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Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts and Sciences

The Trippenhuis

Kloveniersburgwal 29, Amsterdam

5-7 November 2014

Vienna 1815 The Making of a European Security Culture

Conference booklet

2 / 33 Vienna 1815: The Making of a European Security Culture

CONFERENCE ORGANISERS

5-7 November 2014 3 / 33

ORGANISATION COMMITTEE

Prof. Beatrice de Graaf

Professor for the History of International Relations and Global Governance

Utrecht University, The Netherlands

[email protected]

Prof. Ido de Haan

Professor of Political History


[email protected]

Dr. Lotte Jensen

Associate Professor Early Modern Dutch History

University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands

[email protected]

Prof. Herman Paul

Professor of secularization studies, Groningen University, The Netherlands

Associate professor Philosophy of History, Leiden University, The Netherlands

[email protected]

Prof. Maarten Prak

Professor of Social and Economic History


[email protected]

Bert van der Zwan

Coordinator History Unit

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands

[email protected]

Conference Secretariat


Jeffrey Muskiet

+31 20 551 07 02

Visiting address

Het Trippenhuis

Kloveniersburgwal 29

NL-1011 JV Amsterdam

mailto:[email protected]







PROGRAMME OUTLINE

5 November 2014 | Public Event

National Archives, The Hague

Address: Prins Willem Alexanderplein 20, The Hague

7:30 p.m. – 8:00 p.m.

Registration and welcome

8:00 p.m. – 9:20 p.m. Opening and keynotes

9:20 p.m. – 9:40 p.m. Public debate

9:40 p.m. – 10:15 p.m. Drinks

6 November 2014 | Conference day 1


Address: Kloveniersburgwal 29, Amsterdam

9:00 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.

Registration

9:30 a.m. – 10:45 a.m. Welcome and keynotes

10:45 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. Break

11:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Workshop 1: 1815 and its old and new threats

1:00 p.m. – 1:45 p.m. Lunch break

1:45 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Workshop 2: Cultural Memory I

3:00 p.m. – 3:15 p.m. Break

3:15 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Workshop 3: 1815 and its new institutions

5:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m. Drinks

7 November 2014 | Conference day 2



9:00 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.

Registration

9:30 a.m. – 10:30 a.m. Welcome and keynotes

10:30 a.m. – 10:45 a.m. Break

10:45 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Workshop 4: 1815 and its professional agents


1:45 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Workshop 5: Cultural memory II

3:00 p.m. – 3:15 p.m. Break

3:15 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. Concluding remarks and research desiderata

4:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Farewell reception

5-7 November 2014 5 / 33

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PROGRAMME OUTLINE ........................................................................................................................................... 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................................. 5

PUBLIC EVENT – 5 NOVEMBER 2014 ................................................................................................................. 7 PAPER SUMMARIES AND AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES ..................................................................................................................... 9

CONFERENCE DAY 1 – 6 NOVEMBER 2014 ..................................................................................................... 11 KEYNOTES .................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 WORKSHOP SESSION 1: VIENNA 1815 AND ITS OLD AND NEW THREATS ........................................................................ 13 WORKSHOP SESSION 2: VIENNA 1815 AND ITS CULTURAL LEGACY I ............................................................................... 16 WORKSHOP SESSION 3: VIENNA 1815 AND ITS NEW INSTITUTIONS ................................................................................ 18

CONFERENCE DAY II – 7 NOVEMBER 2014 .................................................................................................... 21 KEYNOTE ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 WORKSHOP SESSION 4: VIENNA 1815 AND ITS PROFESSIONAL AGENTS ......................................................................... 23 WORKSHOP SESSION 5: VIENNA 1815 AND ITS CULTURAL LEGACY II ............................................................................. 26

CONCLUDING REMARKS ....................................................................................................................................... 28

ERC: SECURING EUROPE, FIGHTING ITS ENEMIES ...................................................................................... 29

PRACTICAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................. 31 CONFERENCE LOCATIONS .......................................................................................................................................................... 31

5 November 2014: Public opening .............................................................................................................................. 31 6 & 7 November 2014: Academic Conference ......................................................................................................... 31

HOTEL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................................................ 32 PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN THE NETHERLANDS ......................................................................................................................... 32

Travel from Schiphol to Amsterdam Central Station ........................................................................................... 32 Buying train tickets ........................................................................................................................................................... 32

USEFUL WEBSITES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 33 QUESTIONS .................................................................................................................................................................................. 33

5-7 November 2014 7 / 33

PUBLIC EVENT – 5 NOVEMBER 2014

1814 – 1914 – 2014 Lessons from the past, challenges for the future


Prins Willem Alexanderplein 20, The Hague

Day chair: Prof. Beatrice de Graaf (Utrecht University)

7:30 p.m. – 8:00 p.m. Registration and welcome

8:00 p.m. – 8:15 p.m. Opening

8:15 p.m. – 9:20 p.m. 200 years Conference of Vienna and the Creation of the Kingdom of the

Netherlands

Jozias van Aartsen (Mayor of The Hague and former minister of Foreign

Affairs)

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1814-1831). European Bulwark or

Security Risk

Niek van Sas (Professor of Modern History, University of Amsterdam)

From collective security to European catastrophe, 1815-1914

Christopher Clark (Regius Professor of History, Cambridge University)

Commentary: Architects versus Sleepwalkers? Discussing the system of

Vienna for today

Mark Jarrett (Author of the book ‘The congress of Vienna and its legacy’)

9:20 p.m. – 9:40 p.m. Public Debate

9:40 p.m. Drinks

5-7 November 2014 9 / 33

Paper summaries and author biographies

Jozias van Aartsen (Mayor of The Hague)

200 years Conference of Vienna and the Creation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Jozias van Aartsen studied law at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. He served as minister of Agriculture,

Nature and Food Quality between 1994 and 1998, and as minister of foreign affairs of The Netherlands

from 1998 until 2002. Subsequently, he was member of Dutch parliament in the period 2002-2006 and EU

coordinator for energy. In 2008 he was installed as mayor of The Hague, a function that he holds until

today. Van Aartsen was one of the founders of the The Hague Institute for Global Justice, an international

think tank.

Prof. Niek van Sas (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1814-1831). European Bulwark or Security Risk ?

The union of the former United Provinces and the Austrian Netherlands in 1814 was meant to create a

barrier against France in case revolution would break out again. Especially between 1815 and 1818 the

Great Powers closely watched developments in the new Kingdom, not least because so many French

revolutionaries had sought refuge there. How to develop a Great Power code of conduct in this

instance became a major topic of diplomatic discourse. Quite unexpectedly the Belgian Revolt of 1830

made the Netherlands once more a test case of Great Power cooperation. In the meantime William I had

valiantly tried to make a success of his new merger-state as a "union intime et complète".

