"67 . Y^"^ -

Not he who has many ideas, but he who has one con­viction may become a great

man.—Cotvos. •

Nothing is more surprising than the e a s i n e s s with w h i c h the many are governed by the few.—

Hume. •

Ai&JUjij&JL Mjp^li&jiLt: THE U.Q.U. NEWSPAPER

Tiiursday, September 7, 1961 Registered it the C.P.O., Brisbane, for transmission by post as a fxelodlcal. Volume 31, No. 9

We think very few people sensible except those who are of our o p i n i o n.—

Rochefoucauld •

One never needs his wit so much as when he argues with a fool.—Chinese Pr.

• Nothing is so g r a n d as truth, nothing so forcible, nothing so novel.—Landor.

Vice-Chancellor changes his mind

AT LAST - THE LIGHT! QUEeNSLAND

At- a conference held in Sydney during the recent vacation and attended by Vice-Chancellors and other senior staff from all of the Australian universities, the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Queensland, Professor F. J. Schonell presented a paper containing many points which should be well considered by both staff and student since they relate to both groups. The conference dealt with University efficiency in the face of greatly increased student numbers.

It is highly significant that in the long and inferesHng preamble to the nine-point programme which he proposed, Prof. Schonell revealed a distinct change of policy. In every public statement prior fo this (that I can remember) he was emphatically opposed to any form of limitation of numbers or restriction of entry to Universities whether by raised standards or otherwise.

Quite early in the paper the Vicc-ChanccHor said:

"We must take stock and possibly impose some kind of temporary, check by tightening conditions of entry into those courses where numbers pre­vent us from giving adequate instruction. The obvious bottle­neck is in courses which de­mand extensive laboratory or clinical work."

He then quoted some figures from a Queensland survey, illustrative of his previous contention that by raising minimum entry qualifloations a n u m b e r would be excluded which would ultimately graduate. He now seems to agree that this is a necessary rislc.

The lowest twenty per cent of full-time students (not including those who m a t r i c u l a t e d outside Queensland) with a matri­culation in five subjects were considered and the following figures indicate their progress:

24 had no failures; 20 were delayed one year; 12 were delayed two years or more; 24 withdrew.

Thus there is the distinct possibility of rejecting 44 successful (or fairly so) students as the price ior excluding about 30 who fail to graduate.

Before dealing with his proposed c o r r e c t i v e measures he also reviewed a number of the factors regarded as of significance in student s u c c e s s at studies. Progress, he said, is influenced by five pri­mary factors and they by numerous secondary fac­tors, e.g., living conditions.

(1) Capacity to pursue a University course is un­doubtedly dependent in no small measure on intellectual ability (or scholastic aptitude). (2) llie level of previous scholastic attainment enters into University success or failure but not to the degree often thought. (3) Rate and nature of maturation not on ly with chronological age, but also in adjustment to University conditions, especially in flrst year, (4) Strength ot motiva­tion is most important, being often overlooked by staff and parents. Persistence and tough-

. ness arc important here too.

(5) S t u d e n t s ' study methods and lecturers* teaching m e t h o d s as well as staff-student re­lationship a r e very important. (Professor S c h o n e l l

quoted a 1957-58 Mel­bourne conference where, after a lecturer had urged school teachers to make their students more resi­lient and self-reliant, the teachers, properly, retorted that lecturers ought to give closer guidance and personal attention to their students.)

Then was elaborated a nine-point remedial plan;

(1) Limitation of entry; (2) More "cream"; (3) Revision of courses; 14) Improved examination procedures; (5) Adapted and Improved teaching; (6) Courses in teaching; 17) Fewer formal lectures; (8) More use of tutorials; (9) Independent s t u d y programmes, Kach of these Ideas was

dealt with in detail some of w h i c h Is reproduced here.

(1) Raising admission standard will not a l o n e much reduce failure rate. Prof. Schonell does not feel that the proportion of weaker students has risen with the increased intake since all classes of society were equally affected by the Increase In the birth rate in the 1940's. Thus, he | declares, the numbers of yotmg people suited to University c o u r s e s has ri.sen, too.

(2) In remodelling courses much outmoded material can be elimi­nated; there can be more "learning on the Job", e.g., with engineers. He quoted Dr. P. A. Vick (Director of the Harwell Atomic Re­search Centre) as follows "Advances In Physics have enabled, or should have enabled, courses to be shortened and not leng­thened." (This because cf; greater understanding of I fundamentals.) j

(3) On examinations the I Vice - Chancellor say si something for staffs to! heed: |

"There is insufficient atten­tion paid to procedures that would ensure reasonable relia­bility in regard to cxamina-! tions."

(4) He quotes some sur­veyed Queensland opinions on lecturers:

(a) Some are Incoherent, presenting work in dis­jointed fashion with no logical sequence. (b) there Is often too much or too little detail with a failure to empha­sise main points. (c) Some speak badly, softly and too quickly. (d) Lectures read from notes are dull. (e) Writing and dia­grams on the b l a c k board are often illegible. (5) It Is n o t good

enough, he says, for lec­turers to pick up t h e i r craft as t h e y go along. Classes and seminars for lecturers have been held and m a n y more are planned.

" S t u d e n t s in Australian Universities are [over-lectured, y ith the result that there is insufficient tutorial work and insufficient time for reading and writing." (Prof. Schonell)

(7) He quoted Mitchell of Sydney: "The Tutorial System has meant the difference between p a s s and fail to 9-12 per cent of students."

In summary, Professor Schonell had this to say:

"Of the short-term and immediate measures, there is certainly the need to introduce almost everywhere some form of limitation of entry and tightening of qualications for entry."

Thus the paper forcibly re-emphasises the conten­tion that there is no place for s m u g n e s s among University staffs: part of the responsibility for high failure rates is certainly theirs. There must be a re-appralsal cf the ten­dency to preach to un­heeding students; not all of the fault is on their side. The staff has a great Influence on the stature of a University and t h e y must be realistic, humble and.alert In their thinking.

N.Z. OUT-TALKS QLD. On Tuesday, 29th August, 1961, ffio University of

Queensland Debating Society was privileged to piay host to the Debating Team rcpesenting all the Universities of New Zealand. This team by defeating Queensland, returned home unconquercd, having won the intervarsity festival champion­ship in Melbourne on the first occasion on which New Zealand has competed.

The subject of the debate was "That we should pity our grandchildren", the affirmative being taken by New Zealand,

of I represented by Terry Power, Mac Hamilton and Lindsay Moore. Queensland, denying the proposition, was rep­resented by Ian Gzell, David Jackson and Pete Gillies, three members of our intervarsity team.

New Z e a l a n d won by superior logical lucidity, started right from the first minute and sustained most of the way through their argument. While Queensland seemed a little In­adequately prepared, they lost nothing in the way of manner and technique, but never quite established a firm basis for a

^ case. However, n o t h i n g j m a t c h e d Mac Hamilton's flourishing and mature style as second speaker for Now Zea­land, but his address-in-reply was overshadowed by tan

! Gzell, who has become a very

poised and competent speaker.

I f there is one criticism of the debate, it was its total ' lack of humour, but at the I end of a fortnight's continuous debating both teams can be} excused for this. The standard; was otherwise very high, and the decision was by only two ! adjudicators to one, and all j were by narrow margins. Wc | are indebted to three very ex-! perienced debaters for adjudi- | eating, Mr. B a r r y French, j Queensland Debating Uln i o n President, Dr. N. Tarling and Dr. H. Copeman.

It was a little disappointing that the audience was only nine, especially as the function was one of the first of its kind in the J. D. Story Room, which is admirably suited for such ar\ event. If those debates are really to be a success, they must be much better patron­ized—which is surely not too much to expect at a University.

AGENDA FOR fi.G.M.

AGENDA for the Annual General Meeting of the 50th Council of the University of Queensland Union to be held in the J. D. Story Council Chamber, Union Building, St. Lucia, on Sunday, I Oth September, 1961, commencing at 2.00 p.m.

SPECIAL SESSION: 2.00 p.m,-3.30 p.m. Tho Chancellor of the University of Queensland, Sir

Albert Axon, K.B.E., M.E., M.I.E.(Aust.), will preside and distinguished guests and Past Presidents of the Union will be in attendance.

Second Session: 4.00 p.m.

1. CREDENTIALS (a) Reception of Apologies. (b) Reception of Proxies which must be written and

signed.

2. CONFIRMATION OF MINUTES Confirmatior} of Minutes of the sixth and final business session of the 50th Council held on Thurs­day, 13th July, 1961, at 7.40 p.m.

3. QUESTION TIME (20 minutes) Note preference will be given to notice in writing oi question submitted up to 24 hours before the meeting.

4. BUSINESS ARISING (a) Review of policy decisions of 50th Council,

including the Union Building Policy. (b) Council policy arising out of previous Councils. (c) Brief report on business arising out of minutes

ot 6th meeting of 50th Council.

5. ELECTIONS la) Electoral Officers Report on Annual Elections. (b) Officers to be elected according to regulation

SB. (c) Regulation 8C—"At tho first meeting in second

term, Union Council s h a l l appoint:—(11 Orientation Director (s),"

6. FINANCE Tho Union's Auditors hope to be able to present the finance secretary with a half-yearly balance sheet for fhe period 1/2/61-31/7/61.

7. REPORTS (aI Annual Report. Detailed consideration of the

Annual Report as delivered section by section by the Honorary Secretary,

(b) Consideration of reports required under 8F of Regulations: "All Committees, delegates and officers shall report in writing at the end of their activates, or ten (10) days before the Council Meeting at which their office terminates.

8. RECEPTION OF NOTICES OF MOTION

9. MOTIONS OF WHICH DUE NOTICE HAS BEEN GIVEN (a) Honorary Treasurer. Three motions moved by C. P. Hamilton.

10. GENERAL BUSINESS (At close of meeting Ist Annual Ceremony of the Keys.)

KEN F. 80WES, Honorary Secretary,

University of Queensland Union.

L .

PAGE 2 SEMPER FLOREAT, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1961

Semper Floreat Editorial

THE DEGREE SYMBOL SlIl'J-'.R .>iv.L' i. line of llic most obvious characteris-

ticv of pn'MMil-iha rimfi>i;!L's. 'I'n many people, ni.viiilv tiiosc (tio.-t jfJiJni.ucI}- ,•i.>. od;acJ u'lti)

rnivcis'aic.-; (notably tl-f ailniinisiralors) this is much more th.'.n , iml•'ly nhvi'iur. it is in fact', an ;ilniosl iiisfjliihlc lu-ohicni. An iiboliihlc problLMn, in its implicalion,s fo:' both i^iociii _ and fuiurc. is hardly conducive lo sati.-laclory liiiversity life, eijpccially when ii lelaie.. Sd siuiuiicanily and eonlinuouslv VO tl:i>. 'Hu' niainienatice ol rniversity life as it was nol vei\' lon-i av'o seeir..> ijnile inipossiide.

.\!1 of Uii.- is. nl eouise. quile apparent to even llie ino.-l Mipeiticial :ind (.ii:,-oi_\ (-bseiver. Unl some-IJiii!'.' whicli is often overlnoked is ihe aetiology of llii> numerical •.;ios>iies> which pla<;ues our I nivcr-sitie^. ." imply lo ilro:': iiiioni'Jii to llie silnation can li;i\e liulc value: il wcjnid be nieiely -arrulily if no e.\rlaiia;ioii —(ir. betler. remedy —were po.>lnlaled.

Why do peoiMe ;jo lo ruivevsilles: U may well be ihal ihc jireseni answer to ihis iptolion is quite ditl'erent from thai of iwcnly years ago. The great piosi'erily of the pie>ciil- day certainly i>rovidcs one aii>\\er. ihe une uMially given: People can now aiTord to auend wiierea.--. pievioii>ly. many wilh ihe requisite inteilecuial capacil\- were prevented from doing so for financial reasons only. This is obviously quite true, i'.veii now by no means all attend Universities ((lit of the len per cent of each age group eslimaicd as being fu lo do so. There is, however, a further implicaiioii of contemporary prosj^eriiy. Industry is expanding ;il an unprecedented rale and with it the need lo;- trained personnel. I'his demand and the i)bvioii.- corollary, i.e.. a renuinevalion appropvialc to qualilicalion. have led lo a new ojiinion of ihc ^n!ver^ity degree, it is becoming a status symbol. It may well replace h.erediiary or financial delenninanls of social rank. .Nothing could be farther from ihe primary. ;ind slill valid. coiice|H of the degree. How­ever, all of iJiis i> iiiii lo suggest ihal a degree should nol be advaiiiageous in vhe world outside the cloisters. l''or il- proper ijiiidance our society needs truly educaled pcojde.

