c nm hay khng nm trong, linhp hay tch ri ra khng lin hp, vi cc Un (Khandha), ccX (yatana) v cc Gii, hay i Nguyn T cu thnh sc

(Dhtu).

B ny gm mi bn chng, nhiu hn su bhnavras(48,000 ch).

D. Puggalapaatti, "Ch Danh Nhng C Tnh", b Nhn Chnh, hay Nhn Thi Thit.

V phng php trnh by, sch ny ging nh b Tng Nht AHm (Anguttara Nikya) ca Tng Kinh. Thay v cp n cc

Php khc nhau, sch ny cp n nhng loi c c tnhkhc nhau. C mi chng. Chng u cp n nhng ctnh n c. Chng nh cc nhm c hai c tnh. Chng ba,cc nhm c ba c tnh v.v...

K v lng, sch ny hn nm bhnavras (40,000 ch)

E. Kathvatthu, "Nhng im Tranh Lun", b Ng Tng, hayBin Gii.

Tc gi ca b sch ny c ni l i c MoggalliputtaTissa Thera, c ni ting thi Vua Dhammsoka (A Dc).Chnh Ngi ch ta cuc Kt Tp Tam Tng ln th ba tiPaliputta (Patna) vo th k th III trc Dng Lch. Ti hi ngh ny bsch ca Ngi Moggalliputta c xp vo Tng Diu Php (AbhidhammaPiaka).


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Bn Ch Gii ca tp Atthaslin ghi nhn rng b ny gmmt ngn (1,000) bi Kinh (Suttas): nm trm (500) l chnhthng, cn nm trm khng hp vi quy tc chnh truyn. Vlng, b ny li c b Dgha Nikya, Trng A Hm.

Sch cp n 216 im tranh lun, v chia lm 23 chng.

F. Yamaka, "Sch Gm Nhng Cu c Sp Xp Tng Cp",b Song i, hay Song Lun.

Gi nh vy v theo phng php lun gii ca sch ny, sutt u n cui, lun lun c hai cu i i. Mt cu hi v mtcu i li, (mnh hon v). Th d cp u ca chng u cp n "Cn", hay ci r, ngun gc, lp lun nh sau: "Cphi tt c cc thin php u l thin cn khng? V c phitt c cc thin cn u l thin php khng?"

B ny chia lm mi chng l: Mla (Cn, hay ci r),Khandha (Un), yatana (X, hay thnh phn c lin h ngic quan, lc cn), Dhtu (Gii, hay nguyn t cu thnh vtcht, sc), Sacca (, hay chn l), Sakhra (vt cu to, hay phpHu Vi), Anusaya (Tim Thy, tm tnh tim n ng ngm trong lung nghipca chng sanh), Citta (Tm Vng), Dhamma (Php), v Indriya (khnng kim sot, cng gi l Cn hay Quyn).

Sch gm 120 bhnavras (960,000 ch)

G. Pahna, "Sch Lun v Tng Quan Duyn H", b i X,hay Nhn Duyn Thuyt.

y l quyn sch quan trng nht m cng to ln nht caTng Diu Php. Ngi nhn ni c sch ny ch c th khmphc tr nng cao thm v tu minh st su sc ca c Pht.Chc chn rng mun lm nn c mt bn khi lun vathm su va rng ri nh vy tc nhin phi l bc tr thc kti xut chng.

Danh t Pahna gm tip u ng "pa", c ngha l khc nhau, v"hna", mi tng quan, hay duyn (paccaya). Gi nh vy v php ny cp n 24 phng thc tng quan duyn h [6], nhng onba cu (tika), v nhng on hai cu (duka), ni n trongb Dhammasagan. y l phn tinh hoa ca Tng Diu Php.


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Ta c th on c tm quan trng ca bn khi lun ny --cng c gi l "Mah Pakaraa", quyn sch ln, hay i Tng-- xuyn qua nhng li ch gii ca tp Atthaslin nh sau:"V trong khi Ngi suy nim v nhng tit mc ca bDhammasagan thn Ngi khng c ta ho quang. Cng th y, khi Ngisuy nim v nm b kia (thn Ngi khng ta ho quang). Nhng n quyni Tng, Mah Pakaraa, khi Ngi bt u suy nim n 24 lin htng quan ph thng ca duyn [7], s trnh by v.v... ctnh Ton Tri ca Ngi chc chn tm c c hi trong [8]. (V l y ho quang pht ta ra t thn Ngi).

Ghi ch:

[1] Xem The Expositor, Phn I, trang 3.

[2] Dhammasagani - Vibhanga ca - Kathvatthu ca - PuggalaDhtu - Yamaka - Pahna - Abhidhammo' ti vuccati.

[3] Xem quyn Buddhist Psychology (bn dch bDhammasagani), ca tc gi B Rhys Davids v quyn Guide ThroughThe Abhidhamma Piaka ca .. Nyanatiloka.

[4] Xem ch thch s 17 ca chng ny.

[5] Bhnavra = 250 cu; 1 cu = 4 hng; 1 hng = 8 ch.Nh vy, 1 bhnavra gm 8,000 ch.

[6] S c gii thch trong mt chng sau.

[7] Lc y Nht Thit Chng Tr ca c Pht c pht huy tt.

[8] Mun c y chi tit v by b sch ca Tng DiuPhp, xem Guide Through The Abhidhamma Piaka ca i cNyanatiloka v bi Gii Thiu ca tp Expositor, phn i, t

trang 5 n trang 21. Cng xem Buddhist Psychology trang135-193, Relations, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics v LiNi u ca v ch bin bn Tikapahna Text.

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Trong Vi Diu Php (Abhidhamma) danh t paramattha cnhiu ngha. l mt danh t kp gm hai phn: parama vattha. "Parama" c gii thch l ci g khng th bin cht,khng th bin i hay tr thnh mt ci g khc (aviparta), ltru tng (nibbaita); "Attha" l vt. Vy, paramattha l vt khng th

bin cht, hay tru tng. Thc ti tru tng c xem l gn nghavi danh t paramattha nht. Mc du y dng danh t"khng bin i" nhng phi hiu rng khng phi tt cparamatthas u vnh vin hay thng cn.

Th d nh mt ci l bng ng. khng phi l paramatthav bn cht ca ci l i thay tng khonh khc v chnh ncng c th c nhi nn li tr thnh mt ci g khc hnci l -- ci bn chng hn. C hai vt y, ci l v ci bn, u

c th c phn tch v rt gn n mc cng tt thnhnhng nng lc v nhng c tnh vt cht cn bn m ViDiu Php (Abhidhamma) gi l Rpa Paramattha.

Nhng thc ti ny cng v thng, phi bin i. Tuy nhin,nhng c tnh c bit ca vt cht (sc) y ng nht thtrong hai vt, ci l v ci bn. N vn gi trn vn thc chtca n mc du ta c th pha trn cch no. Do Bn ChGii nh ngha parama l khng bin cht hay thc ti nguynvn.

Danh t 'attha' ph hp mt cch chnh xc vi Anh ng cnhiu ngha "thing" (vt). y khng th dch "attha" l "cngha".

C bn paramatthas, hay thc ti tru tng nh th. Bn thcti ny bao gm tt c nhng g ti th v siu th.

Ci c gi chng sanh l ti th. Nit Bn l siu th. Chngsanh c cu thnh do hai phn: phn tm linh (nma, danh)

v phn vt cht (rpa, sc). Hiu theo Vi Diu Php(Abhidhamma), Rpa hay Sc bao hm c hai ngha: n vcn bn ca vt cht v cng l nhng bin i vt l. Vi DiuPhp lit k 28 loi vt cht, s c cp n trong mtchng sau. Nma bao gm c hai, tm vng v tm s.Chng 2 ca sch ny s cp n cc tm s y (cetasika).C tt c 52 tm s. Vedan, Th, l mt. Sa, Tng, l mt


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tm s khc. 50 tm s cn li c gi chung l Sakhra, Hnh.Ci cha ng nhng c tnh tinh thn y l Via, Thc, haytm vng, ti ca chng ny.

Theo s phn tch k trn, ci c gi l chng sanh gmnm nhm, hay nm Un (Pacakkhandhas, Ng Un): Rpa(Sc), Vedan (Th), Sa (Tng), Sakhra (Hnh), Via(Thc).

Tm Vng, Tm S (ngoi tr 8 loi tm vng siu th vnhng tm s ph thuc dnh lin theo cc tm ny) v Sc, l

Ti Th (Lokiya). Nit Bn (Nibbna) l Siu Th (Lokuttara).Ch c Nit Bn l thc ti tuyt i. l mc tiu cu cnhca Pht Gio. Tm Vng, Tm S v Sc c gi l thc tiv l nhng vt c hin hu (Vijjamna dhamm). Ngoi ra,ba php y khng th phn chia ra thm c na, khng thbin cht na, v l nhng vt tru tng. Ba php y linquan n ci g trong v quanh ta.

Paramattha, chn , hay thc ti u tin l Citta (TmVng). Danh t "citta" xut nguyn t cn "citi", c ngha suyngh. Theo Bn Ch Gii "citta", tm vng hay thc, l ci ghay bit (cinteti = vijnti), ci g nhn thc trn cnh, hay bits hin hu ca mt i tng. Khng phi ci g suy ngh n

mt i tng nh danh t ny hm . V phng din Vi DiuPhp (Abhidhamma), Citt, Tm Vng hay Tm, c th cnh ngha l s hay bit mt i tng. Ch c s hay bitsung, khng c ci g ch ng nh mt linh hn.

Citta, Ceta, Cittupda, Nma, Mana, Via l nhng danh t cxem l ng ngha trong Abhidhamma. Do , ng v phngdin Vi Diu Php, Abhidhamma, khng c s khc bit giatm v thc [1].

Khi phn tch ci c gi l chng sanh lm hai phn, vtcht v tinh thn, th phn tinh thn hay tm, c gi l Danh(Nma).

Khi phn ci c gi l chng sanh lm nm un(Pacakkhandha) th phn y c gi l Thc (Via). Cndanh t Citta th lun lun c dng khi cp n nhng loi tm


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khc nhau. Trong nhng trng hp l loi, theo ngha thngthng ca tm, c hai danh t Citta v Mana thng cdng.

Ba thc ti kia s c cp n trong mt phn sau.

Ghi ch:

[1] Trong bi gii thiu tp Compendium, trang 2, ng Aungvit:

"Theo s nh ngha ca nh Vn Phm th danh t "Citta"(tm) l rammaa cinteti'ti citta (t tng = ngh n mt itng). y, ch cinteti c dng theo ngha bao qut nht ca nl vijjnti (bit). Do tm thng c nh ngha l "ci g

hay bit mt i tng" ... Do s nh ngha ny ta c nhngha ca ch "via", thc. Vy, "Thc" c th c nh nghal mi lin quan gia rammaika (ch th) v rammaa (khch th)."

Xem Compendium trang 234. Khng c l do no phn bithai danh t citta v via nh vy.

-ooOoo-

Catubbidha Cittni

Bn loi tm vng3. Tattha Citta tva catubhidha hoti:

i. Kmvacara,ii. Rpvacara,iii. Arpvacara,iv. Lokuttara c'ti.

3.

Trong (tc trong cc tm vng), u tin c bn loi:i. Tm thuc Dc Gii,ii. Tm thuc Sc Gii,iii. Tm thuc V Sc Gii, viv. Tm Siu Th.

Ch Gii:


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5. Kmvacara. Tm Thuc Dc Gii.

Kma, th ch quan (subjective), l lng khao kht, dcvng. th khch quan (objective) kma l i tng ca gicquan nh sc, thinh, hng, v, xc. "Kma" cng c ngha l

mi mt cnh gii trong Dc Gii tc bn cnh kh (Apya),cnh ngi (Manussaloka), v su cnh Tri Dc Gii (Sagga).

Avacara l ci g linh ng, di chuyn ti lui, hoc thngxuyn hin hu. Vy "Kmvacara" l ci g thng lui ti haythng xuyn hin hu trong Dc Gii, hoc ci g thuc vgic quan v i tng ca gic quan. Thng thng, cc loitm ny pht sanh trong Dc Gii, nhng cng c th phtsanh trong cc cnh gii khc, khi tm hay bit mt i tngca gic quan.

6. Rpvacara, Arpvacara, Tm Thuc Sc Gii, ThucV Sc Gii.

Ci g thuc v Thin Sc Gii v Thin V Sc (Rpa v ArpaJhna), theo th t, hoc l ci g thng lui ti hay thnghin hu trong cnh Sc Gii v cnh V Sc Gii.

