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Video artVideo art is a type of art which relies on moving pictures and comprises video and/or audio data. (It should nothowever be confused with television production or experimental film.) Video art came into existence during the late1960s and early 1970s as the new technology became available outside corporate broadcasting and is still widelypracticed and has given rise to the widespread use of video installations. Video art can take many forms: recordingsthat are broadcast, viewed in galleries or other venues, or distributed as video tapes or DVD discs; sculpturalinstallations, which may incorporate one or more television sets or video monitors, displaying ‘live’ or recordedimages and sound; and performances in which video representations are included.[1]

OverviewVideo art is named after the video tape, which was most commonly used in the form's early years, but before thatartists had already been working on film, and with changes in technology Hard Disk, CD-ROM, DVD, and solidstate are superseding tape but the electronic video signal remains the carrier of moving image work. Despite obviousparallels and relationships, video art is not experimental film.One of the key differences between video art and theatrical cinema is that video art does not necessarily rely onmany of the conventions that define theatrical cinema. Video art may not employ the use of actors, may contain nodialogue, may have no discernible narrative or plot, or adhere to any of the other conventions that generally definemotion pictures as entertainment. This distinction is important, because it delineates video art not only from cinemabut also from the subcategories where those definitions may become muddy (as in the case of avant garde cinema orshort films). Video art's intentions are varied, from exploring the boundaries of the medium itself (e.g., PeterCampus, Double Vision) to rigorously attacking the viewer's expectations of video as shaped by conventional cinema(e.g., Joan Jonas, Organic Honey's Vertical Roll).

History of video artIn 1958 Wolf Vostell becomes the first artist who incorporates a television set into one of his works. The installationBlack Room Cycle.[2] Transmigracion 1-3, 1958, are also early works with incorpareted television. In 1963 WolfVostell exhibited the installation 6 TV Dé-coll/age[3] at the Smolin Gallery in New York. Also in 1963 Wolf Vostellmade the video Sun in your head.[4]

Nam June Paik had his first exhibition with manipulated TV in 1963 at the Gallery Parnass in Wuppertal. Video artis often said to have begun when Nam June Paik used his new Sony Portapak to shoot footage of Pope Paul VI'sprocession through New York City in the autumn of 1965. That same day, across town in a Greenwich Village cafe,Paik played the tapes and video art was born. The French artist Fred Forest has also used a Sony Portapak since1967. Both these claims are however often rigorously disputed because the first Sony Portapak, the Videorover didnot become commercially available until 1967, first in the US (Fred Forest does not contradict this, saying it wasprovided to him by the manufacturers[5]) and that Andy Warhol is credited with showing underground video art mereweeks before Paik's papal procession screening, but here probably made on a pre-portable mains deck.Prior to the introduction of this new technology, moving image production was only available to the consumer (orthe artist for that matter) by way of eight or sixteen millimeter film, but did not provide the instant playback thatvideo tape technologies offered. Consequently, many artists found video more appealing than film, even more sowhen the greater accessibility was coupled with technologies which could edit or modify the video image.The two examples mentioned above both made use of "low tech tricks" to produce early video art works. Americans Peter Campus' Double Vision combined the video signals from two Sony Portapaks through an electronic mixer, resulting in a distorted and radically dissonant image and Jonas' Organic Honey's Vertical Roll involved recording previously recorded material as it was played back on a television — with the vertical hold setting intentionally in

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error.The first multi-channel video art (using several monitors or screens) was Wipe Cycle by Ira Schneider and FrankGillette. An installation of nine television screens, Wipe Cycle for the first time combined live images of galleryvisitors, found footage from commercial television, and shots from pre-recorded tapes. The material was alternatedfrom one monitor to the next in an elaborate choreography.At the USA's San Jose State TV studios in 1970, Willoughby Sharp began the “Videoviews” series of videotapeddialogues with artists. The “Videoviews” series consists of Sharps’ dialogues with Bruce Nauman (1970), JosephBeuys (1972), Vito Acconci (1973), Chris Burden (1973), Lowell Darling (1974), and Dennis Oppenheim (1974).Also in 1970, Sharp curated “Body Works,” an exhibition of video works by Vito Acconci, Terry Fox, Richard Serra,Keith Sonnier, Dennis Oppenheim and William Wegman which was presented at Tom Marioni's Museum ofConceptual Art, San Francisco, California.Meanwhile in the UK David Hall's "TV Interruptions" (1971) were transmitted intentionally unannounced anduncredited on Scottish TV, the first artist interventions on British television.

