vic adamowicz market based approaches to conserve species
DESCRIPTION
Vic Adamowicz's presentation from SARA at 10 Years conferenceTRANSCRIPT
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Economic analysis and market based instruments for biodiversity /
species conservation Vic Adamowicz
REES and Alberta Land InstituteUniversity of Alberta
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Outline
• Economic analysis– A Case Study– Setting the stage for Market Based Instruments (MBIs)
• MBIs and Habitat / Biodiversity Conservation– Description– Canadian Examples– Advantages and Drawbacks
• Another case study• Conclusions
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A Case Study (Entem et al 2012)Milk River Watershed in SW Saskatchewan
• 14,923 km2
• Located in the southwest corner of Saskatchewan– Bounded to the west by Alberta and the south by Montana
• The primary land uses: – Agriculture
• Ranches, Farms and Mixed Farms– Oil and Gas
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Historical Range Maps for a Subset of Species
(Entem et al 2012)
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Conservation Activities
Agriculture‐related activities considered:– Conservation easements– Reduced stocking rates– Conversion of hay/tame pasture and crops into native grassland
– Shelterbelts in hay/tame pasture and crop fields– Retaining uncut strips in hay fields– Planting native grassland buffers around crop fields
*Also considered oil and gas values in the region(Entem et al 2012)
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Spatial Distribution of Costs
(Entem et al 2012)
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Cost‐effectiveness Analysis: Cost Curves for Provision of Species at Risk
(Entem et al 2012)
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Cost Effectiveness of Multi Species Plans
(Entem et al 2012)
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Alternative Programs
(Entem et al 2012)
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Market Based Instruments (MBIs)• MBIs for Conservation
– Market Friction• e.g. Certification
– Price Based• e.g. Payments for Ecosystem Services (DU Reverse Auction)
– Quantity Based• e.g. Cap and Trade Systems (TDRs), Offsets (AB Grasslands, ACA )
• Why?– Achieve environmental goal at least cost– Incentives for conservation– Potential economies of scale, technological change?– Mechanism for stakeholder involvement
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Stirrett, S, R. Rolfe, and S. Shewchuk, 2012. The Invisible Hand’s GreenThumb; Market Based Instruments for Environmental Protection In Alberta. Canada WestFoundation. Calgary, ABIsbn 1‐897423‐89‐9Page 7.
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Offsets (Coggan et al, 2010; Weber et al 2011, Sustainable Prosperity 2011)
• Voluntary versus Mandatory• Evaluation of offset
– Equivalence or more? Ratios?• Definition of the baseline
– Additionality? Avoided disturbance?• Spatial aspects• Temporal aspects
– Timing of impacts and outcomes– Permanence?
• Risk• Monitoring• Banking provisions• Public versus Private Lands• Crowding out?
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eftec, IEEP et.al (2010) The use of market‐based instruments for biodiversity protection –Thecase of habitat banking – Technical Report. (Pages 55 and 56)http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/index.htm
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Alberta Situation
• Alberta Land Stewardship Act– Setting targets, using market based instruments to achieve targets
• Voluntary Offsets• Offset Pilots• Other mechanisms being investigated
– Lease swapping– Transferable Disturbance Rights
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Case Study 2 ‐ Caribou
• Cost effectiveness analysis (Hauer, et al 2012)• Implications for Offsets?
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http://environment.gov.ab.ca/info/library/8042.pdf
ASRD and ACA 2010
Woodland Caribou in Alberta
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Schneider et al 2012
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Costs per Self Sustaining Herd
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Percen
t
Self Sustaining Herds
Percent of Net Present Value
100755040
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Caribou Case
• Objectives– Habitat?– Population / Density?
• Predator control?• Accelerated reclamation?
– By when?• Potential for Offsets
– Reclamation / regeneration (“slow”)– Avoided disturbance (declining baseline?)– Predator control, etc. (?)– Combinations?
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Weber et al, 2011. page 20. https://www.landuse.alberta.ca/Documents/LUF_Experimental_Evaluation_of_Offset_Design_Options_Research_Report‐2011‐11.pdf
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Conclusions
• Economic analysis can be used to provide information on cost‐effectiveness, identify approaches to provide incentives for conservation.
• Market based instruments for biodiversity / species conservation in Canada– Relatively little experience– Considerable potential
• Market design is critical