Rpalokas l nhng cnh gii m ngi chng c cc tngThin Sc Gii (Rpajhnas) s ti sanh vo.

By gi, mt cu hi c th c nu ln:

"Ti sao chng sanh cnh Sc Gii ny, li lc xut chng, c mt c th vt cht rt t nh, m cn gi cnh ny lRpaloka, cnh "Sc Gii"? Bn Ch Gii ging rng bi vchng sanh ti sanh vo cnh gii y l nhng v pht trincc tng Thin cn c trn nhng vt dng lm mc hnhthin nh t, nc v.v... (Rpakasias).

Arpaloka l nhng cnh gii khng c c th vt cht. Donng lc ca Thin, ch c tm tn ti trong cnh ny. Thngthng tm v c th vt cht, danh v sc, dnh lin nhau,khng th tch ri ra. Nhng, do nng lc ca ch, trongnhng trng hp c bit ngoi l, c th tch ri danh rakhi sc, cng nh ta c th gi mt khi st gia lng, giakhng trung, nh mt t lc no nh nam chm chng hn.


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7. Lokuttara. Siu Th.

(Loka + Uttara). y "Loka" l ng un. "Uttara" l trn,hay ngoi, hay ci g vt khi ln trn. l tm siu th,c th gip ta vt ra khi th gian danh-sc ny. Ba cnh gii

u -- Tam Gii: Dc, Sc v V Sc Gii -- c gi l ti th(Lokiya).

-ooOoo-

KMVACARA-CITTNITM VNG THUC DC GII

4.

Akusala Cittni

Tattha katam Kmvacara?

1) Somanassa-sahagata, dihigatasampayutta asakhrikam eka.2) Somanassa-sahagata, dihigatasampayutta sasakhrikam eka.3) Somanassa-sahagata, dihigatavippayutta asakhrikam eka.4) Somanassa-sahagata dihigatavipayutta sasankhrikam eka.5) Upekkh-sahagata, dihigatasampayutta asakhrikam eka.6) Upekkh-sahagatam, dihigatasampayutta sasakhrikam eka.7) Upekkh-sahagata, dihigatavippayutta asakhrikam eka.

8. Upekkh-sahagata, dihigatavipayutta sasakhrikam ekan'tiImni aha'pi Lobhasahagatacittni nma.

9) Domanassa-sahagata, paighasampayutta asakhrikam eka.10) Domanassa-sahagata, paighasampayutta sasakhrikam ekan'ti.

Imni dve'pi Paigha sampayuttacittni nma.

11) Upekkh-sahagata, vicikicchsampayuttam eka.12) Upekkh-sahagata, uddhaccasampayuttam ekan'ti.

Imni dve'pi Momhacittni nma

Icce'va sabbath'pi dvdaskusala-cittni samattni.

Ahadh lobhamlni -- dosamlani ca dvidhMohamulni ca dve'ti -- dvdaskusal siyu.


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4.

Tm Bt Thin

Trong cc loi tm vng, tm no thuc v Dc Gii?

Tm Bt Ngun T Cn Tham

1. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th H, v lin hp vit kin.2. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th H, v lin hp vi t kin.3. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th H, v khng lin hp vi tkin.4. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th H, v khng lin hp vi t kin.5. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th X, v lin hp vit kin.

6. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th X, v lin hp vi t kin.7. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th X, v khng lin hp vi tkin.8. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th X, v khng lin hp vi tkin.

Tm loi tm ny bt ngun t Cn Tham.

Tm Bt Ngun T Cn Sn

9. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th u, v c lin hpvi c .10. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th u, v c lin hp vi c .

Hai loi tm ny lin hp vi c .

Tm Bt Ngun T Cn Si

11. Mt tm, ng pht sanh cng th X, v lin hp vi hoi nghi.12. Mt tm, ng pht sanh cng th X, v lin hp vi phng dt.

Hai loi tm ny bt ngun t cn Si mnh m.

n y chm dt tt c mi hai loi tm bt thin.

TM LC:

Tm bt ngun t cn Tham, tm. T cn Sn, hai, v t cn Si, hai.Nh vy c tt c mi hai loi tm bt thin.


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Ch Gii:

8. Akusala, Kusala, Vipka, Kiriya, Bt Thin, Thin,Qu, Hnh.

Trong mt phn trc, tm c rng ri phn lm bn hng --tm thuc Dc Gii, tm thuc Sc Gii, tm thuc V Sc Giiv tm Siu Th -- ph hp vi bn cnh gii m trong y ccloi tm ny c chng nghim.

Theo bn cht ca n, cng c bn loi tm khc nhau:

a) Vi loi tm l bt thin (akusala) bi v bt ngun t tham(lobha), sn hay c (paigha), v si (moha).

b) i chiu, c nhng loi tm thin (kusala) v bt ngun tkhng-tham, tc qung i, b th (alobha), khngsn, tcthin , t i (adosa), v khng-si, tc tr tu (amoha).

Cc loi tm bt thin (akusala) c xem l khng lnh mnh,bt tnh, v to hu qu khng ng c a thch, bt kh i(aniha vipka). Cc loi tm thin (kusala) l lnh mnh, thanhtnh, v to hu qu ng c a thch, kh i (iha vipka).C hai, thin (kusala) v bt thin (akusala), u c gil Nghip (Kamma).

c) Nhng loi tm pht sanh nh hu qu d nhin ca tmthin v bt thin y c gi l Vipka, tm qu, hay tm dthc. Phi bit rng c hai loi tm, Nghip (Kamma) v Qu(Vipka), u thun ty thuc v tinh thn.

d) Loi tm th t c gi l Kiriya, hay Kriy, c nghal "khng c hiu lc v phng din nghip bo", ch thuc vc nng. Loi tm ny thng c gi l tm "Hnh", hay tm"Duy Tc", trong ngha c hnh ng m khng c qu cahnh ng, ni cch khc, l "hnh ng khng to nghip".

9. Mla, Cn

Cn (Mla) hay ci r, ngun gc t pht sanh. Lobha(tham), dosa (sn), v moha (si), l ba cn bt thin. i chiuvi ba cn ny l ba cn thin: alobha (khng tham), adosa


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(khng sn), v amoha (khng si). Lobha, bt ngun t "Lubh",bm cht vo, hay ct li, c th c dch l "luyn i", hay"bm nu". Vi hc gi thch dng danh t "kht vng" hn. idc cng c dng trong ngha tng ng vi lobha.

Khi gic quan tip xc vi mt i tng ng c a thch,tc trn cnh kh i, thng thng c s luyn i hay bm nupht sanh. Ngc li, nu i tng khng ng c a thchth c tm bt toi nguyn.

Trong Phn ng (Pli), s bt toi nguyn y uc gi l dosahay paigha. Dosa xut nguyn t cn "dus", khng bng lng, khng vui, btmn, bt toi nguyn. Paigha do cn "pai", chng li, v "gha", chmvo, ng, tip xc. c , th hn, cng c xem nh c ngha tng ng vi paigha.

Moha do cn "muh", lm lc, o tng. l trng thi m m,lm lc, o tng. Chnh moha bao trm i tng nh mtm my m v lm cho tm m qung, khng thy r. i khimoha c phin dch l khng bit, si m.

Theo Abhidhamma, moha (si) nm trong tt c cc loi tm btthin. Lobha (tham) v dosa (sn) khng pht sanh mt mnhm lun lun phi hp vi moha (si). Cn moha (si), th c thkhi sanh n c mt mnh. Do danh t "momha", si mmnh m.

i nghch hn vi ba cn trn c ba cn thin (Kusala). Ba cnny khng nhng hm xc s vng mt mt s iu kin btthin m cn bao hm s hin hu ca nhng iu kin ctnh cch "thin" mt cch tch cc. Alobha khng phi ch cngha l khng luyn i (khng tham), m cng l qung i,bao dung, rng ri b th. Adosa cng khng phi ch l khngsn hay khng th hn, m cn l thin , thin ch, hay tm

t(mett). Amoha khng phi ch l khng si m m cng l trtu hay tri kin, minh mn sng sut (a hay pa).

10. Vedan, Th

Vedan, Th, hay cm gic, l mt trng thi tm (hay tm s)ph thng, chung nm trong tt c cc loi tm vng.


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i c ba loi th l: somanassa, th h, vui v v tinh thn.Domanassa, th u, su mun, bun phin v tinh thn, vupekkh, th v k, bnh thn, khng vui khng bun, x. Vidukkha, kh, au n v vt cht v sukha, lc, sung sngvt cht, tnh chung c tt c nm loi Th.

Somanassa l mt danh t tru tng gm "su", tt v "mana",tm. ng theo ng nguyn, l trng thi tt p ca tm, tcvui v, hay th h. Cng th y, domanassa ("du", xu v"mana", tm), l trng thi xu ca tm, tc bun phin, sumun, hay th u. Loi th th ba l v k. Danh t "bnh thn"c dng y trong ngha ring bit ch khng c ngha ltm chai , cng , khng cn cm xc. Danh t Sukha gm"su", d dng, v "kha", gnh chu hay chu ng. Ci g c thchu ng d dng l sukha, tc sung sng, th lc. Dukkha("du" l kh), l ci g kh chu ng, tc au n, th kh. Chai cm gic ny thuc v vt cht.

Theo Abhidhamma, trong tm mi chn (89) loi tm vngch c mt loi ng pht sanh cng th kh, mt loi cng thlc, v hai loi vi th u. Ngoi ra tm mi lm (85) loi tmcn li u lin hp vi th h hoc th x.

H (somanassa), u (domanassa), v x (upekkh) thun ty

thuc v tinh thn. Lc (sukha), v kh (dukkha) hon ton vtcht. l l do ti sao th x, upekkh, khng th ng phtsanh cng vi "xc gic". Bi v, theo Abhidhamma, khi "xc",hay c s ng chm, tc nhin phi c hoc th lc (sukha),hoc th kh (dukkha) m khng th v k hay x. [1]

11. Dihi, T Kin

Danh t Dihi ny do cn "dis", c ngha thy, tri gic, v thng c dchl quan kin, s tin tng, kin v.v... i km vi tnh t

"samm", samm dihi l chnh kin, hiu bit chn chnh. ikm vi "micch", micch dihi l t kin, hiu bit lm lc. y danh t ny c dng n c -- khng c tnh t kmtheo -- trong ngha t kin.

12. Sakhrika, C S Xi Gic


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y l mt danh t thun ty k thut c mt ngha c bittrong Abhidhamma. Sakhrika gm "sam", tt, v cn "kar", tchnh, chun b, thc hin, hon thnh. ng theo ng nguyn,danh t ny c ngha hon thnh, chun b, sp xp trc.Sakhrika l c s xi gic, t bn ngoi hay c s toan tnh chun b, t bntrong. Cng nh ch dhamma, danh t sakhra c rt nhiu ngha, vngha chnh xc ca n phi c hiu ty theo on vn.

Trong Ng Un (Pacakkhandha), sakhra, hnh un, l tn gichung tt c cc tm s tr hai, tm s th (vedan) v tm stng (sa).

Trong Thp Nh Nhn Duyn (Paicca Samuppda) sakhra,cng uc gi l "hnh", bao gm tt c nhng hnh ngthin v nhng hnh ng bt thin, nhng t tng xu vtt.

Khi sakhra uc dng trong ngha ci g phi chu v thng,kh v.v... th l nhng vt c cu to, nhng vt ty th,hay cc php hu vi, cng gi l hnh.

y, khi danh t ny c dng vi "sa", th c ngha l"cng chung vi"; v khi dng vi "a" th hm xc "khng".Sa-sakhrika -- ng ng nguyn l: "vi s c gng" -- ci gb xi gic, xui khin, thc y, hay r ren, bi t chnh mnhhay bi k khc. Asakhrika, ng ng nguyn, l "khng cs c gng", ci g c lm mt cch t ng, hn nhin,khng c s xi gic, khng chu nh hng t bn trong haybn ngoi.

Th d, nu ta lm mt hnh ng no do ngi khc xi gic,hoc lm sau khi suy xt, hay toan tnh, hnh ng y l sa-sakhrika, "c s xi gic". Tri li, khi t ng lm mt vicg, hn nhin, mau l, khng suy ngh hoc d xt, hay mu

tnh trc, cng khng do ai xui khin, tc khng c s xigic, khng chu nh hng ca ai hay ca g, t bn trong haybn ngoi, hnh ng y l asakhrika, "khng c s xi gic".