Niek van Sas is Professor of Modern History at the University of Amsterdam. His research is mainly

concerned with the political and cultural history of the Netherlands and Western Europe, particularly with

themes like state- and nation-building, international relations, national identity, history and memory. A

major research interest is the revolutionary era around 1800. His books include Onze Natuurlijkste

Bondgenoot. Nederland, Engeland en Europa, 1813-1831 (1985), De metamorfose van Nederland. Van oude

orde naar moderniteit, 1750-1900 (2004) and The burgher of Delft. A painting by Jan Steen (with Frans

Grijzenhout, 2007). From 2007 till 2012 he was an honorary curator of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.

Prof. Christopher Clark (Cambridge University, United Kingdom)

From collective security to European catastrophe, 1815-1914

Christopher Clark studied history at the University of Sydney and the Freie Universität Berlin. He is

currently professor in Modern European History at the University of Cambridge and Director of Studies of

St. Catherine’s College. Among his publications is the award winning Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall

of Prussia, 1600-1947 (London 2006), for which he received the Wolfson History Prize in 2006. In 2010 he

became the youngest recipient of the German Historians’ Prize. His latest book studies the outbreak of the

First World War and is titled: The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (London 2012).

Mark Jarrett (Author of the book “The congress of Vienna and its legacy”

Commentary: Architects versus Sleepwalkers? Discussing the system of Vienna for today

Mark Jarrett is an attorney, historian and publisher, and the author of The Congress of Vienna and its

Legacy. Historian Andrew Roberts praises his book as “meticulously researched, elegantly written and

penetratingly insightful.” Robert Jervis, past President of the American Political Science Association, calls

it “a model treatment,” while Charles Maier of Harvard University writes that this “impressively

researched volume promises to become our generation’s authoritative study of the peace settlements of

1814-1815.” Mark attended Columbia University (BA); the LSE (MA); UC Berkeley (J.D.), and Stanford

University (Ph.D.). He was an attorney in the San Francisco office of the international law firm of Baker &

McKenzie.

5-7 November 2014 11 / 33

CONFERENCE DAY 1 – 6 NOVEMBER 2014

Vienna 1815: The Making of a European Security Culture



Day chair: Prof. Ido de Haan (Utrecht University)

9:00 a.m. – 9:30 a.m. Registration & coffee

9:30 a.m. – 9:40 a.m. Welcome and opening

9:40 a.m. – 10:45 a.m. Studying European Security Cultures across History and the Social Sciences

Prof. Marieke de Goede (University of Amsterdam)

After Napoleon, the construction of a new European security culture:

Institutional innovations, norms, paradoxes

Prof. Matthias Schulz (University of Geneva)

Discussion

10:45 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. Break

11:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Workshop 1: 1815 and its old and new threats

Chair: Prof. Beatrice de Graaf


1:45 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Workshop 2: Cultural Memory I

Chair: Dr. Lotte Jensen

3:00 p.m. – 3:15 p.m. Break

3:15 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Workshop 3: 1815 and its new institutions

Chair: Prof. Ido de Haan

5:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m. Drinks


Keynotes

Prof. Marieke de Goede (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

Studying European Security Cultures across History and the Social Sciences

This paper takes De Graaf’s position paper as its starting point, and discusses different approaches to

studying European security cultures across history and the social sciences. For de Graaf, elements of a

European security culture include shared threat perceptions, networks of professional agents, processes

of juridification and technological innovations. Among the merits of De Graaf’s framework are its attention

to the historically and socially situated processes of the exchange of ideas and cultural notions of threat

and security, that are combined with detailed attention to the practices and (juridical) technologies of

security. De Goede will discuss the commonalities and differences between De Graaf’s approach and her

own research project on European Security Culture at the University of Amsterdam, that focuses

empirically on post-9/11 European pre-emptive security measures. Her project, which takes its

conceptual starting points from the work of Foucault, has focused on threats, technologies and

temporalities as key factors for comprehending and critically analysing European security cultures. She

will discuss a number of findings of her project, including contemporary threat perceptions that

emphasise the unknowability and unpredictability of current threats; and the historically durable security

technology of the ‘List.’ She will conclude by arguing that Foucauldian notions of the dispositif, or

assemblage, are important so as not to make the European security culture appear to be fully coherent and

consensual.

Marieke de Goede is Professor of Political Science at the University of Amsterdam and coordinator of the

‘European Union in a Global Order’ MSc programme. She directs the NWO-Vidi research project ‘European

Security Culture’ at the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science research (AISSR). The project team has

recently published a special issue of Security Dialogue 45.5 (2014) on the theme of ‘Preemption, Politics,

Practice.’ De Goede is author of Speculative Security: the Politics of Pursuing Terrorist Monies (University of

Minnesota Press, 2012), and co-editor, with Louise Amoore, of Risk and the War on Terror (Routledge,

2008).

Prof. Matthias Schulz (University of Geneva, Switzerland)

After Napoleon, the construction of a new European security culture: Institutional innovations, norms,

paradoxes

Since Paul W. Schroeder published his seminal synthesis on the ‘Transformation of European Politics,

1763-1848’ (1994), some historians and lawyers have criticized and countered his, while others, focusing

on new event-types and constructivist approaches to international history, have compounded the thesis

that the European states system underwent profound changes around 1813-1815. Indeed, some have

probed into the era beyond 1848 to find out how long-lasting the changes really were, and which effects

they produced in the long run. Based upon the constructivist notion of a ‘culture of peace’ developed in an

article in 2007 and, in depth, in my book ‘Normen und Praxis’ (2009) I will sketch a broad picture of

changes which occurred in the international system (18th to 19th centuries), analyze structural,

institutional, procedural and normative innovations, and inquire into their consequences for 19th century

international relations. Far from idealizing the results, I shall highlight itineraries for further research on

collective practices and international regimes set up after 1815 which point to layers of ‘Europeanness’

which are usually submerged in a historiography interpreting the 19th century broadly as the age of

nationalism.

Dr. phil. habil. Matthias Schulz, is Professor of History of International Relations and Transnational

History at the University of Geneva and director of the Department of General History. Publicatiions

include Normen und Praxis: Das Europäische Konzert der Grossmächte als Sicherheitsrat, 1815-1860

(München 2009), Das 19. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart 2011), Deutschland, der Völkerbund und die Frage der

europäischen Wirtschaftsordnung (Hamburg 1997), The Strained Alliance: US-European Relations from

Nixon to Carter (co-edited with Thomas A. Schwartz, Cambridge 2010).

5-7 November 2014 13 / 33

Workshop session 1: Vienna 1815 and its old and new threats

Chair: Prof. Beatrice de Graaf (Utrecht University)

Jeroen van Zanten (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

Brussels as a liability, 1815-1820

At the congress of Vienna Great-Britain, Russia and Austria decided to create a union of the Netherlands

and Belgium. The Low Countries were to form ‘a boulevard de l'Europe contre la France’, and therefore

played an important role in maintaining the balance of power and security in Europe. At Waterloo this

construction proved itself, but in the years after Napoleons fall the capital of the United Kingdom of the

Netherlands, Brussels, quickly became a centre of political conspiracy and agitation. Brussels as a refuge

for ‘malcontents’ became a liability. How did King William react to this threat? And more importantly,

what was the response of the Allies? What countermeasures were drawn up in Paris, London, Vienna and

St-Petersburg to face the problems in Brussels and to secure and maintain peace?

