VIAQ Test Methods and

Regulatory Compliance

Mark Polster

Ford Motor Company

Vehicle Interior Air Quality Intro – Part 1

• Vehicle owners in the Asia Pacific (AP) region have higher rates of interior odor complaints vs. other regions.

• Science has shown that customers in the AP market have a different sensitivity to odors due to cultural differences and have a higher awareness of pollutants in dense urban centers.

• China, Korea and Japan have or are preparing to enforce new VIAQ regulations.

• OEMs have developed performance based VOC methods and standards to develop and build vehicles that exceed vehicle regulations.

• More work is necessary to understand the correlation between materials, components and vehicles emissions rates.

Vehicle Interior Air Quality Intro – Part 2

• Efforts are underway to harmonize performance based standards at all levels to benefit the customer and reduce the cost of compliance.

• Working groups such as United Nations, ISO and SAE are developing these harmonized standards.

• With the help of sampling and analytical suppliers the science for VIAQ test technologies have greatly improved.

• Beyond material contributions regulators are also looking to measure other air pollutants in the vehicle interior from various external sources.

• In the future, vehicles will have innovative vehicle interior air quality systems with advanced low-VOC materials, high capacity air filters, new sensors, and intelligent software to reduce and maintain vehicle interior air quality.

How do we measure the “New Car Smell”

• The “New Car Small” is the concentration of chemicals that are a function of material properties, temperature, soak time, ventilation, aging of the materials.

• "Test substances" mean substances to be measured, these are typically 8 substances: Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, Ethylbenzene, Styrene, and Acrolein.

• The sample is collected on a thermal desorption tube analyzed by GC-

MS to ISO-16000-6 or DNPH Cartridge to ISO -16000-3.

How do we measure the “New Car Smell”

Vehicle Method Time Study

6

• Vertical lines represent

sample times of the

current methods

• Rise times of VOCs

vary by compound

• This data is very

typical of a new

vehicle

• Notice the reduced

concentration of the

test after a 16 vs. 2

hour soak.

Vehicle Method Time Study

7

• Vehicles that are left

to ventilate over time

will have a large

reduction in the

emission rates of

total VOCs from C6

to C16

• This is not true for all

compounds, next

slide…

Vehicle Method Time Study

8

• For Acetaldehyde the

vehicles left to

ventilate over time had

the same emission

rates over time.

• Notice the reduced

concentration of the

test after a 16 vs. 2

hour soak.

J.D POWER DATA

• Vehicle quality in

China has improved

dramatically over time.

• Notice the 2016 issues

per 100 level (102).

J.D POWER DATA

• The top quality

issue, by a large

factor, is interior

odor.

• In 2016 odor issues

were at a national

rate of 16 per 100,

more than the next

three combined.

• Odor also saw the

largest increase

from 2015

J.D POWER DATA

11

• Looking at the same

subset of vehicles,

the data shows a

very different result

between the China

and US market.

• In China the same

vehicle is 18 times

more likely to get an

odor complaint.

• By Region Data show that AP, especially China, have far higher rates of odor complains.

Ford Odor TGW (Issues at 3 months)

0102030405060708090

NARegion

SARegion

EURegion

APRegion

China

Odor TGW (2017 Data)

• Number of days to deliver a domestic vehicle in the China market is far faster than in the North American and European markets for the Ford Focus.

Vehicle Delivery Time (Days) for Ford Focus

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

NorthAmerica

Europe China

<14

14-28

>28

• Actual maximum lead time for some seat materials from application to manufacture to delivery.

Normal Material Lead Times

Material type

Leather Vinyl Fabric Seat back carpet

Lead time 7 days 7 days 2-7 days 7 days

China GB 27630-2017 - Timing & Limits

• Timing

– 2017/05 - China Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) issues draft standard, GB 27630-2017

– 2017/?? - Final version is likely to be released in 2017.

– 2020/07 (DRAFT DATE) - High possibility for implementation ahead of draft date.

No. Items GB/T 27630-2011 Limit (µg/m3)

GB 27630-XXXX Limit(µg/m3)

1 Benzene / 苯 110 50 2 Toluene / 甲苯 1100 1000 3 Xylene / 二甲苯 1500 1000 4 Ethylbenzene / 乙苯 1500 1000

5 Styrene / 苯乙烯 260 260 6 Formaldehyde / 甲醛 100 100

7 Acetaldehyde / 乙醛 50 200

8 Acrolein / 丙烯醛 50 50

Overview of Industry Workgroups

• ISO – International Standards Organization – ISO/TC22 ISO/TC146/SC6 WG13, Interior air of road vehicles

• OICA – International auto industry – Informal Working Group (IWG) on Vehicle Interior Air Quality (VIAQ) – Technical Working Group (TWG) or Task Force (TF) on Vehicle Interior Air Quality (VIAQ)

• ACEA – European auto industry – Task Force on Vehicle Interior Air Quality

• UN – United Nations – GRPE/WP.29 Informal Working Group (IWG) on Vehicle Interior Air Quality (VIAQ)

• SAE – Society of Automotive Engineers – VOC Committee

• VDA – German Association of the Automotive Industry – Workgroup Indoor Air

• USCAR – VIAQ Committee under U.S. Automotive Materials Partnership (USAMP)

UNECE GRPE VIAQ IWG ROADMAP

• VIAQ is going

beyond VOCs

SLIDE FROM NAMI PRESENTATION

• VIAQ to include

more pollutants

and

more sources

• Korea and China are co-leading Stage 1 • Next : Exhaust gas in the cabin, Russia/Korea to lead Stage 2

UNECE GRPE VIAQ IWG ROADMAP

ISO TC22/TC146 SC6 WG13 Test Methods

• ISO 12219-1, Part 1 - Whole vehicle test chamber - Specification and method for the determination of volatile organic compounds in cabin interiors

• ISO 12219-2, Part 2: Screening method for the determination of the emissions of volatile organic compounds from car trim components – Bag method

• ISO 12219-3, Part 3: Screening method for the determination of the emissions of volatile organic compounds from car trim components – Micro-scale chamber method

• ISO 12219-4, Part 4: Method for the determination of the emissions of volatile organic compounds from car trim components – Small chamber method

• ISO 12219-5, Part 5: Screening method for the determination of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from car trim components – Static chamber method

• ISO 12219-6, Part 6: Method for the determination of the emissions of semi-volatile organic compounds from vehicle interior parts and materials - Small chamber method

• ISO 12219-7, Part 7: Odour determination in interior air of road vehicles and test chamber air of trim components by olfactory measurements

• ISO 12219-8, Part 8: Handling and Packaging of Materials and Components for Emissions Testing

• ISO 12219-9, Part 9: Screening method for the determination of the emissions of volatile organic compounds from vehicle interior parts and materials - Large bag method

• The JWG 13 meeting will be held in the week from September 25-29, 2017 in Düsseldorf, Germany.

• ISO 16000-6, Active sampling method for VOCs, NWIP approved.

Thank you!

Questions and Discussion

Thank you,

Mark Polster - mpolster@ford.com