13. Vicikicch, Hoi Nghi.


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y l mt danh t bao gm c hai tnh cch, lun l v tngio. Bn Ch Gii nu ln hai li gii thch:

a) "Vici" = vicinanto, tm kim, hay d xt tm hiu. "Kicch" =mt mi, e ngi, b phin phc. l trng thi phin phc do

bn rn thc mc, suy ngh.

b) "Vi", khng c + Cikicch, thuc (ca tri kin). Vicikicchl ci g khng c thuc ca tri kin (tc khng c cha trbng liu thuc hiu bit).

C hai li gii thch u m ch mt trng thi tm bt nh, biri, phn vn [2]. Danh t ny bao hm ngha hoi nghi, thcmc, ng vc, bt nh. Suy lun, hay tm ti hiu bit lunlun c Pht Gio khuyn khch. Pht Gio khng bao gikhuyn dy c tin m qung.

14. Uddhacca, Phng Dt.

Phn ng ny gm "u", qu i v cn "dhu", chao ng, cmkch. ng theo ng nguyn, uddhacca l cm kch, hay bkhch ng qu . y l trng thi tm bn chn, ri ren,khng an ngh, nghch ngha vi tm an tr, chm ch vo mtim. Tp Atthaslin gii thch uddhacca l trng thi tm xaolng, bn khon lo u, hay bi ri, khng yn.

15. Kusala v Akusala, Thin v Bt Thin.

on ny cp n cc loi tm bt thin (Akusala). Akusalatrc tip nghch ngha vi Kusala.

Sch Atthaslin gii thch ng nguyn ca danh t Kusala nhsau [3]:

(i) "Ku", xu + cn "sal", lay chuyn, run ry, tiu dit. Ci g

lay chuyn, tiu dit iu bt thin, hay iu ng khinh mit,l kusala.

(ii) "kusa" + cn "lu", ct t. "Kusa" do "ku", xu v cn "si",ni di. Ci g gian di mt cch ng khinh mit l kusa, ttxu. Kusala l ci g ct t tt xu.


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(iii)

a- "ku" bt thin, xu + cn "su", suy gim. Ci g lm suygim, hay tiu dit iu bt thin l "kusa", tri kin hay tr tu.Kusa, theo ng nguyn nh c gii thch trn + cn "lu", ct

t. Ci g ct t (iu bt thin) bng tr tu l kusala.

b-. "Kusa", nh gii trn + cn "la", ly. Ci g b tr tu bm lyl kusala.

(iv) Loi c kusa c hai b li u sc bn nn ct t taybng c hai b. Cng th y, kusala ct t c hai phn cadc vng -- phn pht sanh v phn cha pht sanh.

V ngha bao hm ca danh t ny, sch Atthaslin ghi [4]:

"Ch kusala c ngha 'mnh kho' (rogya), 'v ti' (anavajja),'thng minh' (cheka), 'c kh nng to qu an vui'(sukhavipka)".

Ngoi tr "thng minh", tt c ba ngha kia u c th p dngcho danh t kusala.

Kusala l tinh khit hay lnh mnh, hiu theo ngha "trnh khinhng chng bnh vt cht v tinh thn do dc vng gy nn".

Kusala l v ti, hiu theo ngha "trnh khi ti li do dc vngto duyn gy nn, do nhng nh hng xu ca dc vng, vsc nng ca dc vng".

y sukhavipka, qu an vui, khng nht thit phi l thlc, sung sng v vt cht. Qu vui y l trng thi dudng, thoi mi, tin nghi th thi -- c vt cht ln tinh thn.

Sch Atthaslin li c ghi rng kusala c dng trong ngha" c hon thnh vi tr tu" (kosalla- sambhtahena;kosalla vuccati pa). Xt theo nhng ngha khc nhau cadanh t, kusala c th c hiu l: lnh mnh, tinh khit,trong sch, hay thin. Vi hc gi thch phin dch kusala ltinh xo, kho lo. Do , Akusala l bt tnh, khng tinh khit,hay bt thin. Kusala v Akusala tng ng vi tt v xu,ng v sai.


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16. Lm th no xc nh rng mt hnh ng l thin(kusala) hay bt thin (akusala)? Da trn tiuchun o c no? [5]

Mt cch vn tt, ci g lin hp vi ba cn (mla) bt thin

(akusala) l bt thin. Lin hp vi ba cn thin (kusala) lthin.

Cng nh ht ging c gieo trng trn t ph nhiu s sanhsi ny n, khng sm th chy, ty theo bn cht ring can.

Cng th y, hnh ng thin v bt thin s to nhng huqu ng c a thch hay khng ng c a thch, huqu y c gi l Vipka (Qu).

17. Kiriya hay Kriy -- theo ngha tng ch, kiriya hay kriyl hnh ng.

y, danh t ny c dng theo ngha "hnh ng v hiulc". Kamma l nhn c hiu lc to qu. Kiriya l nhn khngc hiu lc to qu. Nhng hnh ng lnh ca ch Pht vch v A La Hn c gi l kiriya, hay kriy, v cc Ngi khngcn tch tr Nghip, Kamma. Cc Ngi vt qua khi thinv c.

Trong Abhidhamma, Vipka (Qu) v Kiriya (Hnh) c gichung l Abykata (Bt nh), ci g khng t biu hin tr linh mt hu qu. Vipka l Abykata (Bt nh), tc khng tbiu hin tr li nh mt hu qu, v chnh n l qu. Kiriyal bt nh v khng to qu.

18. Nhng Th D Dng Gii Thch Mi Hai Loi TmBt Thin.

* Cn Tham

1) Mt cu b bng dng (khng c s xi gic) n cp tri tomt cch vui v (ng pht sanh vi th h), thy rng viclm y khng c g l xu (lin hp vi t kin).


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2) C bn xi gic, mt cu b vui v n cp mt tri to, thyrng vic lm y khng c g l xu.

3) Mt cu b bng dng n cp tri to mt cch vui v, bitrng vic lm y l xu (khng lin hp vi t kin).

4) C bn xi gic, mt cu b vui v n cp tri to, bit rngvic lm y l xu.

5) Mt cu b bng dng n cp tri to mt cch thn nhin(tc n cp vi th x, khng vui khng bun lc n cp) thyrng vic lm y khng c g l xu.

6) C bn xi gic, cu b thn nhin n cp tri to, thy rngvic lm y khng c g l xu.

7) Mt cu b bng dng n cp tri to mt cch thn nhin,bit rng vic lm y l xu.

8) C bn xi gic, mt cu b thn nhin n cp tri to, bitrng vic lm y l xu.

* Cn Sn

9) Vi lng sn hn ta st hi mt ngi khc m khng c

mu tnh trc.10) Vi lng sn hn, ta st hi mt ngi khc sau khi mutnh.

19. St Hi

Theo Abhidhamma (Vi Diu Php) hnh ng st sanh lunlun c thc hin vi tm sn, c , hay bt toi nguyn.Mc du do nguyn ng lc no thc y i na, thng

thng, khi git l c c . u c c (pa igha) l c bunphin (domanassa). C bun phin l c c , bt toi nguyn(paigha), di mt hnh thc th kch hay vi t.

Th d nh, khng th phn bit c th no l ng th nol sai, mt em b vui v git mt con kin. Em khng bit rngmnh ang to nghip st sanh m ch vui chi vy thi. Vy,


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khi nhn mnh ngn tay xung git con kin em c c i vin khng? C tm sn hay tm th hn trong trng hp nykhng? Qu tht kh m ni nh th. Vy, ngay lc git conkin em chng nghim loi tm no? Loi th chn (9) hay thmi (10) t khng th c, bi v em ch v tnh v vui vlm hnh ng st sanh y mt cch thong qua. C th lloi tm th ba, bt ngun t cn tham khng?

Mt ngi ln i sn, bn cht th, xem l mt mn ththao, hn c loi tm s 9 v s 10. Ngi y c c , mungit cht con th trong lc bn.

Cn khoa gii phu sanh th th sao? Nh bc hc mnh dngii phu mt con vt sng, hay git con vt m khng chtchng tay. Nguyn ng lc chnh ca ng l nghin cu khoahc lm du bt s au kh ca nhn loi. Tuy nhin, vn c ngh st hi.

Khi git mt con th ang on oi kh au v b mt vtthng, chm dt ni kh au ca n. Lc git, c c khng? V lng bi mn ta c th lm nh th. Nhng du sao,ngay lc git cng c c , v lc y ta mun n cht, c mtloi bt toi nguyn i vi con vt.

Nu hnh ng tng t c th c chng minh l hp oc th ta phn i c chng hnh ng ca ngi kia, vitm trong sch git mt ngi khc v ngi ny ang mangmt chng bnh khng th cha tr?

c ghi r trn l ni no c c l c bun phin.

Th d nh khi nghe tin thi rt, ta bun. Vy, lc y c tm snkhng? Nu suy xt t m ngha ca danh t paigha li gii ps tr nn r rng. Khi nhn mt tin bun, chc chn c mt loibt toi nguyn. Trng hp ngi khc ci cht ca thn nhncng cng th y. v l mt din bin bt hnh m ta khngthch n nhn. Ch v A Na Hm (Angmi) v A La Hn(Arahant) khng khi no nghe bun phin hay su mun v ccNgi tn dit paigha, bt toi nguyn, hay dosa, sn hn.

Khi c Pht nhp i Nit Bn th c nanda v cng sumun v lc y Ngi ch c Qu Tu Hun (Sotpanna).


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Nhng ch v A La Hn v A Na Hm nh cc Ngi Kassapa vAnuruddha th hnh php X hon ton, khng nh mt gitnc mt.

20. Th D V Cn Si

11) Mt ngi hoi nghi v s hin hu ca c Pht, v hiunng ca Gio Php v si m.

12) Mt ngi c tm phng dt khng th ch tm vo mt mc.

Hai loi tm ny yu t v pht sanh do trng thi m m vhn trm ca tm. V l y cm gic, hay th, lin hp khngth l h hay u, m ch l x.

21. Mi Loi Bt Thin Nghip lin quan n mi hailoi tm bt thin.

Mi loi bt thin nghip to nn do thn, khu, :

THN: (1) St sanh (ptipta), (2) trm cp (adinn- dna), (3) t dm(kmesumicchcra).

KHU: (4) ni di (musvda), (5) ni m thc (pisuavc),

(6) ni th l cc cn (pharusa- vc), (7) ni nhm(samphappalpa) .

: (8) tham lam (abhijjh), (9) sn hn (vypda) v (10) tkin (micchdihi) [6].

Tt c mi bt thin nghip u c to nn do mi hai loitm bt thin k trn. Thng thng ngi ta phm nghip stsanh vi loi tm s 9 v s 10. Nghip trm cp vi tm loitm u tin.

Nghip t dm cng c to nn do tm loi tm u tin.

Ngi ta cng c th trm cp v sn hn. Trong trng hpny nghip trm cp c th c to nn do nhng loi tmth 9 v th 10.


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Nghip ni di c th do mi loi tm u tin. Ni m thc,ni li th l cc cn, vi cc loi tm s 9 v s 10. Ni nhm,vi 10 loi tm u tin. Tham lam pht sanh do tm loi tmu tin. Sn hn do hai loi, tm s 9 v s 10. T kin donhng loi s 1, 2, 5, 6. [7]

22. S Tn Dit Cc Loi Tm Bt Thin Do Bn HngThnh Nhn

Mt v Nhp Lu (Sotpanna -- Tu Hun) tn dit cc loitm s 1, 2, 5, 6 v 11 v Ngi ct t hai thng thc(Sayojana, dy tri buc chng sanh vo vng lun hi) l o tng linquan n t ng (Sakkyadihi, thn kin) v hoi nghi (Vicikicch).

Mt v Nht Lai (Sakadgmi -- T Hm), c tng Thnhth nh, lm suy gim nng lc ca nhng loi tm th 9 v th10, v Ngi ch lm suy nhc hai thng thc Kmarga (luyni theo nhc dc ng trn) v Paigha (bt toi nguyn).

Mt v Bt Lai (Angmi -- A Na Hm), c tng Thnh thba, tn dit lun c hai loi tm k trn v hon ton ct thai thng thc y.

Mt v A La Hn (Arahanta) khng cn loi no trong mi hailoi tm bt thin, v Ngi tn dit lun 5 thng thc cn lil: Rparga (luyn i theo cc tng Thin Sc Gii v cnhSc Gii), Arparga (luyn i theo cc tng Thin V Sc vcnh V Sc Gii), Mna (ng mn), Uddhacca (phng dt) vAvijj (v minh).