Jeroen van Zanten (1972) studied History and Philosophy. In 2004 he obtained a PhD at the university of

Leiden. Since 2006 he lectures Modern European and Dutch History at the University of Amsterdam. Van

Zanten has written articles and books on parliamentary history, monarchy, revolution, restoration and

political culture in Europe during ‘the long 19th century, 1789-1914.' In 2013 he published a biography of

the Dutch king William II (1792-1849). Currently he is working on a book on Waterloo and its Nachleben,

1815-2015.

Gabriel Leanca (Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Romania)

The Eastern Question (1821-1861): a Catalyst or a Threat to the 1815 Settlement?

This paper focusses on the ways in which the Eastern Question shaped the international arena in the first

half of the nineteenth century; how collective diplomacy subordinated bilateral diplomacy in the major

crisis arising from the Ottoman Empire. Two major threats to the Concert of Europe existed: France

endeavoured to regain the place it had in Europe during the Napoleonic period and Russia developed a

dual policy, one meant to preserve its role within the European Concert as settled in 1814-1815; the other

constructed on the basis of bilateral, but largely asymmetric relation with the Ottoman Empire.

Confronted with these centrifugal forces, the balance of power settled in Vienna was difficult to survive.

Change in France’s attitude towards England and a growing interest with respect to collective diplomacy

gave new life to the 1815 settlement. The Straits Convention (1841) constituted the base for France’s new

policy in the Near East: France’s aim was to revert the 1814 defeat, but this ideal was achieved using the

means provided by the European Concert. Thus, the peace of 1856 was a continuation and a reform of the

Vienna Settlement. Simultaneously, the Crimean system transformed Austria in a scapegoat. The

misunderstanding of Austria’s role probably limited the functionality of collective and multilateral

diplomacy after the French military intervention in Lebanon (1860-1861) under European mandate.

Gabriel Leanca holds a PhD from Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Romania and Bourgogne University,

France (2007). His research interests cover themes in international, political and cultural history. He

teaches at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, and was a Fulbright Senior Fellow at Columbia University

(New York) and Postdoctoral Fellow at Angers University (France). He recently edited and contributed to:

La politique extérieure de Napoléon III (Paris 2011), and published among others L’annexion de la

Dobroudja du Sud par la Roumanie en 1913 et l’alliance franco-russe in: Catherine Horel ed., Les guerres

balkaniques 1912-1913. Conflits, enjeux, mémoires, (Brussels 2014) 129-151.


Christoph Nübel (Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany)

Monarchism of fear? Security as a culture in British and Prussian political thought, 1814/15-1850

The Congress of Vienna concerned itself not merely with security in international relations but also with

European states' internal affairs. In the eyes of contemporaries, the French Revolution and the reign of

Napoleon together with its subsequent wars had shown that both revolutionary ideas and a regime's

actions had consequences for the political order of all European states. In 1814/15 diplomats agreed that

they had to prevent revolution and stifle its intellectual dissemination, as both gave rise to crisis and

confusion: stability and security in domestic affairs would provide the most effective safeguard against the

overthrowing of Europe's most recently devised system of ensuring harmonious international relations.

This paper shows that the international security culture of the 19th century cannot be fully understood

without considering both states' internal and external affairs, due to their symbiotic nature. By focussing

on the examples of Britain and Prussia it demonstrates that in both countries a security culture became

the paradigm of domestic policy. At its core lay the concept of monarchy, which throughout Europe

provided the bastion against revolution and notions of popular sovereignty. By utilising the widespread

fear of revolution and by promoting monarchs as benevolent patriarchs, states' security culture was also

formed through emotional appeals. This paper will discuss if it is correct to speak of a “monarchism of

fear” shaped by the intellectual thought and emotions evoked in response to the events of 1789.

Since 2011 Christoph Nübel is Associate Professor at the History Department of Humboldt-Universität zu

Berlin. In 2012 he received the Werner Hahlweg prize for his PhD dissertation. Since 2013 he is editor at

“1914-1918-online”, the international encyclopedia of the First World War. His research interests focus on

military history, the history of political ideas and Otto von Bismarck. Recent publications: Durchhalten und

Überleben an der Westfront. Raum und Körper im Ersten Weltkrieg (Paderborn 2014), and ‘Der Bismarck-

Mythos in den Reden und Schriften Hitlers. Vergangenheitsbilder und Zukunftsversprechen in der

Auseinandersetzung von NSDAP und DNVP bis 1933’, in: Historische Zeitschrift 298 (2014), 349-380.

Claudia Reichl-Ham (Universität Wien, Austria)

Peace and Stability? Austria’s Security-Political Role after the Congress of Vienna with Respect to the Oriental

Question

After the Congress of Vienna the Habsburg Empire’s policy aimed at the “Concert of Europe” to establish

and maintain a peaceful balance of power, preserve the status quo and protect “legitimate” governments.

One of its main efforts was to find a solution of the Oriental Question. Austria took a vivid interest in the

integrity of the decaying Ottoman Empire, as it had no desire to see a weak Ottoman neighbour be

replaced by a strong Russia, as the fear that South-Eastern European nationalist movements might spread

over to Austria and lead to destabilization. The expansionist efforts of Russia in the East of the Ottoman

Empire and the reactions of other great powers to the nationalist movements left Austria isolated. This

paper will show that the “Long Peace” was only a myth with respect to the Balkans. It deals with Austria’s

futile efforts to prevent the other great powers from engaging in regional, imperialistic wars (e.g. the

Crimean War or the Russo-Turkish War of 1877/78). However, despite its rapprochement with the

Ottoman Empire after 1815 and its diplomatic support for its “neighbour” throughout the 19th/early 20th

centuries, Austria’s actions were determined by mere political calculation: in case of a complete

disintegration of its protégé Austria also wanted to have its (territorial) share. The annexation of Bosnia-

Hercegovina in 1908 finally resulted in an alienation between the two empires.

Claudia Reichl-Ham studied history and translation studies at the University of Vienna and did a

postgraduate on archival studies at the Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung (MAS). Her fields

of interest contain: military, political and cultural history from the 16th to the 19th centuries, Austrian-

Ottoman Wars and relations, and studies on the history of Central and South-Eastern Europe. Besides

being lecturer at the University of Vienna she works as Deputy Department Head of the Research

Department, Head of Publications and Library of the Museum of Military History Vienna and as Secretary

General of the Austrian Commission of Military History.

5-7 November 2014 15 / 33

Michal Chvojka (University of Trnava, Slovakia)

Between observation, prevention and prosecution. Habsburg security policies following the Congress of

Vienna

Inspired by Christopher Daase´s extended concept of security, this paper distinguishes a reference, spatial

and a danger dimension of Habsburg security after 1815. In my paper, Austria´s securitization and the

security transfer from the state to regional level (between Vienna, Prague and Brno) will be investigated.