.' ludenis of earlier tinies, admiiicdly financially iiulei^endent, often aileiided a University for the pure pursuit of knowledge, the expansion of ihe Trontiers of the mind; the acquisition of a degree was quite incidental, li was not regarded primarily as something tt» advance one's material status. This was idealism, and as "c•h is greatly preferable lo the present sys­tem. The latter, however, is probably a significant byniplom of the unbalanced Society which is ours, a society wiiich must pcrliajis ilself be changed in order to eliminate this pathological reverence for the degree as !.'//<• "Open Sesame" to commercial and industrial eminence. Obviously the solution is intensely diflTicult to ascertain and most written in the past and now {including this) is. in fact, verbal shoulder-shrugging. We despei.'itely need someone sulliciently clairvoyant to propose a feasible course of action. Perhaps he will appear if the dismal facts are repeated often enough.

IS THE CROWD LONELY? Let us hope that most of the ideas conveyed by J. B. Daiton in his "Lonely Crowd" dis­

sertation in the last Semper will get through to the student body. He implied the real tragedy — a University, being a unique institution, does not collapse dramatically, it decays — slowly, impercept-ably but irreversibly. Like the going out of the tide, the decline of academy, once started, is impos­sible to halt.

A discussion of titis type can never hope to be com­plete, but a few of J. B. D's. statements do, on closer analysis, indicate a lack of real contact with condi­tions. His discussion of " e x a m consciousness of the a v e r a g e student" seems based on two sepa­rate factors: (a) He is a History graduate (b) In­sufficient knowledge of the problems of t e a c h i n g science, e n g i n e e r i n g , medicine, etc.—collectively herded under the title of "Technology" by Arts men.

I have an ugly little sus­picion t h a t J. B. D. is

fully versed in their res-i pective avenues of study. ! If he cares for his study course, the modern student

' is quickly educated into a narrow, utilitarian frame of mind—if he does little work he will not pass, The

I stock answer to enquiries about active support of clubs and societies be-

• comes "Blow you down I Jack, I've got my exams I to pass!" The average student soon realises that

; too mucli time and trouble • away from his work in-; crease the failure hazard, I so leaves the organisation ! of clubs and societies to

j T O WHOM IT MAY CONCERN I

i ALIEN EDITOR j • •

• This issue of "Semper" has been produced by Mr. ; • Jack Carmody. Over the years, Mr. Carmody has achieved ! ; some little notoriety as Semper's music critic. This issue ; ; fully justifies Mr. Carmody's proud boast that his Semper I ; would no! raiso a blush to the cheek of even a Divinity ! : student. I

: -r I.MPRI.M.VILR. .1. I'DC MVll-. j : -{• xiiiii. OHSTAT. j.H. I) . \ I ;KI\ . :

ISEMPEU NOTICES

Letter to the Editor

being a little wise after the event of his own graduation. When one is finished with problems of the "November scramble", i it will be ever so much \ easier to be critical of same.

History, .as .a .subject, will advance as fast as events, ideas and men allow it. The last ten years even, would not provide j the basis for an extra | year's study in the History \ Undergraduate Course.

This, however, is not applicable to S c i e n c e , which can exist only by a more rapid progress. Ten years of world-wide mas-; sive theoretical and ex­perimental work may give • rise to a whole new branch j of science — which must sooner or later (prefer­ably sooner) be included in the pass degree course. •. The graduate of ten years past would, in every sub-1 ject, find himself more I than a little out of touch | with new branches of dis- | covery now being included I in undergraduate courses., Advances in such subjects as physics, chmeistry, geo­logy, maths or metallurgy, would soon illustrate this point, as would also a comparison of the 1950 and 1961 faculty hand­books.

Massive Courses In short, the undergrad.

of most courses, faces a more massive study pro­gramme, both in lectures and practical work, than that of his predecessors. This is necessary in order that the University will graduate people who are

the nameless few "some­body else". This attitude may, in part, be also traced to t h e massive appeal of passive enter­tainment media in the Town community.

November Tangle That overworked Dar­

winian cliche — the "sur­vival of the fittest" is an­other factor. In this over­crowded, dim world, the student is fully aware that only a certain percent of his class mates (the larger the class the lower the percent) will survive the tangle with the examiners in November. This jostling among students is inevit­able despite the solicitous official bleatings about the "high failure rate".

Hence one can readily see that there is an in­creasing tendency for the student mass to leave club organisation to the "keen ones", for w h o m t h e future is indeed rather grim.

"Technologists refuse to i n t e r e s t themselves in fields outside their own interest" is an unneces­sarily dogmatic oversim­plification of the present impasse. I feel t h a t in the present soul-searching of this "Lonely Crowd" problem, the above factors must be taken i n t o lull consideration.

Yours sincerely, Russ Jackson,

Pure Science III

(This evoked f r o m John Daiton: I'm flattered to be classified as a graduate.

— J . B. D., Struggling and Despairing Undergraduate.)

THE IRISH STUDIES PRIZE,! 1962 I

(Establisticd in 1953 and main­tained by an annual grant of £25

from tho Queensland Irish Association I.

1.

3.

t. '

There are two prizes—a first i prize of £20 and a second j prize of £5 awarded each year by tbo Senate for an essay on | a subject connected with' Irish Studies. The prizes arc open to all undergraduates of the Univer­sity of Queensland and to graduates of not more than five years' standing. A choice of subiects as under is available for fhe prize to be awarded in 1962. a. An assessment of the sig-

nificancc of the 1893-91 j Home Rule Debate in the English Parliament. |

b. Irish Nationalism between i 1891-1921.

c. Ttie pattern of Irish Economic development since 1916. Yeats as a Dramatist.

Candidates should submit to the Registrar three 131 type-, written copies of tho essay before the end of first. term, 1962. The essay should not , bo of more than approxim- • ately ten thousand words. I

One copy of each prize-win­ning essay will bo given to the Queensland Irish Association and a candidate so desiring may have one copy of the essay returned. A prize will not be awarded if in the opinion of the examiners thorc is no essay of sufficient merit fo warrant the award of the prize.

C. J. CONNELL. RcRistrar.

HERSTON FILM SOCIETY All students and staff aro wel­

come to the weekly screenings try the Herston Film Society which is specialising in historical films, especially comedy. Shows are usually on Thursdays in the (vlaync Lecture Theatre, Herston at 1.05 p.m. Ifor attouf 45 mins.) and for longer films, Wednesdays and Thursdays. One of our films in the near future is "Tho Kid" with Charlie Chaplin.

d. STATE FELLOWSHIPS Several fellowships are cur­

rently available for first year Dents, and fourth year Ivleds. Full details may be had from the Registrar or the State Public Ser­vice Commission, Elizabeth Street.

4 -< V/elf, it's th ird terrn

i^nf i t?

trJdk,

REFECTORY HOURS Refectory trading hours

have been extended during third term.

It wi l l be open until 7.15 p.m., Monday to Thursday, and until 6.45 p.m. on Fridays.

In addition, coffee and biscuits will be available from the Refectory Island Mi lk Bar until 10 p.m. each day, Monday to Friday.

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Phone 2 3 9 5 2 or 48 1350

SEMPER FLOREAT, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1961 PAGE 3

Berlin Situation

WARNING FOR EAST AND WEST By Willy Brandt

In West Berlin resistance is never looked upon as a frivolous matter. Nor do the inhabitants of this city appeal for action by their countrymen before weighing carefully the responsibilities and risks involved. They know that in any European cataclysm they would be struck down first. What follows, therefore, is a warning, not a threat—a warning that all con­cerned would do well to heed.

Sometime j one i.cis the impression th.it there aro people in boili ilic I'Visi .ind West who feci "f«I lip »iii: the il.niniicd Berlin problem'', who arc c-iL'ci- to jici rid of il or .it least take the sting nut i>f it. But r,(i i<o!.itcil ''.-:oliitio!i" of the Hcrliii )iro!il(in au\ mww tlio sliitf. Thori' will he U'li.-idi: .-i." Iii;ij; JIS tlic wluile city is siirroimJcd b\- ;i L'onirmiiiisi rwilm. e\tii if Ri'rliii !t?olf is riui'.itfii. \i.t L-\x-.) iiUfrii;iti(>n.il corridor gu.ir.m-:cL'.'—ilcsii-.-jKly iJiou.L'li ilicy, u\> would be—fan prevent 'Iu- .*v,viets from cxerlir.j: pressure apaiiis: tliif lily; iiotliinj; c.in ;i.'; lone ;is Gcrni.itiy re­mains diviJt'd. Moscow enjoys ;< ccri.iin tactic.il advaMtavo liciv tx'causc of Berlin's L'cotraphitjd Pfisition. ;«;;d ilicrf is s'.o cscapinu' this fact.

In thcM' circiuMstanccs. the only relevant vpic iidn is hiiw much prcs.'iure will the Russian? dn:'c i!> cNcr;; As lone n."; our.Mlied friends aiv JciiTmiiK'd tr provide a satisfactorj- answer to that (|iiesiion. the Communists will only be able Ti. derii'e a limited .-KKMntaKe from West BeriiiiV position. Tlie balance wili alway.<i be unfa\oii;'able >i> the Sn\-:its •:) the lud.

.Since '.lie star! of the cold war it has bee:'. JenionsivateJ time and atiaiii that Berlin can bp -.I stHirce of t:nmaiclicd diiliculty for tlic Soviet linion. 'jlijj is not only iiecausc Berlin con­tributes :i> the instability of an anaemic East '.ierman satellite. Ii is because Berlin ha,« become a rallying' point for tlic Western democracies; iiore they can mobilize ihcir moral and materia! resources, luiry iheir ditTerenccs and act in uiHSon. The .\onh .Atl.mtic Treaty Organization nation.s have repeatedly rediscovered tlici" soltdariiy in pcritxis of crisis over Berlin, and notliinir fnistraies .Moscow as much as this sud­den dosinj: of the fra' workrs ranks precisely when il is banldiiL' on Allied discord. Yet the greater the crisis, ihc firmer the solidarity of the AA'cstcrn .Allies is likely to be.

Tlius, the Communists want people to think that^ noihinj; will happen in Berliti or in Germany if ivwict I'rcmier Nikita Khrushchev signs a .separate pence treaty with hi.s East German

satellite. But by pieiendii',;- ;o "rcoognizo" the •'•'iHiis quo ill (\'rin.iny. iucii a peace treaty will actually aL'L'ravatc the isssic of (lerman reunifica-liif.. Indeed, it will be far tiiore dilltcuk to dea! •vvith tl'.is probieni ihar. it lias been until now. with ihi> fi);ir former ciccupal;i>r. I'owvrs ackiii>w-iedeini: that it is their re.-ponsibiiil)- u, solve it. .\i;d it is a daneeunis delusim; >, think that love of their country and the yeaniinp for national riunilication can be ti'rn niit o: the German per.pli-'s Iicans.

Of .iiur.se. we c.innot prevcn; Khrushchev from sipiini; a ."-eparate peace treaty with iiimself in his Cierman "coionv"'. but '.ve are (rbligcJ to "am what the consequences will be. Such a t:e.-ity will result in the claim that the bouiidary dividinv Germany i>. iiuiolab'.e. thai it has beci'ine a fr<iiiiier between two s.n'ereicii Ger­man states. Then, wiioever demands the reunili-catiun of his fatiierkiiij will be labelled, in Coni-niiuiist lertiis. ;i "d.ineer.nis revisionist .uu: chutivinist.''

.At that point, we Gern'.;<;'.> will ;r;ily beconie .••cli\-e revisionists lehere the divisinn of cur ci'uniry is concerntti. Wc caniio", and must not respect .i borderline di\-idine our people as the ' ioiuier (if a foreij-'ii state. Wc will have to .<i.ek ways of siirniountini,' it. lo ac; othenvise wn-.ikl lie to live without self-respect as demo­crats and without faith in our riehts as Germans.