(Slabbata parmsa = gii cm th, hay d dui tin theonhng nghi thc l bi sai lm, l mt trong mi thng thc,khng c nhc n trn -- c tn dit do mt v NhpLu).

Ghi ch:

[1] Xem Upekkh, ch gii s 42.

[2] Vicikicch l trng thi khng th quyt nh chc chn mtvic g l nh th no. Buddhaghosa -- Majjhima NikyaCommentary


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[3] Xem The Expositor, phn i, trang 50.

[4] Xem Buddhist Psychology, Ixxxii.

[5] Xem quyn The Buddha and His Teachings, cng tc gi

(.. Nrada), trang 293.

[6] a. Ph nhn hu qu ca nghip (natthika dihi), b. Ph nhnc hai, nhn v qu (Ahetuka) v c. Ph nhn Nghip Bo (Akiriya Dihi). l nhng nguyn nhn to nn t kin.

[7] Xem The Expositor phn I, trang 128-135.

-ooOoo-

Ahetuka Cittni -- 1818 loi tm v nhn

5.

Akusala Vipka Cittni

(1) Upekkhsahagata Cakkhuvia; tath (2) Sotavia, (3)Ghavia, (4) Jivh- via, (5) Dukkhasahagata, Kyavia,(6) Upekkhsahagata Sampaicchanacitta, (7) UpekkhsahagataSantraacitta c'ti.

Imni satta'pi Akusala Vipka Cittni nma.

Kusala Vipk'hetuka Cittni

(8) Upekkhsahagata kusalavipka Cakkhu-via; tath (9)Sotavia, (10) Gha- via, (11) Jivhvia, (12) Sukhasaha-gata Kyavia, (13) Upekkhsahagata Sampaicchanacitta, (14)Somanassasahagata Santraacitta, (15) Upekkhsahagata Santraacitta c'ti.

Imni aha'pi Kusalavipk'hetuka cittni nma.Ahetuka Kiriya Cittni

(16) Upekkhsahagata Pacadvrvajjanacita; tath (17)Manodvrvajjanacitta, (18) Somanassa- sahagata Hasituppdacitta


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c'ti.

Imni ti' pi Ahetuka-Kiriya Cittni nma.Icc'evasabbath'pi ahrashetukacittni samattni

Sattkusalapkni -- pupkni ahadhKiriycini t'ti -- ahrasa Ahetuk.

5

Tm Qu Bt Thin V Nhn:

(1) Nhn thc, ng pht sanh cng th x. Cng th y (2) Nh thc, (3) T thc, (4)Thit thc, (5)Thn thc, ng pht sanh cng th kh, (6) Tip Th Tm, ng phtsanh cng th x, (7) Suy c Tm, ng pht sanh cng th x.

By loi tm ny l tm Qu Bt Thin V Nhn.

Tm Qu Thin V Nhn:

(8) Nhn thc Qu Thin, ng pht sanh cng th x. Cng th y, (9) Nh thc, (10) Tthc, (11) Thit thc, (12) Thn thc, ng pht sanh cng th lc, (13) Tip Th Tm,ng pht sanh cng th x, (14) Suy c Tm, ng pht sanh cng th h, (15) Suyc Tm, ng pht sanh cng th x.

Tm loi tm ny l tm Qu Thin V Nhn.

Tm Hnh V Nhn:

(16) Ng Mn Hng Tm, ng pht sanh cng th x. Cng th y, (17) Mn Hng Tm, (18) Tiu sanh Tm, ng pht sanh cng th H.

Ba loi tm ny l tm Hnh V Nhn.

Nh vy chm dt, tt c c mi tm loi Tm V Nhn.

TM LC:

By tm Qu Bt Thin. Tm tm Qu Thin. Ba tm Hnh. Tm V Nhn c mi tm.

Ch Gii:

23. Hetu, Nhn


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Hetu thng c dch l "iu kin to nhn". Trong nhngbi kinh ta thng gp cc cu nh "ko hetu ko paccayo", donhn no, do duyn no. Trong Vi Diu Php, Abhidhamma, haidanh t hetu v paccaya c phn bit r rng v mi ch cmt ngha ring bit. Hetu l nguyn nhn, hay cn ci,ngun gc t pht xut, ch su nhn (tham, sn, si, vkhng tham, khng sn, khng si) c gii thch phntrn. Paccaya l iu kin h tr, hay duyn (upakrakadhamma). Hetu nh r cy. Paccaya nh nc, phn bn v.v...

Mi tm loi tm k trn c gi l "Ahetuka" v cc loi tmny khng c "nhn ng pht sanh" (sampa-yuttaka hetu).Phi hiu rng ch n cc loi tm v nhn (ahetuka citta) nycng phi c mt hiu nhn (nibbattaka hetu, nhn c hiu lc,hay kh nng tr qu). Ngoi ra, 71 loi tm cn li gi l sa-hetuka, hu nhn. Hai loi ch c mt nhn, su mi chn loic hai hoc ba nhn.

24. Dvipacavia, Ng Song Thc

y c nm cp tm qu, thin v bt thin (tc nm tmqu thin v nm tm qu bt thin) c lit k. Gi nh vybi v cc loi tm, hay thc, ny ty thuc nm gic quan.Nhng tm ny tng i yu t nn ch pht sanh cng th

X, hay v k, ngoi tr thn thc, pht sanh cng th Kh hayth Lc. Nn ghi nhn rng trong Abhidhamma nm cp tmny c khi c cp n l "Dvipacavia" (Ng SongThc). Cn hai loi tm Sampaicchana citta, Tip Th tm, vPacadvrvajjana citta, Ng Mn Hng tm, c gi l "Mano-Dhtu", Gii, hay nguyn t tm, v 76 loi cn li l "ManoVina Dhtu", Thc Gii.

25. Sampaicchana, Tip Th Tm,

L khonh khc lc tm tip nhn v th lnh mt i tng,trn cnh. Santraa l lc tm d xt, quan st i tng, Suyc Tm. Cn lc tm hng v i tng ca mt trong nmgic quan th gi l Pacadvrvajjana, Ng Mn Hng Tm.Manodvrvajjana, Mn Hng Tm, l lc tm hng v itng tinh thn. Pacadvrvajjana v Manodvrvajjana l haichp t tng duy nht thuc v tm hnh (kriy) m ngi


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khng c Qu A La Hn c th c. Tt c cc tm hnh khc(Kiriya Cittas, cng c gi l tm "duy tc", c lm m khngto nghip) th ch ch Pht v ch v A La Hn c.

Chnh Manodvrvajjana citta, Mn Hng Tm s tc hnh

nhim v quyt nh (Votthapana), s c cp n trongphn sau.

26. Hasituppda, Tiu Sanh Tm

L mt loi tm ring bit ca ch v A La Hn. Nguyn nhnca s mm ci l mt th H. Ty tm tnh mi ngi, miba loi tm c th lm mm ci. Mt phm nhn tm thng(puthujjana) c th ci vi mt trong bn loi tm bt ngunt cn Tham ng pht sanh cng th H, hay mt trong bnloi tm Kusala Citta, Thin, ng pht sanh cng th H.

Ch v Nhp Lu (Sotpanna), Nht Lai (Sakad- gmi), v BtLai (Angmi) c th mm ci vi mt trong hai loi tm btthin khng lin hp vi t kin, ng pht sanh cng th H,hoc mt trong bn tm Thin (Kusala Cittas).

Ch v A La Hn v ch Pht c Gic (Pacceka Buddha) c thmm ci vi mt trong bn loi tm Hnh p (Sobhana KiriyaCitta, Duy Tc Tnh Quang Tm) hoc Hasituppda (Tiu Sanh

Tm), tm lm mm ci.

Ch Pht Chnh Gic (Samm Sambuddho) mm ci vi mttrong hai tm Hnh p (Sobhana Kiriya Citta, Duy Tc TnhQuang Tm) ng pht sanh cng Tr Tu v th H. TrongHasituppda (Tiu Sanh Tm, hay tm lm mm ci) ch cnim vui sung.

Sch Compendium of Philosophy vit rng kinh in Pht Gioc ghi nhn su phn hng ci:

1. Sita, mt n ci mm, biu hin nh nhng trn v mt.2. Hasita, mt n ci ch nhch mi va h cho ngi tathy cht rng.3. Vihasita, n ci kh pht ra mt ting ng nh.4. Upahasita, mt n ci lm chuyn ng u vai v tay.5. Apahasita, mt n ci lm chy nc mt.


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6. Atihasita, bt ci ln ting, ng nghing ng nga lmchuyn ng c thn mnh, t u n chn.

Vy, ci l mt hnh thc din t ca thn (kyaviatti) cth, hay khng, pht sanh cng vi ting ng (vacviatti).

Ngi c vn ha gio dc ci vi hai hng u. Ngi thngvi hai hng gia, v hng chng sanh thp km c hai li cixp hng sau cng.

27. Tin Trnh Tm

Tm, ch th, tip nhn i tng t bn trong hay bn ngoi.

Khi ang ng m, tm c gi l an ngh, hay ni cch khc l trong trng thi Bhavaga. Chng ta lun lun c mt trng thi

tm tiu cc nh th khi tm khng tng ng vi ngoi cnh.Lung Bhavaga (H Kip) y b gin on khi c mt i tngnhp vo tm. Lc y tm Bhavaga rung ng trong mt st na (chpt tng) v tan bin.

K Ng Mn Hng Tm (Pacadvrvajjana) khi sanh vdit. n giai on ny dng tri chy t nhin bt u b kimsot v chuyn hng v i tng. Tc khc sau nhn thc[1] (Cakkhu Via) khi sanh v dit, nhng khng hiu g hn ngoi sthy i tng. Tip theo tc hnh ny ca gic quan c mt chpt tng tip thu i tng nhn (Sampaicchana) gi l TipTh Tm. Ri n kh nng d xt (Santraa, Suy c Tm) trongchc lt quan st i tng tip thu. Sau n giai on nhn nh gil Xc nh Tm (Vohapana) phn bin la chn. y l giai on m ch t do gp phn ca n. Sau l giai on tm l cc k quan trng-- giai on Javana, Tc Hnh, hay Xung Lc. Chnh giai onny m hnh ng c xt l thin hay bt thin. Nghipc to giai on ny. Nu nhn nh chn chnh (yonisomanasikra, c s ch chn chnh) Javana tr nn thin.

Nhn nh sai lm (ayoniso manasikra) lung Javana tr nnbt thin. Trong trng hp mt v A La Hn lung Javana nykhng thin, cng khng bt thin, m ch thuc v c nng,hnh (kiriya, duy tc, ch c tc hnh m khng to hu qu).Giai on Javana ny thng tri chy trong by st na tm(chp t tng). Lc lm chung ch c nm chp. Ton th tintrnh ch tn ti trong mt thi gian cc nh, chm dt bng


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tm ghi nhn, hay ng K Tm (Tadlambana), ko di haichp.

Nh vy, hon tt trn vn l trnh mt t tng sau mi bychp t tng, hay st-na tm [2].

Ba loi tm Bhavaga l Vipka (qu). Ba loi ny hoc l mttrong hai chp tm Suy c (Santraa) ng pht sanh cngth X, c cp n trong phn trc, hoc mt trongtm loi tm Qu p (Sobhana Vipka Cittas), s c m ttrong on 6.

Pacadvrvajjana (Ng Mn Hng Tm) l mt tm Hnh(Kiriy Cittas). Paca Via (Ng Quan Thc) l mt trong mi tmQu Thin v Bt Thin (Kusala v Akusala Vipka Cittas). Sampaicchana(Tip Th Tm) v Santraa (Suy c Tm) cng l tm Qu (VipkaCittas). Manodvrvajjana ( Mn Hng Tm), mt tm Hnh(Kiriy Citta) tc hnh nh Xc nh Tm (Votthapana). Ta cth vn dng t do ch giai on ny. By chp ca lung

Javana to thnh nghip (Kamma).

ng K Tm (Tadlambana) l mt tm Qu (Vipka), mttrong ba tm Suy c (Santraa) hay mt trong tm tm Qu p(Sobhana Vipka Cittas).

Nh vy, trong mt tin trnh t tng c nhiu chp, v ccchp t tng ny c th l Nghip (Kamma), Qu (Vipka),hay Hnh (Kiriy) [3].