Firstly, we will track the geographical lines, upon which the Habsburgs police had confronted the transfer

of various security threats from abroad into the Austrian Empire. Secondly, we will pay our attention to

the “dangerous security targets” (revolutionaries, exiles or intellectuals) and their networks. Finally, we

will try to analyze both the vectors of their productivity within the Habsburg provinces of Bohemia,

Moravia and Silesia as well as the new system of so-called situation reports launched there in August of

1815 in order to monitor more precisely “popular feelings, foreign news or conduct of public servants”.

Michal Chvojka studied history at universities in Slovakia, the Czech republic and Austria. Since

defending his dissertation in 2007, he has been teaching at the University of SS. Cyril and Methodius in

Trnava (Slovakia). His historical research has been focused on Modern European history, history of the

Habsburg monarchy (1780-1848) and vertical social control.


Workshop session 2: Vienna 1815 and its cultural legacy I

Chair: Dr. Lotte Jensen (Radboud University Nijmegen)

Jos Gabriëls (Huygens ING, The Netherlands)

Cutting the Cake. The Congress of Vienna in British, French and German political caricature

Although the Congress of Vienna was not a main topic in political caricature, it was anything but ignored.

In the first six months of 1815, while monarchs and diplomats were deliberating on Europe’s future, the

Congress was depicted in various satirical prints in Great Britain, France and the German states alike. This

corpus of satirical imagery was submitted to a twofold analysis in which both the context and the content

of the prints were subjected to close scrutiny. Firstly, the identity of the artists who produced the

caricatures was ascertained, as well as with what purpose they made these satires? How were the prints

published and brought to public attention? And for what audiences were they intended anyway? Secondly,

the research explored the political message the caricatures on the Vienna Congress try to convey, and in

what artistic way (simplification, exaggeration, allusion, symbolism) these points of view are visualised. In

both context and content analysis, the differences and similarities between the British, French and

German prints were carefully taken into account.

Jos Gabriëls is a senior researcher at the Huygens Institute in The Hague. He specializes in the political

and military history of the Napoleonic era, with a special interest in biographical and prosopographical

research. He is currently working on a book about Roustam, the Mamelukes and Napoleon. His new

research project will compare Dutch and German royal courts in the period 1780 to 1820 as centres of

political power.

Janneke Weijermars (Groningen University, The Netherlands)

The Conference of Vienna and the Battle of Waterloo in Dutch, Luxembourgian and Belgian literature, 1815-

1915

The aim of this lecture is to analyse the cultural construction and literary representation of Europe and

European characters within a vast corpus of texts published in the Low Countries, which refer to the

crucial years 1814-1815. The lectures’ underlying hypothesis is, that the commemoration of the

conference of Vienna and the battle of Waterloo in 1865 uncovered an idea of a new cultural

consciousness in the Low Countries: a transnational, European sphere, in which the sense of a common

thought is articulated, the teamwork of the conference and the Allied Army is indicated, or the future of

Europe and European citizenship is defined.

Janneke Weijermars teaches Modern Dutch literature at the University of Groningen. She publishes

about nineteenth- and twentieth-century Dutch literature and book history, and she earned a Ph.D. in

Literature from the University of Antwerp (2012). Her dissertation Stepbrothers. Southern Dutch

Literature and Nation Building under Willem I, 1814-1834 will be published by Brill (Leiden/Boston) in

December 2014.

5-7 November 2014 17 / 33

Eva Maria Werner (Universität Innsbruck, Austria)

The memory of the Congress of Vienna in the context of World War I

The phase from 1914 to about 1925 was a very special period of remembrance of the Congress of Vienna.

Though there were hardly any celebrations of its centenary, the intensity of consideration of the topic

increased significantly and took on a new quality: The Congress of Vienna was seen in relation to a new

worldwide peace agreement, which was realized in 1919 in Paris and carried on in Locarno in 1925. All

over Europe various studies and articles about the events of 1814/15 were published during this period,

most of them taking up a comparative angle and asking what the proceeding a hundred years ago could

teach nowadays. The Congress of Vienna became a role model. The transition to concrete political usage of

these reflections on the past was smooth. Apart from text-based and specific reflections, politicians in this

period also referred to the Congress of Vienna during their practice. These various needs for application of

historical perceptions will be analyzed in this lecture.

Dr. Eva Maria Werner studied history and art history. She completed an international PhD program at

Innsbruck and Trento in 2008, working on revolutionary ministries in 1848. From 2008 to 2014 she was

occupied with the research project “The Congress of Vienna and the political press”. Since 2014 she is

head of the research project “The Congress of Vienna in European Cultures of Memory” at Innsbruck and

Frankfurt a.M.


Workshop session 3: Vienna 1815 and its new institutions

Chair: Prof. Ido de Haan (Utrecht University)

Stella Ghervas (Harvard University, United States)

The Holy Alliance versus the Quadruple Alliance. Two Contrasting Views of the Vienna Peace Order

While the signatories of the Treaty of Chaumont of 1st March 1814 had reaffirmed the virtues of the

balance of power in order to end the war against Napoleon, there was not a common opinion among the

Great Powers on how to subsequently institute and maintain the peace. In fact, each had a different view

of the new international order to be created. A case in point are two treaties standing only one month

apart: the Holy Alliance conceived by Czar Alexander I (26 September 1815), and the Quadruple Alliance

sponsored by England (20 November 1815). While the first was promoting a long-term confederative

system, the second was designed to cater more immediate needs of military security. Beyond the famous

quip of Castlereagh about Alexander’s mystical phraseology and the obviously divergent geopolitical

ambitions of the two empires, were there deeper causes for these differences? To answer that question,

we will examine the intellectual sources of the continental and British views on European affairs (from the

18th century on), thus revealing two strongly contrasting political models for Europe, which rested on

distinct interpretations of “balance of power”. By drawing from unpublished documents in the Russian

archives, this paper will also shed new light on the Russian position at the Congress of Vienna.

Stella Ghervas is currently a visiting scholar at Harvard University's Center for European Studies and

Senior Fellow at the Maison des Sciences de l’Homme d’Aquitaine in Bordeaux. Her research interests

include European and international history (18th-21st century), the history of ideas, international

relations, as well as the history of Russia and Southeastern Europe. In 2008 she published the acclaimed

book “Reinventing tradition: Alexander Stourdza and Europe of the Holy Alliance”. She is currently

completing a book entitled Conquering Peace: From the Enlightenment to the European Union for Harvard

University Press.

Karin Schneider (Universität Innsbruck, Austria)

A chance to participate. Criteria of inclusion and exclusion at the Congress of Vienna

This presentation will focus on the question of membership in the several committees that were erected

throughout the Conference of Vienna. How was membership organized and regulated? Which political

and diplomatic deliberations were responsible for selecting the committees’ members and delegates?

Obviously, there was no general rule: The adjacent states of the Rhine sat on the Committee on the

navigation of the Rhine, whereas the Swiss Commission included no Swiss delegates at all. Austria, Prussia

and Russia were members of the Commission for the abolition of the Save trade, although these countries

were not affected by this evil. Specific political constellations seem to be responsible for this practice –

France, as it is well known, became a member of the Commission of the Five because of the impasse in the

Polish-Saxon Question. The organization of the Congress of Vienna presents itself as the laboratory of the

later Concert of Europe. In 1814/15 the powers experimented with different categories of inclusion and

exclusion – a topic not only relevant for the negotiations in Vienna, but also for the Quintupelalliance and

the Holy Alliance, founded in autumn 1815, and fervidly discussed at the Congress of Aachen in 1818.