In this sense, our initiative as revisionist.s can decide the life or death of demcxrracy in Germany. German demixrr.its in my own and in younger ,:;cnerati()ns do not intend to repeat past mis­takes: they will neve: buckle nnder as did demo­crats in the Weimar Republic, rrecdom-lovini; • lorces in my country have woten the demand for • national reunification^ into tiie fabric of their • banners and they will nol let this appeal fall '. into the hands of undemocratic elements, 'llie ' cnicial national interest must never hccomc the i domain of Communists or neivNazi neutralists. i

It is lor the S'.wiei Union to decide what it. ' piefers in Cenir.il l'airi>pe: .i ix'oj-ile prep.ire<i

CURRENCY IMPORTANT While this fact is probably appreciated, what many Western leaders

'.may not yet appreciate sufficiently is the danger of severing or weakening West Berlin's relationship to the Federal Republic in areas that do not directly involve the normal traffic of persons and goods. The key issue behind the resistance of Berliners to all "free city" and most interim-agree­ment proposals is the defence of our right to choose the currency-system v/e belong to. All the developments here since 1948 have hinged on this historic choice: The blockade broke out on this issue, and the hope that encouraged the beleagured population to hold out was built on the intro­duction of hard West German currency in Berlin. During the long years of unemployment and difficult reconstruction that followed, it was again the Deutsche Mark West which assured Berliners that they could work their way forward to full prosperity as free men and women.

•Not only the confidence of the Berliners, but a\so the confidence of West German and of foreign investors emanates from the fact that West Berlin is an integral part of the Federal Repub­lic's economic system. West German currency is West Berlin's staff of life; without it no one -n-ould iiive.1t in Berlin, no one would believe in Berlin's nonnalcy and hard-earned stability.

: For Personal Service on • : LIFE ASSURANCE : : Consult :

1 KBiNFTH A. lEMON, B.A. \ ; CONSULTING ; I REPRESENTATIVE • : for the : : A.M.P. SOCIETY : : raEPHONESi 31 1130, 31 1981 • :Pet»«t Addrtfi! BOX M04R. CP.O. BRISBANi: : A.M.P, BUILDING, BRISBANE ; iAlSO ACENT FOR A.M.P. FIRE fr.GENERAL: 5 INSURANCE CO. LTD., AM A.M.P. • : SUBSIDIARY. :

Indeed, if nothing were changed in the status of West llerlin but its currency, if West Germany currency ceased to be legal tender and the city were given a currency of its own, within one year West Berlin would be depopulated and dcvastatetl both economically and morally. It would become a dead city. The Allies would not then be able to defend Berlin even if they had three divisions stationed there instead of 12,000 .soldeirs; there would be nothing left to defend.

The Kremlin knows this, This is what lies behind the lure of its "free city" proposal. Dependence on West Germany currency is res­ponsible for that minimum of economic and juridicial unity which binds West Berlin to the Fctleral Republic today. Nothing can be sub­tracted from the things that fasten West Berlin to West Germany without encouraging the Com­munists to attack the currenc>' core of that rclatioii.ship.

A final solution of the Berlin problem must wail until the great powers arc ready to permit the German people to reunite their countrv-. Meanwhile, Gcnnans' in West Berlin will set an example of reliability nnd self-control that should prove to any open-minded neighbour that Ger­mans can safely be entrusted with the right to self-determination. At the same time, Berlin wili remain an outstanding challenge to the alertness, the faithfulness to principle and the reliability of the West.

••• •})'•' -' peace ;.i\i iinderstandin'.' with il ;!eii:;:iH>E;:.-. eel;ini; conciliation, or a pe\>]ile left 'vi;!i ;>.;. chi-ice •>;;; in press tor "revision'*. By -•.'-;uv,'- :i epiiri.te peace treaty. Khvushclicv wii; •."' -iru ill;- pe.ice: uniil my cour.iry is united. ::,y p n . p V iijj-^ j ; ; , . , . ; ,|,, :-,.-;.

Ilincc. I il'i:.!; it is nf parani<!'.;;:t iiii]'iin ir.ce :•••: ;!n- \\(.-u-;: .\ilies ;,i insist more \ii;'.ii..us'y •.ii.'i-. CM" iha; iDur-pn'.ier respoiisibilily fur I reri;i;,!;y ..•• ,1 v.jiclc caiiiio; iu' .-itfected by any i>'''i : ..!•:!:.ieri.il Sii\;cl nc.ioi;. 'llie iia;ii>n;d :i.i'u;]ii;,i !i r (leinian reimilic itiun nui.'t remain •v.id.iij ;,• •n'iisuiice by Hie UVslem .Mlie? on '•\w vij.r.i- iiud ; '.'',i.„\ivv, s ti-. \iriv.i; ribor.t sncb 1 uni!ii;c:i;i.in.

I'y pieleiidmi; ;,' .iineliDrale ;ii; ",'ibn(trnial"' -•>••.k:;tio::. ^ictn; S;\iet proposals acluaily hope ;• -ip.-.r.iie :hc iiileasts of Wesl Berliners from '.!.i r , ;e ; i ; - (-i ilieir protectors. In other words. :':iy ai'ii ^; ;::i;iiiy Jiviuiiii; this stain.ir; alliance.

rii.i; «> !ild !'e-'iii ir. Ii.ippi'n ;lie nioinent .Miied .•;.il!i:';:iii> l;i;;eJ lo re-ponii lo Coninr.ini-l intei-lereiiei. M. i !i.-r..>'ii::eiu of (.lernian tr,-;iiic in the very s.,!m- ii\:jnner_ >1\;.', "IK-Y won!.', defend the :ieh; ••; Miied i:ii!:;ary forces ;o travel iietween l'e;:;!i .ii.J \W- West. If .Xilied rii-'lns and obliu'.i-'-i'ln.- :;; this city do imi cover ;lie esser.tial ::;ifie>t- •>; the ci\i:i in population, liie Allies iri!! II uiKi'.iie ;.• liCi as protectors, ar.d lliey will ciiiH' :o iv considered reliable or udequate piotLcto:-s.

WILLY BRANDT, author of this article is the Mayor of West Berlin. He was born in Lubcck M years ago, and became a Norwegian citizen alter fleeing lo Norway from (he Nazis in 1933. Laic- he was a journalist with the Conimunisi foices in ihe Spanish Civil War, fcughl tor Norway against Hitler and returned to Germany at the end of the war, whon he regained his German citizenship. He became Mayor of West Berlin In 1951 and is nov.' the Sccial Democrat Party's candidate for tho position of Chancellor of West Gcrnnany, opposing Konrad Adenauer in the Parliamen­tary elections on September 17.

ANOTHER ASPECT

<;f,S«L °J.J*^'' t i f l ' T u ' ?•' *' ? I cxPr 'ssion is a most valuable I right to veracity and logic. Non«-Muacnt Press tstho publication of possession. However, both student tholcss. wo print the (ollawinR as au Shades Of opinion. Freedom of J piililishcrs and readers tiave the representing another point of view

The Berlin situafion has been dominating the news for the last few weeks and should be critically, not emotionally examined.

Our papers tell tis "Kennedy uike.-; a linn siaiul". "I'repare for \yar by the end of the year", "•.America tiitist iitcet Rii.ssiaii tlneai". Iiiially and niost .^Ignificantly. •'Kennedy announce^; major arms huild-up". But liow iiincli .•;i"'ace i.s given to the Russiian propo.' al.-;,' \'eiy little. Here ihey are: 'I'lie Soviet I'nion proposes to sign a peace treaty with hoth (leriDau novernmenis and to with­draw all it? armed fovccA from the tcr-

former Nazi gencraLs are now generals in tho West German Army, men like General Hans Speidal, formerly Hitler's Chief of Staff in Occupied France, now the Commander of NATCs Central Ein-opc Land Forces. The growing generation of West Germany are taught nothing about the horrors of Nazism.

Even with this situation in Western Germany, the Soviet Union is -willing to sign a peace treaty with both Ger­manics and to withdraw her troops from German territory. It Is that the U.S. Is calling a "threat" to justify the thou­sands of millions of dollars being allo­cated to the production of arms and hence to the armament manufacturers. These allocations go to men like Krupps, a convicted war criminal, who, after making millions out ol armaments which helped to slaughter millions of people, is still worth 200 million pounds and is making more arms to kill millions more.

ntory of (iermany. leaving the (lermans to run iheir own cotitiiiy. If \\'c,stern (ierinany i"eliise,> lo sign, then the Soviet I'nion intends to sign a treaty

(iennany. Where is the can the withdrawal of from CiermanV constitute

wilh l-"asiern ihreiit; Mow .Soviet armies a threat to world peace":

. When the war ended the Soviet army I and the Western armies met approxi-i mately at the border of East and West

Germany with the Soviet occupying Berlin. At the Potsdam Conference the decisions made included (,a) Germany was not to be divided into separate states but into four zones under occu­pation armies which, (b) were to be used only to wipe out the Nazi Party and help re-establish the German eco­nomy, (c) Germany was not to have an army larger than was necessary to keep internal security, (d) The currency was to be kept the same value throughout Germany, (e) A peace treaty was to be signed as soon as possible, (f) The West v/as to take over military supervision of West Berlin to help accelerate the re-c o n s t r u c t l o n and unification of Germany.

So from a unified Germany, under military supervision, we now have a Germany divided politically, economi­cally and governmentally. It must be further brought out that the Western Powers' only right to Berlin is by agree­ment with the Soviet Union in order to help reconstruction of Germany as a whole

How well the Western Powers have kept to the Potsdam agreement can be seen by examining West Germany.

Many former Nazi leaders are In top positions In the Government, the Judi­ciary, the Civil Service, the army. Many

Another threat to the West is that the 47 Independent private intelligence organisations now operating from West Berlin will find it much harder to work.

What is the Western view to solving the Berlin, Germany siutatlon? They want unification with "free" elections to set up a central government before a peace treaty Is signed. The Soviet can­not accept this for West German "free­dom" allows only for free Capitalist parties; Communist and S o c i a l i s t parties are illegal. Also with West Ger­many's 4 to 1 population majority the East Germans would not have much say in the matter.

In my opinion President Tito sums up the situation well In saying: How many more times Is the West going to arm Germany against Communist attwk only to plunge the world Into war?

—JDVI ROBINSON

PAGE 4 SEMPER FLOREAT, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1961

CONCERT REVIEWS . . . ^jum. fiianjo. JtecUaE

A programme which contains music by Mozart, Busoni, Poulenc, Debussy and Stravinsky cannot fail to be interesting/ If the programme is presented by two pianists of great ability it becomes much more than interesting — in fact a most valuable musical experience. Certainly, Larry Sitsky and Donald Thornton are pianists of such great technical accom­plishment, and often they e v i n c e d evidence of comparable artistic achieve­ment.

To obHervo that much of the music was ilecidedly percussive Iti no crltlclam of It UH some would declare—the piano is, of course, a percussion instrument—but let U8 l)e Blad that the works wore played at all. Probably no other two in Brisbane could form a duo capable of presenting ihem. (Nobody haa anyway.) Art is not aynony-mouH wilh total refinement at all times, and tho unabashed aB(fres.sion and vipour of approach wero refreshing and much needed.

Thoy did not fully exploit all of their opportunities; the lUisoni "Fantasia Con-trappuntlsliea", ;i ease in point, was in parts somewhat iiionocliioinJttlc (some-tliiiif? iiievitalile in tho short suite from .Slravinsl<y's "I'drouchlia"). I 'ou t o n e ' s .Sonata is tawdry, n o i s y and nasty.

JCatz wai, di&apypMtUin^ in SSeetAcwti

REVIEW: FIFTH A.B.C. SUBSCRIPTION CONCERT

'J'hc Fifth .Subscription Concert wais note­worthy for tlie inclusion and good playing of two works new to Brisbane and un­fortunate in the performance of a weil-l<nown concerto.

Werner ICpk is a Havarian composer (l)Orn 1901) who is a Iradilionalist relying on orchestral colour as an embellishment of fairly orthodox diatonic harmony, with little of the rhythmic intricacy of such of ot his contoniporarioa as Karlheinz Stock-liauaen. Of the three pieces from hia ballet "Abraxas", the flrst (alow) is the finest, having the advantage of being Interesting as welt as opulent in tone; the other two are fast but a little futile.

1 am not very familiar with Karl Niel-

sen's Fifth Symphony and did not follow tlie rather tenuous Ilrst movement. The jDuaical thought of the second movement is quite lucid and immediately intclllglblo. Of course. It may well have boon that Rudolf Tckarok is himself somewhat puzzled by the TcmiH) ghisto—Adagio too. The movement did lack cohesion.