Tin Trnh Tm

Theo Vi Diu Php, khi mt i tng biu hin trc tmxuyn qua mt trong nm ca (ng mn), mt tin trnh tmdin tin nh sau:

( Biu 1)

St-natm

1 Atta Bhavaga (Bhavaga va qua)


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2 Bhavaga Calana (Bhavaga giao ng)

3 Bhavagupaccheda (Bhavaga dt dng)

4 Pacadvrvajjana (Ng Mn Hng Tm)

5 Paca Via (Ng Quan Thc)

6 Sampaicchana (Tip Th Tm)

7 Santraa (Suy c Tm)

8 Votthapana (Xc nh Tm)

9

Javana (Xung Lc)

10

11

12

13

14

15

16 Tadlambana (ng K Tm)

17

Biu 2

Citta - 89Tm Lokuttara - 8

Siu th

Magga - 4o

Phala - 4Qu

Arpvacara -12V sc gii

Kusala - 4Thin

Vipka - 4Qu


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Kriy - 4Hnh

Rpvacra -15Sc gii

Kusala - 5Thin

Vipka - 5Qu

Kriy - 5Hnh

Kmvacra -54Dc gii

Sobhaha - 24

p

Kusala - 8Thin

Vipka - 8

Qu

Kriy - 8Hnh

Ahetula - 18V nhn

kusalavipka -7Qu bt thin

Kusalavipka - 8Qu thin

Kriy - 3Hnh

Akusala - 12Bt thin

Lobha - 8Cn tham

Paigha - 2Cn sn

Moha - 2

Cn si

Biu 3


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Citta - 89 (121)Tm

Akusala - 12Bt thin

Kusala - 21 (37)Thin

Kmvacara - 8Dc gii

Rpvacara - 5Sc gii

Arpvacara - 4V sc gii

Lokuttara - 4 (20)Siu th

Vipka - 36 (52)Qu

Kmvacara - 23

Dc gii

Rpvacara - 5Sc gii


Lokuttara - 4 (20)Siu th

Kriy - 20Hnh

Kmvacara - 11Dc gii

Rpvacara - 5Sc gii


Ghi ch:

[1] Tc l, nu i tng l mt hnh th (rpa hay sc php).Chp tm ny ty thuc nm i tng ca gic quan.

[2] Xem Compendium of Philosophy -- Introductory Essay trang27-30.

[3] Xem Chng 4


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-ooOoo-

SOBHANA CITTNITm "p" thuc Dc gii -- 24

6.

Pphetukamuttni -- Sobhanni'ti vuccareEk'nasahicittni -- ath 'ekanavut'pi v

Ah Kmvaccara Kusala Cittni

1. Somanassa-sahagata asampayutta asakhrikam eka,2. Somanassa-sahagata asampayutta sasakhrikam eka,3. Somanassa-sahagata avippayutta asakhrikam eka,

4. Somanassa-sahagata avippayutta sasakhrikam eka,5. Upekk-sahagata asampayutta asakhrikam eka,6. Upekkh-sahagata asampayutta sasakhrikam eka,7. Upekkh-sahagata avippayutta asakhrikam eka,8. Upekkh-sahagata avippayutta sasakhrikam' ekan'ti

Imni aha'pi sahetuka kmvacarakusalacittni nma.

Aha Kmvacara Vipka Cittni

9. Somanassa-sahagata asampayutta asakhrikam eka,

10. Somanassa-sahagata asampayutta sasakhrikam eka,11. Somanassa-sahagata avippayutta asakhrikam eka,12. Somanassa-sahagata avippayutta sasakhrikam eka,13. Upekkh-sahagata asampayutta asakhrikam eka,14. Upekkh-sahagata asampayutta sasakhrikam eka.15. Upekkh-sahagata avippayutta asakhrikam eka,16. Upekkh-sahagata avippayutta sasakhrikam ekan'ti.

Imni aha'pi sahetuka kmvacaravipkacittni nma.

Aha Kmvacara Kriy Cittni

17. Somanassa-sahagata asampayutta asakhrikam eka,18. Somanassa-sahagata asampayutta sasakhrikam eka,19. Somanassa-sahagata avippayutta asakhrikam eka,20. Somanassa-sahagata avippayutta sasakhrikam eka,21. Upekkh-sahagata asampayutta asakhrikam eka,22. Upekkh-sahagata asampayutta sasakhrikam eka,23. Upekkh-sahagata avippayutta asakhrikm eka,


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24. Upekkh-sahagata avippayutta sasakhrikam ekan'ti,

Imni aha'pi sahetukakmvacarakriycittni nma.

Icce' va sabbath'pi sahetuka-kmvacara-kusalavipka-kriycittni samattni.

Vedan-a-sakhra -- bhedena catuvsatiSahet-kmvacara -- puapkakriy mat.Kme tevsapkni -- pua' puni vsatiEkdasa kriy c'ti -- catupasa sabbath.

6

Ngoi tr nhng loi tm Bt Thin v V Nhn, cc loi cn li c gi l "p" (Tnh

Quang Tm, hay Tnh Ho Tm). S tm ny c nm mi chn, hoc chnmi mt.

Tm Loi Tm Thin:

1. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th h, lin hp vi trikin,2. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th h, lin hp vi tri kin,3. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th h, khng lin hp vi trikin,4. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th h, khng lin hp vi tri kin,

5. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th x [1], lin hp vi tri kin,6. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th x, lin hp vi tri kin,7. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th x, khng lin hp vi tri kin,8. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th x, khng lin hp vi tri kin

l tm loi tm Thin, Hu Nhn, thuc Dc Gii.

Tm Loi Tm Qu:

9. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th h, lin hp vi trikin,

10. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th h, lin hp vi tri kin,11. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th h, khng lin hp vi tri kin,12. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th h, khng lin hp vi tri kin,13. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th x, lin hp vi tri kin,14. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th x, lin hp vi tri kin,15. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th x, khng lin hp vi tri kin,16. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th x, khng lin hp vi tri kin.


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l tm loi tm Qu, Hu Nhn, thuc Dc Gii.

Tm Loi Tm Hnh:

17. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th h, lin hp vi trikin,18. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th h, lin hp vi tri kin,19. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th h, khng lin hp vi tri ki n,20. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th h, lin hp vi tri kin,21. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th x, khng lin hp vi tri kin,22. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th x, lin hp vi tri kin,23. Mt tm, khng b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th x, khng lin hpvi tri kin,24. Mt tm, b xi gic, ng pht sanh cng th x, khng lin hp vi tri kin.

l tm loi tm Hnh, Hu Nhn, thuc Dc Gii.

Nh vy chm dt tt c, nhng loi tm Thin, tm Qu, tm Hnh, Hu Nhn thucDc Gii.

Tm lc:

Nhng loi tm Thin, Qu, Hnh, Hu Nhn thuc Dc Gii, khc bit nhau do thcm, tri kin v s xi gic, phi c hiu rng c hai mi bn.

Trong Dc Gii c hai mi ba loi tm Qu, hai mi tm Thin v Bt Thin, v mi

mt tm Hnh, nm mi bn tt c.

Ch Gii

28. Sobhana

Gi l "p", cng c dch l Tnh Ho, hay Tnh Quang, vtm ny lin kt vi nhng cn thin nh b th, tm t, tri kinv to nn nhng c tnh tt. (Bn Ch Gii)

29. Ppa

L ci g dn n trng thi khn kh. Nn hiu y l ci gxu, c, hay bt thin, hn l xem nh "ti li".

30. Hetuka


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Tt c nhng tm c m t k t on ny u c gil Sahetuka, Hu Nhn, ngha l bt ngun t mt, hai, hoc baNhn, i chiu vi cc tm V Nhn ca phn trc, khnglin kt vi Nhn no.

Trong hai mi bn (24) tm p thuc Dc Gii, KmvacaraSobhana Cittas, mi hai loi lin kt vi hai cn thin -- b th(alobha, khng-tham) v tm t (adosa, khng-sn) -- mi hailoi lin kt vi ba cn: b th, tm t, v tri kin (amoha,khng si).

31. Nm mi chn hay chn mi mt

Kmvacara (thuc Dc Gii) 24Rpavacara (thuc Sc Gii) 15Arpvacara (thuc V Sc Gii) 12Lokuttara (Siu Th) 8---------------------------------------------Cng chung l: 59

Khi tm Siu Th (Lokuttara Citta) c pht trin xuyn quamt trong nm tng Thin Thin Sc Gii (Kusala Rpa Jhna)nh s uc gii thch cui chng, th c tt c bn mi (8x 5 = 40) loi tm Siu Th.

Trong trng hp ny th: 24+15+12+40 = 91

32. a, Tri Kin

L ci g hiu bit thc ti (Bn Ch Gii). y danh t ang ngha vi tr minh mn sng sut, hp l, hay tri kin. i nghch li lmoha (si m, o kin hay cung si).

33. Asakhrika, khng c s xi gic.

Theo bn ch gii, ta lm mt hnh ng tt mt cch hnnhin, khng suy ngh hay bn tnh trc, khng c s xi gic,xui khin, sai bo, t bn trong hay bn ngoi, m do s thchng vt cht v tinh thn, do vt thc, kh hu v.v... hu quca nhng hnh ng tng t c trong qu kh (mt thiquen c, mt phn ng t nhin) [2].


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34. Tt c nhng hnh ng thin u do mt trong tmloi tm u tin.

Hu qu tng ng ca n l tm tm Qu. Tm tm Qu VNhn (Ahetuka Vipka Cittas) cng l hu qu phi c ca

nhng tm Thin (Kusala Cittas) ny. Vy, c mi su tmQu (Vipka Cittas) tng ng vi tm tm Thin (KusalaCittas). Trong lc y ch c by tm Qu V Nhn (AhetukaVipka Cittas) tng ng vi mi hai tm Bt Thin (AkusalaCittas).

Ch Pht v ch v A La Hn cng c tt c hai mi ba loitm Qu (Vipka Cittas) ny bi v cc Ngi cn phi gt quxu hay tt ca nghip gieo trong qu kh, cho n ngycc Ngi nhp dit.

Tuy nhin, cc Ngi khng c tm loi tm Thin u tin biv khng cn tch tr nghip mi, c nng lc ti to na. CcNgi tn dit mi thng thc tri buc chng sanh vo vngsanh t lun hi.

Trong khi khng cn hnh ng thin th, thay v c tm Thin(Kusala Cittas), cc Ngi c tm tm Hnh (Kriy Cittas, cnggi l tm Duy Tc) l nhng loi tm khng c nng lc tito.

Nhng ngi thng v nhng bc Thnh ba tng u -- Tu Hun, T Hm, A Na Hm -- khng c loi tm ny.

35. Th D Cho Tm Loi Tm Thin u Tin

1) Mt cch hiu bit v hn nhin, khng c s xi gic, tacho ngi n xin mt vt g, lng cm nghe vui v.

2) Mt cch hiu bit, ta cho ngi n xin mt vt g sau khin o suy ngh, hay c ai xui khin, lng cm nghe vui v.

3) Mt em b khng bit g, vui v nh l thy t khu mtcch hn nhin. Ngi n vui v tng kinh mt cch t ng,khng bit g n ngha ca li kinh.


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4) Em b khng hiu bit g, vui v nh l thy t khu, theoli dy ca m. Ngi n vui v tng kinh, theo li dy ca mtngi khc, v khng hiu bit ngha ca li kinh.

Bn loi tm cn li nn c hiu bit cng th y, th X

thay vo ch th H.

Ghi ch:

[1] Xem ch gii s 10. Ni y, upekkh cng c th l trngthi tm qun bnh.

[2] Xem ch gii s 12.

-ooOoo-

RPVACARA CITTNI -- 15Tm thuc sc gii -- 15

7.

Rpvacara Kusala Cittni -- 5

1. Vitakka - Vicra - Pti - Sukh'Ekaggat - sahita Pahamajjhna-Kusalacitta,2. Vicra - Pti - Sukh'Ekaggat - sahita Dutiya- jjhna-

Kusalacitta,3. Pti-Sukh'Ekaggat - sahita Tatiyajjhna-Kusala- citta,4. Sukh'Ekaggat - sahita Catutthajjhna-Kusala- citta,5. Upekkh'Ekaggat - sahita Pacamajjhna-Kusalacitta c'ti.

Imni paca'pi Rpvacara-Kusalacittni nma.

Rpvacara Vipka Cittni -- 5

1. Vitakka - Vicra - Pti - Sukh'Ekaggat - sahita Pahamajjhna-Vipkacitta,

2. Vicra - Pti - Sukh'Ekaggat - sahita Dutiya- jjhna-Vipkacitta,3. Pti - Sukh'Ekaggat - sahita Tatiyajjhna-Vipkacitta,4. Sukh'Ekaggat - sahita Catutthajjhna-Vipka- citta,5. Upekkh'Ekaggat - sahita Pacamajjhna-Vipka- citta c'ti.