Mag. Dr. Karin Schneider studied History as well as journalism and communication sciences in Vienna

and graduated the training course in historical auxiliary subjects and archive studies at the Institute of

Austrian Historical Research at the University of Vienna. Currently she is Academic Fellow at the Institute

for Historical Sciences and European Ethnology at the University of Innsbruck. Her research interests

include International History of the 19th century, Austrian History of the 19th and first half of the 20th

century, History of the middle classes, Women and Gender History.

5-7 November 2014 19 / 33

Prof. Karl Härter (Max Planck Institut Frankfurt, Germany)

Transnational Security and the Protection of the Constitution in Central Europe after 1815

The main purpose of the German Confederation, established by the Congress of Vienna 1815, was the

maintenance of external and internal security and the protection of its member states („Erhaltung der

äußeren und inneren Sicherheit Deutschlands und der Unabhängigkeit und Unverletzbarkeit der einzelnen

deutschen Staaten“). After 1815 political crime and dissidence were perceived as current security threats

endangering the confederation and its members from the inside as well as from abroad. This was even

complicated by the complex constitutional structure of the German Confederation as a confederacy of

sovereign states which themselves could endanger the security and constitution of other members or the

whole confederation. However, the constitutional structure of the confederation made it impossible to

establish a security regime that was based on the sovereign nation state and its monopoly of legitimate

force. As a consequence, the German Confederation tried to establish a federal security regime from 1815

onwards that could deal with this hybrid setting of internal and external security and aimed at state

protection (Staatsschutz) and the protection of the constitution (Verfasssungsschutz). The presentation

will present the main developments of this federal security regime - notably regarding transnational

security issues – which in the end lead to the formation of a new security culture in Central Europe after

1815.

Karl Härter is Research Group Leader at the Max-Planck-Institut for European Legal History,

Frankfurt/M. and Professor for Early Modern and Modern History at the University of Darmstadt. His

major research interests are Legal and Constitutional History of Early Modern Europe, notably the history

of crime and penal law. Current projects concern the history of political crime and the formation of

transnational criminal law regimes. He has published monographs on the Imperial Diet in the Age of the

French Revolution and Policey und Strafjustiz in Kurmainz, and over 90 articles in several collected

volumes and journals as well as more than 80 book reviews and shorter contributions to encyclopaedias,

journals and volumes.

Prof. Jens E. Olesen (Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Germany)

The representation of Denmark and Sweden as small states at the Congress of Vienna

Denmark and Sweden did not play an important role at the Congress at Vienna, but due to their

involvement in the Napoleonic Wars the new situation in northern Europe had to be dealt with by the

Great powers. Denmark had according to the peace-treaty from Kiel on the 14th of January 1814 handed

over Norway to Sweden. Due to the Swedish military threat to Denmark Norway was given up in order to

save the Danish core lands. The Swedish Crown-prince, the French Marshall Jean Baptiste Bernadotte

(Swedish: Karl XIV. Johan) did not attend the Congress himself, but was represented by the experienced

Carl Löwenhielm. - Denmark had been promised Swedish-Pomerania as a compensation for the loss of

Norway, but Sweden tried to avoid this, and Prussia strongly wanted this territory. A solution was found

during the Congress: Denmark was given a greater sum of money and the small duchy of Lauenburg. Thus

it was possible for Sweden to hand over Swedish-Pomerania to Prussia 1815. Sweden had at the Congress

to recline from other claims. The presence of the Danish king in Vienna helped to secure the friendship of

Russia and England, but also against possible futural threats from Sweden.

Jens E. Olesen is professor of History and holds the Chair of Scandinavian and Finnish history at the

University of Greifswald since 1996. He studied at the University of Aarhus and wrote his dissertation on

the Kalmar Union (1980). He has published on late-medieval and reformation history in Scandinavia as

well as on the Struggle for the Baltic between Denmark and Sweden during the Early Modern Era. Among

his scholarly interests are also Scandinavianism, constitutional history and the history of the Baltic Sea

region. He is co-editor of the Cambridge history of Scandinavia volume 2 (1520-1870), which is published

2015.


Constantin Ardeleanu (University Dunarea de Jos of Galati, Romania)

Danube navigation and the application of the principles of the 1815 Vienna Congress

The principles of the Vienna Congress regarding the navigation on international rivers played a significant

role in the diplomatic dispute between Russia and the western powers related to Russia’s impositions in

the way of free trade and shipping along the lower course of the Danube. After the Crimean War, a

European Commission of the Danube was established for carrying out the technical works necessary for

removing the hindrances that impeded proper navigation, an institution that soon became the guarantee

of preserving free shipping on the river. It also brought about new juridical interpretations on how the

Vienna principles should be applied on international rivers and the Commission was a veritable

laboratory of transnational administration. The institution had a clear technical task, which resulted in

lasting engineering works for the amelioration of Danube’s navigable channel. But, most importantly, it

had a juridical activity that covered both a diplomatic and a maritime dimension. In juridical terms, the

continuous extension of the Commission’s powers led to instructing debates at several European

diplomatic conferences, and also to the drafting of several regulations (related to the use of lighters, the

taxation of international shipping, police rules along international waterways, etc.) that came to be used in

different other areas of the world.

Constantin Ardeleanu is associate professor of modern Romanian history at “The Lower Danube”

University of Galaţi, where he teaches courses on the economic development of the Danubian and Black

Sea areas during the 19th and 20th centuries. His latest book is titled “International Trade and Diplomacy at

the Lower Danube: the Sulina Question and the Economic Premises of the Crimean War (1829–1853)”,

Brăila, 2014.

5-7 November 2014 21 / 33

CONFERENCE DAY II – 7 NOVEMBER 2014

Vienna 1815: The Making of a European Security Culture



Day chair: Prof. Herman Paul (Leiden University)

9:00 a.m. – 9:30 a.m. Registration & coffee

9:30 a.m. – 9:45 a.m. Welcome

9:45 a.m. – 10:30 a.m. Lessons from 1815. Peace, Security and the Vienna System in History and

Politics (1815 to present)

Prof. Eckart Conze (Philipps-Universität Marburg)

Discussion

10:30 a.m. – 10:45 a.m. Break

10:45 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Workshop 4: 1815 and its professional agents

Chair: Prof. Duco Hellema


1:45 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Workshop 5: Cultural memory II

Chair: Prof. Henk te Velde

3:00 p.m. – 3:15 p.m. Break

3:15 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. Concluding remarks and research desiderata

Prof. Beatrice de Graaf

4:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Farewell reception


Keynote

Prof. Eckart Conze (Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany)

Lessons from 1815. Peace, Security and the Vienna System in History and Politics (1815 to present)

As a historical model of how to end an extended period of international conflict and to establish a stable

and peaceful international order the Vienna Congress has found the attention of academics and politicians

ever since 1815. Against this background the paper will deal with the question how the Congress of

Vienna and the Vienna system were regarded by various actors and under changing political

circumstances. Rather than merely collecting views and interpretations of the Congress and the

international system taking shape in 1814/15, the paper will ask how the varying interpretations of

Vienna and the Vienna system reflected changing ideas and visions of international order and they can tell

us about national and international security cultures in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Eckart Conze is Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at the University of Marburg where he is

also Director of the International Centre for War Crimes Research and Documentation (ICWC). He was a

Visiting Professor at the Universities of Cambridge, Toronto and Bologna. His research and teaching cover

19th and 20th century German and International History. Among his latest publications are monographs on

the history of the Federal Republic of Germany (2009) and the history of the German Foreign Office

(2013) as well as various articles on a renewed history of international relations and a history of security.