I was greatly disappointed by tlie per­formance of Rccthovcn'a "Emperor" Con­certo (No. 5 in E flat major) by pianiat Mindru Katz; it was, to my mind, com­pletely wrong. Apart from a few matters such aa the extreme banality of the sound of his staccato (the manner of its pro­duction eould result in nothing bu ttrite-ncss), there was little that I could actually put my finger on. I can only say that I constantly asked myself; "Is this tho

6y Joh?! Carmody

•Emperor' Concerto that I know and love?" I havo never seen Rudolf Pekarek so obviously ilj-at-caso with a soloist before. In those acclions where tho soloist \a .silent, the orchestra played quite fluently, particularly in the second movomont, but things wore not so satisfactory in the two outer niovemcnts: in the finale tho playing was most measured and without energy. This I interpreted partly as a reluctance by the conductor to deviate from absolute metric precision lest the synchronization of soloist and orchestra bo lost. Perhaps the answer lies, partly In tho fact that Katz seemed thoroughly bored with tho whole thing, at least, despite the fact that he seems to play this concerto everywhere lie goes, Mindru Kalz has yet to under­stand if.

F minor Kantasic K OpS were more poetic in their performance.

I hope than when Messrs. Sitsky and Tliornton givo their next recital, more I'nlversity sludonts lind time to attend. They can only gain by doing so.

MadcAtymdA Cone&d IIEVIEW: SIXTH YOUTH C0XC1-:KT

One of the snuillest aiulicnccs tliat I have ever .seen ut a Youtli Concert attended the .Sixth of the scries, l l ie reason was O1JVIOH.S:

Dobu.ssy's "lOn lilanc et noir" :md Mozart's a further i)0«r programme. The only thing

.REVOLT IN RETROSPECT It is now over fifty years since the Wright brothers flew, since the dawning

of a new concept of atomic structure. This was the revolution. An ill-defined period during which existing conditions — social, scientific, artistic — became so intolerable that it was necessary to attack the very roots of their existence and overthrow them. In all phases of society the new order came into conflict with the old, but this, rather than applying a brake, served to separate the protagonists more widely. In 1896 the eminent scientist Lord Kelvin ^v' ote "I have not the smallest molecule of faith in aerial navigation other than balboning.

Vienna School'. But there were others less obviously but as profoundly influenced. Bartok was the son of darkest Hungary. It was for him to reconcile the linear elements of his 'primitive' Magyar music with the polyphony

And despite the august Kevlins of music, Claude Debussy and Arnold Schoenberg emerged to fulfil a historic purpose. In retro­spect we seo that Debussy, although professing distaste, was really dominated by Wagner and it was Sichocnbcrg who remained the out­standing infiuonca in the ensuing years. His activity is closely paralleled by his contem­porary poets, architects and painters, many of whom he was closely associated with.

Schoenberg was not trained in tho 'con> ventional' manner—there was no conserva­tory that could teach him. One can properly say that Palcstrina and Mozart taught him, just as thoy thomsclvci were taught by earlier matters.

'Pierrot Lunairo' was the first major work in the 'atonal' style—written in 1912. Many regard this as his finest work. To me it is a historic work and can take its place with 'Orfoo', 'Matthew Passion', C sharp minor quartet and 'Tristan' as representing a new level of intensity in music. The technical means by which this expression was achieved (although of secondary importance) was so advanced that for fifty years composers have sought to solve the problems so eloquently posed in this work.

These fifty years saw the development of his pupils Webcrn and Berg, both of whom contributed in special ways, Berg seeking to relate the new acquisitions to the more tradi­tional syntax of music. Webern seizing on the more radical elements of the style, The trium­virate is often referred to as the 'Second

JkRNQLD SCHOENBERG

of European culture. While we see in Bartok much of Palestrina, Bach and Beethoven, it was Schoenberg who provided fhe stimulus and the example to transform 'classical' forms and styles into contemporary language. Bartok was not an innovator just as Mozart was not. Many of the procedures and effects are fore­shadowed in earlier works of Schoenberg and Berg. Although one would not refer to Bartok as a serial composer it is a surprise to realise that the first movement of 'Music for Strings, Celeste and Percussion' Is twelve tone music.

Ever since 'Pierrot Lunaire' people have had doubts and second thoughts about Schoen­berg, Hindemith reacted violently against him and also wrote theories. Both, at tinnes, fell into the trap of writing music to prove their theories. Still it is Schoenberg and Webern who have provided the background for the posl-second-war generation of composers and now one can almost speak of a 'style'—to me the parrallel with the Mannheim school is striking—perhaps another Mozart witl be pro­duced?

Schoenberg has been misunderstood in many ways by many people. First by the theoreticians who claimed that certain passages written did not exist despite the fact that they could be produced In sound. Secondly by audiences. Like alt genuine artists he did not give the public what it wanted. (It seems quite natural that comfortable Vienna should have produced this man and then turn its back on him.) And audiences misunderstood him because, thirdly, the musicians did. it is only in the last two years that his name has appeared on pro­grammes in England—and who plays them? —-Imported musicians for the most part. But now that the B.B.C, has given official sanction, I suppose in about twenty years tho A.B.C. will give up trying to pretend that the preient (or rather the immediate past) does not exist.

Fourthly, he is criticised by the generation of musicians who stand on his shoulders. New discriminating enquiry is vital for a creative artist, but for Boulez to say Schoenberg failed to realize and exploit the implications of his serial technique is as useful as a geneticist chastizing Darwin for not being Mendel as well. No one life is enough to pursue all roads and although as a thcoritician and a teacher Schoenberg has no par, he was primarily a musician.

M A X DEACON

inducing mc to go was the Au.straHan pre­miere of a work by lircjci. Tlie rest of the progrannne makes a very dull evening. 1 am becoming more tiian n little annoyed by tliLs succession of iKwr progrnmnics. When there is a total of only sixteen lioiir.s of Voutii Concerts annually Uie object should bo to present a nuuvinium of good music. Wo cannot afford to wiLstc wliat iittic time wc have.

What of guest conductor Karel Anccrl? Was he a success in 1959 only on account of the well-drilled machine he directed? He let Schubert's Fifth Symphony drag; it should dance along, carefree and light. Some of tho playing was quite elegant, but the sound rarely wont below mcr/.o forte and some of the tempi stagnated the music. The tinalc gained through being a real vivace.

A modest performance did not enliven Dvorak's dull Slavonic Rhapsody (Op. 45, No. 3). But the performance of Tchaikov­sky's "Nutcracker" Suite was, generally, a pleasing one. Particularly deserving of mention wore the three flautists in tho "Dance of the Flutes" and the much maligned horns in tlio "Waltz ot tho Flowers"—quite the best I have heard for somo time. All in all a most enjoyable version of one of Tchaikovsky's most appealing works.

"Variations on a National Theme" (Dirge for My Dead Wife) by contemporary Czech composer laa Krejci (b. 1904). Portions of this work mado a favourable impression on mc, but I am prepared to dismiss most of it as gaudy, suspect writing. In general, the slow variations aro the finest (like Prokofiev) he "steps on tho throat of his song", checking himself almost before beginning. Tho introduction and Identical conclusion are q u i t e impressive and successful in evocation of a funereal atmos­phere which Is movingly disconsolate. Interestingly for a work written In 1351-52, tho harmonic vocabulary Is decidedly traditional.

3me Um&iicati (Suwdet 111 ,V1EW: THIRD MUSICA V!Vx\

CONCERT Tiic third 1001 Sliisica Viva Concert was

a, very lino one indeed. Tlio Pine Arts Quartet of Chicago is ono of the best 1 luive over heard; Uicir iicrfcct ensemble and individual cxcellcnco aro surely almost unmatched today. Rjircly does one hear suolt sensuous and opulent string tone; ns a foil to lIUs, luld clfln Itglitness and deft­ness of technique and virtual perfection Is attained.

Apart from Beethoven's flrst "Rasou-mouaky" quartet (in F major. Op. B9, No. 1) which Is, third movement excepted, quite a dull work, tho programme waa faultless. It began with tho quartet In C (K466) of Mozart which is remarkable for the marvellous and qulto advanced har­monic writing in Its slow introduction (almost "Tri8tan"-liko). This and tho middle section of tho third movement arc tho great parts of tho work, in Itself a most pleasant ono. Tho playing was almost without btcinisit, however, I felt that the second movomont (tho weakest part of tho whole) lost a groat deal by being played Adairlo> not the more mobile Andanto specinod—tho difference is significant.

Tho first quartet (written 1933) of Walter Piston, Professor of Music at Har­vard la of a very high standard. It would bo improved by tho omiadion of tho flimsy flnalo which adds nothing. The other two movements are uniformly excellent, a note-

RECORD REVIEW

M ^ r .ir .'?f;o«son7ortho i:?^", " ?^^^ v i ' k'' Ph?lh',?™nS""°^ I ' " ' * HaeftiEcr, tenor; New York Ph Itiarmcinic Orchestra, (ii) "Songs of a S^^^nhnnC' Orrl^c"* ^^H' "}''"°-^opr,no; Columbia & o ° f 7 K L c ' 2 ^ " M \ '^°"'"=*°'^ ^'""^ Walter.

^ yl new recording oj "The Song oj the Earth" must always arouse interest, partintlarly :vhci! >thc conductor is Dr. Bruno Walter who directed the first pcrjormance oj this work iti 1911 (in. Munich on 20th November), Unjortv-nately, I jear that age is subtly afjecting him. The wild, jatalistic sense oj titter abandonment obvious in "The Drinking Song oj Eakhly Woe" is somewhat tamed and disciplined in this perjormance, beautijtd though both orchestral playing and Haejliger's singing unquestionably are. There can be no calm aura around the setting oj stich lines as "Dark is Lije, is Death" and "All the Rotten Fruits of this Earth" and Co endeavour to pro­duce one, consciously or otherwise is wrong. A jriend assures me that jor vigour and sheer delirium this does not bear comparison with Bruno Walter's own recorded perjormance oj 1936.

With repeated listening Mildred Miller's perjormances become a little wearisome,^ partictilarly "The So/iVary in Autumn". Her voice is not as suited to Mahler as is, say, Nan Merriman's whose version {on Philips) with van Beivum is outstanding. Nonetheless, Miss Milter surpasses Merriman with her very jine^ German pronunciation. The voice oj Ernst Haejliger, surely one oj the greatest tenors oj the day, is better recorded in this new recording than in the van Beimivi perjormance. Again in "The Farewell" something is lacking; though played slowly and re-jlectively, the work is. I jeel, allowed to wander a little.

Incidentally, / do think that the time is now past when supposedly erudite considerations oj whether this is really a symphony {as Mahler described), have any value. Atte^ipts to streich sympho­nic jorm waste words, I jear.

The perjormance of the "Songs oj a Wayjarer" is quite satisjactory. Similar things cotilH be said here but the music {oj which I am very jond) is nowhere as projound as "Tlie Song oj the Earth", its composer's greatest achieve­ment.

-J- J- c.

worthy feature b e i n g the freaucnt, thoroughly natural and structurally signi­ficant use of counterpoint. The playing was admirable: often the writing aoarchingly tests cnsomblo and technique but the playois could not be faulted.

Tlio ovcnine concluded aptly with most wclcomo iKirfomianccs ot movements by Huydn and Bartok.

SEMPER FLOREAT, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 196! PAGE 5

IF YOU CAN'T BEAT THEM European Common Market

The United Kingdom Government has made the decision to negotiate entry into the European Economic Community; the problem now to be faced is that of price, not principle. Britain's refusal of the invitation to join the E.E.C. at its inception was consistent with her attitude towards European unity as demonstrated by ChurchilTs 1944 reply to de Gaulle's call for an Anglo-French union. He spoke of Britain as being a "friend and sponsor'' to Europe but *Ve have our Commonwealth." He and his Cabinet were anxious to see the mythical ''family of Europe'* reunited—mythical, because such a family has never existed—but still save Britain's place as a power apart, unrestrained by strong ties with Europe.

Post'war progress tow.irds European unity was necessarily coupled viith the programme I'or economic recovery. All the bodies wliich arose—O.E.E.C, the Payments Union, the Monetary Agreement and N.A.T.O., etc., suffered from a common shortcoming. They were attempt.- to spa. modically reconcile the separate policies of the nations. The E.E.C. is the logical step to a common enforcable policy.

Tlic E.E.C. as .it present constituted was set up by the Treaty of Rome signed on March 25, 1957, and subsequently ratified by the Parlia-nienis of France, (jcrmany, Belgium, Nether­lands, Luxemburg and Italy. It has three sections.