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Imni paca'pi Rpvacara-Vipkacittni nma.

Rpvacara Kriy Cittni -- 5

1. Vitakka - Vicra - Pti - Sukh'Ekaggat-sahita Pahamajjhna-Kriycitta,2. Vicra - Pti - Sukh'Ekaggat - sahita Dutiya- jjhna-Kriycitta,3. Pti - Sukh'Ekaggat - sahita Tatiyajjhna-Kriycitta,4. Sukh'Ekaggata - sahita Catujjhna-Kriycitta,5. Upekkh'Ekaggat - sahita Pacamajjhna-Kriy- citta c'ti.

Imni paca'pi Rpvacara-Kriycittni nma.

Icc'eva sabbath'pi paarasa Rpvacara-Kusala-Vipka-Kriycittnisamattni.

Pacadh jhnabhedena -- rpvacaramnasaPuapkakriybhed -- ta pacadasadh bhave.

7

Tm Thin Thuc Sc Gii -- 5

1. Tm Thin S Thin cng vi Tm, St, Ph, Lc v Nht im,2. Tm Thin Nh Thin, cng vi St, Ph, Lc v Nht im,3. Tm Thin Tam Thin, cng vi Ph, Lc, v Nht im,

4. Tm Thin T Thin, cng vi Lc v Nht im,5. Tm Thin Ng Thin cng vi X v Nht im.

l nm loi tm Thin thuc Sc Gii.

Tm Qu Thuc Sc Gii -- 5

1. Tm Qu S Thin, cng vi Tm, St, Ph, Lc v Nht im,2. Tm Qu Nh Thin, cng vi St, Ph, Lc v Nht im,3. Tm Qu Tam Thin, cng vi Ph, Lc v Nht im,4. Tm Qu T Thin, cng vi Lc v Nht im,

5. Tm Qu Ng Thin, cng vi X v Nht im.

l nm loi tm Qu thuc Sc Gii.

Tm Hnh Thuc Sc Gii -- 5

1. Tm Hnh S Thin, cng vi Tm, St, Ph, Lc v Nht im,2. Tm Hnh Nh Thin, cng vi St, Ph, Lc v Nht im,


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3. Tm Hnh Tam Thin, cng vi Ph, Lc, v Nht im,4. Tm Hnh T Thin, cng vi Lc v Nht im,5. Tm Hnh Ng Thin, cng vi X v Nht im.

l nm loi tm Hnh thuc Sc Gii.

Ch Gii:

36. Rpvacara, Thuc V Sc Gii

C ba cnh gii sinh tn l: Dc Gii (Kmaloka), Sc Gii(Rpaloka), v V Sc Gii (Arpaloka). Bn cnh kh (Apya),cnh ngi (Manussa), v su cnh Tri (Devaloka) thuc DcGii (Kmaloka). Gi nh th v trong cnh gii ny tm thamdc chim phn quan trng. Bn cnh gii c gi l Duggati-- kh cnh, hay trng thi khn cng. Nhng chng sanh chnh ng bt thin ti sanh vo trng thi ny. Cnh ngi vcnh Tri c gi l Sugati -- cnh gii hu phc. Nhngchng sanh c hnh ng thin c sanh vo cnh gii huphc c nhiu dc lc ny.

Hng ngi tin b hn, khng cn tm thch th trong dc lctm thng m thch th trong s pht trin tm linh caothng hn, tc nhin phi c sanh vo nhng cnh giithch ng, ph hp vi nguyn vng thanh nh v cao thngca h. Du trong cnh ngi cng vy, c ngi rt vo ndt gia rng su xa xi ho lnh gia cng hnh thin.

Cng trnh hnh thin (bhvan) c hai loi: Samatha hay lnggom tm vng lng, hay thin ch, v Vipassan, thin qunhay minh st. Samatha c ngha l tnh lng, hay yn tnh, vphng cch thnh t trng thi ny l trau gii cc tng

Thin (Jhna). Vipassan l thy ng thc tng ca s vt.

S vt nh th no, thy ng nh vy. Do Thin (Jhna) hnhgi c th pht trin nhng nng lc thn thng (Abhi).Vipassan (Minh St) dn n Gic Ng.

Nhng bc diu tr chng c cc tng Thin (Jhna), saukhi cht s ti sanh vo cnh Sc Gii (Rpaloka) v V ScGii (Arpaloka).


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Trong cnh gii V Sc, khng cn c th vt cht (sc) na,m ch c tm. Thng thng, tm v c th vt cht, danh vsc, ty thuc tng quan mt thit vi nhau v khng thtch ri ra. Tuy nhin, do nng lc ca ch, c th tm thilm cho tm tch ri ra khi thn, hay ngc li. Chng sanhtrong nhng cnh Tri Sc Gii c bit c hnh th vt chtrt t nh (t sc).

Sch Compendium of Philosophy vit: "Gi l Sc Gii(Rpaloka) bi v nghe rng cnh gii ny vn cn mt phnvt cht rt t nh. Gi l V Sc Gii (Arpaloka) v ykhng th tm ra du vt ca vt cht."

Ci g thng c mt trong Sc Gii (Rpaloka) c gi lRpvacara. C mi lm loi tm thuc Sc Gii. Nm loi

Thin (Kusala), m ta c th trau gii v pht trin ngay trongkip sng ny. Nm loi l Qu (Vipka) tng ng vi nmtm Thin trn m hnh gi s th hng sau khi cht. Nmloi l Hnh (Kriy), hay duy tc, ch ch Pht v ch v A LaHn chng nghim trong kip sng ny, hoc cc v A La Hntrong cnh Sc Gii.

37. Jhna (Saskrt: Dhyna), Thin.

Danh t Pli ny xut nguyn t cn "jhe", l suy gm. NgiBuddhaghosa gii thch Jhna nh sau:

"ramma'upanijjhnato paccankajhpanato v jhnaa", gi lJhna (Thin) v n suy gm bm st vo i tng, hay bi vn thiu t nhng chng ngi (Nvaraas). Jhna l chm chmnh m gom tm vo mt i tng.

Trong bn mi mc gom tm c k ra chng 9 caquyn sch ny, hnh gi chn mc no thch hp vi tm

tnh mnh nht. mc ny c gi l Parikamma Nimitta, mc s khi, hay chun b.

Hnh gi chuyn ch gom tm vo mc ny cho n khitm mnh hon ton an tr vo , tt c mi vng tngngoi lai ng nhin u b loi b ra ngoi. Hnh gi s tinn giai on m du mt nhm cng c th hnh dung itng s khi. Khng gin on, hnh gi lin tc gom tm


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trn hnh nh hnh dung (Uggaha nimitta) y cho n khi phttrin hnh nh khi nim (Paibhga nimitta).

Hy ly mc Pahavi Kasia, hnh trn bng t, lm th d:

Mt mt trn ba tc b knh, co gt trn bn, t mt lngv u n, lm bng t st mu da tri lc bnh minh. Nukhng c t st mu ny c th dng mt loi t st khc.

Mt trn bng t st ny c gi l Parikamma Nimitta, mc s khi. t ci kasia y cch ch mnh ngi mt thc, hnhgi chm ch gom tm vo v nim thmpahavi, pahavi ... (t,t...). Mc ch l gom tm vo mt im.

Khi hnh nh th mt t lu -- c th hng tun, hng thng,

hoc hng nm -- hnh gi t n mc du nhm mt licng hnh dung c ci vng trn kasia. mc hnh dung y gil Uggaha Nimitta. l hnh nh ca i tng s khi ph t hin trongtm. Hnh gi tip tc gom tm vo mc c hnh dung(Uggaha Nimitta) ny, vn l hnh nh ca ci kasia m hnh gihnh dung trong tm, cho n khi pht trin mt hnh nh khi nim gi lPaibhga Nimitta.

S khc bit gia Uggaha v Paibhga Nimitta l trong hnh nh hnhdung, Uggaha Nimitta, hnh gi cn thy r rng nhng khuyt im ca mc nh li lm v.v... cn trong hnh nh khi nim, Paibhga

Nimitta, th khng cn thy na m mc ch xut hin nh mt "vc xa c trau gii bng lng". Hnh gi khng cn thy hnhdng v mu sc na. Paibhga "ch cn l mt hnh thc pht hin, vkhi sanh do tri gic".

Trong lc lin tc chuyn ch gom tm vo khi nim trutng nh vy, hnh gi t n mc gi l "cn nh"(Upacra Samdhi) v nm chng ngi tinh thn (Nvaraa) c

hu, lun lun cn tr tin b tinh thn nh tham dc (Kmachanda), on ght(Paigha), hn trm - thy min (Thna-Middha), phng dt-lo u (Uddhacca-Kukkucca), v hoi nghi (Vicikicch) tm thi c khc phc. Vomt lc no, hnh gi c th bt thn nhp nh (AppanSamdhi) v c Thin (Jhna), th hng trng thi an tnh vvng lng ca tm an tr. Khi sp thnh t trng thi nhp


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nh (Appan Samdhi) tin trnh t tng ca hnh gi trichy nh sau:

Bhava ga, Manodvrvajjana, Parikamma, Upacra, Anuloma,Gotrabh, Appan.[1]

Khi lung tm dng li, Mn Hng Tm pht sanh v lyhnh nh khi nim (Paibhga) lm mc. Lin sau , nhtrng hp c th xy din, tin trnh Javana bt u viParikamma, hoc Upacra. Parikamma l chp t tng chunb, hay s khi. Upacra c ngha gn k, cn nh, bi v nn cn bn trng thi nhp nh (Appan Samdhi). Chnhn chp t tng Anuloma (thun th) tm hi iu kin cui cng nhp nh, Appan (ton nh). Gi l Thun Th(Anuloma) bi v chp t tng hay st-na tm ny khi sanhtng hp thun chiu vi tm nh, Appan. Sau n chpGotrabh (Chuyn Tnh), chp t tng vt thot ra khi DcGii. Gotrabh c ngha l ci g ch ng, "bh", huyt thngphm tc, "Gotra". Tt c nhng chp t tng ca tin trnh

Javana, t u n chp Gotrabh (Chuyn Tnh) u thucDc Gii. Tc khc sau giai on chuyn tip Gotrabh, trongmt chp duy nht, lin pht sanh chp Appan, dn ngay vo

Thin (Jhna). Tm ny thuc Sc Gii v c gi l S ThinSc Gii. Trng hp ca mt v A La Hn, l Tm Hnh

(Kriy Citta), hay Duy Tc, ngoi ra n l tm Thin (Kusala).Tm ny tn ti trong mt chp t tng ri tri tr li votrng thi Bhavaga.

Hnh gi tip tc chuyn ch gom tm v pht trin trng thiNh Thin, Tam Thin, T Thin, v Ng Thin cng mtphng thc nh m t phn trn.

Nm tng Thin Qu (Jhna Vipka) l hu qu tng ng canm tng Thin Thin. Hnh gi ch c th chng nghim Thin

Qu ny sau khi cht v ti sanh vo Sc Gii. Thin Thin(Kusala Jhna) v Thin Hnh (Kriy Jhna) th c th cchng nghim trong Dc Gii, c khi lin tc trn c ngy. Nmchi Thin: Tm, St, Ph, Lc v Nht im ng pht sanhtrong tm ton nh (Appan) bao gm ci c gi l Thin(Jhna).


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Trong tng Nh Thin, chi thin u tin (Tm) c loi. ntng Tam Thin, hai chi u c loi. tng T Thin, ba chiu c loi. V cui cng, n tng Ng Thin, ch n chithin "Lc" cng b loi v"X" thay vo.

i khi, nh trong Visudhi Magga, Thanh Tnh o, ch ghinhn c bn tng Thin, t S Thin n T Thin. trnghp ny th Nh Thin ch gm ba chi, Ph, Lc v Nht im.C hai chi thin u tin, Tm v St, u b loi b.