5-7 November 2014 23 / 33

Workshop session 4: Vienna 1815 and its professional agents

Chair: Prof. Duco Hellema (Utrecht University)

Mark Jarrett (Author of ‘The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy’)

Castlereagh and Counter-Revolution, at home and abroad

The statesmen who attended the Congress of Vienna confronted the twin problems of restoring peace and

taming the spirit of the French Revolution. Professors Cornel Zwierlein and Beatrice de Graaf have

recently suggested that these statesmen were in fact forging a new ‘security culture.’ Closely tied to this

new culture was fear of conspiracy. The British foreign minister, Viscount Castlereagh, epitomized these

tendencies. For most of his life, Castlereagh confronted the threat of revolution. As a young man, he played

a critical role in suppressing revolution in Ireland. In the Irish context, Castlereagh developed a

conspiratorial view of revolution; at the same time, he always retained some of his youthful reformism.

The result was a unique approach to counter-revolution, combining punishment of revolutionary leaders,

leniency towards the rank-and-file, and a program of limited reform designed to permit elite manipulation

of representative bodies while making a show of public participation. Castlereagh’s Irish experiences

affected his conceptualization of revolution, and these ideas in turn influenced his policies towards the

restoration of the monarchy in France and later revolutions. Because he saw most revolutionary

movements as essentially shallow and conspiratorial, Castlereagh often took a sanguine view of the ability

of established governments to defeat them.

Mark Jarrett is an attorney, historian and publisher, and the author of The Congress of Vienna and its

Legacy. Historian Andrew Roberts praises his book as “meticulously researched, elegantly written and

penetratingly insightful.” Charles Maier of Harvard University writes that this “impressively researched

volume promises to become our generation’s authoritative study of the peace settlements of 1814-1815.”

Jarrett attended Columbia University (BA); the LSE (MA); UC Berkeley (J.D.), and Stanford University

(Ph.D.). He was an attorney in the San Francisco office of the international law firm of Baker & McKenzie.

Thierry Lentz (Fondation Napoléon, Paris, France)

The French delegation at the congress of Vienna

Thierry Lentz (born 1959) is director of the Fondation Napoléon in Paris. Specialising in the history of

the French Consulate and the First Empire he has published widely on the international relations,

institutions and the general history of France in the time of Napoléon. In 2013 he received the prix-Pierre

Lafue for his book “Le congrès de Vienne. Une refondation de l'Europe. 1814-1815”.

Prof. Robert Mark Spaulding (University of North Carolina Wilmington, United States)

Professional Agency in Negotiating the ‘Articles concernant la navigation du Rhin’

This paper re-examines the origins of the thirty-two “Articles concernant la navigation du Rhin” concluded

by the Committee on River Navigation at Vienna in March 1815. Those articles served as the foundation of

the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (CCNR), Europe’s oldest international regime. The

essay explores how in 1814 the allied occupation authorities, led by Baron Karl vom Stein, chose to

preserve the existing administration of Rhine commerce and how that decision framed the future course

of discussions that took place in Vienna. None of the few existing examinations of the Vienna negotiations

on rivers link those talks to the events taking place along the Rhine itself before the congress assembled,

came to order, or established the Committee on River Navigation. Explicating the record of conscious

Allied decisions about how the Rhine trade would be governed in 1814 offers an essential new insight into

how the Committee on River Navigation reached its important conclusions with such rapidity. On that

basis, this essay reconsiders the locus of agency in the creation of the CCNR, shifting away from the

diplomats in Vienna in 1815 to the directors of the occupation administration along the Rhine in 1814.


Robert Mark Spaulding is Professor of History, University of North Carolina, Wilmington. His research

interests lie in German and European History and the history of global political economy.

His publications include: Osthandel and Ostpolitik (1997) and essays in numerous journals and collections,

including International Organization, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, and the

Oxford Handbook of the Cold War. He is currently working on a book manuscript titled: The Commercial

Life of the Rhine: Trade Politics, and Economic Growth in the Old Reich 1600-1800.

Marion Koschier (Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Austria)

‘This Government gives us our Bread and Butter’ - The Role of Merchant Bankers and Speculators in the

Creation of the Vienna Peace System

When discussing the Congress of Vienna and the years after the final fall of Napoleon, historians tend to

refer basically to the political and diplomatic dimension of the emerging European peace system.

According to Paul W. Schroeder, there was a “transformation of European politics”, what means a

comprehensive change in the relationships between the European Powers. However, up to now little

attention has been paid to the financial aspects of the post-napoleonic aera, as 1814/15 was also a vital

turning point for the international banking system as a whole. Henceforth the financially sound London

banks like Baring Brothers or NM Rothschild superseded the banking houses of Amsterdam in granting

funds to foreign governments. Thus British assets contributed in safeguarding the emergence of a stable

European peace system between 1815 and 1825. The paper aims to analyze the role of merchant bankers

in the politically and economically unstable period after the Napoleonic Wars and illustrates the

importance of merchant bankers for Europe´s post-napoleonic peace policy.

Marion Koschier studied history at the Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt. She is currently working on

her PhD thesis dealing with the financial aspects of the Vienna Peace System. From 2011 until 2014 she

was a research associate of the FWF research project "The Congress of Vienna and the European Peace

System” at the Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, Austria. From 2013 to 2014 she worked as a research

associate at the University of Innsbruck, Austria. Her main research interests include the European

Concert/European politics in the 19th century – Austrian Economic History (18th/19th century) – Nation

and Nationalism in Austria during the 19th century.

Frederik van Dam (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium)

The poet as diplomat: The Congress of Vienna and Thomas Moore’s The Fudge Family in Paris

At first sight, there seem to have been two ways in which British writers responded to the Congress of

Vienna. Admirers of Napoléon such as Byron and Shelley fiercely criticized the Congress as a ‘base

pageant’. Detractors of Napoléon such as Wordsworth and Southey, in contrast, were adamant about their

support for the efforts of Wellington and Castlereagh. I would suggest that the Irish poet Thomas Moore

was subtler and more ambiguous in his response to the Congress than this clear-cut bifurcation would

allow for. In this paper, I will substantiate this claim by situating Moore’s The Fudge Family in Paris

(1818) in the context of other literary responses to British foreign policy. The Fudge Family in Paris, an

epistolary novel in verse that literary critics have neglected, is at once a reflection on the condition of

Europe and on the condition of Ireland: by couching the Congress in a comedy, this poem both questions

and reinforces the wonkish discourse of the Foreign Office that professed to explain Britain’s role in

Europe. The Fudge Family in Paris thus gives shape to what one might call a diplomatic aesthetic. Moore’s

poem was a course text, as it were, for the new generation of British diplomats and other professional

agents that this conference aims to examine.