1. Thi European Coal k Sterl Comiiumity. 2. The Common .Market. 3. Euratom. The last two came into being on Januarj- I.

1958. E.C.S.C. was established in 1952 and grew (uit of Robert Schuman's 1950 proposal to "place Franco-German production of coal and steel under a common 'higlier authority' within the framework of an organisation open to the par­ticipation of the other countries of Furoiw . . . these proposals will build the first concrete foundations of the European Federation which is indispcnsiblc to the prescr\Tiiion of peace." This

arm of a Federal Union is apain set out in the ptcambie to the Treaty of Rome, which calls for tlic building of "the foundations of an enduring and clo.'icr union between European peoples."' Britain declined the invitation to join E.S.C..A. but in 1954 sipned a Treaty of .Associa­tion, setting up, al ministerial level, a Council to di.'icuss mutual problems.

Britain's rc.iciion to the Treaty of Rome, which it was invited to sign, was to set up the ICuropean Free Trade .Area, the rump of her 1956 free trade proposals which had won little support from France on the Benelux Union. 1C.F.T..A.. Britain ingeniously explained, was not 10 comjicie with E.E.C, but was to mitigate its effects on the "Outer Seven's" trade. E,F.T..A. C()mprises Britain, Denmark, Nonvay, Sweden, .Switzerland, .'\ustria and Portugal and its pro-

Problems to be solved . . . What Australians, wrongly, regard as essentially a

political matter as a credit contraction wi l l be taken out of the realm of national politics and thrown into the E.E.C. federal forum. Defence spending and its attendant economic effects, all the measures associated wi th the adjustment of the balance of payments—these cease to be national matters. The considera­tions which have led to Britain's tardy attempt to enter the E.E.C. are both economic and political.

(a) Possibly the over-riding factor which has governed Britain's attitude is her reluctance lo think clearly on the political implications of E,E,C. iler answer to the E.E.C. is a trading treaty. .An example of this type of British think­ing Is l.«rd .Ailrincham, that Empire Realist's sialcmcnt in his article on the E.E.C. in the "Spectator" of June 2, 1961. Britain did not go to war in 1939 for commercial reasons but "rather that our Government sensed instinc­tively that our fate was bound up wilh that of continental Europe". This instinct should lead the U.K. into Europe.

(h) Britain continues to sec herself a nation apart, ye olde Empire, fcrgetting that France, Netherlands and Belgium also look with pride on their heritage of great maritime and empirical iradirions.

(c) In Europe, Britain fears that she will lose her special tics with the U.S..A. However, these tics, based on common language, similar political ideals, etc.. will never lead the U.K. lo be the SIst State of the Union.

(d) France's practical decision that it is better lo be a part of a first-class power than be a sovereign .wcond-class [wwer should give Britain its lead.

(e) Imperial preference, one of ilie mam props (jf the Commonwealth cannot be regarded as a permanent factor. Preference, apart from that

detrimental to India's market. Investment by the U.K. in the Commonwealth

has diminished, and will continue to do so. unless Britain's economy is not shocked back

into vigour by joining the E.E.C. (f) .Australia will suffer from the adjustments

forced by the probable loss of some of our British markets. 'Hie short run adjustments needed can be over stated, however. Our trade wiii> Britain is becoming a smaller percentage of our total exports, and the uiseful preference received is also diminishing. .Australia wili be able to buy in the cheapest markets, especially in Japan which is our best aistomer. .Also through the agency of the. Tariff Board the cfliciency of our industries is measured largely against that of U.K's. industries, whose fears of Continental competition do not suggcit we have chosen a good criterion.

(g) In light of the lack of agreement on preferential treatnietii by the E.E.C. to Dutch West Indian territories, the U.K. must fear for the fate of her "Overseas Associated Territories'', apart from the tropical rijics, whose goods will not be indirect comi)clilion with those of the Eurojican countries.

(h) Britain is not troubled over her E.F.T..A. tics. There is a serious problem, however, of the neutrals— .Austria whose imposed neutrality must prevent her following Britain's lead, Switzcriand whose ancient pcrchant towards afforded to and from the U.K. is virtually non- , . . c i

existent Tlic real preference to Commonwealth neutrality will kcei> jier aloof and hwcden, whose extiorts to the U.K. (estimated to apply to lets considered policy of balancing East and West

graninic calls for provTcssive elimination oi tradt-b.'irricrs between members, but the retention of .•separate external barriers The free trade area was seen as an attempt by Britain to have the best of two worlds—free cntr>- of gootls into Europe a:ul sccnrc markets in the Uoninion-wealth.

Tile E.E.C lias four piciirranimcs: 1. .Ill industriol cu.Uiniu uniun. rhd! is, thi'

ri'mnvtii oj tratif hitrriers hftween memi>ers. iimi thr inhp/ian tif ,i rommui'. rxtenuii Itsrifi.

2. .1 unil'jrm (if^nntiliirdl pnHry. .'. I'mftiui :(rlUirt- policies. 4. ./ piilicy tiKfiirds cnhmirs dnil ex-i'iilnnii's

will probably ensure her non-membership of the E.E.C. It is paradoxical that the move towards European unity' may. help to further delineate I'Vistern and Western Europe.

(i) The "New. Statesman" (June 16, 1961) voiced wliat is a stumbling block for liie Labour Party's siipjwrt for ''U.K. inlo Europe"—social welfare. -As explained above, the face movement of labour implies an harmonized social welfare programme. I-abour fears the immediate effects on workers* wages, but further fe.'irs the handing over of social welfare policy making to a prc-dcminantly Catholic, bourgeois, capital, conser­vative Europe, wilh its tradition for weak trade

exports -_ - . , • • • than Sfo of exports) is constantly decreasing. The "Economist" (April 4, 1959} doubted that Preference would last the 10-15 years of the transition period of the E.E.C. However, the immediate impact on the exports and economics of the Commonwealth nations will surely injure Commonwealth tics. Surprisingly, the nation which stands to lose the most in the long run by Britain's entry of the E.E.C.—India—has sanc­tioned the move. India's current Fivc-Ycar Plan shows the great a>liancc placed on external capital which will cvcniuallv Iiave to be repaid. India's best chance in the future to cam foreign exchange will certainly be by the export of low . . • • , • i . i i • i > cost industrial goods. The industrial tarifTs of unions and careless attitude towards cherished the EE.C. arc likely to be high, so ihat Britain's Bntish principles of responsible democratic integration with the E.E.C. will be seriously government.

The advantiges claimed for entry into tho EJ.C, and entry now, appear to rest on more secure grounds. , , , j . . . . •

Politically, Britain stands to gain a voice m a power whoso population, and industrial might rank her at a leading power. By losing sovereignity, Britain need not lose her identity; Scotland has not lost hers. Econoinically she will gain In efficiency of Britain cannot afford to be left in the cold,

her industries through European competition, politically or economically. The E-E.C. is not Her markets will expand Into Europe. Sterling yet a stable monolith, as witnessed by her will be an improved currency. Investment will lack of agreeriient on agricultural policy. By aaain rise, both internally and through Britain's Joining now Britain can help to shape the rega^[r^ of her former share of the U.S. future of the E.E.C and not be forced to capital influx to Europe. The U.K. will be par- defend against it. ^icgting in the very rapid expansion of the JONATHAN PINCUS

of mnnhiTS. Ti'.e time table set down was three .iiayes i.f

!our years each. .Already tlic iirsi .-laL-e ha.s been shortened by

a year. It iniisi be stressed that even in the limited

objective of ;i coinnioii market, seemingly economic problems posi-i! by integration .stxjn take on tlio aspect of political problems. Thus It is iiiipossiblc to separate (1) from (3) above. .\ C.\l. in wiiici! labour is free to move is incom­patible with a situation in which Italy, for example, ollscts its low waecs by increased soci;ii welfare bcncli'.s.

^ ^ CHILDE HAROLD'' "Uninspired'' was the commenf of a prominent Brisbane

legal authority on Mr. Holt's latest budget; and the comment of a leading Brisbane economic authority on the comment of the leading Brisbane legal authority was, "uninspired".

It is I'xreedingly dKliotilt to as.se.'is Iiopuliif re.-K'tion on a national sctile, for Iho only indication we liavo of tills i.s wliat iippwii-.s in the pre.ss, iind this is n Homc-whnt doubtful niea.sure. Tho "I'eople'is I'onini" ill oui- p.m. downtown diilly li;\,s not boon criiinined full of eoii.struetivo ci'itiei.sms front "Joe tho Worker (Hnlil Hlll.s)" or from "Susie the Solicitor (.Mbcrt Street)". Xor did the iirgumont la our n.ni. <inily. !il)out the po.sition of bus .slop 2.S on the Myrtletown route give way In tiio "Letters to tlic l-^dltor" eoliinui to Harry Holfa flnaneinl policy. Our evening paper, to avoid the problem of creating any siicelfic. Independent opinion of Its own. brilliantly reprinted the .slatoments of leading iiiter.slalc jouinal.i.

So If a tjiieon.slandor with eighteen peiu-o ill hi.H pocket wanted a fortliriRhl opinion of the biid;,'et, he had to part with his penni'>s iind i>tiy a copy of "Tho .Vusltiiiiaii Fiiiiineiiil Koview. Now this is a highly icspoctod weekly, but it.s .»iixty pages, apart from Iho niiu-Kot auotatlons and report.s, should not all ho tiiken a.s go.spel, ii.s tho leading jirticle.s are mostly opinion.s of what f,'oe.s on in lliianeial circles. In the i.ssito publl.shod to cclobrati; the arrival of the bnd!?et, the editor .saw nt to allow Mr. Holt to Hhare tho front page with a photo­graph of workmon iiiitlhifjp tho lini.shln^

But the "Financial Review" says something else: "For the rest of the financial year . . . we should look to a continuation of very competitive conditions in business, with some gradual alleviation about the middle of 1962. And by June next year we may have not so many fewer unemployed than we had at the middle of this year." Twisted amongst the negatives of this last sentence is the gospel of Max Julius. Someone is trying to convince the profiteering, capitalistic employers that they will not have to increase their staffs by June of next year. We, however, have disproved this by our discussion of the railway activity. In America the railways were a symbol of the pioneering progress, and as Australia is now declared to be an economic outpost of the United States, then surely the railways are a symbol of our own economic expansion. Our railways are going to progress and so is our economy in general!

toiifliv.s 10 a oortain typo of ;uuomobile ;U il pliiiil 111 Sydnoy. To place a .Sydneylte on nil oitiiiil fooling with a Melhourninn, where the foriiior is ;i factory worker and tho liittoi- is tho t'oniiiionwoalth Troiisurcr is ooiuplololy iiiidif,'nilied — it i.s eiiouRh to 111 a Ic o Sir Anthony Wode-wnod-Heiin's father turn in his grave.

Tlio omincnt "Review" doehiro.s: "Head .slow iiliead was the tone of the Hiidgot". .Surely lo iiny twin-lraek .Aiistralinn mind tho torm 'dead .slow" .siigi;o.st.s railways; and if we look at tho llguros for railwiiy oxpeiidlliiro it can be seen that the osti-iiiiite has inerciised it by some fSOO.OOO and that oxtoiisivo work will bo undertaken in Western and South .Viistralia. With all this o.xpoiiilitiiro, omploymont will .soar, for III 0 I- o .siKiialinon and .stalion-ma.steri;. ongiiioor.s anil onglne-<lrlvci\s, grca.sers and Kanlry-nion will bo ro<|iilred "en m;is.so". lloio is it Ki'cat opiiortunity for our own Stiito (lovi'iniiioiit to capitalize on other people's aetivitios, for in iieeordatice with their tiaiiio of "lot's rid Queensland of rail­ways", tlK' .Ministers could ;irran);e to havo tho disiisod linos uprooted ;ind ycnt to the We.slorii soiiboiird by moans of r o a d hanliors. .\ll this activity will provide oiiiploynioni jind create prospoi-ity in tho oxtrotiiiiios of Australia.

I'Hiely its n. comment In passing. It is a littlo disappointing thai ji Sydney nows-pajior should say of the budget; "A littlo budget from a little num." Public personal attacks such as this are reniiiiiscenl of the gutter polities of yoara gone by. Criticisms of the budget should he aired with the greatest acclaim, but personal attacks should be left with such a newspaper's skeletons to rattle In the cupboard.