Prominent video artistsMany of the early prominent video artists were those involved with concurrent movements in conceptual art,performance, and experimental film. These include Americans Vito Acconci, John Baldessari, Peter Campus, DorisTotten Chase, Norman Cowie, Dan Graham, Joan Jonas, Bruce Nauman, Nam June Paik, Martha Rosler, WilliamWegman, and many others. There were also those such as Steina and Woody Vasulka who were interested in theformal qualities of video and employed video synthesizers to create abstract works.Notable pioneering video artists also emerged more or less simultaneously in Europe and elsewhere with work byDomingo Sarrey (Spain), Juan Downey (Chile), Wolf Vostell (Germany), Slobodan Pajic (France), Wolf Kahlen(Germany), Peter Weibel (Austria), David Hall (UK), Paul Wong (Artist) (Canada), Lisa Steele (Canada), ColinCampbell (Canada), Miroslaw Rogala (Poland), Danny Matthys, Chantal Akerman (Belgium), Akram Zaatari(Lebanon), Mireille Astore (Lebanon/Australia) and others.

Video art todayAlthough it continues to be produced, it is represented by two varieties: single-channel and installation.Single-channel works are much closer to the conventional idea of television: a video is screened, projected or shownas a single image, Installation works involve either an environment, several distinct pieces of video presentedseparately, or any combination of video with traditional media such as sculpture. Installation video is the mostcommon form of video art today. Sometimes it is combined with other media and is often subsumed by the greaterwhole of an installation or performance. Contemporary contributions are being produced at the crossroads of otherdisciplines such as installation, architecture, design, sculpture, electronic art, VJ (video performance artist) anddigital art or other documentative aspects of artistic practice.The digital video "revolution" of the 1990s has given wide access to sophisticated editing and control technology,allowing many artists to work with video and to create interactive installations based on video. Some examples ofrecent trends in video art include entirely digitally rendered environments created with no camera and video thatresponds to the movements of the viewer or other elements of the environment. The internet has also been used toallow control of video in installations from the World Wide Web or from remote locations.Emerging in the 1970s, Bill Viola (USA) continues as one of the world's most celebrated video artists. Matthew Barney, the creator of the Cremaster Cycle, is another well-known American video artist. Other contemporary video artists of note include Gary Hill (USA), Arambilet (Dominican Republic – Spain), Fred Forest (France), Tony Oursler, Mary Lucier, Paul Pfeiffer, Sadie Benning, Paul Chan, Eve Sussman and Miranda July; Eija-Liisa Ahtila (Finland), Kirill Preobrazhenskiy (Russia), Pipilotti Rist (Switzerland); Surekha (India);Stefano Pasquini (Italy);

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Shaun Wilson (Australia); Stan Douglas (Canada); Douglas Gordon (Scotland); Olga Kisseleva (Russia); Anne-Mievan Kerckhoven (Belgium); Martin Arnold (Austria); Matthias Müller (Germany), Heiko Daxl (Germany); GillianWearing (UK); Stefano Cagol (Italy); Helene Black (Cyprus); Shirin Neshat (Iran/USA); Aernout Mik(Netherlands), Jordi Colomer (Spain/France), Sergei Shutov (Russia), and Walid Raad (Lebanon/USA).