Dr. Frederik Van Dam is a postdoctoral research fellow in English literature at the University of Leuven

(KU Leuven) and the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO). His forthcoming book, Anthony Trollope’s Late

Style, is to be published by Edinburgh UP. He is now developing a project that maps the impact of British

diplomacy on late-Romantic and mid-Victorian literature.

5-7 November 2014 25 / 33

Raphaël Cahen (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany)

Friedrich Gentz and the Right of Intervention around 1815

The life and work of Friedrich Gentz was partly well known by the historiography after the studies from

Paul Sweet, Golo Mann and more recently Harro Zimmermann and Günther Kronenbitter. Nevertheless

many authors and historians like Iwan Michelangelo d’Aprile have stressed that many aspects and

questions upon this key agent of the congress system remained terra incognita for the research. This

presentation will highlight Gentz’s wide networks (especially within the French society and diplomats) as

well as his key role in the theorization and practice of the right of intervention within the Congress system

and the development of a European security culture after 1815. The presentation will based on Cahen’s

doctoral dissertation: “Friedrich Gentz (1764-1832): post-Enlightenment Thinker and actor of the

renewal of the European Order in the Time of Revolutions”.

Raphaël Cahen studied Law, History and Political Ideas at the Aix-Marseille University, the Ludwig-

Maximilians-Universität and the Università degli studi di Perugia. Cahen’s research focuses on the history

of political thought and history of international relation and international law. His PhD Thesis is titled

“Friedrich Gentz (1764-1832), post-enlightenment thinker and actor of the renewal of the European order

in the time of revolutions”.


Workshop session 5: Vienna 1815 and its cultural legacy II

Chair: Prof. Henk te Velde (Leiden University)

Lotte Jensen (Radboud Universiteit, The Netherlands)

1815: The shaping of a Dutch identity

After the abdication of Napoleon in April 1814 the allied powers established a new European political

order. It was decided in the eight Articles of London (21 June 1814) that the Belgian Provinces would be

added to the territory of the Netherlands. Consequently, in August 1814 prince William appointed a

temporary government in the southern part of what was to become his new kingdom. While further

details remained to be specified and ratified during the Congress of Vienna, Napoleon’s return from exile

hastened the proceedings. On 16 March 1815 William proclaimed himself king of the United Netherlands,

necessitating a ‘union intime et complète’ between two nations that had been separated since the Union of

Utrecht in 1579. All these decisions were made at the highest diplomatic level, but how did inhabitants of

both nations react to these proceedings? This paper will focus on the so-called Hundred Days of Napoleon

which marks the period between Napoleon’s return from exile in Paris and his final defeat at Waterloo. It

will investigate how Dutch identity was defined and shaped in occasional writings during this short

period: how did authors from both sides refer to the proclaimed new union with the Belgian provinces,

and to what extent did they actually refer to the negotiations of the Congress of Vienna? Discourse

analysis will be used to unravel what forms of ‘national’ identity were shaped and reshaped in reaction to

the events of these days.

Lotte Jensen is Associate Professor of Dutch Literary History at Radboud University, Nijmegen. She has

published widely on Dutch historical literature, cultural history and national identity formation. Her

publications include a prize-winning essay on Dutch literary resistance against Napoleon and the

conference volume Free Access to the Past. Romanticism, Cultural Heritage and the Nation (2010). She

currently heads the research project ‘Proud to be Dutch. The role of war and propaganda literature in the

shaping of an early modern Dutch identity between 1648 and 1815’, a VIDI project funded by the NWO

(Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research), which charts the rise and development of Dutch

national thought.

Markus Kirchhoff (Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Germany)

The Jewish Question at the Congress of Vienna. On its Legacy within the ‘European Concert of the Jews’

The Vienna Congress had a decisive impact on what became to be called the emancipation of the Jews. In a

narrower sense, this especially applied to Jewries in two newly formed entities – those of the United

Kingdom of the Netherlands and those of the German Confederation. The Jews of the former Austrian

Netherlands (to a larger degree, later Belgium) became emancipated, as the quite recent Dutch

Constitution was taken over for the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in general. By enforcing the

validity of this liberal constitution for the new state as a whole, the great powers secured, though not as

their primary intent, Jewish rights as equal citizens. Concerning the German confederation, the outcome

was the opposite. Though the powers expressly sought to secure Jews the status they had enjoyed under

Napoleon, the German states claimed and, in the end, maintained to handle the status of the Jews as a

matter of their sovereignty. Thus, emancipation among the German states remained inconsistent and

marked by setbacks for decades. In a broader sense, these two cases may be regarded as an early example

of new paths, but also the limits of humanitarian diplomacy in the modern age. In both regards, the

presentation will locate the legacy of the Congress of Vienna within the “European Concert of the Jews”:

During the 19th century, alongside great power diplomacy, an unofficial Jewish diplomacy on behalf of

discriminated or persecuted Jewries emerged. The agents of such initiatives were Jewish representatives

like Moses Montefiore or organizations like the Alliance Israélite Universelle, founded 1860. The

presentation will trace the prospects as well as the obstacles of this sort of humanitarian diplomacy as

already present at and, to a distinct degree, laid out by the Congress of Vienna.

5-7 November 2014 27 / 33

Dr. Markus Kirchhoff studied Modern History, Communication Science, and German Studies at the

universities of Essen and Dublin. He received his PhD at the University of Duisburg-Essen. Since 1999 he

has been a Research Associate at the Simon Dubnow Institute for Jewish History and Culture in Leipzig.

Since 2007 he is head of a research unit of the Saxonian Academy in Leipzig which publishes the 7-volume

Enzyklopädie juedischer Geschichte und Kultur (publ. 2011–2016). In his research and publications he

especially deals with the modern diplomatic history of the Jews. He is currently preparing a larger study

on German Jews and International Politics in the year 1919.

Matthijs Lok (Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

Conservative critics to the Viennese international order: Conservative notions on European regeneration and

security (1795-1830)

After the destruction of the old international order during the French revolution, intellectuals thought

about the construction of an new European Order. Especially conservative intellectuals such as Joseph de

Maistre , Edmund Burke, Louis de Bonald, Alexandre Stourdza and others believed that a secure and stable

European order could only be achieved through a regeneration of European culture and society. In their

view a simple return to the prerevolutionary situation would not end turmoil and permanent revolution

that tormented the continent. These conservative publicists were also critical of the Vienna system that

was put into place after 1815 as the Restoration statesmen in their eyes focused too much on stability and

power politics. The Vienna order would not be able to prevent a new revolution according to these right

wing critics as the revolutionary impulse had far deeper cultural roots. In my paper I will question the

idea that conservative Europeanist views were only looking backward, and I will stress their emphasis on

regeneration and spiritual renewal. Also I will relate the search for security and stability in the post

Napoleonic Europe to the striving for spiritual and cultural renewal. Also it is not well known that the

Vienna order was not only attacked by left wing progressive critics, but also by those on the right as well.