Meanwhile back on the farm, It was pointed out by the Canberra correspondent of "aompor Floreat" (or "the Intelligent Man's Guide to Politics") that Mr. Holt reported: "Tho declino In particular Indus­tries has bocii enough to cause a. fall in total employment." Our correspondent re­ferred to the brilliant logic tha t followed this Hlatomont, for Mr. Holt then eald that a fall In totiil omploymont means a rise In

iitioiiiploymenl. What did Lord Keynes have IhiU .Mr, Holt has not? Well, the liilter certainly had ono thing—preliminary (•ducatioti at a kindergarten. This is an osscntlal for any Commonwoalth Treasurer, for tho budget Is undoubtedly the greatest Jig-saw puz7,lo In Australia, and It eould only be pieced togetlior by a person of calibre onunl to that of Harold Holt, who, as a four-year-old, graduated top of tbo class a t Kooyong Kliidorgarton. Years of oxperlenco have gone Into the training of this genltonian, and now the people of Australia aro benoflttlng by tho ripening of the fruit. His efforts with tho budget are an excellent reason why each Australian Khould individually bow and scrape before tho altar of Harold Holt.

GEOFF BIIAY

PAGE 6 SEMPER FLOREAT, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1961

ON BEING LOST Impressions of Student Life in London

Metropolitan London, product of a complicated history, sprawled over a vast area, inhabited by every race under heaven —what a wonderful, maddening, glorious, detestable, ugly, beautiful puzzle It is! London will always be a living contradiction: "the floure of cities alle" and the dying city of "The Waste Land."

In many ways, London University is a microcosm of this strange place. There is nothing else (ike it. Unfike the Aus­tralian Universities, it is collegiate in form; yet, when compared wi th other collegiate Universities such as Oxford. Cambridge or Toronto, it still seems odd and quite sui generis.

Fncts and figures arc never very revealing, but a few may convey some idea of the uniqueness of ^vhich I speak. Tlie Uni\crsity of London wns founded in 1836 as a purely cx.amintng and degree-conferring institution. Two already-existing Colleges, Univei-.sity (usually called " U . C ' ) and King's became aililiated with it and provision was made for other institutions to do the same. It was later re-organised as a tcichiiig body, though the instruction was still to be given by the incorporated Colleges, rather than directly by the University itself. At the present time, there are fifteen non­medical ".Schools of tlic (Jiii\ ersity". thirt)'.thrce medical schools, and ten specialist post-graduate "Institutes". There arc also seventeen other "institutions having recognised teachers " which are not officially part of the University, but whose students lake University examinations.

>r;

L.i.'ii -^cs-ii'ii. there wore some 20.000 rct'isiored iiiternul students .md an even gre.iler number of extcrn;il. .iv' ocinted nnd extri MIUIMI -tudent<.

'I'lii.- wW: ;H';ii:i]>-liliwitlil;;; 111 •.V..IM- ;i:; r r iuT ' - iu ' . "(.'.iiMi',.''

hi'.p III i'Np:.nii wiiy I am V L'l !ier:iii. r(liiiri> .ilmui tlii>

rni\fisiiic'^. iiki' Uiieen.~-l''iiviiiei;il IniveL-itie,'^. .ne

;ii.itt\i-K- liii|i:"i;(!;i.'ii'.i>. I.niijdii. .'iis imisly. :.-Lilt. l"'„ii-li 1 I i!> rnii-.!iiuc:il.> ll,i> a diilL-iviu liis-iiiiv .;!kl .( JiiFeitTii cilii.-. .Siiiiu-. liki' KiiiLi's or I .(.'.. n.i.-M ,1 WKt !a;!ift.- iif -ll ,il•Cl, : ntluTf. like till liiij'i'iial l'ii!!cjc . ; .Si'inur and IVCIIHIMH;) . M all •;;;Ji';il'.: "lliri-. liU' IScJlurd t'olIei:Li lor •piciali.H- in •'• I'aitii'isiar t;eKI. Sniui' are npcu \V(inie:i >•: Ji«.- ' t"i>l!e..a-. au- :e lri .• l.•d. Sniiii.-.irt- ill IIK- iiiai! "ii I.<iiidiiii: mluT.v. C"i'llc.H' ill Kent nr Knyal :.u iisu- ;i«.iy l."i>IK').'i' arc li'i'

like Wye liniliiw.iy ill Hcrk.iiliiri',

i;: ;!ic iiiiiniry. M<i>i <it du' !iill-;iir.f .•.tiidi'iits (itilv. Inn .it

• I,.

ISirkiink. viliaia pari-tiimT^ road for ilicir Jcj;riv.>i l:: die cM-iiits '. (Uirhcck's .irii;< . liow an iiH'l and ;i lamp with IIK' !IIOU<> "iti tuKtc ni!i^i':uin".)

rtio u-iiirii 111' aii tlii.-i ai 'd\ity i.i. SiMiaU' H<m>f -,i: IVmiiu^lnuy—a pipny sUyT<train;v i» v»iicr\;Vv. .•.lirrouikLd jiy .a iliitidi uf almn;'! cuiiaiiy liIJciHi.-' nil-l>ru'k lii>\|.- wliieli liciiisf \.aiiiiiis lii.slitiiti'.< and t'lillcf,'!.-.':. (One DI tlu-se is liiv prmid po.sscs.sir 111 till' tliiM .Medal III ihc \\'i)r.diipftii L'oinp.any lii Uvi\:kl;iycr> ;i'.iv.l l*Uistn>.l IKi'v^hndimvii i y this colliiciiim "f .irchitcctiiral liluiidors, sl.ind a few i)ld fieiiriiian houses, severely siniple, but niiiJcl.'i <>( ur.iec aiul diirniiy. 'I'lic-k' are alsii used I'lir I'tiiver-siiy l>ur|'<ises. iuil in lime llicy will W dcnn)'isi'.i-d all.I rtp':n:i''.l Uy mxya faceless ul l iw. 'i'ju- l.iiliwafff. the liei-iidi-iiiiiek si^ecu-i;,tiir.s. and the L'liiversity Iiavf IHVII London'.^ irrcat vatuiais.

.Mil!/ (II till' t'.iiUf^fs, hmff.-i-r. -ir,' umnd in oilier p.nii nl l.muion. T:t<o, Queen Mory and l.iindim llospitiil Medkd Srltool. nn- in the luist r.ntl. Ol these, the I'.l., Uniint Ihitidhool: :iiy.< fleetuily "helween {them} lie the sites oi the Sidney Street hiittle ,ind "ne oi ilw joek the Ripper murders."

.\Iy men C'ull.'ne. Kinl.•'^. is Iti the .'strand, nol far frnm .\iisir.ilia llnuse and the two beautiful eluirelie.i. of .St. Marv-Ie-Siraiid and .St. Clemenl

ii t'.ie IXiiies. .\H u( siverernwdeJ. bin main building is

C'olUves are. ot (.'iHirsc, izrtissly nni'.e So badiy as Kinii's. The in the ea>l wini; of .Simiersel

IIoLi:e, itie re.->l ol wliii-h hou^c^ I'aritms («)\ern-nient Dcnarliiient.s. The C'tillei.'e. however, has ovcrtlov,ei.l from this tUmmy atiil yniWiy piece of l.ile i;eorj;i:iii init) a iiiimber of adjacent builJ-itiij.s—n'xaetly how main' I di> not know. Some >iiideiiis ha\e leeiiiie.s m iiKiin over a c .-afe;

leciiirer who lias 'an of die Collc^'c. 1

n coin]Vir.itive case, but

• duTv. i:; a nxun o\er .\ldwyeh L iidergrouiKi .Sl.ilioi;. .\hi>! of these .i:i:ie.\e.s arc connected with tin- uuiiii buikiiue. MI Kiui-'V is a vaft rabbit "a:ui:i ol '.wi.^line p.l^^a!.•c-way^.

i^ecenlly. 1 !;akl lo .-ee a leeiiirer who has a :•• • l:i i'l :A> i i i : l"aini l i . - i r

'<•'••.'•:.] ;iiy w.iy diere wi; •.: it tinrtrticUsy it.-t on the way back. No matter uli.ii I did I found iii\'5elf rctiirniiip to the same -i'oi: a ;oi-k(\l door bearim; ihe inscription "In lase of tire, break f:i;tss." The ex|Tcricnce had a •lii-'I'.Miiarisli. Kafka-like liualliy. I have been •>"'e. \\\:\\ tlieiv is or.e labe.vatory which if so !.ir under '.Toiind and so closi* to the Thanief dial it •> oflena wash. Tin.-, oiiviousiy. may be .li>lni'>>eJ a> a|X'cryphal. hut it is a not unfair parody of die >iui,iiton.

Il'h,:l .ii>i7 11.' :-l!idn:t i«/r,i'ii(i these rabhit-:ct:rr,-ii,-^ these red-hrieh huxei. these dnomed-tn-drmiilitioii Cenrj^ian houses'^ .t-^ain, no s^eneralisa-liiin is priisihle. They cmie from every imaginable enuiitry: ihey study every inuiiiinahle suhjeel. Sittiiv Londoners, / should say. are in the minority .\thf>Ui;h I am siihjert to correction here. Certainly, very jew oi the students oj my ':tijiii!intt!i:re have tlieir homes in London).

Thi.- cireiniisiaiuv raises a hie problem. .None o*. tile (.'o'.lckies are vcsideiuial. so siuilciits have to find their own aceotiimix.iatto!i. The fortunate leu ;i\i. i:) ol!icially-recoi:rised "rialls of Rcii-diuci-"" or uU'illicial hostels. .Many of these are very pxasari! I'laces to live in. but they are too few and. for many >UKk'iiis. ttxi expensive. Others linJ llat.s, riHiiii-s. or private board. Some I'f the piace.s students live in can lie described only as sordid. I often wonder how anyone can piis.siMy work iiiiiler such conditions, but somc-l;.iw d-xy nianate and many nf tlicin man-igc

\ery well indeed. The burden of loneliness ;i:;d se'l-do-,ibi fails lie.'ivi'.y on everyone durir.e die lirsi coupie of nionihs of liis course—e\e!i on .-<Mnoone who lives in a Hall with a hundred or so ()ther> in a similar position—but. for a fresher iivlne in :i nxiiii with a ras-rine in PaddinKtoi: or Brixton, life must be vcrj* hard indeed.

\ 'ety few stuJetiis can afford to retain iheir lodk'ines when iliei,' ").'o down'' for the vacation, so there is a hectic search for acc<>;iiiiiodaiion at ihe beeinnin^' of each lerni. Tlicrc is aiiotlier apecrypal story to die eUa'! that at least three stwdeius speue. die (irst few nidus of e.tcii tern; on the embaiiknient. Certainly, a laree number spend their tirst few iiiphts on the tlmrs of their more fortunate acquaintances' tlats.

I.(.::d"n is an expensive i>lace to liw in. Most .-iiidents ha\e some sort of (.-ran; whtcU pays their Coileee fees and jjivcs tlicni a livine a:!ow-.•ince. These i;rnnts are administered by die Local .Authorities and vary in size accordiiiv lo ihc pan of the country the student comes from and his p.ireiits" income. During v.icatlon. die er.ints arc reduced and most stndents take jobs. Tlle^e jobs arc of all possible kinds. Friends I'f mine are spcndine pan of this vacation workiiii; en buildin;.' sites, euttinp prass. sellini; advertis-ine space for an encyclopaedia, picking; fruii a::d leachine b'nelish to forcieiiers.

There is vencial aereemeiit that the erants are tixi small. Last Session, the Nationa'. Union of Students (.N.U.S.) bei-Mn a eampaipu for the total ;il)otition of the means test. Tliis. of course, is nonsense, but something must Iw done. In the present economic situation, however, any bcne-lieial elianee seems unlikely.

Teachiiv,' in tinderuradiiatc courses is mostlv

College Mascot Reggie casts a patronal eye over the Chesham Bar at King's, London. Most of tVie Colleges have bars for the students, yet drunks are rarely if ever seen.

Wi l l this ever be possible at U,Q.?

i\\- tne.iiis of ieclures. K\eii in Honours Courses, :i:ieria'i> take second place. In one dc[Kirtment of i:ie Colleite. each lecture eoi'S o:) for or.c . nd .1 half lo two lioiirs. Lectures are eonipui-•I'ly. tlK'u.eh this retrulatioii is interpreted fairly !il( rally, .\e\erilieiess. tixi much emphasis is

eed on lectures. .\s everyone knows. Icvlunnir usu;dl\'

"1

lion, particularly r.r.ny students and

.\e\erilieiess. tixi much lectures. .\s everyone knows. a most ineliieient method of instrv.c-

in the Humanities, and lecturers feci tliat thev couM

do more work if they in the lecture rooms.

ad to sjxMid less time

N.U.S. recently issued a memorandum criticising the quality of lectures in English Universities and calling for the expansion of the tutorial system. The general feeling is that, provided one discounts its charac­teristic exuberance, N.U.S. is right, but that for a number of reasons, nothing will be done.