Notable video art organizations• Electronic Arts Intermix, New York, NY• V tape, Toronto, Canada• Video Data Bank, Chicago, IL.• The Experimental Television Center, New York• LA Freewaves is an experimental media art festival with video art, shorts and animation; exhibitions are in Los

Angeles and online.• Lumen Eclipse - Harvard Square, MA• LUX, London, England• London Video Arts, London, England• Perpetual art machine, New York• Raindance Foundation, New York• Impakt Festival, Utrecht• Netherlands Media Art Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands• Souvenirs from Earth, Art TV Station on European Cable Networks (Paris, Cologne)

References[1] Hartney, Mick. "Video art" (http:/ / www. moma. org/ collection/ details. php?theme_id=10215), MoMA, accessed January 31, 2011[2] Wolf Vostell, Black Room Cycle, 1958 (http:/ / www. medienkunstnetz. de/ works/ deutscher-ausblick/ )[3] Wolf Vostell, 6 TV Dé-coll/age, 1963 (http:/ / www. medienkunstnetz. de/ works/ television-decollage/ )[4] Wolf Vostell, Sun in your head, 1963 (http:/ / www. museoreinasofia. es/ programas-publicos/ audiovisuales/ 2011/ era-video/ dia1. html)[5] (http:/ / www. webnetmuseum. org/ html/ en/ expo-retr-fredforest/ actions/ 59_02_en. htm#text)

Further reading• Videography: Video Media as Art and Culture by Sean Cubitt (MacMillan, 1993).• A History of Experimental Film and Video by AL Rees (British Film Institute, 1999).• New Media in Late 20th-Century Art by Michael Rush (Thames & Hudson, 1999).• Mirror Machine: Video and Identity, edited by Janine Marchessault (Toronto: YYZ Books, 1995).• Video Culture: A Critical Investigation, edited by John G. Hanhardt (Visual Studies Workshop Press, 1986).• Video Art: A Guided Tour by Catherine Elwes (I.B. Tauris, 2004).• A History of Video Art by Chris Meigh-Andrews (Berg, 2006)• Diverse Practices: A Critical Reader on British Video Art edited by Julia Knight (University of Luton/Arts

Council England, 1996)• ARTFORUM FEB 1993 "Travels In The New Flesh" by Howard Hampton (Printed by ARTFORUM

INTERNATIONAL 1993)• Resolutions: Contemporary Video Practices', (eds. Renov, Michael & Erika Suderburg) (London, Minneapolis:

University of Minnesota Press,1996).• Expanded Cinema by Gene Youngblood (New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, 1970).• The Problematic of Video Art in the Museum 1968-1990 by Cyrus Manasseh (Cambria Press, 2009).• "First Electronic Art Show" by (Niranjan Rajah & Hasnul J Saidon) (National Art Gallery, Kuala Lumpur, 1997)• "Relocations - The Electronic Art of Niranjan Rajah & Hasnul J Saidon" by (Roopesh Sitharan) (Muzium &

Galeri Tuanku Fauziah & Artspace Gallery, 2007)

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• "Expanded Cinema", (David Curtis, Al Rees, Duncan White, and Steven Ball, eds), Tate Publishing, 2011 (http:/ /www. tate. org. uk/ shop/ do/ Books/ Expanded-Cinema/ product/ 46523)

• "Retrospektiv-Film-org videokunst| Norge 1960-90". Edited by Farhad Kalantary & Linn Lervik. Atopia Stiftelse,Oslo, (April 2011). (http:/ / www. atopia. no/ retrospective. html)

• Experimental Film and Video, Jackie Hatfield, Editor. (John Libbey Publishing, 2006; distributed in NorthAmerica by Indiana University Press) (http:/ / www. johnlibbey. com/ books_detail. php?area=cine& ID=132)

• " REWIND: British Artists' Video in the 1970s & 1980s", (Sean Cubitt, and Stephen Partridge, eds), John LibbeyPublishing, 2012. (http:/ / www. amazon. co. uk/ REWIND-British-Artists-Video-1970s/ dp/ 0861967062/ref=sr_1_1?s=books& ie=UTF8& qid=1329915519& sr=1-1)

External links• Video art (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Arts/ Video/ / ) at the Open Directory Project

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