Dr. Matthijs Lok is an assistant professor (tenured lecturer) of Modern (West-) European History at the

European Studies Department of the University of Amsterdam. Lok is specialised in the comparative

political and intellectual history of Europe (in a global context) from 1500 to the present, with a special

interest in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Currently Lok is writing a monograph on the uses of the

past and temporality in ideas of Europe in the post revolutionary era.


CONCLUDING REMARKS

Prof. Beatrice de Graaf (Utrecht University, The Netherlands)

Vienna 1815: The making of a security culture in Europe and beyond

Beatrice de Graaf (1976) is professor for the History of International Relations & Global Governance at

Utrecht University within the Strategic Theme Institution. She studied Modern History and German

language and culture at Utrecht University and Universität Bonn. In 2013, she was awarded an ERC

Consolidator grant for her research project “Securing Europe, fighting its enemies. The making of a

security culture in Europe and beyond, 1815-1914”. Amongst others, she is council member of the

European Council of Foreign Relations, member of the Dutch Young Academy, and sits on the editorial

boards of Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Terrorism and Political Violence, Perspectives on Terrorism,

and Zeitschrift für Auswärtige und Sicherheitspolitik.

5-7 November 2014 29 / 33

ERC: SECURING EUROPE, FIGHTING ITS ENEMIES

This conference is also part of a European Research Consolidator Grant project, initiated and coordinated

by prof. Beatrice de Graaf:

SECURE. Securing Europe, fighting its enemies, 1815-1914

Running: 2014-2019

This project will involve a team of researchers tracing the formation of a European security culture as the

sum of mutually shared visions on “enemies of the states”, “vital interests”, and associated practices

between 1815 and 1914.

The project pioneers a new multidisciplinary approach to the combined history of international relations

and internal policy, aiming to “historicize security.” A number of different security regimes will be

investigated in which Europe engaged globally, reaching around the world to the Ottoman Empire and

China. These highly dynamic regimes were dictated both by threats (anarchists, pirates, smugglers,

colonial rebels) and interests (political, moral, economic, maritime, colonial). Mobilising increasing

numbers of professional 'agents' from various quarters – including police, judicial authorities and armed

forces – they evolved from military interventions into police and judicial regimes and ultimately

contributed to the creation of a veritable European security culture.

By studying instances of supranational security cooperation and their professional agents De Graaf and

her team will analyse how this European security culture emerged as early as 1815 as an open process of

convergence and divergence, and of inclusion and exclusion.

Website: via http://www.uu.nl/hum/staff/BAdeGraaf

5-7 November 2014 31 / 33

PRACTICAL INFORMATION

Conference locations

5 November 2014: Public opening


Prins Willem Alexanderplein 20

2595 BE The Hague

Travel directions

The National Archives are located directly next to The Hague Central Station. There is currently a lot of

construction work going on around the station. We therefore advise you to come by public transport.

By train: Take the train to The Hague Central Station.

Leave the train and walk down the platform to the main

hall. Go right and exit the station through the side exit

(previously platform 12). Cross the Anna van Buerenplein.

The National Archives are located on your right hand.

By car: There is very little street parking around The

Hague Central Station. Nearby parking garage:

Q-Park CS - New Babylon

Prinses Irenestraat 1

2595 BD Den Haag

6 & 7 November 2014: Academic Conference


Kloveniersburgwal 29

1011 JW Amsterdam

Travel directions

By train: Take the train to Amsterdam CS (Central

Station). The Trippenhuis Building is about 10 minutes

walk from Amsterdam CS. You can also use the metro

underground system. Take the metro from Amsterdam CS

to Nieuwmarkt Station (all lines, one stop, travelling time

about three minutes. Alternatively, take the metro from

Amsterdam Amstel railway station (all lines in the

direction of Amsterdam CS, travelling time about eight

minutes).

By car: Approaching Amsterdam on the A2 or A4

motorways, take the A10 motorway ring road and exit at

either S116 (Centrum) or S112 (Centrum).

Parking: Stadhuis, Waterlooplein entrance.

Directions from the Albus hotel to the

conference location

Directions from The Hague Central

Station to the National Archives


Hotel information

We have made reservations at the Albus Hotel in the Amsterdam city centre. Check-in is at 2:00 p.m.,

check-out is at noon. For more information see the website of the hotel: www.albus.nl/en.

The Albus Hotel

Vijzelstraat 49

1017 HE Amsterdam

+31 20 530 62 00

Travel directions

By train: Take the train to Amsterdam Central Station.

When arriving at Central Station you can take tram 16,

and 24. Leave the tram at stop Keizersgracht. Walk 50

meters back over the bridge. On your right hand you will

find The Albus.

By Car: Parking “the Geelvinck” at Reguliersdwarstraat 59 is 25 meters away from the hotel. As a guest of

the Albus you pay € 36.50 per 24 hours instead of € 45.00. Parking tickets are available at the hotel front

desk.

Public Transport in The Netherlands

Travel from Schiphol to Amsterdam Central Station

The fastest way to Amsterdam is by train. From Schiphol,

trains depart every 15 minutes. The train station is

located directly underneath the main hall at Schiphol

Plaza. Train tickets can be bought at the yellow ticket

machines in the main hall or at the service desk.

Escalators take you down to the platforms. Up-to-date

train information will be provided on the displays in the

main hall. Though we would advise you to beware of

pickpockets and petty thieves, public transport in the

Netherlands is very save and comfortable.

Buying train tickets

There are a number of train tickets and travel passes

available, ranging from singles and returns to monthly and

annual subscriptions. International visitors should note

that since 2014 standard paper tickets are no longer

available as the Netherlands public transport now

uses a smart card (the OV-chipcard’). For those only

intending to use public transport sparsely it is possible to

purchase a one-journey or return jouney paper chip

ticket. With this ticket, it is necessary to check in at the

station gates at the beginning of your journey and

to check out once you reach your destination. Tickets

can be purchased from the yellow ticket machines at

stations (Visa, Mastercard and Maestro are accepted) or

at the customer service desks.

Make sure to always check-in and check-

out when using the public transport system

http://www.albus.nl/en

5-7 November 2014 33 / 33

Useful websites

Conference website

The conference website ican be found cia the following URL: www.knaw.nl/vienna1815

Public transport

http://9292.nl/en is a useful website to plan your trip with public transport. They also offer a mobile app

for your smartphone. Most trains and stations offer a free wifi connection.

Amsterdam tourist map

A useful tourist map is available online via the Tourist information office: http://www.iamsterdam.com/

Questions

For questions, please contact Susanne Keesman (Utrecht University):

[email protected]

+31 30 253 84 70

http://www.knaw.nl/vienna1815

http://9292.nl/en

http://www.iamsterdam.com/~/media/PDF/Map_Amsterdam_Centre.pdf

http://www.iamsterdam.com/


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