Senate Heuto, UnlvtM'slty of Lot>don.

There is a strong comi)etitive element in English education. No one goes auto­matically to the University of his choice. Universities select students from those who apply and there are always more •tpplicants than places, especially at Oxford, Cambridge and London.

Hic exaniinaiion system differs considerably fiiini dial used in .Australia. Students enroll for either on Honours or a General Degree course. I" the .'\rts Faculty, a Cciicva! Course conslsls of three subjects, .An Honours Course is much more specialised. 'Hie B.A. Iloiinurs DcRrce may be t.ikcii in .my otic of 52 branches (including such exotics as Giyar.iti .md Serbo-Croat l-ai gMaj-c and LileramrcK Stvulenls of some of these subjects must also take ,i "subsidiary"— one other [lapcr at General Degree level. Others (cp.. students of Philosophy and of English) concentrate comiilctley on the one subject. Both Honours and General Arts courses take three ycirs.

Tlicfc are no unit courses and no annual degree examinations. In many arts courses one's Lite dc(iciids entirely on one examination hdd at llic a id of third year. In others, tlicrc is also an liitcniiediatc Examination at the end of secotid year, 'lliis docs not mean that the London student is free fn>in examinations until the end of his second or third year. At the end of each term, he will liavc to sit a number of papers set hy his Collcpe. Tlicsc are "imofiicial" and his results do not affect the class of his degree, but they arc tiy no means unimportant. For example, at the end of the academic year are taken very Sc5S)on,-i) examinations wliich take plat* In May seriously indeed. It is not unknown for students wlio do badly in these to be sent down.

Hio London examination system Imposee a Rrcat strain on students, particularly on those reading (or Honours. A General Student may find ll>at his papers arc conveniently spaced, but the Honours i tudent is nevcr_ so lucky. A typical Final night consiits of nine three-hour papers spread over five days plus a viva. If you are too ill to u k e the csaminfttion, that 's too bad.

If you have completeti more than half the papers and become ill. you may he granted an '".'Xcgrotai Debtee" if the papers you have done are of a reasonable standard. Since an ''Aegrotat Degree" is ""awarded without class or distinction", it is scarcely worth having.

The sludent at a ""Campus" University has one very definite advantage over the student in a CcUcgiate Uiiivcsrity. The "'Campus" student can have some relation lo the lectures he has usually be sure that his c.\amiuaiion papers will received. The "'Collepiatc" student has no such lecturers, but by a University Board of Studies assurance. His papers are set, not by his College of which his lecturers ma)' not even be members. The iwlisatioii thai much of oiic'.s efforts may be completely irrelevant to the examinations is not a very consolinp one.

As a former evening student who, with much blood, sweat and tears, took his pass B.A. in examinations spread over five years, I can never cease to admire the part-timers at Birkbeck. How they manage to take their B.A, Hons. Finals after fours years' evening study is a complete mystery to me.

This .syjiteni is obviously a test o! more ihi:) purely academic qualities and is therefore hielily uiitnir. l'".xaiui»;uioiis should HOI be obsiacic Courses. This fact is realised hy many lecturer? wlio aeree ihat students should be allowed a bieadiini; space between paix-rs and that it would he advisable to leiiiilhcn Honours courses to four years. But, as so often hapjicns in this cout\tr\'. die men who control the systein are tew Olynipia:i lo let such sui-'Kcstions disturb them. Certainty, the rate of metiial sickness aniongst linglisli (not only Ixindon) students is disturbingly hiph. Stitdent suicides are by no means uniSinortm. !n liiet. uv une is surprised it, just before thr exominations. he reads in his newspapers that 0 final year sludent has heen found \n a room or dra-^jied oul oi the Thames.

ias-tHied

Being a London student is not the easiest life, but it is amongst die most interesting. I fed that I have conveyed little of what it is really like, l l i e rc is much which I have not mentioned. A p r t from two sentences which praise N.U.S. with faint damns, I h,ivc not mentioned any corporate student aoivitics. Doubtless to the wrath of the technologists, medics and scientists, I have drawn many of my examples from the Faculty of Arts. What I have discussed, I have dealt with imprcssionistically. In a short article, nothing more is possible. But if I had a book to write, I should do no better. A statistical, factual account would be dull: .•» record off per­sonal impressions would be sketchy and subjec­tive.

Life in London is strange for anyone from overseas, and for an overseas student it is still stranger. You live amongst people who a t one moment seem almost exactly like your own people, and at another, seem completely foreign. At one moment, they arc impossibly remote and unresponsive; a t another, they overwhelm you

with kindness and hospitality. You live in a climate which will sink you in fathoms of yelloiv fog, bathe you in mellow sunshine, drench you with merciless rain, freeze you to the bone in winter, and sometimes exhaust you with tem­peratures of moro than ninety degrees in summer Vou have the satisfaction of knowing that first-rate theatres and galleries are within easy reach .nnd the frustration of knowing that you have insufficient time to enjoy tliem as they should be enjoyed. At one moment, London is the most wonderful place on earth and you could never live an)-where else. At the next, it is a hideous, filthy, overgrown slum, liable a t any moment to explode from the force of its own ncurosb.

ImagtM all this and add to it the usual worries and compensations of the student's life and you will know what it is like to be a London student. Despite the climate, the frustrations and the hard work, it's Korthwhile. li'in or lose, firsts or thirds, I shan't regret coming here.

—BILL SPARKBS

SEMPER FLOREAT, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1961 PAGE 7

''Foundations'' Firm TREPHINE U.Q.MS. MAGAZINE

The Tuclfih .\ighi Tlioatic production of Mijs Euiuct; Hanger's play, "I'oundaiions", was perfonncci in the appropriately iniiiiiate atinosphcro of the (iowiic Hall, during the reccni vacation. In a more clastic sense it might be described as a combined Kntrlish-Hisiory ueparimenial "uiumph"; "acadcinia" beiii ' lar^'cly lejircsenied bolli "oji .stage" and In the supparchig ranks of the audience on the first nighi. .Against Mis;, Hanger's background of suburbia, represented in striking scenery painted by the Mr. Clayton Uiedt: (einergenl froni ihe annals of Chinese iiistory tdr rhc occasion), moved llic ledoiibtablc Dr, 'railing, victim to the inescapable 'udinaryncss of a ^) in .i routine and ihe mental vacillaiioits of a wife who 'never got any further than the junior". Those who geneialh lind Mr. Peter fladgrafi under a car like a grease monkey, were happily surprised io see him emerge from the wings under a layer of grease paint, to give a spontaneous and assured performance as "Con. Stewart''.

The o'ay introduces its audience to the avora-ge ccnvcntional couples in a suburban scftino, their attitude tc l i lc, love, and thoir rcbtionships to each other, as seen through their respective stations in life, ages and ex-pericncc-.s In the process of holding this mirro; up to life, some of Miss Hanger's images became blurred, because aspects of siluaticns became untenable and unconvinc­ing. For example, "Chris", played most com­petently by Mrs. Winifred Sparkes is a rum­bustious, amply proportioned spinster, pro­prietress of a corset salon, who loses her lover to a gold-digging rival. Continual stress on the humour of a mistaken anti-climatic pro­posal and the buffoon it creates of the central figure is not only tedious but insincere in this context. Correspondingly unconvincing was the situation oi the young married wife, "Anne" , who, presorted as being an ignoramus v/ilh a gad-fly mentality, created an unrealistic type, which mado it difficult to accept any reconciliation with the nature of character of lier husband because so little basis for sym-palhy existed. In the role of the depressingjy

What Other Students Do New South Wales

On Friday, July 28th. 1961, a petition consisting of 30,000 signattircs was presented to the Hon. Mr. E. Wcthcrall, Minister for Education, calling on the Govertunciit of New South Wales to consider as a matter of urgency the granting of complete Autonomy to the Ncwca.stle University College. Mr. Wcthcrall received the petition on the steps of Parliament House. Sydney, at 2.- 0 p.m.

Over 100 students from Newcastle Univer­sity College travelled to Sydney to walcii the presentation and were later entertained at the University of Sydney and the University of New South Wales. Immediately after the pre­sentation of the petition a deputation consist­ing of representatives of the Newcastle Uni -versiy College Students' Assoc, the National Union of Australian University Students, the University of New South Wales Students' Un.'.jn and the Sydney University Students' Representative Council was received by Mr. Wctherall in his own rooms at Parliament House.

Mr. Wetherall, the N.S.W. Minister for Education fold the deputation that an imme-

South Africa The Cape Town University Arts Fes­

tival 'Imagination '61' was held from April SOth — May 20th. It consisted of four main sections: Fine Art, Music, Drama, and Film.

The art exhibitions consisted not only of works by South .African painters but also of those artists from France, Ger­many, Italy, and Britain. There was also a ^ea l deal of material from the main centres of African art, Congo and West Africa.

"Trephine", of necessity 1 suppose, is. in gencnd, an indctcrininalc .sort of magasine: it vacillates between three aims unsure nf where to declare its :dlcgiancc. No editor has been prepared to rcsulvc the tritcmm.i (if 1 may c.ill it ." tich), and despite his declared interest in the literary aspect. A, R. Raker, cdilur o\ the 1961 <21st) ji;suc is really lu) cvcepcion. What arc the possibilities? (I) Sliould ""Tii'pliiiu'"' IM>, l)lat:iiitly. the

oHk'iiil .ioiirliiil ( l i toii i l ly) ot" I ' .Q.M.S., t'oii-coiiicil only with its :itTiilis. iiiarfi:i);>'!<. ' ' t c .

resigned mother, Miss Hanger's performance I reminiscent of ihat given in the "Summer

of the Seventeenth DoH"l revealed the tedium of having too little to do, in the loneliness of a useless existence where comic-strip com-,;etitions and the garden are the main pre­occupations.

T h e "mischievous satirist" in M i s s Hcnger created many moments of genuine humour in the performance (despite the ten­dency to explain a point ' , many of which were highlighted by personal interest in the characters involved and their role within fhe context of tho play. It has been said that personal views intrude the play and are e.g., attitudes of indifference to the marriage proposal, and allusions to 'poor Lucy'-—the married daughter; but it is a courageous step to write, act in and produce a play, and tribute should be paid to Miss Hanger on this count, irrespective of the obvious merits or defects which the piece has.

H. C. G.

fci l l l - t l l vc;t; - •it);!S(()'.'

l i i ) Slioulii it 111' i! •'Iiiihy Mcilical .Iiuirniil of .Aiisliali.i"" (!i plirasi^ I n.^cil la.sl yca i ) iriviiift I'foo iH'in to \vi)iilil-l>|. .'ssayiNts hi inccllcal j ifgoti ' , '

(ill) ,slunil<t it IM- ovmt ly •"HU'Viiry"". .•4|(0iisoiii'.«: m o r e i.-isay oomiu'ti t jolts, i tocliy iUul si'i'ioiis a r t i c l e s mi siiiijci't.'^ which slioiilit iiitcicst iiu-iii<'al .sttulcnt,'*'.'

I am the la.st to nuHycst tlitii I cmilil .«i)lvo llic \ii-ol)lciu luit it must I"' ii-ciui-.>;i!lcrcil iTiiically ami i!it<>llin(iiily.

.Much OI Ihc chiiicai and icclmical Miiitctial is of ii i icrcsl 4jiily lo iiicd. stiidciit.s .•.ill lici-cin it can IK- iiiiicUly difiinis.scii. .All w i i l c r s or iHnU imtst he lucid above a l l ; tluMo i.s no iiiciii III con i i ivcd oh.scmity. The I ' res ident ' s add res s (wriiiiu'ly I l e d p a n o:' the Society ((•.iJ,.M,s,» Sec t ion) is of Iniercsi . reincseiilhii, ' . i l iaiiklii l ly, a line 01 ttu>iii,'lii oiipo.sed to last yea r ' s , l lcfe is

.'<oiin'Otir will) i.s ; iu i i r e ol ihe iU'ee.ssiiy for ih . ^.'eii.ral. widi' ediicalioll .\ per.soil .should | . -a\e ,1 liiivei-.'^itv- p icpaieO I'oi- l i fe

not uv.'ivly t r a i n e d for a livillK.