38. Vitakka, Tm.

Xut nguyn t "vi" + cn "takk", suy ngh. Danh t nythng c dng trong ngha suy t hay suy gm. yVitakka l mt danh t k thut, c ngha c bit. l ci ghng nhng trng thi cng pht sanh ng thi v i tng(rammaa vitakketi sampayutta-dhamme abhiniropeti' ti vitakko). Nhngi cn thn c vua yu chung hng dn mt nng dn quma i vo cung in, cng th y Vitakka, Tm, hng dntm n mc. Vitakka (Tm) l mt tm s khng c tnhcch o c, tc khng thin cng khng bt thin. Lin hpvi tm thin (Kusala Citta) l thin. Khi lin hp vi tm btthin (Akusala Citta) l bt thin. Chi Thin "Tm" l mt hnhthc pht trin kh cao ca tm s Tm, Vitakka. V mt hnh

thc pht trin cao hn na ca Vitakka pht sanh trongo Tm (Magga Citta). c gi l Samm Sakappa, Chnh TDuy. Vitakka (Tm) ca o Tm a cc tm s hng n NitBn v tiu dit Micch Vitakka nh tham dc (Kma), th hn(Vypda), v hung bo Vihis). (Trong ch Micch Vitakka,"Micch" c ngha sai lc, bt thin, vy Micch Vitakka l cc tm s btthin, lm lc, nh t t duy). Chi thin "Tm" tm thi khcphc trng thi hn trm thy min (Thna-Middha), mt trongnm php trin ci, hay nm chng ngi tinh thn (Nvaraa).

Do nh chuyn ch thc hnh lin tc, hnh gi t n tngNh Thin bng cch loi tr chi thin "Tm". Trong trng hpch tnh c bn tng Thin nh trong Thanh Tnh o, thay vnm, th khi c Nh Thin hnh gi loi tr c hai chi thin,

Tm v St (Vitakka v Vicra) cng mt lc.

39. Vicra, St


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Xut nguyn t "vi" + cn "car" c ngha di chuyn hay langthang bt nh. Danh t ny thng c gi l"St", hay "T",tc quan st, d xt. y Vicra c ngha l lin tc t tmtrn i tng. Chi thin "St" tm thi khc phc trin ci hoinghi (Vicikicch).

Theo Bn Ch Gii, Vicra l ci g di ng quanh i tng.

D xt, quan st i tng l c tnh ca tm s ny. Vitakka(Tm) cng ta nh con ong bay hng v mt ci hoa. Vicra(St) nh ong vo vo bay quanh qun cnh trn hoa. Khi Tm vSt l hai chi thin, th hai chi thin ny lin h tng quan mtthit vi nhau.

40. Pti, Ph.

Tm hng th, hn hoan, thch th. Danh t Pti xut nguyn tcn "pi", hoan h, thch th. Danh t Pti thng c dch lPh, hay H. Nhng Pti khng phi l mt loi cm th(Vedan) nh Sukha, Lc. ng ra Pti, H l tm s n trc,v trong khi xut hin, bo hiu rng sp c Sukha, th Lc,pht sanh. Nh hai chi thin u tin Pti, chi thin H cng ltm s ng pht sanh cng vi c hai tm thin v bt thin.c im ca tm s ny l to thch th cho i tng. Ptitm thi khc phc trin ci on ght (Vypda), sn hn, haybt toi nguyn.

C nm loi Pti (H) l:

1. Khuddaka Pti, ci vui lm rng mnh, rn c, hay "ni dag".

2. Khaika Pti, ci vui thong qua mau l nh tri chp.

3. Okkantika Pti, ci vui trn ngp nh sng bin trn ln bi.

4. Ubbega Pti, ci vui thanh thot em li cho hnh gi cmgic nh nhng nh bng gn lng l bay theo chiu gi.

5. Pharaa Pti, ci vui thm nhun ton th chu thn nh bongbng c thi phng hay trn lc trn lan lm ngp c aovng.


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41. Sukha, Lc

L an lc hay hnh phc yn tnh. Sukha l mt loi cm ththch th. Nghch ngha ca Sukha l Uddhacca v Kukkucca,phng dt v lo u. Cng nh Vitakka (Tm) n trc, bo

hiu c Vicra (St) sp khi sanh, cng th y, Pti (Ph) ntruc v bo hiu sp c Sukha (Lc).

c tnh ca Sukha l tha thch hng th mt ci g mnhmong mun, nh ng vua ang hoan h thng thc mt caolng m v. Pti (Ph) to cho hnh gi trng thi cm nghehng th trong mc, cn Sukha (Lc) th gip hnh gi thathch hng th mc.

Khch l hnh mt mi i trong sa mc thy xa xa c cm cyv ao nc. Trng thi vui mng trc khi tht s th hng lPti, Ph. Khi n tn ao nc, trng thi tha thch tm rav ung nc l Sukha, Lc.

Nn phn bit trng thi thch th tinh thn ny vi AhetukaKyika, thch th v vt cht. Tm s Sukha ny ng ngha viSomanassa. y l trng thi thch th khng lin quan n lcth vt cht. Tri li, th H ny chnh l hu qu d nhin cas t b th vui vt cht (Nirmisa Sukha). Hnh phc Nit Bnli cng t nh v cao thng hn hnh phc ca Thin (Jhna)nhiu. Hnh phc Nit Bn khng cn l mt cm gic (th),m l s gii thot trn vn ra khi mi au kh(Dukkhpasama). Hnh phc Nit Bn c th v nh trng thithoi mi d chu ca ngi tn ph khi c phc hi tr li,mnh kho nh thng. l trng thi thot ra khi mt cnhkh, hnh phc gii thot.

42. Upekkh, X.

ng theo ng nguyn, Upekkh l thy (ikkhati) mt cch vt (upa = yuttito) . l nhn i tng vi tm qun bnh.Sch Atthaslin ghi: "y l trng thi v t (majjatta) linquan n i tng v bao hm mt s hiu bit phn gii(paricchindanaka a)."

y l li gii thch ch ring bit p dng cho danh t Upekkhtrong cc loi tm "p", hay Tnh Quang Tm, ng pht sanh


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cng tri kin. Trong cc loi tm Bt Thin (Akusala) v VNhn (Ahetuka), Upekkh ch l cm gic v k sung, khng-vui-khng-bun, khng c du vt g ca mt s hiu bit phngii. Trong cc loi tm "p" thuc Dc Gii (KmvacaraSobhana) cng c th c cm gic v k sung, nh trnghp ngi nghe Php m khng thch th. Ngoi ra cn c mthnh thc Upekkh t nh, nhn i tng vi tm r rng v tv c s hiu bit phn gii, nh trng hp mt ngi sngsut nghe Gio Php vi tm phn on v v t.

Ring Upekkh ca tm Thin (Jhna) c mt tm quan trngv mt o c v tm l. Chc chn y khng phi l loiUpekkh, th v k thng thng, pht hin mt cch t ngtrong cc tm Bt Thin (Akusala). Chi thin X (JhnaUpekkh) c pht trin do mt ch mnh m. Nhn nhrng chi thin "Lc" vn cn th kch, hnh gi loi tr lun chithin y, nh loi ba chi trc kia, v trau gii, pht trin chi"X", Upekkh, t nh v thanh bnh an lc hn nhiu.

Khi c Ng Thin hi th cng ngng. V do nh ch, vtln khi c hai, au kh v tha thch, hnh gi cng khngcn cm nghe au n.

Chi thin Upekkh l mt hnh thc vi t ca tm s

Tatramajjhattat, bnh thn, qun bnh, mt trong nhng tms thin tim tng ng ngm trong tt c nhng loi tm "p"(Sobhana).

Trong cu Pli: Upekkh satiprisuddhi, s trong sch ca tmnim pht sanh do trng thi bnh thn, 'trng thi bnh thn",hay tm "X" (Upekkh) c cp y l Tatramajjhattat.

Tm s ny cng tim n ng ngm trong bn tng Thin utin, nhng n Ng Thin th Tatramajjhattata ni bt ln vtr thnh vi t n mc cao . C hai, th v k

(Upekkh Vedan) v trng thi bnh thn (X), c bao hmtrong Phn ng Upekkh, u nm trong Ng Thin.

Vy, c bn loi Upekkh nh sau:

1. Th v k sung, ch l mt cm th nm trong su tm BtThin (Akusala Citta).


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2. Th v k tiu cc (Anubhavana Upekkh) nm trong tmcn mn V Nhn (Ahetuka dvipaca-via [2], nhng loi tmQu i tng cp Thin v Bt Thin, c lin quan n gic quan)

3. Upekkh c tnh cch tr thc, thng nm trong hai tmHnh p (Sobhana Kriy Cittas), ng pht sanh cng tri kin,v i khi nm trong hai tm Thin p (Sobhana KusalaCittas), ng pht sanh cng tri kin.

4. Upekkh c tnh cch o ch nm trong tt c tm p(Sobhana Citta), hay Tnh Quang Tm, c bit l trong Ng

Thin.

Brahmavihrupekkh v Sakhrupekkh c th uc bao hmtrong c hai loi Upekkh -- tr thc v o c [3] .

Brahmavihrupekkh, tm X ca T V Lng Tm l trngthi bnh thn, khng chao ng, tm qun bnh, trc nhnghon cnh thng trm ca i sng. Sakhrupekkha, tm XHnh, l trng thi khng a thch cng khng ght b, khngluyn i cng khng bt toi nguyn, i vi cc php hu vi,cc vt c cu to.

Sch Visuddhi Magga, Thanh Tnh o, lc k tt c mi loiUpekkh. Xem The Path of Purity quyn II, trang 184-186.

43. Ekaggata, Nht im Tm

(eka + agga + t) mt im duy nht, hay nht im tml trng thi gom tm an tr vo mt im. y l tm s nmtrong tt c cc tng Thin (Jhna). Samm Samdhi (Chnhnh) l Nht im Tm ny nm trong o Tm (Magga Citta)v tm thi khc phc trin ci tham dc.

Ghi ch:

[1] Bhavaga, Mn Hng Tm, Mc S Khi, Cn nh, Thun Th,Chuyn Tnh, Nhp nh.

[2] Nhn thc, nh thc, t thc, thit thc, Thin v Bt Thin.Ngoi tr thn thc (kayavia). Xem ch gii s 24 v Ng Song


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Thc. C nm cp (Ng Song, thin v bt thin)), nhng tr cp thnthc, cn li bn (4x2=8)

[3] Xem Compendium of Philosophy, nhng trang 14, 66, v229-232.

-ooOoo-

ARPVACARA CITTNI -- 12Tm thuc v sc Gii -- 12

8.

Arpvacara Kusala Cittni - 4

1. ksnacyatanakusalacitta,2. Via-cyatanakusalacitta,3. kicayatanakusalacitta,4. N'eva-sa-n'sayatanakusalacitta c'ti.

Imni cattri'pi Arpvacarakusalacittni nma.

Arpvacara Vipka Cittni -- 4

5. ksnacyatanavipkacitta,6. Via- cyatanavipkacitta,7. kicayatanavipkacitta,8. N'eva-sa-nsayatanavipkacitta c'ti.

Imni cattri'pi Arpvacaravipkacittni nma.

Arpvacara Kriy Cittni -- 4

9. ksnacyatanakriycitta,10. Viaa- cyatanakriycitta,11. kicayatanakriycitta,12. N'eva-sa-n'sayatanakriycitta c'ti.

Imni cattri' pi Arpvacarakriycittni nma.

Icc' eva sabbath'pi dvdasa Arpvacara-Kusala-Vipka-Kriycittnisamattni.

lambanappabhedhena -- catudh'ruppamnasaPuapkakriybhed -- puna dvdasadh hita.


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8

Tm Thin V Sc Gii - 4

1. Tm Thin Thin trong "Khng V Bin X".

2. Tm Thin Thin trong "Thc V Bin X".3. Tm Thin Thin trong "V S Hu X".4. Tm Thin Thin trong "Phi Tng, Phi Phi Tng".

l bn loi tm Thin Thin Thuc V Sc Gii.

Tm Qu V Sc Gii - 4

5. Tm Thin Qu trong "Khng V Bin X".6. Tm Thin Qu trong "Thc V Bin X".7. Tm Thin Qu trong "V S Hu X".

8. Tm Thin Qu trong "Phi Tng, Phi Phi Tng".

l bn loi tm Thin Qu Thuc V Sc Gii.

Tm Hnh V Sc Gii - 4

9. Tm Thin Hnh trong "Khng V Bin X".10. Tm Thin Hnh trong "Thc V Bin X".11. Tm Thin Hnh trong "V S Hu X".12. Tm Thin Hnh trong "Phi Tng, Phi Phi Tng".

l bn loi tm Hnh thuc Thin V Sc.

Nh vy, chm dt, tt c c mi hai loi tm Thin V Sc (Arpajhna) Thin,Qu, Hnh [1]. Tm Thin V Sc Gii (Arpa jhna) bn, uc sp xp ty theoi tng. Tnh theo Thin, Qu v Hnh th c tt c l mi hai.