Tile l-;di:orial is \a l i ia l i le lor il.s tliouKht aii<i till' m a n n e r nl' ils iireHciitatioil. a l -lliini!4li some h,a\-e crilicisi 'd it I'or w'ratid-ilo.jueiice, 'l"||e edi(or"s o the r a r t i c l e -" i ' c i i l o i i s Sir , . | i l (y" . on driij,' add ic t ion Viy la.inoii.s lile;ar.\ li.uiires I.s Ihi i i iKhl-provok-ii'^:: a s.-ttisfactorily cxeciited colleclioii ot" i>|niiioiis ol tile.".- eiiiineiil add ic t s . In hi.s .-siiii <il' fieiiefous to le rance . Iin' a u t h o r con ­doned tlie many falhicies ipiotcit. It is v. o i l l i ri-adiiii^ carcfi i l lv; il needs to he. In lor l iMialc ly , iiiau.\ oi l ier a r l i e l i s classi-lii d .IS "i;-iierar" relaii- fairly sjiecitically Io llie faeiilly. 1,111 can lie unders tood hy e \ e : y i i 1 1 e .

T h i s is a •• 'rrepliiiie" of .«inie var ie ty , leaintaiii ini, ' a jioiul s l a n d a r d Init with l i t t le tha i is oiitslandliii; or ot ^re.il impoit ; i l lce ,

.KHIN t 'AlOl(U)Y

Yeats Unmasked "Ycjls: The Man .md the Masks"'

Elinun. F.ibcr .md Fabcr, 1961. Aust. by Riclurd

Price: I5.'0.

This is a reissue, in a revised edition as a paperback, of a book that has been out of print for sotnc titne. Ellniaii's theme is AW attc««pt lo relate W. B. Yeats' work to the psychological implications of various events in his life and their inlluence. as also of \ario»s people with «hoiu he came in contact. The book docs not pretend to be a biography, although it does include much biographical tuatcrial at\d could be read as a satisfyittv; biography of Yeats.

Ellmaii endcavdUfs tt> tr.icc the use oi in.isks facades tn shield the .luthor's (W. 13. Ycal.s) real self from the wnrld- iu Yeats" poetry LIIUI drani.i. In de.ding with the earlier part of Yeats' tifc his conclusions scoiu cniiclusivc and valid in

view of the knowledge wc have of Yeats' common in artistically minded people.

diate approach would be made to tho State Government and the Commonwealth Univer­sities Commission for £20,000 to begin pre­paratory work at the new university site at Shortland, Further consideration regarding finance for the development of the Shortland site would be given in 1964 at the commence­ment of the next friennium. Autonomy would not be granted to the College until it was established at the Shortland site, possibly in 1970,

Finally, Mr. Wetherall referring to the granting of autonomy to tho college enthusias­tically assured fhe delegation that "when it is clear that it should be done, It will be done."

.Alusic was perhaps the strongest sec­tion of the Festival, "with concerts cover­ing: the whole field from Baroque Chamber music to Modern Ja-zz.

Lectures dealing with the four sec­tions of the Festival were given daily to coincide with the events of the evening.

All proceeds from the Festival went to the University of Cape Town's clinic for the Education, Health and Welfare of under-privileged Africans. (IBCA News, Leiden)

early lite and withdrawn nature. The manifestation of e x t r c m e

nationalisni is a partial result of the revolt against the strong influence his father exerted on him and t h i s natioiialism is strongly marked in his earliest poems. His desire to write poems of liLsight and knowledge saw the early use he made of .symbols. EUman says, "But if Yeats adopted symbolism in part to compensate for psychological weak­ness, he was certainly conscious that it-s value transcended compensation."

Possibly the most successful portion of the book is that part wlilch deals with Yeats' introduction to occultism and Theosophy. The resulting Influence was to persist in his work for the rest of his life. With the general decay of Western Christianity and its loss of prestige through the Darwinian theory, it was not surprising that many of the younger thinkers of his day were attracted to that form of "religion" that gave a greater insight into life and reality. This movement gathered force as it was seen to attack atheism but support the Anti-Clericalism, Yeats was always opposed to materialism and re­mained an idealist. In support of these two ideas Ellman argues that the mask here is the impersonal use of mystical and Theosophical Symbols,

Ellman deals at length with the sense of a bifurcated self as manifested in Yeats and the impression conveyed in his Short Stories. This idea of a divided consciousness was nol in Yeats unique but is a general fact, although most

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This was accentuated in Yeats by his absorbing desire to attain spiritual power and the possibility of obtaining this through KabbalLstic ritual in whicli (he powers of the human soul are s e p a r a t e d from their bodies. The attempt to achieve personal transmu­tation was an Indication of man's dual nature.

Yeats' infatuation with Maud Gonne revitalised his nationalistic sentiments and he wrote a great deal of poetry that was basically nationalistic in atti­tude. Her influence was essentially dis­tracting to Yeats and .she was interested in politics primarily, in which Yeats never had much interest and soon lost the little he had. Slie did not return his love and had only a passing interest in the revival of Irish literature, al­though her influence inspired some of his finest poems.

Lady Gregory was the confldant of Yeats and Ellnian should have explored more fully the importance of her in­fluence. Maud Gonne did not at any time share this position but was ideal­ized and worshipped from afar. To hide his unrequited love for her he indulged in an over use of symbolism. "They are peg.s to hang moods on, but other pegs would do jusi as well." This evolves from his theory that the mask enables one to be detached from experience like actors from a play. Ellman discusses this theory in detail which provides illuminating reading with Yeats' play ••The Player Queen".

It is surprising that little space has been devoteti to the influence cf Ezra Pound and the work Ernest Fenellasa who flrst brought the exoticism of Japan and the theory of the Noh drama to the West. These two vital figures are discussed in ten pages, and this is the worst omission of the bock. As a result, one should supplement one's reading by reference to the relevant chapters in Earl Miner's book, "Tho Japanese Tradition In British and American Literature". As the most important plays of Yeats are based on the Noh tradition, Ellman should have made a more thorough study of this section.

One of the most interesting chapters is "Esoteric Yeatsism" where the author deals with Yeats' archetypal symbol-Ism and hi particular with the 'gyre' symbol. The conclusion is an excellent .summing up of this worthwhile book. In spite of the few faults the book Is recommended for those who desire more knowledge of Yeats as a person, and, in particular, of the origins of much of his recondite symbolism.

J. H. T.

PAGE 8 SEMPER FLOREAT, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1961

WEIGHTLIFTING (Inter-Varsity) , INTER-VARSITY BOXING Teams from the Univer­

sities of Adelaide, Mel­bourne, Queensland and Sydney c o m p e t e d , the final points score being Melbourne 26, Queensland 17, Adelaide 5 and Sydney 1.

The A n n u a l General Meeting of the Queensland University Welghtliftlng Club will be held at 2 p.m. on Saturday, the 9th Sep­tember, in the G.P. hut, St. Lucia,

Enquiries: Rod Newman, Emmanuel College.

BATAMWEIGHT DIVISION—123 lbs. John Dugdalc (M) : Press H 9 , Snatch 132, Clean & Jerk

160. Total AAO lbs. Alan Doobou (Q) : 110, 121, M9; 380.

FEATHERWEIGHT DIVISION 132 lbs. Wee Kim Chuan IQ): 132, 138, 176; 446.

LIGHTWEIGHT DIVISION—H8 lbs. H. K, Chiam ( Q l : 176, 176, 232; 584, George Wilby ( M l : 149, 160, 215; 524. Bob Onn ( A l : 143, 155, 204; 502.

MIDDLEWEIGHT DIVISION 165 lbs. Gad. Fisher (M) : 204, 210, 281; 695, Alan Oaten (M) : 182, 176, 243; 601. Peter Papapetros (S) : 155, 176, 237; 568.

LIGHT-HEAVYWEIGHT DIVISION—181 lbs. Barry Allen (M) : 232, 204, 281; 717, John Devietti (Q): 160, 182, 242, 584. Rod Newman ( Q l : 160, 160, 198; 518

MIDDLE-HEAVYWEIGHT DIVISION— 196 lbs. Vic Subocz <M): 193, 182, 270; 645. Mark Schafer (A ) : 210, 187, 248; 645, Warren Richardson IA ) : 182, 176, 232; 590.

Queensland achieved in the 1961 Infer-Varsity Boxing Championships one of the most remarkable and commendable results ever in any interstate sports meeting. In Sydney this year (Aug. 22nd-24th) we competed in nine titles and won seven of them; all of our representatives reached the finals, this against the competition of five other Universities.

is dlwaqs better when boucjbt frora

The victors were Duncan I Paterson (ba tamweight), ;Ted Ilobbs ( f e a t h e r -i weight), Errol McKenna i (light-welter), John C o x ' (welter), Lance P o t t e r i (light-middle), Dave Mer-•ron (middleweight), a n d A r c h McArthur (heavy­weight). The other two members of the team, both finalists (they also per­formed excellently in their i

; bouts) were Rob de Voil' ; (lightweight) a n d J o h n Duus (llght-heavywelght).

After the finals, a team of four w a s selected to tour South-East Asia dur­ing the long vacation. The

itinerary Includes Singa­pore, Rangoon, Manila and Bangkok. Not unnaturally Queensland secured three places in this team: Lance Potter, Dave Merron and Errol McKenna. R. Jung-hans of Sydney is the fourth boxer. The selectors consider this group to be of S t a t e representative standard.

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inR weary thr.iiKhls to mc 16. Shall fold iheir , like the Arabs 17. before the faery broods Drove nyroph and

from ihc prosperous m'oodi 18. Never hear the sweet music of speech, I

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THE P U B L I C S ^ i ^ SERVICE OF

Papua and New Guinea

CADETSHIPS career opportunities for young men and women

CADET EDUCATION OFFICER Male or unmarried female British subjects under 24 years on 28lli February. 1962. with leaving certificate including English, or equivalent, or university graduate or undergraduate.

CADET ARCHITECT CADET ENGINEER Male British subjects under 24 years on 28th February, 1962. who are undertaking full time training at a university or a diploma course at an approved technical college in appropriate faculty.

CADET AGRICULTURAL OFFICER CADET SURVEYOR CADET VETERINARY OFFICER CADET FOREST OFFICER Male Brilish subjects under 24 year.s on 28th February. 1962, who arc undergraduates or matriculants for appropriate faculty.

CADET PATROL OFFICER CADET VALUER CO-OPERATIVE OFFICtR-IN-TRAINING

Single male British subjects 18 years but under 24 years on 28th February, 1962. with leaving certificate or cquivulent or university graduate or (inclcrgraduatc.

CLERK Male or unmarried female British subject 18 years (male), 21 years (female) under 35 years, with leaving certificate or equivalent, or university graduate or undergraduate.

APPLICATIONS ACCTiPTED FROM STUDENTS SITTING FOR RELEVANT QUALIFYING EXAMINATION THIS YEAR.

SALARY WHILE TRAINING •Male

Under At

18 18 19 20 ?.l •)•)

23

years n

„

., and over

Single £646 £859 £945

£1,027 £1,110 £1.160 £1,210

Married £1.222 £1,222 £1,222 £1,222 £1,260 £1,310 £1,360

Female

£614 £791 £842 £885 £930 £980

£1.030

Subsequent advancement during training to a maximum of £1,320 (un­married male), £1,470 (married male), or £1.140 (female) p.a. is by two annual increments of £55. Graduate clerks will receive not less than the following rates:

Married Minor Adult

£1,322 p.a. £1,415 p.a.

^ Single Minor Adult

Male £1,162 p.a. £1,265 p.a. Female £1,020 p.a. £1.085 p.a.

FURTHER INFORMATION

Full details of eligibility, training and opportunities for advancement are set out in a special "'Careers with a Challenge" handbook, while information about Papua and New Guinea and ils Public Service is given in a Public Service Information Handbook, available from:—

• The Department of Territories. Canberra or Sydney;

• The Conimonwcallh Public Service Inspeclor in your capital city;

• Any Commonwealth Employment Oflicc;

• University Appointments Board.

Other enquiries to the Department of Territories, Canberra (phone 7 0411 extension 29A).

APPLICATIONS

Siihiiiii on .special cadetship application form available from oflices mentioned under '•Further liii'orniation", quoting—

lo ADVEItTISEMENT No. 20 Thfi Secrelnry, Departmimt of Terrilories, Cnnherra, A.C.T., 26th August, 1961.