Ch Gii:

44. Arpa Jhna, Thin V Sc.

V hnh gi c pht trin Thin Sc Gii (Rpa Jhna) v giy mun trau gii Thin V Sc, bt u gom tm vo hnhnh khi nim (Paibhga Nimitta) nh c ging phn trn.

Khi chuyn ch gom tm nh vy mt t lu hnh gi thy mtm nh sng nh, yu, ging nh con om m, pht ra ti tng kasia. Hnh gi nguyn rng nh sng nh ny ln


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ln dn dn cho n khi bao trm ton th khng gian. ny hnh gi khng cn thy g khc, ngoi nh sng ny,cng khp mi ni. Khng gian y nh sng ny khng cthc, khng phi l mt thc ti, m ch l mt khi nim.Danh t Pli gi l Kasiugghimksa, c ngha "khng gian pht huyt i tng kasia". Gom tm vo i tng ny, hnh gi nim "ksoananto", "khng gian v tn v bin" cho n khi pht trin tng

Thin V Sc u tin -- ksnacyatana, Khng V Bin X.

Cng nh trng hp Thin Sc Gii, tin trnh t tng cahnh gi lc y tri chy nh sau:

Manodvrvajjana, Parikamma, Upacra, Anuloma,Gotrabh, ksnacyatana.

Chp t tng Parikamma, i tng s khi, c th pht sanh,c th khng.

Chp t tng Thin V Sc (Arpa Jhna) ch pht sanh trongmt chp (hay st-na tm) ri tri vo trng thi Bhavaga.

Hnh gi tip tc gom tm vo S Thin V Sc v nim"Via ananta", c ngha "thc v tn v bin" cho n lc pht trin

Nh Thin V Sc -- Viac- yatana, Thc V Bin X.

pht trin Tam Thin V Sc -- kica-yatana, V SHu X -- hnh gi ly tm S Thin lm mc v nim"Natthi kici", khng c g ht.

T Thin V Sc c pht trin bng cch ly Tam Thin VSc lm mc. Tam Thin V Sc ny vi t v tinh ch nni ta khng th qu quyt rng c tm hay khng c tm. Khichm ch t lu vo Tam Thin ny hnh gi pht trin T

Thin. Mc du trong N'eva-saa-n'asayatana, Phi Tng,Phi Phi Tng, danh t "Sa", Tng, c dng, y haitm s Vedan (Th) v Sakhra (Hnh) cng c bao hm trong .

Nm tng Thin Sc Gii khc bit nhau do cc chi thin. Bntng Thin V Sc Gii th khc nhau do mc gom tm. S

Thin v Tam Thin c hai khi nim (Paatti). l khinim v tnh cch v bin ca khng gian v khi nim v hv.


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Tm Nh Thin ly tm S Thin lm mc, v T Thin lyTam Thin lm mc.

Bn Thin V Sc ny c Qu tng ng ca n trong cnh giiV Sc. Ch c ch Pht v ch v A La Hn mi c bn tng

Thin Hnh (Duy Tc) V Sc.

Trong tt c mi hai loi tm Thin V Sc (Jhna Cittas) uc hai chi thin Upekkh (X) v Ekaggata (Nht im). cng l hai chi ca Ng Thin Sc Gii.

Ghi ch:

[1] Cc loi tm thuc Sc Gii v V Sc Gii c gi chungl Mahaggata c ngha "ln-i-n", tc l tm c pht

trin, thng c dch l tm "i Hnh". Ni y loi tmny c gi l "Tm Cao Thng".

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LOKUTTARA CITTNI -- 8Tm siu th -- 8

9.

Lokuttara Kusala Cittni - 4

1. Sotpattimaggacitta,2. Sakadgmimaggacitta,3. Angmimaggacitta,4. Arahattamaggacita c'ti.

Imni cattri'pi Lokuttarakusalacittni nma.

Lokuttara Vipka Cittni -- 4

5. Sotpattiphalacitta,6. Sakadgmiphalacitta,7. Angmiphalacitta,8. Arahattaphalacitta c'ti.

Imni cattri'pi Lokuttaravipkacittni nma.

Icce'va sabbath'pi aha Lok uttara-Kusala-Vipka-cittni


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samattni.

Catumaggapphedhena -- catudh kusala tathPka tassa phalatt'ti-- ahadh nuttara mata.

Dvdaskusaln'eva -- kusaln' ekavsatiChattis'eva vipkni -- kriycittni vsati.Catupasadh kme -- rpe paaras'rayeCittni dvdas' ruppe -- ahadh'n uttare tath.

9

Tm Thin Siu Th -- 4

1. Nhp Lu o tm,

2. Nht Lai o tm,3. Bt Lai o tm,4. V Sanh o tm.

l bn loi tm Thin Siu Th

Tm Qu Siu Th -- 4

5. Nhp Lu Qu tm,6. Nht Lai Qu tm, 8. Bt Lai Qu tm,8. V Sanh Qu tm.

l bn loi tm Qu Siu Th.

C tt c tm loi tm Thin v Qu Siu Th.

Nh vy chm dt tt c, tm loi tm Thin v Qu Siu Th. Tm Thin c bn, khcnhau do o. Tm Qu cng vy, v l qu ca o. Tm Siu Th phi c hiu lc tm.

Tm lc:

Nh vy, tm Bt Thin c mi hai, Thin c hai mi mt, Qu c ba mi su, Hnhc hai mi.

Trong Dc Gii, c ni, c nm mi bn loi tm. Trong Sc Gii cmi lm. Trong V Sc Gii c mi hai. Tm Siu Th c tm. (54 + 15 +12 + 8 = 89).


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-ooOoo-

EKAVSASATNI CITTNI -- 121121 loi tm

10.Ittham'ekna navutippabhedha pana mnasaEkavsasata v'tha vibhajanti vicakkhan.

Katham'ekna navutividha citta ekavsasata hoti?

1. Vitakka-vicra-pti-sukh'ekaggat-sahitaPahamajjhna-Sotpattimaggacitta,

2. Vicra-pti-sukh'ekaggat-sahita

Dutiyajjhna- Sotpattimaggacitta,3. Pti-sukh'ekaggat-sahitaTatiyajjhna Sotpatti- maggacitta,

4. Sukh'ekaggat-sahitaCatutthajjhna Sotpatti- maggacitta,

5. Upekkh'ekaggat-sahitaPacamajjhna Sotpatti maggacitta c'ti.

Imni paca pi Sotpattimaggacittni nma.Tath Sakadgmimagga, Angmimagga, Arahatta-maggacitta c'ti samavsati maggacittni. Tath phalacittnic'ti samacattsa Lokuttaracittni bhavant'ti.

1. Jhnagayogabhedhena-- katv'ekekan tu pacadhVuccat'nuttara citta-- cattsavidhanti ca.

2. Yath ca rpvacara -- gayhat'nuttara tathPahamdijhnabhede -- ruppac'pi pacame.

3. Ekdasavidha tasm -- pahamdikam'ritaJhnan ekeka' ante tu -- tevsatividha bhave.

4. Sattatisavidha puadvipasavidha tathPkam'icchu cittni -- ekavsasata budh'ti.


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Iti Abhidhammatthasagahe Cittasagahavibhgo nma pahamoparicchedo.

10

Nhng loi tm khc nhau ny, tng s l tm mi chn, bc thin tr phn chia lm mttrm hai mi mt.

Lm th no tm, vn c phn tch lm tm mi chn loi, li tr thnh mt trmhai mi mt?

1. Tm Nhp Lu o S Thin, ng pht sanh cng Tm, St, Ph, Lc v Nht im;2. Tm Nhp Lu o Nh Thin, ng pht sanh cng St, Ph, Lc v Nht im;3. Tm Nhp Lu o Tam Thin, ng pht sanh cng Ph, Lc, v Nht im;4. Tm Nhp Lu o T Thin, ng pht sanh cng Lc v Nht im;

5. Tm Nhp Lu o Ng Thin, ng pht sanh cng X v Nht im.

l nm loi tm Nhp Lu o.

Cng th y, tm Nht Lai o, tm Bt Lai o, tm V Sanh o, tt c ng haimi loi. V cng cng th y, c hai mi loi tm Qu. Nh vy, tt c c bn miloi tm Siu Th.

Tm lc:

1. Phn chia mi tm (Siu Th) lm nm loi, ty theo nhng chi thin khc nhau, s

tm Siu Th c ni l tr thnh bn mi.

2. Nh tm thuc Sc Gii c phn lm S Thin v.v... tm Siu Th cngc phn loi cng th y. Tm V Sc Gii c bao gm trong Ng Thin.

3. Vy, bt u t S Thin, tng s cc Thin c ni, l mi mt.Tng Thin (Jhna) cui cng (tc Ng Thin) tng cng l hai mi ba.

4. Ba mi by loi tm Thin, nm mi hai loi tm Qu, bc thin trni c tt c mt trmhai mi mt loi tm tt c.

n y chm dt chng u ca quyn Vi Diu Php Tot Yu(Abhidhammattha Sagaha) cp n s phn tch tm.

Ch Gii:

45. S Chng Ng Nit Bn.


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V hnh gi quyt tm chng ng Nit Bn c gng thu tthc tng ca s vt. Vi tm vng vng an tr vo mt im,hnh gi thn trng d xt t m ci "t ng" ca chnh mnh,v khi quan st chn chnh nh vy, khm ph rng ci cgi l "c tnh", "bn ng", hay ci "ta" ca mnh ch l s cuhp ca hai thnh phn, danh v sc. Danh gm nhng tm slun lun tri chy, pht sanh nh hu qu ca s tip xc gialc cn v lc trn. Sc l nhng nng lc v c tnh t biuhin trong mun ngn hin tng, di mi hnh thc.

thnh t quan kin chn chnh v bn cht tht s cachnh mnh, thot ra khi quan nim sai lm v mt thcth "danh v sc ng nht", thng cn v khng bin i,hnh gi n lc tm hiu nguyn nhn ca ci "bn ng" ny,v nhn thc rng mi s vt trn th gian, trong c lun cchnh mnh, u l vt cu to, hu vi, do nhng nguyn nhnqu kh hay hin ti to iu kin. Vn php u do duynsanh. V s d c kip sng ny l do v minh (avijj), i dc(tah), th (updna), tc s c chp luyn i bm cht, vnghip (kamma) trong qu kh v vt thc (hra) ca kipsng hin ti. V c nm nguyn nhn trn (bn qu kh vmt hin ti) t ng ny mi pht sanh. Nhng hnh ngtrong qu kh to duyn cho hin ti. Cng th y hin tis to iu kin cho tng lai. Ch tm suy nim nh th hnh

gi vt ln khi mi hoi nghi v qu kh, hin ti, v tnglai (Kankhvitaraavisuddhi, on Nghi Tnh). Tip theo, hnh gi suynim rng tt c cc vt c cu to (cc php hu vi, sakhra.) u vthng (Anicca), phi chu au kh (Dukkha), v khng c mtlinh hn trng tn bt dit (Anatt). Hng tm mt v btlun ni no, hnh gi ch nhn thy ba c tng y pht lrnh mch, r rng, khng th lm ln. By gi hnh gi nhnthc rng kip sng ch l mt s tri chy, mt di ng lintc, khng gin on. Du cc cnh Tri hay trn qu acu, hnh gi khng tm c ni no c hnh phc tht s, bi

v mi hnh thc lc th ch l bc u, m ng n aukh. Do , ci g v thng tc nhin phi chu au kh,v ni no au kh v bin i chim u th th khng th cmt t ng trng tn vnh cu.

Khi chuyn ch hnh thin nh th y, s c mt ngy kia,trc s ngc nhin ca chnh mnh, hnh gi chng kin mt


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y cho n ngy v vang ti sng, thnh tu mc tiu cuicng -- o Qu Nit Bn.

Lc y tin trnh Javana tri chy nh sau:

1 2 3 4 5 6, 7* * * * * * *Parikamma Upacra Anuloma Gotrabh Magga Phala

Trong trng hp nhng v hnh gi c tu Minh St su sc,chp t tng Parikamma (chun b, hay mc s khi)khng pht sanh, lung Javana bt u bng chp Upacrav Phala s pht sanh trong ba chp lin tip.

Chn loi tu gic: Udaya, Vaya, Bhaga, Bhaya, dnava,Nibbid, Mucitukamyat, Paisakh v Sakhrupekkh a --uc gi chung l Paipad ad

vi dieu phap toat yeu - pham khanh hy dich

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